“Philippines Energy Policy and Development,” by Adam Rein and Karen Cruz

8/7/2019 Philippines Energy Policy and Development, by Adam Rein and Karen Cruz

1/13

]KE @GUXFCD GJ EFEXLY

CFM MEZEDG^AEF]

Cmca Xeif cfm Ocxef Bxup

^kidi~~ifer Efexly ^gdiby cfm Mezedg~aef}$

Zgduae 2=$ Fuahex 3

Bg~yxilk} 8>33


2/13

^KIDI^ÎFER EFEXLY ^GDIBY CFM

MEZEDGÂEF]

Cmca Xeif cfm Ocxef Bxup*

If}xgmub}igf

]ke ^kidi~~ifer Me~cx}aef} gj Efexly r}c}er }kc} _i} kcrQ bgaai}}em }g ~uxruefc}igfcd mezedg~aef} }kxgulk }ke }|g!jgdm clefmc gj c}}cififl efexly if!me~efmefbe cfm ia~deaef}ifl ~g|ex acxoe} xejgxar& ]kir ~c~ex cfcdyper }ke

jecrihidi}y gj efexly ifme~efmefbe |i}kif }ke ^kidi~~ifer cfm gjjexr cf cd}exfc}e

*Cmca Xeif ir c bg!jgufmex c} Cd}cexgr Efexlier$ c xeag}e |ifm }ebkfgdgly bga~cfy$ cfm cf

ecxdy jgufmex gj RgdRgdu}igf$ c fgf~xgji} }g ked~ rbkggdr lg rgdcx |kide r~uxxifl bdecf efexly

emubc}igf& ]ke cu}kgx kgdmr cf A&H&C& jxga }ke Acrrcbkure}}r Ifr}i}u}e gj ]ebkfgdgly Rdgcf Rbkggdgj Acfcleaef}$ c acr}exr if ~uhdib cmaifir}xc}igf jxga }ke Kcxzcxm Ufizexri}y Oeffemy Rbkggd gj

Lgzexfaef}$ cfm c H&C& if e}kibr$ ~gdi}ibr$ cfm ebgfgaibr jxga Ycde Ufizexri}y& Kir ~cr} xerecxbk

kcr bgzexem c xcfle gj efexly }g~ibr$ ifbdumifl U&R& cmzcfbem bgcd ~gdiby$ }ke ure gj aibxgjifcfbe }g

r~ux bdecf efexly }ebkfgdgly if }ke mezedg~ifl |gxdm$ cfm }ke acxoe} jgx kgae efexly!ejjibiefby

~xgmub}r cfm rexziber& ]ke cu}kgx kcr |gxoem if Rgu}kexf Cjxibc |i}k ]ebkfgRexze$ c fgf~xgji}$ }g

ked~ }ke Agpcahibcf lgzexfaef} mezedg~ ~gdibier cfm acxoe} g~~gx}ufi}ier if }ke higjuedr reb}gx&

Ocxef Bxup ir cf efexly bgfrud}cf} c} Rkc| Bgfrud}cf}r If}exfc}igfcd$ c ruhrimicxy bga~cfy gj

}ke Rkc| Lxgu~& Rke xerecxbker cfm cfcdyper bdecf efexly acxoe}r$ }ebkfgdglier$ cfm bgr}r$ |i}k

c ~cx}ibudcx jgbur gf rgdcx }ebkfgdglier$ higacrr$ cfm bdecf bgcd }ebkfgdglier& Kex xerecxbk ~c~exr

cfm bgfjexefbe ~xeref}c}igfr kcze bgzexem c xcfle gj efexly }g~ibr$ ifbdumifl }ke xgde gj cjjgxmchdeefexly if mezedg~ifl bguf}xier$ rgdcx ~kg}gzgd}cib }ebkfgdgly cfm ejjgx}r }g xemube bcxhgf mig{ime

bgfbef}xc}igf }g ufmex =5> ~~a& ]ke cu}kgx kcr dem jifcfbicd cfcdyrir |gxo jgx ifme~efmef}

eflifeexifl xezie|r gj rgdcx ~dcf}r jgx }ke U&R& Me~cx}aef} gj Efexly Dgcf Lucxcf}ee

^xglxca cfm kcr crrir}em }ke U&R& Efzixgfaef}cd ^xg}eb}igf Clefby if }ke Hurk|ibo Efzixgfaef}

cfm Kecd}k Bgddchgxc}ize ^xgèb} }g xerecxbk difor he}|eef cr}kac cfm }ke efzixgfaef}& Rke ir cf

kgfgxr lxcmuc}e gj Hgr}gf Ufizexri}y |i}k c `gif} H&C& cfm A&C& melxee if ebgfgaibr cfm c H&C&

melxee if efzixgfaef}cd cfcdyrir cfm ~gdiby& ]ke zie|r e{~xerrem if }kir cx}ibde cxe }kgre gj }ke

cu}kgxr gfdy&

]ke @guxfcd gj Efexly cfm Mezedg~aef}$ Zgd& 2=$ Fgr& 3 cfm 8

Bg~yxilk} 8>33 hy }ke If}xfc}igfcd Xerecxbk Bef}ex jgx Efexly cfm Ebgfgaib Mezedg~aef}+IBEEM)& Cdd xilk}r xerexzem&

389


3/13

efexly jxcae|gxo }kc} bcf hefeji} hg}k }ke ^kidi~~ifer cfm g}kex bguf}xier }kc}

jcbe bgf}ifuem jgxeilf efexly me~efmefby&

Efexly ifme~efmefbe ir cf cdduxifl lgcd$ gjjexifl kg~e gj riaud}cfegurdy

ia~xgzifl ebgfgaib lxg|}k$ efzixgfaef}cd ia~cb}$ cfm efexly rebuxi}y& Uf!

jgx}ufc}edy$ jgx bguf}xier }kc} cxe fei}kex efmg|em |i}k dcxle jgrrid jued xerguxberfgx ife{~efrize xefe|chde rguxber$ efexly ifme~efmefbe bxec}er c kule huxmef gj

bgf}ifugur ifzer}aef} if fe| ~g|ex rguxber }kc} bcf xerud} if rkcx~dy ifbxecrem

bgfruaex efexly ~xiber |kide gjjexifl diai}em rebuxi}y hefeji}r& Jgx aimmde!

ifbgae bguf}xier rubk cr }ke ^kidi~~ifer$ |kibk jcbe royxgboe}ifl efexly meacfm

cfm diai}em xerguxber$ }ke ~uxrui} gj efexly ifme~efmefbe cdrg jxesuef}dy diai}r

hxgcmex mezedg~aef} lgcdr }g xemube |imer~xecm ~gzex}y& ]kur$ c he}}ex efexly

~gdiby hcdcfber }ke ebgfgaib cfm rebuxi}y hefeji}r gj mgaer}ibcddy rguxbem ~xg!

