Macedonia Under Philip II

Macedonia Under Philip II

Threat of MacedoniaThreat of Macedonia• Phillip II – 359 B.C.

Unites all of Greece under Macedonia

Created a true monarchy

Brilliant military strategist

• Battle of Chaeronea

Macedonia defeats the Greeks

Uses phalanx formations & then cavalry to crush opponents

Alexander leads a cavalry charge at 18

• Plan was to unite Greeks to go against Persians

• Phillip II was assassinated

At his daughters wedding in 336 B.C.

Son, Alexander take the throne

Death of Phillip II of Macedonia

Death of Phillip II of Macedonia

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great• 20 years old when he took the throne

Motivated by a desire & empire

Tutored by Aristotle

Desire to avenge Persian burning of Athens

• Alexander’s Conquests

334 B.C. defeated the Persian Army

30,000 infantry – 5,000 cavalry

hit Persians quickly and used phalanx formation

freed Greek city-states in Asia Minor

332 B.C. defeated Syria, Palestine, and Egypt

Alexandria became the Greek capital of Egypt

Turned toward Pakistan and India

soldiers refused and went home

323 B.C. returned to Babylon

died at age 32 from wounds, fever and alcohol

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great in Persia

Alexander the Great in Persia

Legacy of AlexanderLegacy of Alexander• Great Military leader

Motivated by desire

Created largest empire ancient world had known

willing to risk his own life

Sought to imitate Achilles

kept a copy of the Illiad under his pillow

Extended Greek rule over a vast area

brought much wealth to Greece & Macedonia

New culture emerges from blend of Greek and Eastern customs

Alexander adopted Persian dress and married a Persian woman

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great’s Empire

The Hellenistic Kingdoms

The Hellenistic Kingdoms• Hellenistic Culture

Blend of Greek culture w/ Egyptian, Persian and Indian influence

• Rulers encouraged massive spread of Greek colonies

Southwest Asia

modern Afghanistan and India

• Architecture and Sculpture

Built throughout the empire

moved away from earlier classicism to realistic art

The Hellenization of Asia

The Hellenization of Asia

Pergamum: A Hellenistic CityPergamum: A Hellenistic City

Greatest Accomplishment of Greatest Accomplishment of the Hellenistic Age the Hellenistic Age

• Alexander the Great saved Greek Culture Alexander the Great saved Greek Culture and spread their ideas to every new place and spread their ideas to every new place he conquered.he conquered.

• The new culture that emerged was called The new culture that emerged was called “Hellenistic” culture, which means “Greek-“Hellenistic” culture, which means “Greek-like”. like”.

• All of the following are the legacies of this All of the following are the legacies of this Hellenistic age….Hellenistic age….

Science & TechnologyScience & Technology• Alexander preserved Greek and

Egyptian learning

Observatory: study planets and stars

• Ptolemy

Friend to Alexander – satrap of Egypt

Last renowned astronomer

said Earth was center of universe

• Eratosthenes

Said Earth was round – 28,000-29,000 miles (within 185 m.)

was an astronomer as well as poet

Mathematics & PhysicsMathematics & Physics• Euclid

Mathematician taught in Alexandria

Elements: best known book

still used as basis for geometry

• Archimedes

Most famous scientist

geometry of spheres and cylinders

mathematical constant pi

created device that raised water

from the ground

created pulley to lift heavy object

Archimedes Moving the WorldArchimedes Moving the World

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers• Athens chief center of philosophy

New system of Epicureanism and Stoicism

• Epicureanism: self interest

avoid pain & seek pleasure.

Gods had no interest in humans

politics should be avoided.

soul dies with body, should not fear death

EpicurusEpicurus““Pleasure is our first and kindred good. It is the starting-Pleasure is our first and kindred good. It is the starting-

point of every choicepoint of every choice …” …”

Zeno - StoicismZeno - Stoicism

Realism in SculptureRealism in Sculpture• Hellenistic Art

More realistic; less ideal than Greek art

Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

Moved away from appreciation of human body

Female nudes become popular

• Colossus of Rhodes

100 ft. high – one of 7 wonders of the Ancient World

Hellenistic Art

Hellenistic Art

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

7 Wonders of the World7 Wonders of the WorldTourist attractions of the Tourist attractions of the

Hellenistic WorldHellenistic World

1. Pyramids of Khufu1. Pyramids of Khufu26th century BC26th century BC

2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon6th century BC6th century BC

3. Temple of Artemis3. Temple of Artemis6th century BC6th century BC

4. Statue of  Zeus4. Statue of  Zeus5th century BC5th century BC

5. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus5. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus4th century BC4th century BC

6. Colossus of Rhodes6. Colossus of Rhodes3rd century BC3rd century BC

7. Lighthouse of Alexandria7. Lighthouse of Alexandria3rd century BC3rd century BC

The Temple of ArtemisThe Temple of Artemis • City of Ephesus - Western City of Ephesus - Western

