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PHILIP II OF MACEDONIA

Considered backward and barbaric though

He admired Greek culture

Hired Aristotle to tutor his son, Alexander

Dreamed of conquering the Greek city-states

PHILIP II OF MACEDONIA

Accomplished bringing Greece under his control by winning the BATTLE OF CHAERONEA

Wanted to invade Persian Empire, but was ASSASSINATED, which is the murder of a public figure

RISE TO POWER

Alexander’s mother, Olympia, outsmarted Philip’s other wives and put her son, Alexander, on the throne

Alexander was 20 years old

An experienced soldier who shared his father’s ambitions

In 334 BCE, he begins the invasion of Persia

ALEXANDER THE GREAT (356-323 BCE)

He was one of the greatest military geniuses in history

He conquered much of what was then the civilized world, Greece, Persia, Egypt and western India

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Alexander inherited the best military formation of the time, the Macedonian Phalanx, armed with SARISSES - the fearful 18 foot long spears He created the ethnic fusion of the Macedonians and the Persians.

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SIEGE OF TYRE

At the time of the siege, the city held approximately 40,000 people, though the women and children were evacuated to Carthage, an ancient Phoenician colony.

The Tyrians abandoned the coastal city and retreated to a fortified island half a mile off the coast with defensive walls as high as 160 feet.

The Carthaginians also promised to send a fleet to their mother city’s aid.

As Alexander did not have much of a navy, he resolved to take the city and thus deny the Persians their last harbor in the region.

SIEGE OF TYRE

Alexander informed the inhabitants that they would be spared if he were allowed to make sacrifice in the temple on the island.

The defenders refused to allow this saying that they would not let Persians or Macedonians within their new city.

A second attempt at negotiation resulted in his representatives being killed and then thrown from the walls into the sea, and Alexander became enraged at the defiance and ordered the siege to commence.

SIEGE OF TYRE

Alexander could not attack the city from the sea, so he built a half mile long causeway stretching out to the island on a natural land bridge no more than six feet deep

This causeway allowed his artillery to get in range of the walls

As the work neared the walls, the water became much deeper

The combined attacks from the walls and Tyrian navy made construction nearly impossible

Alexander constructed two towers 160 feet high and moved them to the end of the causeway

SIEGE OF TYRE

Alexander’s siege towers were moving artillery platforms, with catapults on the top to clear defenders off the walls, and ballista below to hurl rocks at the wall and attacking ships.

The towers were made of wood, but were covered in rawhide to protect them from fire arrows.

The Tyrians quickly devised a counterattack.

They used an old horse transport ship, filling it with dried branches, pitch, sulfur, and various other combustibles. They then lit it on fire and ran it up onto the causeway. The fire spread quickly, engulfing both towers and other siege equipment that had been brought up.

SIEGE OF TYRE

After this Alexander was convinced that he would not be able to take Tyre without a navy.

Fortunately for him, his previous victories caused the fleets to come flocking to his banner.

This immediately gave him command of a fleet of 223 galleys

Alexander quickly blockaded both ports

He had several of the slower galleys refitted with battering rams. The rams were then anchored near the walls trying to break down the walls

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SIEGE OF TYRE

Alexander tested the wall at various points with his rams, until he made a small breach in the south end of the island. He then coordinated an attack across the breach with a bombardment from all sides by his navy.

Once his troops forced their way into the city, they easily overtook the garrison, and quickly captured the city.

Some citizens were pardoned by Alexander, including the king of Tyre. 6,000 fighting men were killed within the city and 2,000 Tyrians were crucified on the beach.

30,000 people, were sold into slavery.

Suffered his first defeats in India. Troops threaten mutiny if they didn’t return to Greece after campaigning for 10 years Alexander dies at age 32 from a fever in Asia

He brought Greek ideas, culture and life style to the countries which he conquered which was called the HELLENISTIC Culture This happened when the people of Greece and Asia ASSIMILATED, or absorbed, parts of each other’s culture, blending East and West

ALEXANDRIA, Egypt - the Heart of Hellenism

Home to a million people

Center of trade between Europe and Asia

Home of PHAROS, the lighthouse that was one of the Seven Wonders of the World

Center of scholarly activity

Famous library that collected the knowledge of the known world which was lost to a fire

STOICISM New school of philosophy Urged people to avoid desires and disappointment by accepting calmly whatever life brought Taught high moral standards Believed that all men and women, regardless of rank, were morally equal because all could reason

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ADVANCES IN LEARNING

MATHEMATICS PYTHAGORAS – formula for calculating the relationships of the sides of a right triangle a2 + b2 = c2

EUCLID – wrote Elements the basis for geometry

ADVANCES IN LEARNING

SCIENCE ARISTARCHUS – developed the HELIOCENTRIC theory of the earth orbiting the sun

ADVANCES IN LEARNING

SCIENCE ERATOSTHENES – showed that the world was round and calculated its circumference

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ADVANCES IN LEARNING

SCIENCE ARCHIMEDES – applied principles of physics to make practical inventions Lever and fulcrum Archimedes screw

ADVANCES IN LEARNING

MEDICINE

HIPPOCRATES – studied the symptoms of illnesses and the cures based upon symptoms

HIPPOCRATIC OATH set ethical standards to be used by doctors

Physicians swore to “help the sick according to my ability and judgment but never with the view to injury and wrong” and to protect a patient’s privacy