mub}igf |i}k }ke rilfijibcf}dy kilkex bgr}r feemem }g cbkieze }kir lgcd cfm reb!

gfmcxy ia~cb}r gf }ke sucdi}y gj dije jgx }ke bi}ipefxy&

]ke ^kidi~~ifer kcr cmg~}em gfe gj }ke agr} ~g~udcx r}xc}elier jgx ifbxecrifl

mgaer}ib edeb}xibi}y ~xgmub}igfc xefe|chde efexly lgcd& Ufdioe bgcd$ lcr$ gx gid$

}ke }kifoifl lger$ xefe|chde juedr hy fc}uxe bcf gfdy he ~xgmubem dgbcddy cfm

}kur |idd kcze r~iddgzex hefeji}r }g hg}k }ke ebgfgay cfm }ke efzixgfaef}& ]kir

}kifoifl ir air}coef gf }kxee dezedr& Jixr}$ ij c xefe|chde ir agxe e{~efrize }kcf

c bgfzef}igfcd rguxbe$ }kef }ke hefeji}r acy he gu}|eilkem hy kilkex bgr}r ~cim if

lgzexfaef} ruhrimier gx kilkex bgfruaex edeb}xibi}y xc}er& Rebgfm$ ij }ke ^kidi~!

~ifer ifbuxr ifbxecrem meh} jxga e{~efrize xefe|chder ~xgèb}r$ i} |idd hexe~dcbifl efexly me~efmefbe |i}k jifcfbicd me~efmefbe& Jifcddy$ lefexc}igf

rguxber |kgre jued ir mgaer}ib r}idd xedy gf jgxeilf bga~gfef}r cfm }ebkfgdgly&

]kur$ 3>>!~exbef} efexly redj!rujjibiefby ir fei}kex ~grrihde fgx merixchde&

Ifr}ecm$ efexly me~efmef} bguf}xier rkgudm mezedg~ c bga~xekefrize efexly

~gdiby }kc} ru~~gx}r efexly if}exme~efmefbe? cf efexly ~gdiby }kc} ia~xgzer re!

buxi}y$ ebgfgaib lxg|}k$ iffgzc}igf$ ~gzex}y xemub}igf$ }ke efzixgfaef}$ cfm

g}kex fc}igfcd lgcdr$ |kide g~efdy cbofg|demlifl }kc} }xcme!gjjr e{ir} cagfl

}kere lgcdr& ]kir ~c~ex me}cidr ifi}ic}izer }kc} |idd hxifl }ke ^kidi~~ifer bdgrex }g

}xue efexly r}chidi}y cfm fc}igfcd ~xgr~exi}y if }ke dgfl xuf& ]ke jixr} ifi}ic}izekilkdilk}r c r}xc}ely }g xemube me~efmefbe gf gid jxga gfe xeligf hy mizexrijyifl

if}g Xurricf ia~gx}r$ c ~gdiby }kc} |idd xemube ejjeb}r jxga ~grrihde ru~~dy rkgbor

cfm mee~ef }ke xedc}igfrki~ |i}k c ~xgairifl }xcme ~cx}fex& ]ke rebgfm ifi}ic}ize

ea~kcriper oey cxecr gj ifzer}aef} if jued ejjibiefby if }ke }xcfr~gx}c}igf reb}gx$

|kibk xerud}r if dg|ex gid ia~gx}r$ bgfruaex efexly r~efmifl$ uxhcf }xcjjib$ cfm

~gddu}igf& ]ke }kixm ifi}ic}ize |gudm diai} r~efmifl gf e{~efrize mgaer}ib efexly

~xgèb}r }kc} dcbo }ke chidi}y }g rbcde gx ~gri}ize e{}exfcdi}ier$ ifbdumifl xeligfcd

lcr ~i~edifer cfm rgae jixr} lefexc}igf xefe|chder& ]ke jgux}k ifi}ic}ize |gudm

ru~~gx} dgbcd iffgzc}igf if cd}exfc}ize zekibder$ efkcfbem leg}kexacd ryr}ear+ELR)$ gx mir}xihu}em lefexc}igf$ |kibk bcf bxec}e dgbcd iffgzc}igf if cxecr |kexe

}ke ^kidi~~ifer kgdmr c bga~e}i}ize cmzcf}cle& ]kere jgux ifi}ic}izer |gudm fg}

]KE @GUXFCD GJ EFEXLY CFM MEZEDGÂEF]32>


4/13

xerud} if c ^kidi~~ifer }kc} ir efexly redj!rujjibief} hy 8>8>$ hu} i} |gudm ~u} }ke

bguf}xy gf c ~c}k }g|cxmr lxec}ex lxg|}k$ rebuxi}y$ cfm r}chidi}y jgx hg}k }ke lgz!

exfaef} cfm }ke hxgcmex ~uhdib&

^kidi~~ifer Efexly Hcbolxgufm

Xgulkdy c }kixm gj }ke ^kidi~~ifer ~xiacxy efexly bgaer jxga gid$ xgulkdy

cfg}kex }kixm jxga fc}uxcd lcr cfm }xcmi}igfcd higacrr$ cfm c }kixm jxga bgcd$

leg}kexacd$ kymxg$ cfm g}kex xefe|chder&3 Efexly efm ure ir mizimem chgu} ezefdy

cagfl }ke ifmur}xicd$ }xcfr~gx}$ cfm huidmifl reb}gxr& ]gmcy$ rgae 5< ~exbef} gj

~xiacxy efexly ir ru~~diem jxga mgaer}ib xerguxber$ bdgre }g }ke fc}igfcd lgcd gj

:> ~exbef} ifme~efmefbe hy 8>3>&

]ke ^kidi~~ifer ebgfgay bgfruaer c~~xg{iac}edy 28>$>>> hcxxedr gj gid ~exmcy& I} aee}r derr }kcf 3> ~exbef} gj }kir feem jxga mgaer}ib gu}~u}$ |kibk kcr

heef r}chde c} 85$>>> hcxxedr ~ex mcy rifbe 8>>:&8 ]ke ^kidi~~ifer gfdy helcf

rilfijibcf} ~xgmub}igf gj i}r 329 aiddigf hcxxedr gj ~xgzef gid xerexzer cj}ex }ke

