Philip II and the Coming Philip II and the Coming of Macedonof Macedon

March 5March 5thth, 2012, 2012www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/P

Sources For The Life of Sources For The Life of Philip IIPhilip II

Theopompos of Chios (378-320 BCE)Theopompos of Chios (378-320 BCE)

Demosthenes (384-322 BCE)Demosthenes (384-322 BCE)

Isocrates (436-338 BCE)Isocrates (436-338 BCE)

Diodorus Siculus.Diodorus Siculus.

Plutarch.Plutarch.

General RemarksGeneral Remarks Greece is broken.Greece is broken.

Sparta a non-entity.Sparta a non-entity.

Thebes not strong enough to realize its ambitions of hegemony.Thebes not strong enough to realize its ambitions of hegemony.

Athens suffering from economic decline; still harboring delusions of Athens suffering from economic decline; still harboring delusions of hegemony; political realities of the fourth century BCE make them hegemony; political realities of the fourth century BCE make them increasingly disposed toward to peace and cooperation.increasingly disposed toward to peace and cooperation.

Other Greeks states (i.e. Pherae in Thessaly, Phocis in Boeotia) attempt to fill Other Greeks states (i.e. Pherae in Thessaly, Phocis in Boeotia) attempt to fill the power vacuum; not quite up to the task.the power vacuum; not quite up to the task.

Macedon the rising power; Greece divided, weak, and ripe for the taking.Macedon the rising power; Greece divided, weak, and ripe for the taking.

Macedon will subdue Greece through: 1. Military superiority. 2. Diplomatic Macedon will subdue Greece through: 1. Military superiority. 2. Diplomatic chicanery. 3. Sound policy when victorious.chicanery. 3. Sound policy when victorious.

Inclusiveness of Macedonian policy in Greece augmented Macedonian power Inclusiveness of Macedonian policy in Greece augmented Macedonian power with every victory.with every victory.

Macedonian SocietyMacedonian Society Very “Homeric” in outlook.Very “Homeric” in outlook.

Highly militaristic (i.e. a warrior elite ruling over a serf population).Highly militaristic (i.e. a warrior elite ruling over a serf population).

Monarchical government (i.e. rule by a Monarchical government (i.e. rule by a basileusbasileus).).

Crown was “quasi-hereditary” (i.e. the noble – “companions” – ratified or Crown was “quasi-hereditary” (i.e. the noble – “companions” – ratified or rejected the heir).rejected the heir).

Macedonian polygamy + infighting between nobles result in frequent Macedonian polygamy + infighting between nobles result in frequent dynastic conflict.dynastic conflict.

Frequent dynastic conflict + incessant warfare with neighboring Frequent dynastic conflict + incessant warfare with neighboring ethneethne (i.e. Thracians, Illyrians, Dardanians etc.) keep Macedon weak and (i.e. Thracians, Illyrians, Dardanians etc.) keep Macedon weak and divided.divided.

Successful basileus had to: 1. Gain and retain the approval of the Successful basileus had to: 1. Gain and retain the approval of the “companions.” 2. Gain and retain the loyalty of the neighboring “companions.” 2. Gain and retain the loyalty of the neighboring chieftains. 3. Provide for a smooth transition of power to a clearly chieftains. 3. Provide for a smooth transition of power to a clearly designated heir.designated heir.

A Multi-Ethnic HegemonyA Multi-Ethnic Hegemony ““So they assembled at Doberos and made So they assembled at Doberos and made

preparations to cross over the mountains and preparations to cross over the mountains and invade lower Makedonia, the domain of invade lower Makedonia, the domain of Perdikkas. Up-country, the Lynkestians and Perdikkas. Up-country, the Lynkestians and Elimiots and other peoples are also part of Elimiots and other peoples are also part of Makedonia: they have their own kings but are Makedonia: they have their own kings but are nonetheless allies and subjects of the coastal nonetheless allies and subjects of the coastal Makedonians. This country by the sea – which we Makedonians. This country by the sea – which we now know as Makedonia – was first acquired by now know as Makedonia – was first acquired by Alexandros the father of Perdikkas and his Alexandros the father of Perdikkas and his ancestors, who were originally descendants of ancestors, who were originally descendants of Temenos from Argos…And these Makedonians Temenos from Argos…And these Makedonians also conquered, and still hold, certain places that also conquered, and still hold, certain places that belonged to other peoples…” (Thucydides II. 99-belonged to other peoples…” (Thucydides II. 99-102. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 321A).102. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 321A).

