"THIS PAPER NOT TO BE CITED WITHOUT PRIOR REFERENCE TO THE AUTHOR"

6~TH ICES STATUTGRY HEETlNG5-111 GCTOßER, 'IIOODS I!OLE, USA

C.M. 1981/C:25-POSTERHyfj;W(illi\PI iY COi':i'j[ TT[E

VARIATIONS OF TEr1PERATURE AND SALINITY AT FINNISH FIXED HYDROGR;\PH[C STATIONS IN THE BALTlC SEA

JOUKO LAUNIAINEN AND JUHA KOLJONEN

INSTITUTE OF MARINE RESEARCHr.o. Box 166, SF-00141 HELSINKI 14, FINLAND

•ABSTRACT

SEASOi~l\L AND '-ONG-:EPJ'1 VARIATIONS OF TEilPERATURE AND SAUtHTY \'/ERE STUDIED USI~'G FIr!NISH FIXEDHYDHOGRAf1HIC STP.Tfm! DATA, j\VAlL!\ßLE SfNCE THE EARLY 1900'5, IN f\I)DITfOil TO rHE RESULTS OFSEASOi'iAL I\N':l 1....otIG- rERtl V IR 1/\TI Oi~S MD TRENGS, FURTHER lQFO RI'11\TI Otl E. G. I\ßOL'T HA rt-:R E;<CHAW'EPROPERTIES \o/;'I.S ALSO OBTAiNED, trnERESTING CORREU\T1GrIS IN HE CmiPi\RISON OF SAUNITY NID RII/ERRUNOt-F DMA :~EVEI\L TriE COi'\PLEXITY OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC PROCESSES Ul THE B/\LT1C SEA. LOI\IG--TF.i<JiSIJRFACE TEi·;PERi\TURE V/-\RIATiONS \'/ERE FOU:ID TO FOLLO',-/ THOSE OF AIR Tt.i1pmo,TURE INUICATLNG TilEROLE OF AIR-SEA COUPLING.

. .RESUf'lE:

. . ... ..ON A ETUD IE LES VAR lA TI OtIS S.I\. Ism!;-j[ F.RES ET A LOtIG TERiiE OE LA H~'-1PERl\TURE ET SM.! N/TE A P.~RT IRDF.S DO[i:\lEES DES STf,T10NS HYOROGRAPHIOUES FIXEO FIf:LAf-lDi\I$ES OISPQi-l[ßLES DEPUIS Li:: []~PUT DU SI[CLE,Ei·!·PLiJS DES RESLiLT:\TS r.OiiC.E:R;,IMH LES 1/,\8IiH [O~jS SA [SONi'! [[-:RES ET LES TENlJM:CES, OE L' I.'~FORnAr ION SURl_' tCi~'c'I'IGE i"iO'(EN DES f::!',U.:< ~:llTR[ LES DIFf'ERENTES RECl ONS OE LA BAU [nUE FUREI'lT HECUE [LU ES. U\COi'·iPL\RA [sm! DES Dm:i'iEES :JE S.C\,Lf Ni TE ET D' APPORT FUN II\L A iH S EN EI/f DE~ICE DES co r(RE 1.;\Tl O~IS f1lTERESSANTES,RELEVAiH Li' (Oj'\:::UXITE Dl::S ~'P.OCESSUS HYDROGfU\PHIOUES DAI'lS LA BALTf UE. LES '/i\RIMIOns 1-\ I.Oi'!G TEKtlE OELA -rEi-1PERATIj~E SUFERF ICItJ_LE SU [VErH CELLES OE LA TEi;PERi\TURE DE L' fI IR i, 0IQUMt f LE ROLE DESCGUPLAGES Mi"OSPHfR[-OCEAtl AU r! [VEAU DES ECHELLES OE TEI1PS CLlI'1ATOLUG IOUES.