399; mexeludc}igf gj }ke ^kidi~~ife Fc}igfcd Gid Bga~cfy +^FGB) agfg~gdy

cddg|em jgxeilf u~r}xeca ~cx}fexr }g }c~ fe| gjjrkgxe mee~|c}ex me~gri}r if

Acdca~cyc& If 8>>5 }ke ^kidi~~ifer xecbkem c aeagxcfmua gj ufmexr}cfmifl

|i}k Bkifc cfm Zie}fca }g `gif}dy ~uxrue gid xerecxbk if}g dcxle ~g}ef}icd me~gri}r

if }ke Rgu}k Bkifc Rec$ |kexe }exxi}gxicd mir~u}er xeacif&2

Mer~i}e }kir ~xglxerr$ }ke ^kidi~~ifer r}idd me~efmr gf ia~gx}r jgx gzex 9>~exbef} gj i}r gid$ acifdy jxga Rcumi Cxchic$ }ke Ufi}em Cxch Eaixc}er$ cfm Sc}cx&=

]ke ^kidi~~ifer r}xullder }g g~exc}e i}r }|g xejifexier ~xgji}chdy&5 Agxegzex$ if

8>3> gfe gj i}r xejifexier |cr irruem c bga~dcif} hy }ke ^kidi~~ifer mue }g cddelem

}c{ ezcrigf&:

C riaidcx ia~gx} me~efmefbe e{ir}r jgx bgcd& Mer~i}e xebef} ejjgx}r }g mguhde

bgcd ~xgmub}igf gzex kir}gxibcd dezedr }g 8&: aiddigf rkgx} }gfr ~ex yecx$ }ke

^kidi~~ifer jcber hggaifl edeb}xibi}y meacfm cfm aur} ia~gx} gzex >3 }g helif

}c~~ifl }ke 2&9 }xiddigf buhib jee} +}bj) gj ~xgzef xerexzer gj gjjrkgxe me~gri}r& Lcr

ir buxxef}dy heifl ~ua~em zic c ruh!rec ~i~edife }g jued edeb}xibi}y ~dcf}r }g}cdifl

8&< lilc|c}}r +L\)& Jxga 8>>8 }g 8>>;$ lcr lxe| i}r rkcxe gj ^kidi~~ifer edeb!

}xibi}y ~xgmub}igf jxga xgulkdy gfe!jij}k }g gfe!}kixm& E{~dgxc}igf c} c rebgfm

gjjrkgxe jiedm c} Rca~clui}c kcr }ke ~g}ef}icd }g mguhde gx }xi~de xerexzer ij c fe|

disuejiem fc}uxcd lcr +DFL) jcbidi}y ir bgfr}xub}em& Xgulkdy ;5 ~exbef} gj fc}uxcd

lcr ir urem jgx edeb}xibi}y ~xgmub}igf&;

Edeb}xibi}y0 He}|eef 399= }g 8>>:$ edeb}xibi}y bgfrua~}igf cfm ifr}cddem bc!

~cbi}y hg}k mguhdem$ cfm }kir r}xgfl lxg|}k xc}e bgf}ifuer& If gxmex }g aee} }kir

^KIDI^^IFER EFEXLY ^GDIBY 323


5/13

feem$ if 8>>3 }ke lgzexfaef} hxgoe u~ }ke edeb}xibi}y agfg~gdy$ Fc~gbgx$ if}g

re~cxc}e }xcfrairrigf$ lefexc}igf$ cfm mir}xihu}igf ef}i}ier$ cfm xeludc}em }ke

bxec}igf gj ifme~efmef} ~g|ex ~xgzimexr& ]gmcy$ }ke ^kidi~~ifer ~xgzimer xgulkdy

:8 }exc|c}}!kguxr +]\k) gj edeb}xibi}y ~ex yecx jxga jize ac`gx rguxber0 fc}uxcd

lcr +22 ~exbef})$ bgcd +8< ~exbef})$ leg}kexacd +3< ~exbef})$ kymxg +3: ~exbef})$cfm gid'miered +< ~exbef})& ]ke ^kidi~~ifer ir her} ofg|f if}exfc}igfcddy cr }ke

rebgfm dcxler} ~xgmubex gj leg}kexacd efexly if }ke |gxdm$ hekifm gfdy }ke Ufi}em

R}c}er$ |i}k ifr}cddem bc~cbi}y bdgre }g 8&> L\ if 8>>;&9

Gfe fg}chde edeb}xibi}y rguxbe airrifl jxga }ke ai{ ir fubdecx ~g|ex& If }ke

39r$ }ke Acxbgr xeliae xer~gfmem }g cf efexly bxirir hy huidmifl }ke ^kid!

i~~ifer gfdy fubdecx ~dcf}$ c dilk}!|c}ex xecb}gx if Hc}ccf rgae 3>> oidgae}exr

|er} gj Acfidc&3> ]ke ~dcf}$ kca~exem hy bgxxu~}igf$ bgr} gzexxufr$ cfm ~ggx

~dcffifl$ |cr fecxdy bga~de}em hu} fezex juedem& If 39;:$ if}exfc}igfcd if!

r~eb}gxr meeaem }ke ~dcf} ufrcje mue }g ecx}ksucoe cfm zgdbcfg xiro$ cfm }ke

^kidi~~ifer lgzexfaef} xer~gfmem hy cmmifl c bgfr}i}u}igfcd hcf gf cdd fubdecx

~g|ex&

Jiluxe 38>>9 EDEB]XIBI]Y LEFEXC]IGF HY RGUXBE

c

+if ~exbef})

c]ke cb}ucd rguxber if lilc|c}}!kguxr +L\k) |exe0 Gid!]kexacd$ 9>9 L\k +gj |kibk


6/13

ûxruifl Efexly Ifme~efmefbe cfm Buxxef} Fc}igfcd Efexly ^gdiby

Dioe acfy gid!ia~gx}ifl bguf}xier$ }ke ^kidi~~ifer }gu}r c rdglcf gj efexly

ifme~efmefbe& I} kcr xe~ec}em i}r bgaai}aef} }g cbkiezifl efexly ifme~efmefbe

|kide fuaexgur efexly gu}dggor cfm }ke lgzexfaef} i}redj cbofg|demler }kc} }kebguf}xy |idd he xedicf} gf efexly ia~gx}r jgx yecxr }g bgae& ]ke efexly reb}gxr

clefmc jgburer gf c}}cififl c rur}cifchde :> ~exbef} efexly redj!rujjibiefby he!

ygfm 8>3> cfm ~xgag}ifl c ldghcddy bga~e}i}ize efexly reb}gx& Buxxef}dy chgu} 5>5!8>3= +Ê^ 8>>5!8>3=)$ ]ke ^kidi~~ife

Efexly ^dcf 8>>9!8>2> +Ê^ 8>>9!8>2>)$ cfm ]ke Bdecf ]ebkfgdgly Jufm If!

zer}aef} ^dcf +B]J Ifzer}aef} ^dcf)$ ruhai}}em }g }ke \gxdm Hcfo cfm Cricf

Mezedg~aef} Hcfor Bdecf ]ebkfgdgly Jufm cfm c~~xgzem c} }ke efm gj 8>>9&

]ke Bdecf Ifzer}aef} ^dcf ir }ke agr} xebef} efexly hdue~xif}$ |kibk huidmr u~gf

Ê^ 8>>5!8>3=$ Ê^ 8>>;!8>2>$ }ke u~bgaifl Fc}igfcd Efzixgfaef}cddy Rur!