The Backdrop: A Quick The Backdrop: A Quick ReviewReview

Early 370s BCE – Jason of Pherae becomes tagus (i.e. Early 370s BCE – Jason of Pherae becomes tagus (i.e. basileus); unites all of Thessaly under the hegemony of basileus); unites all of Thessaly under the hegemony of Pherae.Pherae.

370 BCE – Jason assassinated and succeeded by his brother 370 BCE – Jason assassinated and succeeded by his brother (Alexander); Alexander unable to maintain the unity of (Alexander); Alexander unable to maintain the unity of Thessaly; Assistance sought and given from Athens; rebel Thessaly; Assistance sought and given from Athens; rebel cities seek and receive help from Macedon.cities seek and receive help from Macedon.

369 BCE – Macedonian troops descend into Thessaly and 369 BCE – Macedonian troops descend into Thessaly and seize control of Larissa and Crannon; remaining rebel towns seize control of Larissa and Crannon; remaining rebel towns of Thessaly place themselves under Theban protection.of Thessaly place themselves under Theban protection.

Three-way struggle: Pherae + Athens vs. Macedon vs. Three-way struggle: Pherae + Athens vs. Macedon vs. Thebes + Thessalian rebels.Thebes + Thessalian rebels.

Dynastic Conflict in Macedon from Dynastic Conflict in Macedon from 370 BCE to 359 BCE370 BCE to 359 BCE

370 BCE – Alexander II becomes basileus.370 BCE – Alexander II becomes basileus. 369 BCE – Ptolemy of Alorus rebels against Alexander II in attempted coup; 369 BCE – Ptolemy of Alorus rebels against Alexander II in attempted coup;

Supported by Eurydice (stepmother of Alexander II).Supported by Eurydice (stepmother of Alexander II). Pelopidas (Thebes) invited to adjudicate; power-sharing deal did not last.Pelopidas (Thebes) invited to adjudicate; power-sharing deal did not last. Alexander II murdered by Ptolemy and civil war erupted.Alexander II murdered by Ptolemy and civil war erupted. Athenian fleet under Iphicrates operating in Thermaic Gulf; Iphicrates an adopted Athenian fleet under Iphicrates operating in Thermaic Gulf; Iphicrates an adopted

son of Amyntas III (father of Alexander II).son of Amyntas III (father of Alexander II). Eurydice visits Iphicrates with her two sons from Amyntas III (Perdicas III and Eurydice visits Iphicrates with her two sons from Amyntas III (Perdicas III and

Philip II).Philip II). Iphicrates brokers a settlement; Perdicas III (still a boy) to be king with Ptolemy as Iphicrates brokers a settlement; Perdicas III (still a boy) to be king with Ptolemy as

regent.regent. 368 BCE – Pelopidas moves north to: 1. Disrupt Athenian operations in Chalcidice. 368 BCE – Pelopidas moves north to: 1. Disrupt Athenian operations in Chalcidice.

2. Support rebel cities in Thessaly. 3. Detach Macedonians from Athens.2. Support rebel cities in Thessaly. 3. Detach Macedonians from Athens. Thebes secures and alliance with Ptolemy; hostages sent to Thebes to ensure the Thebes secures and alliance with Ptolemy; hostages sent to Thebes to ensure the

treaty; Philip II among the hostages.treaty; Philip II among the hostages. 365 BCE – Perdicas III grown up; murders Ptolemy; restores alliance with Athens; 365 BCE – Perdicas III grown up; murders Ptolemy; restores alliance with Athens;

Athens agrees in exchange for Amphipolis; Upon accession Perdicas immediately Athens agrees in exchange for Amphipolis; Upon accession Perdicas immediately takes Amphipolis back; Athenians enraged.takes Amphipolis back; Athenians enraged.

360 BCE – Perdicas III killed fighting Illyrians; succeeded by son Amyntas IV (still a 360 BCE – Perdicas III killed fighting Illyrians; succeeded by son Amyntas IV (still a boy); Philip II recalled from Thebes as regent.boy); Philip II recalled from Thebes as regent.