SY~:CPTIC TEi'1PER/\TURE NW SALlNrTY OBSERVl\T!ONS HAVE BEEN t1t~DE AT FrNN[S~: i-IXED ::YCHOGfü\PH CI\L STf\T[onsSINCE THE E~RLY 1900'5. IN T~E COURSE OF YEARS, THE NUMBER OF STATIONS HAS VARIEO FROM 10 TO 45; TWELVESTi\TIOtIS (FOUR AUTOi'iATIC) ARE HOP.KING CURRElTLY (FIG. 1), Lm IG-TERr1 DM:\ Ulo(~E THMI 30 YEi\RS) AREe tlVAILAßLE FRC'[1 ClfER T\-IErITY STIHIONS MlD ALL THE OLD DATA HAVE BEEN PUT I~ITO AUTG,'!.o,TIC D/\T.L\ REGISTER

'- FORr1. OBSERVATIOnS HAVI:: EEEi'i :'lADE THREE TIf·1ES A t1mlTH AT DIFFERI:~lT DEPTHS ,ü.CCOROING TC HiE OErTHCONDITieMS OF EACH OBSERVATION SITE. nURIHG THE OBSERVATION PERrOD, CERTAIN METliODOLOGICAL CHANGESESPEC U\LLY IN fHE GETERrll WH IGrl OF SAU NITY H.lWE OCCURED BUT THEY ARE NOT, r:m·IEVEJ\, EXPECTED Ta BECRITiCAL F~O~ THE POINT OF VIFW OF THE OVERALL STUDY OF THE LONG-TERM DATA. THE PRESENT STUDY IS AfJART OF THE \·IOflK ',HTH THE ASOVE DATA> PRESENTH:G OVERALL CHARACTERISTICS ANO THE 110ST It'lPOR1ANTRESULTS FQU:':D. THEY 1'1lW BE ßRIEFLY LlSTEO AS FOLLO\olS:

A. THE ~EASONAL VARIATION OF T81PERATUPE !N SURFACE LAYERS IS REL~TED, WHERE RELEVANT, TO THELATITUDE ANO OPEN WATER LOCATION OF TH[ OSSERVATION SITE (F!GS. 2 !\ND 3). THE MEAN SEASON~L

VARItITlOi'! OF SI\LlNrTY TC; RATHER Lml EXCEPT tJE/\R RIVER r'lOUTI'S MD AT EFFECTIVE EfHRANCE t'[X[NGAREAS AS IN THE QUARK ~~GIOI'lS (CF. FIGS. 5-7). THE SEASONAL VAR[ATION OF SALINiTY IS GENERALLYSOt-1f\-/IIAT LQ~JER Itl THE GULF OF BOTHNI/\ THAtl IN THE GULF OF Fltll.ilNO (FIG. 6).

B. TIIERE EXI STS /\PPARENT DIFFEREi'ICES EI HYOI<OGRAPIi IC CONO ITl ons 3ETIIEEN THE !\RCH IPELJ\GO SEil (UTö,FIG. II AtID THE ÄlJ\ND SEA (fi/5.RKETl. THESE DIFFERENCES r'1AY BE SEGI In TE~IPERJlTUI\E MO S;,UNITYIfARI,\TlmIS ~\S ~/ELL. I\S IN STR!\TfFICATIon IN THE l;iHOLE \/ATER COLUrltl i)f THE OBSERV..UION SI rES(90 ~.\ AT UTa, 100 r·l AT j·1ÄRKETl. THIJS H!E SEASO~IAL ~fAr-r'l I i'IG OCCURS t/IRLl ER i\~1D j"ORE IiHF.NS IVELYAT UTO THI\jll AT j·iARKET (folG. 4), Im[u: THE 'dl\TER COLW·Hj AT r~!\~J<ET IS OISTINCTLY LESS StIL:NE NmSOf1E~/HAT ;·iORf': UNlr-Of\MI.Y STRI\Tfr-ICO THMI t~T UTO (FIG. 7 !'J1f) .13). THESE CHAHi\CTERISTI~S P.EPRESENT

- \IATER. r·lI\SSES OF OIFFERDIT rROPERTIES MD SIJGGF.ST TlillI, STArrSl [(,ILLY SPE!\!-([NG, THE oun-'_IN FROi1THE GULF OF ßOTHNIA T1:KOUGH THE ALAiW SEA EXTEtIDS f'l\R BELo\" fHE SURFACE LAYEil. THE STi<,IT!fCICATIOi'l

"