}cifchde ]xcfr~gx} R}xc}ely +jifcd mxcj} e{~eb}em hy }ke efm gj 8>3>)$ cfm g}kex

xedezcf} reb}gx ~dcfr&

Aim!]exa^kidi~~ifer Efexly ^dcf 8>>5!8>3=0 ]ke ^kidi~~ifer Me~cx}aef} gj

Efexly +MGE) kcr bgaai}}em }g ~uxrue fc}igfcd mezedg~aef} }kxgulk }ke }|gjgdm

clefmc gj c}}cififl efexly ifme~efmefbe cfm ia~deaef}ifl ~g|ex acxoe} xe!

jgxar$ |kibk }key kcze cjjixaem if }keix Ê^ 8>>5!8>3=& ^g|ex!reb}gx xejgxarbgfrir} gj delirdc}igf }g bgf}ifue }ke ~xizc}ipc}igf$ mexeludc}igf$ cfm bga~e}i}igf

|i}kif }ke ~g|ex reb}gx r}cx}em if 8>>3&33

Dgfl!]exa^kidi~~ife Efexly ^dcf 8>>9!8>2>0 ]ke Ê^ 8>>9!8>2> ir c dgfl

}exa cfm derr!me}cidem ~dcf }kc} ea~kcriper }kxee r}xc}elib mixeb}igfr0 +3) efruxe

efexly rebuxi}y$ +8) ~uxrue ejjeb}ize ia~deaef}c}igf gj efexly!reb}gx xejgxar$ cfm

+2) ia~deaef} rgbicd aghidipc}igf cfm c bxgrr!reb}gx agfi}gxifl aebkcfira& Dioe

}ke aemiua }exa Ê^ 8>>5!8>3=$ Ê^ 8>>9!8>2> ea~kcriper efexly rebuxi}y& ]g

efruxe efexly rebuxi}y$ }ke Ê^ 8>>9!8>2> dir}r rezexcd ifi}ic}izer$ ifbdumifl }kee{~dgxc}igf cfm mezedg~aef} gj mgaer}ib juedr cfm mezedg~aef} gj xefe|chde cfm

efexly!ejjibiefby ~xgèb}r& If ~cx}ibudcx$ }ke Ê^ 8>>9!8>2> ciar }g ifbxecre

ifmilefgur bgcd ~xgmub}igf hy 85> ~exbef}$ agxe }kcf mguhde xefe|chde efexly

bc~cbi}y hy 8>2>$ cfm mir~dcbe 8> ~exbef} gj miered cfm lcrgdife ia~gx}r |i}k

higjuedr hy 8>2>&38

8>>9 Bdecf ]ebkfgdgly Jufm Ifzer}aef} ^dcf0 ]ke ^kidi~~ifer lgzexfaef}

}kexejgxe rgulk} Bdecf ]ebkfgdgly Jufm +B]J) ru~~gx} }g ked~ agze jxga }ke

huriferr!cr!urucd bcre }g c dg|ex bcxhgf bcre& ]ke Bdecf ]ebkfgdgly Jufm irc jifcfbifl rbkeae ru~~gx}em hy rezexcd aud}idc}excd ifr}i}u}igfr ifbdumifl }ke

Cricf Mezedg~aef} Hcfo cfm }ke \gxdm Hcfo$ cagfl g}kexr& Cbberr }g Bdecf



7/13

]ebkfgdgly Jufm jifcfbifl xesuixer }ke efmgxreaef} gj }ke bguf}xyr Bdecf

]ebkfgdgly Jufm Ifzer}aef} ^dcf& ]kere ~dcfr cxe if}efmem }g he dizifl mgb!

uaef}r }kc} bcf he xeziri}em ~exigmibcddy&32 ]ke ^kidi~~ifer B]J lgcdr cxe cr

jgddg|r0 +3) ifbxecre xefe|chde efexly!hcrem bc~cbi}y hy 3>> ~exbef} if 3> yecxr?

+8) he }ke fuahex gfe leg}kexacd efexly ~xgmubex if }ke |gxdm? +2) he }ke fuahexgfe |ifm efexly ~xgmubex if Rgu}kecr} Cric? +=) mguhde kymxg~g|ex bc~cbi}y |i}k

cmmi}igfcd 2$>>> A\? +5) he }ke rgdcx bedd acfujcb}uxifl kuh if }ke Crrgbic}igf gj

Rgu}kecr} Cricf Fc}igfr +CRECF)? cfm ifbxecre }ke fe| bgf}xihu}igf jxga hig!

acrr$ rgdcx$ cfm gbecf efexly hy agxe }kcf 3>> A\&

Xefe|chde Efexly Cb} gj 8>>;0 ]ke Xefe|chde Efexly Cb} gj 8>>; bxec}er

c xefe|chde efexly hgcxm$ acfmc}er }ke bxec}igf gj c xefe|chde ~gx}jgdig r}cfmcxm

+}kgulk i} mger fg} me}cid |kc} }ke xesuixem ~exbef}cle rkgudm he)$ cfm ~xgzimer

c zcxie}y gj ifbef}izer jgx jixr} lefexc}igf xefe|chder rubk cr c jeem!if }cxijj cfm}c{ ifbef}izer&3=

Cdd }kxee ~dcfr}ke Ê^ 8>>5!8>3=$ Ê^ 8>>9!8>2>$ cfm }ke ^kidi~~ifer B]J

^dcfea~kcripe efexly ifme~efmefbe cfm jixr} lefexc}igf xefe|chder& ]key

kcze je| difocler |i}k jgxeilf ~gdiby cfm kcze di}}de e{~dibi} ea~kcrir gf ebg!

fgaib mezedg~aef}&

Efexly Ifme~efmefbe ^gdiby \ecoferrer

]ke ~uxrui} gj efexly ifme~efmefbe mger fg} cmmxerr }ke }xue ~gdiby bkcddefle

gj aee}ifl dgfl!}exa$ royxgboe}ifl meacfm if c rebuxe$ ebgfgaib$ cfm efzixgf!

aef}cddy jxiefmdy acffex& Jixr}$ ria~dy hebcure }ke lefexc}igf jued ir mgaer}ib

mger fg} acoe }ke lefexc}igf ~dcf} i}redj c bga~de}edy mgaer}ib rguxbe& Bga!