359 BCE – Athens opens negotiations with Philip; will support Philip II in a bid for 359 BCE – Athens opens negotiations with Philip; will support Philip II in a bid for power if he gives them Amphipolis; Amyntas murdered; Philip II becomes basileus.power if he gives them Amphipolis; Amyntas murdered; Philip II becomes basileus.

Pelopidas Brings the Young Pelopidas Brings the Young Philip II to Thebes (368 BCE)Philip II to Thebes (368 BCE)

““Having arrived in Makedonia, settled the disputes there Having arrived in Makedonia, settled the disputes there and brought back the exiles, Pelopidas took as hostage the and brought back the exiles, Pelopidas took as hostage the king’s brother Philippos, together with 30 other sons of the king’s brother Philippos, together with 30 other sons of the most distinguished men, bringing them to live in Thebes; most distinguished men, bringing them to live in Thebes; thus he showed the Greeks what progress the Theban state thus he showed the Greeks what progress the Theban state had made in the respect paid to its power and the trust had made in the respect paid to its power and the trust placed in its justice. This was the Philippos who placed in its justice. This was the Philippos who subsequently went to war to deny the Greeks their liberty, subsequently went to war to deny the Greeks their liberty, but who at this time was a boy. In Thebes he lived with but who at this time was a boy. In Thebes he lived with Pammenes, and because of this was believed to have Pammenes, and because of this was believed to have become an enthusiastic follower of Epaminondas – perhaps become an enthusiastic follower of Epaminondas – perhaps because he grasped how effectively Epaminondas because he grasped how effectively Epaminondas conducted his wars and the role of a strategos. Yet that was conducted his wars and the role of a strategos. Yet that was only a small part of what made Epaminondas outstanding: it only a small part of what made Epaminondas outstanding: it was his self-control, his justice, his greatness of heart and was his self-control, his justice, his greatness of heart and his gentleness which made him a truly great man, and these his gentleness which made him a truly great man, and these were qualities in which Philippos had no share, by either were qualities in which Philippos had no share, by either nature or imitation.” (Plutarch, Pelopidas 26.4-5. Crawford nature or imitation.” (Plutarch, Pelopidas 26.4-5. Crawford and Whitehead, Doc. 324).and Whitehead, Doc. 324).

The Reign of Philip II of The Reign of Philip II of Macedon:Macedon:

359 BCE – 336 BCE359 BCE – 336 BCE

http://www.livius.org/a/battlefields/chaeronea/philip_ivory.jpg

Securing His Position: The Securing His Position: The Reign of Philip II from 359 BCE Reign of Philip II from 359 BCE

– 354 BCE– 354 BCE 359 BCE - Philip immediately secures his 359 BCE - Philip immediately secures his

precarious position.precarious position.

358 BCE - Coup provoked outlying 358 BCE - Coup provoked outlying ethneethne into rebellion; bought off.into rebellion; bought off.

357 BCE – Secures himself with three 357 BCE – Secures himself with three dynastic marriages (Olympias the dynastic marriages (Olympias the Molossian, Phila of Elymiotis, and Audata of Molossian, Phila of Elymiotis, and Audata of Illyria).Illyria).

Economic and military reforms.Economic and military reforms.

Diplomacy by MarriageDiplomacy by Marriage ““Philippos always married with war in mind. At any Philippos always married with war in mind. At any

rate, in the 22 years of his reign, as Satyrus says in his rate, in the 22 years of his reign, as Satyrus says in his Life of Philippos, he married Audata the Illyrian and Life of Philippos, he married Audata the Illyrian and had by her a daughter, Kynna; and he also married had by her a daughter, Kynna; and he also married Phila, a sister of Derdad and Machatas. And in his Phila, a sister of Derdad and Machatas. And in his desire to conciliate the nation of the Thessalians he desire to conciliate the nation of the Thessalians he had children by two Thessalian women: one of them had children by two Thessalian women: one of them was Nikesipolis of Pherai, who bore him a daughter, was Nikesipolis of Pherai, who bore him a daughter, Thessalonike; the other was Philinna of Larisa, by Thessalonike; the other was Philinna of Larisa, by whom he had Arridaios. He also acquired the kingdom whom he had Arridaios. He also acquired the kingdom of the Molossians by his marriage to Olympias, by of the Molossians by his marriage to Olympias, by whom he had Alexander (the Great) and Kleopatra. whom he had Alexander (the Great) and Kleopatra. And when he took control of Thrake, Kothelas the king And when he took control of Thrake, Kothelas the king of the Thrakians came to bring him his daughter Meda of the Thrakians came to bring him his daughter Meda and many gifts; Philippos married her, adding her to and many gifts; Philippos married her, adding her to Olympias.” (Athenaeus XIII. 557B-D. Crawford and Olympias.” (Athenaeus XIII. 557B-D. Crawford and Whitehead, Doc. 331).Whitehead, Doc. 331).