TurkeyTurkey• First shrine to First shrine to Goddess Goddess

ArtemisArtemis built around 800 B.C. built around 800 B.C. • Goddess of fertility Goddess of fertility • First temple burnt in 356 BC - First temple burnt in 356 BC -

Herostratus Herostratus • New temple - 425 ft long & 225 New temple - 425 ft long & 225

ft wide - 127 columnsft wide - 127 columns– Parthenon 230 ft long, 100 ft Parthenon 230 ft long, 100 ft

wide & 58 columnswide & 58 columns • Major tourist attraction Major tourist attraction

– Souvenirs & religious items Souvenirs & religious items including miniature including miniature statues of Artemis statues of Artemis

• Destroyed by Goths in 262 A.DDestroyed by Goths in 262 A.D• Few remains todayFew remains today

– Marble salvaged for local Marble salvaged for local building needs building needs

Hanging Gardens Of Babylon - IraqHanging Gardens Of Babylon - Iraq

• Garden built by Garden built by King King NebuchadnezzarNebuchadnezzar, who , who ruled the city for 43 years ruled the city for 43 years starting in 605 BCstarting in 605 BC

• Strabo described them as Strabo described them as groups of vaulted terraces groups of vaulted terraces raised one above another raised one above another

• Built to cheer up Built to cheer up Nebuchadnezzar'sNebuchadnezzar's homesick wife, homesick wife, AmyitisAmyitis from Medesfrom Medes– Land she came from Land she came from

was green, rugged and was green, rugged and mountainous, and she mountainous, and she found the flat, sun-found the flat, sun-baked terrain of baked terrain of Mesopotamia Mesopotamia depressing. depressing.

The Mausoleum at HalicarnassusThe Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

Western TurkeyWestern Turkey

Mausolus, with his queen Mausolus, with his queen Artemisia (also sister), Artemisia (also sister), ruled over Halicarnassus ruled over Halicarnassus & the surrounding & the surrounding territory for 24 yearsterritory for 24 years

In 353 B.C. In 353 B.C. MausolusMausolus died died

Artemisia, heartbroken, Artemisia, heartbroken, decided to build the decided to build the world’s most splendid world’s most splendid tombtomb

Stood above the city ruins Stood above the city ruins for some 17 centuries for some 17 centuries until destroyed by an until destroyed by an earthquake in 1404 ADearthquake in 1404 AD

The Great Pharos LighthouseThe Great Pharos Lighthouse Alexandria, Egypt founded by Alexandria, Egypt founded by

Alexander in 332 BCAlexander in 332 BCUnder Ptolemys the city Under Ptolemys the city

became rich and became rich and prosperousprosperous

City needed both a symbol & a City needed both a symbol & a mechanism to guide the mechanism to guide the many trade ships into the many trade ships into the busy harborbusy harbor

Built on the island of Pharos Built on the island of Pharos Building of the Pharos started Building of the Pharos started

in 290 B.Cin 290 B.C Took 20 years to completeTook 20 years to completeBecame tallest building in Became tallest building in

existence, with the existence, with the exception of the Great exception of the Great PyramidPyramid

Became big tourist attractionBecame big tourist attractionDamaged by earthquakesDamaged by earthquakesFinally collapsed in 1306 ADFinally collapsed in 1306 AD

The Great Pyramids of The Great Pyramids of GizaGiza Pharaoh Khufu 2400 Pharaoh Khufu 2400

BCBC• Only remaining Only remaining

wonderwonder• 756 feet long & 450 756 feet long & 450

high high • Tallest man-made Tallest man-made

structure for over structure for over 4400 years until 4400 years until 1889 - Eiffel Tower1889 - Eiffel Tower

• Composed of Composed of 2,300,000 blocks of 2,300,000 blocks of stonestone

• Originally covered by Originally covered by a beautiful smooth a beautiful smooth limestone surfacing limestone surfacing

• Khufu’s tomb and Khufu’s tomb and treasure has never treasure has never been foundbeen found

The Colossus of The Colossus of RhodesRhodes

• Island of Island of RhodesRhodes was an was an important economic important economic centercenter

• Southwestern tip of Asia Southwestern tip of Asia Minor Minor

• Held off a siege of city Held off a siege of city for over a yearfor over a year

• Celebrated the victory by Celebrated the victory by building huge statuebuilding huge statue

• Melted metal from war Melted metal from war machines left behindmachines left behind

• Construction took 12 Construction took 12 yearsyears

• 110 ft high and stood 110 ft high and stood upon a 50 foot pedestal upon a 50 foot pedestal near the harbor near the harbor

• Destroyed by earthquake Destroyed by earthquake after 56 yearsafter 56 years

Statue of ZeusStatue of Zeus

• Temple of Zeus at Temple of Zeus at Olympia – Olympia – constructed 470 to constructed 470 to 460 B.C.460 B.C.

• Similar toSimilar to ParthenonParthenon in in designdesign

• Needed a Needed a magnificent statue magnificent statue of of ZeusZeus– 50 feet high 50 feet high

• Phidias – sculptorPhidias – sculptor– Statue of Athena Statue of Athena

in the Parthenonin the Parthenon