~gfef}r cfm ac}exicdr jgx xefe|chder |idd kcze }g he gh}cifem jxga g}kex bguf}xier

if cmmi}igf }g }ebkfibcd e{~ex}ire& If cmmi}igf$ ij }ke ^kidi~~ifer hgxxg|r dcxle

caguf}r gj agfey }g ~cy jgx e{~efrize mgaer}ib lefexc}igf$ }kef i} cb}ucddy |idd

jifm i}redj agxe me~efmef}$ fg} derr&Rebgfm$ }ke ea~kcrir gf efexly ifme~efmefbe jcidr }g bgfjxgf} gid ia~gx}

rebuxi}y bgfbexfr& Derr }kcf 3> ~exbef} gj 8>>9 edeb}xibi}y lefexc}igf |cr me!

xizem jxga gid& Mer~i}e }ke efexly ifme~efmefbe xke}gxib$ }ke 8>>9!8>2> Efexly

^dcf ciar }g aee} 8> ~exbef} gj }ke 8>2> miered meacfm cfm 8> ~exbef} gj 8>2>

lcrgdife meacfm jxga xefe|chde rguxber& R~ebijibcddy$ ezef ij }ke ^kidi~~ifer

c}}cifr i}r cahi}igur higjued lgcdr$ gzex :> ~exbef} gj lcrgdife cfm miered meacfm

|idd he ae} jxga bgfzef}igfcd rguxber& Hcxxifl c kilkdy ufe{~eb}em mgaer}ib gid

mirbgzexy$ }ke ^kidi~~ifer |idd bgf}ifue }g xebeize gzex jgux!jij}kr gj i}r gid jxga

Aimmde Ecr} ia~gx}r& Buxxef} ~gdiby mger fg} cmmxerr }ke xiro gj mirxu~}igfr }gefexly ia~gx}r }kc} bgudm gbbux jxga }xcfr~gx}c}igf mir}uxhcfber if oey rki~~ifl

bkgoe ~gif}r&

]KE @GUXFCD GJ EFEXLY CFM MEZEDGÂEF]32=


8/13

Cfg}kex efexly rebuxi}y bgfbexf ifzgdzer bdiac}e!bkcfle!xedc}em fc}uxcd mi!

rcr}exr& Xefe|chde ~xg~gfef}r kg~e }g ure }ke jdggmifl if dc}e 8>>9 }g xcire

c|cxeferr gj }ke difo he}|eef fc}uxcd mircr}exr cfm bdiac}e bkcfle& Kg|ezex$

lxeefkgure lcr eairrigfr if }ke ^kidi~~ifer cxe dg|>&9 }gfr gj bcxhgf mig{ime

+BG8) ~ex bc~i}cdcxledy mue }g }ke ripe gj }ke xefe|chder cfm rexzibe reb}gxr&35

Mgaer}ib eairrigfr kcze cdagr} fg ia~cb} gf ldghcd bdiac}e bkcfle& Cr c xerud}$

|kide }ke ^kidi~~ifer ir c} xiro gj bdiac}e!bkcfle!xedc}em fc}uxcd mircr}exr$ i}r

ejjgx}r }g xemube bcxhgf eairrigfr |idd mg zexy di}}de }g mebxecre i}r xiro&

Jifcddy$ buxxef} ~gdiby dcbor difocler |i}k ebgfgaib lgcdr& ]kere r}xc}elier

xedy gf e{~efrize }ebkfgdglier }kc} ~urk u~ bgfruaex edeb}xibi}y ~xiber c} c }iae

|kef aiddigfr gj ~ggx Jidi~ifgr cxe fg| me~efmef} gf }ke lxim& Cmmi}igfcddy$ }ke

e{ir}ifl ~gdiby mger fg} cmesuc}edy cmmxerr dgfl!xuf `gh bxec}igf if }ke efexly

jiedm? i} |idd ruhrimipe jixr} lefexc}igf xefe|chde }ebkfgdglier hu} aubk gj }ke

}ebkfibcd e{~ex}ire cfm }ebkfgdglier }kearedzer |idd he ia~gx}em ezef }kgulk

}kexe ir mgaer}ib ~xejexefbe jgx fc}igfcd xefe|chde efexly mezedg~exr& Mgaer}ib

`ghr |idd he bxec}em jgx ifr}cddc}igfr? kg|ezex$ ifr}cddc}igfr bga~xire c xedc}izedy

racdd ~gx}igf gj }ke `ghr if }ke bkcif& Buxxef} ~gdiby mger ifbdume }ke cia gj heifl

c rgdcx acfujcb}uxifl kuh$ hu} }kc} |idd he bgf}iflef} gf }ke ^kidi~~ifer kczifl

xedc}izedy dg| edeb}xibi}y xc}er cfm ir$ fgfe}kederr$ fg} c hgdm efgulk lgcd& ]ke

^kidi~~ifer aur} jgbur i}r ejjgx}r c|cy jxga e{~gx}ifl |gxoexr cfm xedyifl gf

ia~gx}em lggmr cfm }ebkfibcd e{~ex}ire cfm$ ifr}ecm$ }g mezedg~ifl i}r mgaer}ib

reb}gxr&

Efexly R}xc}elier jgx If}exme~efmef} Leg~gdi}ibcd cfm Ebgfgaib Lgcdr

]ke ^kidi~~ifer kcr acme lxec} ~xglxerr if }ke mezedg~aef} gj i}r efexly

reb}gx& Kg|ezex$ }ke lgzexfaef} bdiflr }g cf ufxecdir}ib lgcd gj efexly if!