The Mining Operations of Philip The Mining Operations of Philip II (359 BCE)II (359 BCE)

““After this Philippos went to the polis of Krenides, After this Philippos went to the polis of Krenides, and after increasing its size with a mass of settlers and after increasing its size with a mass of settlers renamed it after himself: Philippoi. Then turning to renamed it after himself: Philippoi. Then turning to the gold mines in its chora, which were altogether the gold mines in its chora, which were altogether paltry and unimportant, he contrived to increase paltry and unimportant, he contrived to increase their output to such an extent that they were able to their output to such an extent that they were able to yield him revenues of more than 1,000 talents. So yield him revenues of more than 1,000 talents. So very soon he amassed a fortune from these mines, very soon he amassed a fortune from these mines, and thus with the abundance money elevated the and thus with the abundance money elevated the Makedonian kingdom to ever greater and greater Makedonian kingdom to ever greater and greater superiority: for with the gold coinage which he struck superiority: for with the gold coinage which he struck – which came to be known after him, as Philippeioi – – which came to be known after him, as Philippeioi – he organised a considerable force of mercenaries, as he organised a considerable force of mercenaries, as well as bribing many Greeks to betray their native well as bribing many Greeks to betray their native cities.” (Diodorus XVI. 8.6-7. Crawford and cities.” (Diodorus XVI. 8.6-7. Crawford and Whitehead, Doc. 327).Whitehead, Doc. 327).

Philip’s Reform of the ArmyPhilip’s Reform of the Army Transformed Macedonian irregulars into a permanent standing army.Transformed Macedonian irregulars into a permanent standing army.

Imbued ethnically diverse population with sense of Macedonian Imbued ethnically diverse population with sense of Macedonian nationalism.nationalism.

Constant training and drill.Constant training and drill.

HetairoiHetairoi (companions) = Formed into an elite heavy cavalry unit; ca. (companions) = Formed into an elite heavy cavalry unit; ca. 600 in total; a new aristocracy.600 in total; a new aristocracy.

HypaspistsHypaspists = Crack heavy infantry unit. = Crack heavy infantry unit.

PezhetairoiPezhetairoi (Foot Companions) = Macedonian phalanx; battalion 1500 (Foot Companions) = Macedonian phalanx; battalion 1500 men strong; deeper; armed with sarissa (i.e. 6 meter thrusting spear); men strong; deeper; armed with sarissa (i.e. 6 meter thrusting spear); drilled routinely.drilled routinely.

Agrianians (Elite light infantry; armed with javelins; no armor or Agrianians (Elite light infantry; armed with javelins; no armor or shields; stationed on Macedonian right, often together with the shields; stationed on Macedonian right, often together with the companions)companions)

The Macedonian PhalanxThe Macedonian Phalanx

Artwork by Johnny Shumate http://community.imaginefx.com/fxpose/johnny_shumates_portfolio/Macedonian