CONDITlmJS AT UTö (FIG. 7l INDICATE THE VERTlCI\L r-lIXIl~G OF niE I'IHOLE WI\TER COLU/ln DOImTO THE BOTTOM OF 90 M DURI, G TilE WINTER TIf~. THE FACT THAT TH!S MIXING THROUGH THEHALOCLlNE OCCURS, INDICATE A RATHER STRONG DYrlAi'IICAL ACTlVlTY IN LATE AUTUf~N, \'IHICH SEms TOBE CON~ECTED ~ITH FLOWS BETWEEN THE GULF OF FINLAND AND THE GULF OF ßOTHNIA THROUGH THEARCHIPELI\GO SEA.

C. AN APPARENT CORRELATION BET\~EE:j THE RIVER Rur'IOFF MD THE SURFACE LAYER SI\LlNlTY r'1AY BE FourmFOR THE GULF OF Flr,lLAtm (FIG. 9A) AS UArHITATlVELY SHO\m IN FIG. 98. TIIE QUMITITATIVE EXPLA-tJATION OF FIG. 9B r'1AY BE REGARDED AS RATHER GOOD ßECAUSE IT IS TO BE i~OTED THAT THE LOCALHIVER RUrmFF ONLY UINNOT corlTROL TIlE SALrrHTY BUT IN TIIE r·iORE I\DVANCED QUANTITATIVEPARA~ETRIZATION, OfHER QUANTITIES WHICH AFFECT AND CHARACTERIZE THE SALINIT1 CIRCU~STANCES

MD TREiWS IN THE ~:HOLE BALT IC SEA I':UST ALSO BE HIVOLVED. CONBARY TO THE GULF OF Fll'ILAi'iD,THE RESULTS FOR THE GULF OF BOTHNIA DO MOT SIIO~ ANY APP. RENT CORRELATIO~ BETWEEN THE RIVERRUNOFF AND THE SURFACE SALINITY, EXCEPT POSSISLY LO~G-TE~1 TREMDS. THIS SE5~ TO BE REFELECTEDBY THE MUCH HIGIIER SHORT-PERIOD VARIATIONS OF RIVER RUNOFF INTO THE GULF OF BOTHNIA THAN INTOTHE GULF OF FI~LANO, O~ THE ONE HAHD, A~D SY THE LOCATION OF OBSERVATION POINTS WITHRESPECT TO BIG RIVERS Arm TIIE LARGE-SCALE COUNTERCLOCK'r/ISE CURRENT PATTERN, OIj THE OTHER HArm.

D. THE DEEP At-lD Bonor·! I/ATER (80-90 ~1) SALI ~ITY AT UTO IS Hl AN IfJTERESTU~G IIAY NEGATIVELYCORREUTED TO THE RIVER RU:,;OFF (FIG. 10A) , THE PHYSICS CAUSING THIS f1AY BE RI\THER CQI·1PLICATEDBUT lT rlAY SE U:WERSTOOiJ BY CONS[D:::RI~!G THE DYi·1N'IIC BALAiKE: OF THE WATER ('IASSES I~ THE BALTICSEA; THE ISOHALH!ES AiiD Pycr~OCLI:'iES ARE [:ICLIiHf~G (FIG. lOB). \·/HE['1 THE Ai"iOUn OF FRESH HATERRUNOFF IS CHA~jGED IT HILL CAUSE A DYtJ.41·1! C CHMlGE H! THE D:::SCR IBED SYSTEI1, AND AT A PROPERSITE THIS f-lAY BE 03SERVED ALSO BELO~'I THE HALOCLINE AS A NEGATIVE CORRELATION BET\1EEN THE RIVERRU:'OFF AND SALINITY. A CASE IN POInT IS GIVE;; QUßJITlTATIVELY IN FIG. 10C.