me~efmefbe& C he}}ex ~gdiby |gudm }coe c agxe bga~xekefrize zie|$ if}elxc}ifl

efexly$ jgxeilf ~gdiby$ cfm ebgfgaib ia~exc}izer&

]ke ^kidi~~ifer efexly ~gdiby xilk}dy reeor }g xejgxa }ke ~g|ex reb}gx$ huidmgu} ifmilefgur gid$ lcr$ bgcd$ cfm xefe|chder ~xgmub}igf$ cfm ~xgag}e efexly

ejjibiefby& \e gu}dife hedg| c 8>3> }g 8>2> r}xc}ely hcrem gf c re} gj hxgcmex$

agxe if}elxc}em lgcdr }kc} cbkieze }ke }xue acif gzexcxbkifl lgcdr gj efexly

~gdiby0 +3) cddezic}ifl ~gzex}y cfm +8) aee}ifl efexly meacfm if c rebuxe$ dg|

bgr}$ cfm rur}cifchde acffex&

Lgcd 3Czgim Gid Ia~gx} Mirxu~}igfr Mue }g U&R&!Bkifc ]efrigf gx Aimecr}'Rgu}kecr} Cric ^ixcby0 R}xc}elibcddy mizexrijy gid ia~gx}r c|cy jxga }ke Aimmde

Ecr} }g Ecr} Xurric& ]ke ^kidi~~ifer gid me~efmefbe ir jgxebcr} }g ifbxecre jxga 98~exbef} if 8>3> }g cdagr} 3>> ~exbef} hy 8>2>$ bgf}ifuifl }g bgfruae xgulkdy =

~exbef} gj lxgrr mgaer}ib ~xgmub} +LM^) ~ex yecx& ]ke ^kidi~~ifer kcr xecbkem gu}



9/13

}g jgxeilf ~cx}fexr }g ked~ jifm fe| rguxber gj gidE{{gfAghid xebef}dy helcf

e{~dgxc}igf gjjrkgxe gj }ke rgu}kexf irdcfmr$ cfm reiraib xerecxbk bgf}ifuer if }ke

Rgu}k Bkifc Rec& Kg|ezex$ hcxxifl cf ufe{~eb}em mirbgzexy$ }ke ^kidi~~ifer |idd

bgf}ifue }g xebeize gzex jgux!jij}kr gj i}r gid jxga Aimmde Ecr} ia~gx}r& ]kir

bgf}xcr}r |i}k }ke fc}igfr bgcd ia~gx}r$ |kibk cxe mizexrijiem cagfl }ke xeligfcdru~~diexr gj Ifmgferic$ Bkifc$ cfm Cur}xcdic&

]ke dcxler} leg~gdi}ibcd efexly }kxec} }g }ke ^kidi~~ifer ir }ke mirxu~}igf gj }kir

ru~~dy& Cmmi}igfcddy$ ia~gx}r bgudm he mirxu~}em hy c ~ixc}e c}}cbo if }ke R}xci}r gj

Acdcbbc$ |kibk juffedr chgu} gfe!sucx}ex gj }ke |gxdmr gid }xcme$ gx c aidi}cxy

r}xioe gf Ixcf }kc} bgudm bcure gu}~u} }g he }coef gjj }ke ldghcd acxoe}& Ij bguf}xier

jcbe c ju}uxe bxirir$ c racdd ia~gx}ex dioe }ke ^kidi~~ifer$ |i}k di}}de if}exfc}igfcd

dezexcle$ bgudm r}xullde }g rebuxe ru~~dier&

C r}xc}ely }g ai}ilc}e }kir xiro ir c leg~gdi}ibcd ~cx}fexrki~ |i}k Xurric }g jufm

cfm lcif cbberr }g Rihexicf gid$ lcr$ cfm bgcd ru~~dier buxxef}dy ufmex me!

zedg~aef}& ]ke ^kidi~~ifer$ gj cdd }ke aeahexr gj }ke CRECF$ ir }ke bguf}xy

dgbc}em bdgrer} }g }ke Xurricf Jcx Ecr}& If 8>>>=!

8>3> ~dcf$ hu} jgddg|!u~ cb}igf kcr fg} heef bga~de}em&3 ~exbef} gj }ke B]J xerguxber |gudm he memibc}em }g }ke }xcfr~gx}c}igf

reb}gx& ]ke xc}ig gj ^kidi~~ifer lgzexfaef} r~efmifl he}|eef }xcfr~gx}c}igf cfm

xefe|chde efexly rkgudm fg} bgxxer~gfm |i}k }kc} gj }ke B]J ^dcf& I} rkgudm

mezg}e agxe gj i}r agfe}cxy xerguxber }g xemubifl gid meacfm&

]ke ^kidi~~ifer kcr ifbxecrem i}r ure gj fc}uxcd lcr }c{ir cfm bga~xerrem

fc}uxcd lcr +BFL) hurer& I} cdrg kcr bga~de}em ~idg} xufr gj cf edeb}xib èe~fey&

Kg|ezex$ }ke agr} uhisui}gur }xcfr~gx}c}igf zekibde xeacifr }ke èe~fey& \kide

}ke ^kidi~~ifer kcr ruaagfem }ke ~gdi}ibcd |idd }g ~crr cahi}igur xefe|chde ef!

exly lgcdr$ i} r}idd kcr fg} aur}exem }ke |idd }g ifbxecre jued ejjibiefby gj }ke |imedy

urem miered èe~feyr& ]kere èe~feyr kcze cf czexcle jued ejjibiefby gj gfdy 88

aider ~ex lcddgf cfm ure miered$ |kibk kcr kilkex BG8 eairrigfr ~ex lcddgf }kcf

lcrgdife& Ij 3>>$>>> èe~feyr ifbxecrem }keix jued ebgfgay }g 2> aider ~ex lcddgf

|i}k miered$ BG8 eairrigfr |gudm he xemubem hy 85:$>>> }gfr ~ex yecx& ]ke me!zedg~aef} gj cf edeb}xib èe~fey ir c lggm ~xglxca$ hu} }kexe cxe buxxef}dy

czcidchde g~}igfr }g mebxecre ~gddu}igf jxga i}r zekibder& ]ke ^kidi~~ifer |gudm mg

|edd }g ~u} agxe ruhrimier hekifm bdecfex$ buxxef}dy czcidchde }xcfr~gx}c}igf&

Lgcd 2Aee} Fecx!]exa Edeb}xibi}y Meacfm if c Dg|!Bgr}$ Rur}cifchde Acffex0

]ke r}xc}ely |gudm +3) mezedg~ ~xgèb}r }kc} cxe agr} ebgfgaibcd hy er}iac}ifl cdd

~xe!ruhrimy ~xiacxy cfm rebgfmcxy bgr}r cfm hefeji}r& +8) ]ke r}xc}ely |gudm

~uxrue au}ucddy hefejibicd jgxeilf difocler }kc} bcf dg|ex xefe|chde bc~i}cd cfm

jifcfbifl bgr}r&Aee}ifl fecx!}exa edeb}xibi}y meacfm if c dg|!bgr}$ rur}cifchde acffex ir cf

ifkexef}dy mijjibud} hcdcfbifl cb} hebcure$ if agr} cxecr$ }ke decr}!e{~efrize g~!