-Phalanx.aspx

Diodorus on Philip’s Military Diodorus on Philip’s Military ReformsReforms

““So because of the disastrous battle and the magnitude of the So because of the disastrous battle and the magnitude of the dangers pressing in upon them the Makedonians were utterly dangers pressing in upon them the Makedonians were utterly at a loss. Nevertheless, despite the fears and dangers which at a loss. Nevertheless, despite the fears and dangers which threatened them, Philippos was not dismayed by the threatened them, Philippos was not dismayed by the magnitude of the perils that lay in store: instead, bringing the magnitude of the perils that lay in store: instead, bringing the Makedonians together in a series of assemblies and using the Makedonians together in a series of assemblies and using the persuasive power of his oratory to exhort them to courage, he persuasive power of his oratory to exhort them to courage, he filled them with heart; and once he had satisfactorily organised filled them with heart; and once he had satisfactorily organised the deployment of his forces for the better and equipped his the deployment of his forces for the better and equipped his men suitably with the weapons of war, he held constant men suitably with the weapons of war, he held constant musters of the men under arms and competitive drill-musters of the men under arms and competitive drill-manoeuvres. He also devised the close-packed order and the manoeuvres. He also devised the close-packed order and the equipment of the phalanx – imitating the heroes of Troy, with equipment of the phalanx – imitating the heroes of Troy, with their shields held closely together; he was indeed the their shields held closely together; he was indeed the originator of the Makedonian phalanx. He was also gentle in originator of the Makedonian phalanx. He was also gentle in his dealings with men, and sought by his gifts and promises to his dealings with men, and sought by his gifts and promises to become supreme in popular favour, as well as making skilful become supreme in popular favour, as well as making skilful moves to counteract the multitude of impending dangers.” moves to counteract the multitude of impending dangers.” (Diodorus XVI. 2.3.3. Crawford and Whitehead, Doc. 325).(Diodorus XVI. 2.3.3. Crawford and Whitehead, Doc. 325).

Philip’s Operations in the Philip’s Operations in the NorthNorth

Policy of interference in Greek politics to his own advantage.Policy of interference in Greek politics to his own advantage.

359 BCE – Betrayed Athens and took back Amphipolis (wanted access to the 359 BCE – Betrayed Athens and took back Amphipolis (wanted access to the gold mines of Krenides); Macedonian capital transferred from Aegae to gold mines of Krenides); Macedonian capital transferred from Aegae to Pella.Pella.

358-357 BCE – Philip preoccupied with rebellious ethne.358-357 BCE – Philip preoccupied with rebellious ethne.

356 BCE – Furthering Macedonian interests in Chalcidice (i.e. Seizes Pydna 356 BCE – Furthering Macedonian interests in Chalcidice (i.e. Seizes Pydna and and PotidaeaPotidaea).).

Olynthus (hegemon of the Chalcidian League) alarmed at Philip’s behavior; Olynthus (hegemon of the Chalcidian League) alarmed at Philip’s behavior; urges Athens to join in a common resistance; Athens refuses.urges Athens to join in a common resistance; Athens refuses.

Athenians offered Amphipolis as compensation for Potidaea; Athenians Athenians offered Amphipolis as compensation for Potidaea; Athenians accept and war avoided.accept and war avoided.

Philip takes back Amphipolis; Athens without any foothold in Chalcidice.Philip takes back Amphipolis; Athens without any foothold in Chalcidice.

Athenians preoccupied with the Athenians preoccupied with the Social War Social War (357-355 BCE).(357-355 BCE).

Affairs in the Eastern Affairs in the Eastern Aegean:Aegean:

The Outbreak of the Social War (357-355 The Outbreak of the Social War (357-355 BCE)BCE) ““While these things were going on, the inhabitants of Euboia fell While these things were going on, the inhabitants of Euboia fell

into stasis among themselves, and when one side summoned the into stasis among themselves, and when one side summoned the Boiotians to its assistance and the other the Athenians, war Boiotians to its assistance and the other the Athenians, war broke out in Euboia. Several battles and skirmishes took place, in broke out in Euboia. Several battles and skirmishes took place, in which sometimes the Thebans were superior and sometimes the which sometimes the Thebans were superior and sometimes the Athenians carried off the victory. No important pitched battle Athenians carried off the victory. No important pitched battle occurred, yet, even when the island had been devastated by occurred, yet, even when the island had been devastated by internecine warfare and many men had been killed on both internecine warfare and many men had been killed on both sides, the two sides barely came to an agreement as a result of sides, the two sides barely came to an agreement as a result of this lesson taught by the disasters and made peace with each this lesson taught by the disasters and made peace with each other. Now the Boiotians returned home and remained quiet, but other. Now the Boiotians returned home and remained quiet, but the Athenians suffered the revolt of Chios, Rhodes, Kos and, the Athenians suffered the revolt of Chios, Rhodes, Kos and, moreover, Byzantion, and became involved in the war called the moreover, Byzantion, and became involved in the war called the War with the Allies which lasted three years.” (Diodorus XVI. 7.2-War with the Allies which lasted three years.” (Diodorus XVI. 7.2-4. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 339).4. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 339).

The Struggle for Control of The Struggle for Control of the Eastern Mediterraneanthe Eastern Mediterranean

The overbearing attitude of Athens (exacerbated by the loss of Euboia and in Chalcidice) The overbearing attitude of Athens (exacerbated by the loss of Euboia and in Chalcidice) stirred up revolt among the allies.stirred up revolt among the allies.

357 BCE - Chios, Cos, Rhodes, and Byzantium overthrow pro-Athenian democracies; 357 BCE - Chios, Cos, Rhodes, and Byzantium overthrow pro-Athenian democracies; encouraged by encouraged by MausolusMausolus of Caria; Cabrias sent against Chios and is killed; Chares sent of Caria; Cabrias sent against Chios and is killed; Chares sent against Byzantium.against Byzantium.

356 BCE – Athenians send out Timotheus and Iphicrates to help Chares; attempt to 356 BCE – Athenians send out Timotheus and Iphicrates to help Chares; attempt to retake Chios fails.retake Chios fails.

Chares accuses Timotheus and Iphicrates of treachery; Chares also accused by Iphicrates Chares accuses Timotheus and Iphicrates of treachery; Chares also accused by Iphicrates and Timotheus; Iphicrates acquitted but Timotheus driven into exile.and Timotheus; Iphicrates acquitted but Timotheus driven into exile.

355 BCE – Chares returns east with a fleet but w/o sufficient funds.355 BCE – Chares returns east with a fleet but w/o sufficient funds. Supported Artabazus (satrap of Phrygia) in rebellion against Persian King (Artaxerxes) in Supported Artabazus (satrap of Phrygia) in rebellion against Persian King (Artaxerxes) in

exchange for funds; Artaxerxes demands the Athenians leave Asia Minor; Athens gives exchange for funds; Artaxerxes demands the Athenians leave Asia Minor; Athens gives up the war.up the war.

Persians rumored to be preparing for war vs. Athens.Persians rumored to be preparing for war vs. Athens. Burst of patriotism in Athens; but voices of peace prevail.Burst of patriotism in Athens; but voices of peace prevail. 354 BCE – Independence of Chios, Cos, Rhodes, and Byzantium recognized; other allies 354 BCE – Independence of Chios, Cos, Rhodes, and Byzantium recognized; other allies

fall away one by one.fall away one by one.

Demosthenes Urges an Demosthenes Urges an Exhausted Athens toward Exhausted Athens toward

PeacePeace ““I agree that the King is the common enemy of all I agree that the King is the common enemy of all the Greeks, yet I would not on that account advise the Greeks, yet I would not on that account advise you to undertake a war against him by yourselves you to undertake a war against him by yourselves apart from the rest; for I observe that the Greeks apart from the rest; for I observe that the Greeks themselves are by no means common friends of themselves are by no means common friends of each other, but that some of them place more each other, but that some of them place more confidence in the King than in some of themselves. confidence in the King than in some of themselves. From this state of things I conclude that it is in your From this state of things I conclude that it is in your interest to be careful that your grounds for interest to be careful that your grounds for beginning a war are fair and just, but to prepare for beginning a war are fair and just, but to prepare for everything which is necessary and settle on that.” everything which is necessary and settle on that.” (Demosthenes XIV, On the Symmories 3. Crawford (Demosthenes XIV, On the Symmories 3. Crawford and Whitehead, Doc. 340)and Whitehead, Doc. 340)

Phocis and the Sacred War Phocis and the Sacred War to 352 BCEto 352 BCE

After the death of Epaminondas and Pelopidas, Thebes gradually losing After the death of Epaminondas and Pelopidas, Thebes gradually losing control of Boeotian League.control of Boeotian League.