}igf hy cfcdyrir gj }ke ~g|ex ~dcf} cfm jued |gudm dioedy he bgcd&

Xesuixifl cdd ~xe!ruhrimipem bgr}r he rkg|f jgx cfy ~xgèb}r$ hg}k bgfzef}igfcd

cfm ufbgfzef}igfcd jued ~xgèb}r$ |gudm }kef feem }ke bga~de}igf gj c bgfzef!

}igfcd bgr}!hefeji} cfcdyrir$ cmmifl rebgfmcxy hefeji}r }g ~xgèb}r |kexe c~~di!

bchde& C~~dibchde rebgfmcxy hefeji}r ifbdume `gh bxec}igf$ xemubem eairrigfr cfm

~gddu}cf}rrudjux mig{ime +RG8)$ zgdc}ide gxlcfib bga~gufmr +ZGB)$ BG8

cfm }xcfrairrigf lxim hefeji}r$ cagfl g}kexr& Rubk c xesuixeaef} |idd ked~ ldecfc bdecxex ~ib}uxe gj }ke hefeji}r cfm bgr}r gj c ~xgèb} cfm ir agxe dioedy }g ef!

bguxcle ~xgèb} mezedg~exr }g ~dcf }keix ~xgèb}r rubk }kc} rebgfmcxy hefeji}r



11/13

cxe ifbxecrem& \i}k rubk cf cfcdyrir i} ir dioedy }kc} fc}uxcd lcr |gudm he me!

}exaifem }g he c lggm hximle jued jgx rezexcd cxecr&

]ke ^kidi~~ifer kcr cdxecmy rilfem }ke Xefe|chde Efexly Cb} if}g dc|& Xe}!

xgcb}izedy bkcflifl efexly ~gdibier$ ezef ij }key xerud} if ruhr}cf}icddy ifbxecrem

edeb}xibi}y ~xiber$ |gudm he me}xiaef}cd jgx ifzer}aef}& Kg|ezex$ }ke ^kidi~~iferrkgudm jgbur }kere xefe|chde ifbef}izer if cxecr |kexe xefe|chde efexly |gudm

kcze heef }ke decr} e{~efrize if cfy bcre$ |kibk dioedy |gudm he xuxcd$ uf!edeb}xijiem

hcxcflcyr&

If }ke fecx }exa$ }ke ^kidi~~ifer cdrg rkgudm ~uxrue au}ucddy hefejibicd difo!

cler |i}k bguf}xier |i}k kilk }xcfr~gx}c}igf cfm xefe|chde efexly e{~ex}ire hu}

dg| efexly meacfm lxg|}k$ e&l&$ @c~cf? rubk bguf}xier acy he agxe eclex }g

~xgzime e{}exfcd fgf!dgcf jufmifl cfm he}}ex jifcfbifl }exar if gxmex }g cbberr

c acxoe} |i}k lxec}ex efexly meacfm }kcf }keix g|f&

Lgcd =Mezedg~ cf If}exfc}igfcddy Bga~e}i}ize ^xizc}e Reb}gx if Xefe|chde]ebkfgdgly0 ]ke r}xc}ely |gudm he }g jufm iffgzc}igf if cmzcfbem zekibder$ ef!

kcfbem leg}kexacd ryr}ear$ rebgfm lefexc}igf higjuedr$ gx mir}xihu}em lefexc}igf&

]ke ^kidi~~ifer efexly bgaaufi}y ir jgburem gf }ke cbkiezeaef} gj }ke Xe!

fe|chde Efexly Cb} gj 8>>;& Kg|ezex$ }ke ac`gxi}y gj }ke hiddigfr gj mgddcxr gj

xefe|chder ifzer}aef} decor gu} }g jgxeilf mezedg~aef} ~cx}fexr }kc} hxifl

}ebkfibcd e{~ex}irec ~c}}exf aixxgxem if }ke jgrrid jued reb}gx& ]ke ^kidi~~ifer

|gudm kcze mgaer}ib rguxber jgx }ke jued i}redj$ hu} fg} jgx }ke bc~i}cd cfm dchgx }gmezedg~ }ke lefexc}igf&

]ke ^kidi~~ifer rkgudm cia jgx kczifl c dcxlex ~gx}igf gj }ke efexly ~xg`eb}

ru~~dy bkcif mgaer}ib& ]ke fc}igfcd lgzexfaef} rkgudm re} crime u~ }g -5>>

aiddigf ~ex yecx }g jufm xerecxbk$ mezedg~aef}$ cfm me~dgyaef} gj fe{} lefexc}igf

xefe|chder& ]ke -5>> aiddigf cffucddy reear sui}e kilk$ hu} i} |gudm he derr }kcf

8 ~exbef} gj }ke -2> hiddigf 8>3> humle} cfm derr }kcf >&=> ~exbef} gj }ke ^kid!

i~~ifer 8>>; LM^&

]kexe cxe rilfijibcf} kuxmder& ]ke ^kidi~~ifer |gudm feem }g e{exbire bcxe }kc}

agfey mirhuxrem ir cb}ucddy lgifl }g|cxmr xerecxbk& ]ke bguf}xy mger fg} bux!xef}dy kcze c r}xgfl xerecxbk cfm mezedg~aef} hcre cfm |gudm feem }g hxifl if

e{}exfcd }ebkfibcd e{~ex}ire }g ru~~gx} xerecxbk& ]ebkfibcd ofg|demle |gudm

}xcfrjex cfm }ebkfgdglibcd cbkiezeaef}r |gudm he cbkiezem |i}kif }ke bguf}xy&

]ke ruhr}cf}icd rua gj agfey jgx c dgfl }exa cfm derr }cflihde lgcd acy he

ifi}icddy uf~g~udcx hu} ir feberrcxy& If fg g}kex |cy |idd cf cb}ize ifmilefgur

xefe|chde efexly reb}gx mezedg~& ]ke ^kidi~~ifer |gudm he |ci}ifl jgx jgxeilf

jixar }g g~ef ~dcf}r cfm gjjiber if }ke bguf}xy cfm |gudm he ia~gx}ifl }ebkfgd!

glier jgx ezef agxe yecxr }g bgae&

Cf ifmilefgur xefe|chde }ebkfgdgly reb}gx |idd ~xgzime }kxee hefeji}r& Jixr}$ i}|idd mizexrijy }ke ebgfgay hy ru~~gx}ifl c fe| reb}gx }kc} ~xgag}er acfujcb}uxifl$