Phocis attempts to assert its independence.Phocis attempts to assert its independence. Thebes induces the Amphictions of Delphi to accuse the rebels of sacrilege; Thebes induces the Amphictions of Delphi to accuse the rebels of sacrilege;

huge fine imposed but not paid.huge fine imposed but not paid. 356 BCE – Phocians seize Delphi and its treasury; War with Thebes; Phocis 356 BCE – Phocians seize Delphi and its treasury; War with Thebes; Phocis

promised assistance from Athens and Sparta.promised assistance from Athens and Sparta. 355 BCE – Ongoing stasis in Thessaly (i.e. Pherae trying to exert control); 355 BCE – Ongoing stasis in Thessaly (i.e. Pherae trying to exert control);

Phocis involved backing Pherae; Other Thessalians seek help from Macedon.Phocis involved backing Pherae; Other Thessalians seek help from Macedon. 354 BCE – Thebans defeat Phocians (b. of Neon) but to no result.354 BCE – Thebans defeat Phocians (b. of Neon) but to no result. 353 BCE – Philip II enters Thessaly; defeated (twice) by the Phocians and 353 BCE – Philip II enters Thessaly; defeated (twice) by the Phocians and

Pherae.Pherae. 352 BCE – Philip II re-enters Thessaly and drives out Phocians (b. of the Crocus 352 BCE – Philip II re-enters Thessaly and drives out Phocians (b. of the Crocus

Fields); Philip master of all Thessaly; preparing to march into Boeotia (to Fields); Philip master of all Thessaly; preparing to march into Boeotia (to avenge Phocian sacrilege); Phocis and Athens occupy pass at Thermopylae avenge Phocian sacrilege); Phocis and Athens occupy pass at Thermopylae and Philip withdraws; Athens and Sparta on collision course with Macedon.and Philip withdraws; Athens and Sparta on collision course with Macedon.

Indecisive fighting in the Peloponnese.Indecisive fighting in the Peloponnese.

From the Outbreak of the Sacred War From the Outbreak of the Sacred War to the Peace of Philocrates 352-346 to the Peace of Philocrates 352-346

BCEBCE Athens forced to cultivate relations with Thrace in lieu of losses in Athens forced to cultivate relations with Thrace in lieu of losses in

Chalcidice.Chalcidice. 352 BCE – Thracians attempt to attack on Macedon; Philip II returns 352 BCE – Thracians attempt to attack on Macedon; Philip II returns

from Thessaly and defeats the Thracians; extends Macedonian from Thessaly and defeats the Thracians; extends Macedonian control all the way to Propontis; Macedonians threatening Athenian control all the way to Propontis; Macedonians threatening Athenian grain supply; Demosthenes and the grain supply; Demosthenes and the First PhilippicFirst Philippic..

350-349 BCE – Olynthus leads the Chalcidian states to rebel from 350-349 BCE – Olynthus leads the Chalcidian states to rebel from Macedon; Athens asked for assistance; Thebes calls on Macedonian Macedon; Athens asked for assistance; Thebes calls on Macedonian support v. Phocissupport v. Phocis

348 BCE – Demosthenes convinces Athens that Philip must be 348 BCE – Demosthenes convinces Athens that Philip must be stopped; 2000 troops sent to Olynthus but arrive too late.stopped; 2000 troops sent to Olynthus but arrive too late.

347-346 BCE - Chalcidice incorporated into Macedonia.347-346 BCE - Chalcidice incorporated into Macedonia. 346 BCE – Philip II moves against Phocis; seizes Thermopylae; 346 BCE – Philip II moves against Phocis; seizes Thermopylae;

Phocis surrenders; Philip II occupies Boeotia and is given majority Phocis surrenders; Philip II occupies Boeotia and is given majority seats on the Amphyctionic Council; The Peace of Philocrates.seats on the Amphyctionic Council; The Peace of Philocrates.

From the Failure of the Peace of Philocrates to the B. of

Chaeronea 343-342 BCE – Philip II forced to withdraw to deal with 343-342 BCE – Philip II forced to withdraw to deal with

rebellions in Epirus and Thrace.rebellions in Epirus and Thrace.

341 BCE – Demosthenes takes advantage of Philip’s 341 BCE – Demosthenes takes advantage of Philip’s preoccupation; sails to Byzantium and entices them away preoccupation; sails to Byzantium and entices them away from Macedon.from Macedon.

340 BCE – Philip seizes Byzantium and Perinthus; Black Sea 340 BCE – Philip seizes Byzantium and Perinthus; Black Sea grain fleet seized; Athens compelled to fight.grain fleet seized; Athens compelled to fight.

338 BCE – Philip II descends on Greece; coalition of Greek 338 BCE – Philip II descends on Greece; coalition of Greek allies, led by Athens, decisively defeated by Philip II at b. of allies, led by Athens, decisively defeated by Philip II at b. of Chaeronea.Chaeronea.

Philip in complete control of Greece.Philip in complete control of Greece.

The Oath of the Council of Corinth

“Oath. I swear by Zeus, Earth, Sun, Poseidon, Athena, Ares, and all the gods and goddesses. I will abide by the peace, and I will not break the agreements with Philip the Macedonian, nor will I take up arms with hostile intent against any one of those who abide by the oaths either by land or by sea. I will seize in war by any device or stratagem any city or fort or harbor belonging to those who share the peace. Nor will I suppress the kingdom of Philip or of his descendants or the constitutions in force among any of those [who share the peace], when they swore the oaths concerning the peace. I will not commit any act which contravenes the agreements nor will I permit any other to do so. If any one breaks the agreements, I will assist those who had been wronged in accordance with their requests. I will fight against those who will break the common peace as the common council and the leader (hegemon) decide….” (Inscriptiones Graecae 2.236. As found in Pomeroy, Burstein, Donlan, and Roberts 2009: 301).

The Aftermath of the B. of Chaeronea (338 BCE)

Philip undisputed master of Greece.

Thebes treated brutally (i.e. Cadmea garrisoned, Political leaders exiled or executed, Prisoners ransomed).

Athens treated more deferentially (No ransom for prisoners, No garrison, No exiles or executions etc.); Cult of Philip est; Antipater and Alexander made citizens.

All leagues and confederacies dissolved and reconstituted under Macedonian hegemony.

Greece finally unified under Macedon and Philip’s Council of Corinth.

The Synedrion of CorinthThe Synedrion of Corinth

Master-stroke of Greek diplomacy.Master-stroke of Greek diplomacy.

Two stated aims: 1. To unify the Greeks in peace. 2. To avenge the Two stated aims: 1. To unify the Greeks in peace. 2. To avenge the crimes of the Persians!crimes of the Persians!

Included all Greek states represented except Sparta.Included all Greek states represented except Sparta.

Council met in Corinth; representatives from each member polis.Council met in Corinth; representatives from each member polis.

The role of the Synedrion: 1. Pass decrees binding on all member The role of the Synedrion: 1. Pass decrees binding on all member states. 2. Arbitrate disputes between poleis. 3. Try any accused of states. 2. Arbitrate disputes between poleis. 3. Try any accused of treason or breach of the treaty. 4. Oath of mutual non-aggression.treason or breach of the treaty. 4. Oath of mutual non-aggression.

Council deliberated; Philip as hegemon.Council deliberated; Philip as hegemon.

Events from 338 BCE to 336 Events from 338 BCE to 336 BCE BCE

338 BCE – King of Persia (Artaxerxes III) assassinated; perfect 338 BCE – King of Persia (Artaxerxes III) assassinated; perfect opportunity for Macedon (i.e. Greece needs unity, Persia in opportunity for Macedon (i.e. Greece needs unity, Persia in disarray).disarray).

338-336 BCE - Philip II prepares for invasion of Persia.338-336 BCE - Philip II prepares for invasion of Persia.

336 BCE - Generals Parmenio, Amyntas, and Attalus cross to 336 BCE - Generals Parmenio, Amyntas, and Attalus cross to Asia Minor (Spring, 336 BCE) and secure a beachhead; Greek Asia Minor (Spring, 336 BCE) and secure a beachhead; Greek cities in Asia Minor begin to revolt (i.e. Go over to Macedon).cities in Asia Minor begin to revolt (i.e. Go over to Macedon).

336 BCE (Summer) – Philip II assassinated by Pausanias 336 BCE (Summer) – Philip II assassinated by Pausanias (member of Philip’s bodyguard); succeeded by his son, (member of Philip’s bodyguard); succeeded by his son, Alexander the Great (b. 356 BCE).Alexander the Great (b. 356 BCE).

An Assessment of Philip II Clearly motivated by personal ambition;

careful not to idealize.

Welcomed by many of the middle and smaller powers.

Careful to respect constitutions (probably out of political expediency).

Watershed moment; political, social, cultural landscape of Greece irrevocably changed.