}ebkfgdgly$ cfm e{~gx}r& Rebgfm$ }kir jufmifl |idd bxec}e }ke fe{} lefexc}igf gj

]KE @GUXFCD GJ EFEXLY CFM MEZEDG^AEF]32;


12/13

}ebkfgdglier feemem }g hxeco }kxgulk bgfr}xcif}r }g }c~ fe| xefe|chde rguxber&

]kir ifbdumer dg|exifl }ke }ebkfibcd cfm bgr} hcxxiexr jgx ELR$ cdlcd higmiered$ cfm

racdd!rbcde mir}xihu}em xefe|chde lefexc}igf& ]kir dcr} }ebkfgdgly |idd he er~ebicddy

bxi}ibcd }g cddg| }ke aiddigfr gj Jidi~ifgr gf xeag}e irdcfmr$ gu} gj xecbk gj }ke

edeb}xib lxim$ }g xe~dcbe }keix oexgrife dilk}ifl cfm miered lefexc}igf |i}k agmexfefexly& C jifcd hefeji} |gudm he }g oee~ c dcxlex rkcxe gj xefe|chde u}idi}y if!

zer}aef} |i}kif }ke dgbcd ebgfgay&

Bgfbdurigf

]ke lgcd gj efexly ifme~efmefbe ir zexy c~~ecdifl$ c reeaifldy bdecx lgcd }kc}

kcr aud}i~de ~gri}ize r~iddgzex ejjeb}r& Kg|ezex$ }ke xecdi}y ir }kc} jgx c mezedg~ifl

bguf}xy |i}k diai}em bgfzef}igfcd xerguxber }ke lgcd gj efexly ifme~efmefbe irfg} cr ria~de cr i} reear&

\i}k }kir if aifm$ if}exme~efmefbe rkgudm he }ke fe| efexly!reb}gx jgbur&

]ke lgzexfaef} bcf rkij} i}r rkgx}!}exa c}}ef}igf c|cy jxga e{~efrize xefe|chder

cfm mgaer}ib gid& Ifr}ecm$ }ke ^kidi~~ifer bcf ure i}r efexly ~gdiby }g mizexrijy i}r

ia~gx}r }kxgulk c ~cx}fexrki~ |i}k Xurric$ ifzer} if }ke fe{} lefexc}igf gj xefe|chde

}ebkfgdgly bga~cfier$ cfm huidm c ju}uxe }xcfr~gx} ifjxcr}xub}uxe }kc} ia~xgzer }ke

sucdi}y gj dije&

FG]ER

3^kidi~~ifer Me~cx}aef} gj Efexly$ \ehri}e$ czcidchde c} |||&mge&lgz&~k'$ cbberrem 8>3>&

8Bguf}xy Efexly ^xgjide!^kidi~~ifer$ U&R& Efexly Ifjgxac}igf Cmaifri}xc}igfr Bguf}xy

Efexly cfm Mc}c Cfcydrir$ +\crkifl}gf$ M&B&0U&R& Me~cx}aef} gj Efexly$ Efexly Ifjgxac}igf

Cmaifir}xc}igf$ @ufe 8>3>)$ cbberrem Culur} 8>3> cfm czcidchde c} k}}~0''}gf}g&eic&mge&lgz'bguf}xy'

bguf}xyWefexlyWmc}c&bja7ji~r1X^&

2Rkibuf \u cfm Oeyucf Pgu$ emr&$ Acxi}iae Rebuxi}y if }ke Rgu}k Bkifc Rec0 Bgg~exc}igf cfm

Ia~dibc}igfr +Jcxakca$ Ufi}em Oiflmga0 Crklc}e ^uhdirkifl$ 8>>9)&=^kidi~~ifer Me~cx}aef} gj Efexly$ \ehri}e$ g~& bi}&

5Ayxfc A& Zedcrbg$ Fe| Gid Xejifexy Ifzer}aef} ^gdiby Rgulk}$ ah&bga&~k!Acfidc Hud!

de}if ^uhdirkifl Bgx~gxc}igf +gfdife zexrigf gj }ke Acfiddc Hudde}if)$ @ufe 89$ 8>3>$ czcidchde c}

|||&ah&bga&~k'fgme'8:=2:3&

:Jxcfbirbg Cdbucp$ Rkedd ^kidi~~ife Ufi} Kcr -5:< Aiddigf Raulldifl Bga~dcif} Jxga

Lgzexfaef}$ Hdggahexl$ Gb}ghex 32$ 8>3>$ czcidchde c} k}}~0''|||&hdggahexl&bga'fe|r'8>3>!

3>!3='~kidi~~ife!huxecu!gj!bur}gar!jider!raulldifl!bga~dcif}!clcifr}!rkedd!ufi}&k}ad&


13/13

9Ihim&

3> ICEC Cmzirer ^kidi~~ifer gf Fe{} R}e~r jgx Ag}khcddem F^ $ If}exfc}igfcd C}gaib

Efexly Clefby$ @udy 8>>;$ czcidchde c} |||&icec&gxl'fe|rbef}ex'fe|r'8>>;'hc}ccff~~&k}ad$

cbberrem Culur} 8>3>&

33^kidi~~ife Efexly ^dcf Jxcae|gxo!8>>5 U~mc}e$ +]cluil Bi}y$ ^kiddi~ifer0 ^kidi~~ifer Me!

~cx}aef} gj Efexly$ 8>>5)$ czcidchde c} k}}~0''|||&mge&lgz&~k'~e~'^E^W8>>5W8>3=&~mj&

38^kidi~~ifer Me~cx}aef} gj Efexly$ \ehri}e$ g~& bi}&

32]ke \gxdm Hcfo$ Bdecf ]ebkfgdgly Jufm Luimedifer jgx Ifzer}aef} ^dcfr +\crkifl}gf$

M&B&0 ]ke \gxdm Hcfo$ 8>>9)&

3=^kidi~~ifer Xefe|chde Efexly Cb} gj 8>>;&

35

]ke \gxdm Hcfo$ \gxdm Hcfo Mezedg~aef} Ifmibc}gxr$ +\crkifl}gf$ M&B&0 ]ke \gxdm Hcfo$8>>9)$ czcidchde c} k}}~0''mc}c&|gxdmhcfo&gxl'ifmibc}gx&

3:Jxcfbirbg Cdbucp$ Xurric ^dcfr Cricf Efexly Ifzcrigf$ Ludjfe|r$ C~xid 85$ 8>>

Documents

“Philippines Energy Policy and Development,” by Adam Rein and Karen Cruz