E. AN INCREASE OF SALINITY, ESPECIALLY FRON THE 1930-1940's TO THE MIDDLE OF THE 1950'IES MAY BEFClJND AT r,OST STATIOf'lS I! THE GULF CF FI~:LP, 10 (FIG. 9A), ARCHIPElJ-\GO SEA ANO IN THE BOTH:'iIMiSEA (FIGS. 11 TO 13). I~ TH::: GULF OF FI, LAND AMD ARCHIPELAGO SEA THIS TREND HAS CONTINUED0:'ITI L TO THE E~jD OF THE 1970' S (F IG. 12). niERE l'iAY BE EV IDUCE FOR A VERY SLI GHT HAVELI KEVARIATIOil OF SALU:ITY a; THE EOTHI.IAll BAY FRO:1 THE 1930-19LIO's TO THE 1960's BUT THERE ARE rlOLOnG-TERii TREilOS (F IG. 11>' \IHEH I!':TERPRETI f'IG THESE RESULTS Jl,S liELL AS SAL jtn TY TRE:~DS OSTA [NEDIjl SOf-~E OTHER BALT IC SEA STUD IES, IT IS rrn:::RESTI NG TO NOTE THf,T O;~E OF THE ~iOST lI'iPORTMITPROCESSES CONTROLLl:lG THE \JATER EXCHMGE I\rm SALIfllTY BUDGET OF THE BALTIC SEA, THE TOTALFRESII ~'iATER RUNOFF, DECREASED BY OVER 30 ~; FRon THE 1930's TO T:jE BEGI mING OF THE 1940's (FIG. IGA)A~m THE LOIlG-TERt·1 DATA AVAILABLE FOR SOI\lE LARGE RIVERS FLO\'iING TO THE SAUIC SEA, (VUOKSL 11lSTULA,VJ;ilERIJ-GOrA, FIG. 14M SHO\~ THAT IN THE LOI·IG-TERf·\ AVERAGES (30 y) THERE \·I.<\S A GENERALDECREASING TREUD DUiW;G THE 20TH CEilTURY UtHIL THE 1950·s. SUKE THEI AT LEAST IN VUOKSL THEi'~EI\~ RUNOFF HAS BEE;\ LOi/ER THM: TIIE OVERALL AVERAGE FOR THE ~IHOLE HISTOR I('~L PER IOD (FRONTHr IH DDLE OF THE 1300' s) Ar-lD r: U.ILArlD THROUGHOUT THE 1970' [ES, EXCEPT A COUPLE OF YEARS, HASVERY DRY Arm RIVER RUr!OFFS WE;:{E LO~1. [T SEms TIIAT THE DISCHARGE DATA FRON THE RIVER VUOKS I(EASILY OBTAUElJ FRür'l THE RUtirW;G STATISTlCS OF A HYDRO-ELECTRICAL PO'r/ER PLANT> I\'IAY SERVE AS'A RI\TilER ACCURATE BASIS FOR THE ESTliATION OF THE RUNOFF INTO THE WHOLE BALTIC SEA, FIG. 14B,AT LEAST FOR A FE'II YEinS IF r~OT FOR LOr';GER PER IODS, Arm THUS arIE r-lAY BE RELEI\SED FROh THEVERY EIG A~D CUMBERSONE DATA COLLECTIC~ TASK OF SAMPLING DATA FROM ALL THE RIVERS DISCHI\RGINGHHO TIIE BI\LTIC SE,I\. THE DISCHARGE DJ.\TA FRON VUOKSI ARE AVMLI\BLE SIiKE 1847.

F. LONG-fERI" VARIATIONS OF 'I-!ATER TEf'lPERATURE ARL DU::: TO LARGE SEAsonAL VI\RIATIONS, VERY DIFFICULTAND UiACCURATE TO DETERflli'i[ AND DUR JATI\ 00 hOT SHO'..I I\NY APPI\RErn LONG-PEfUOD TRENDS IN DEEPWATER TEMPERATURES. HO~EVER, IT IS INTERESTI~G TO COMPARE THE LO~G-TERM WATER SURFACE TEMPERATUREVARIATImlS TO THE AIR TEIIPERATURE:, HlllCIl liAS BEEi'l QUALlTATlVELY S[;o\!LAR TO (I~iCREAS[NG) p,r.jQCHARI\CTERISTIC OF THE 'iHOLE i'fOrUHEf<ll EUROPE DURIr,IG THE LAST CErnURY. THE 'iI,\TER TEl· PERATURECllAilGES fiAY BE SEEN TO SE RATHER SIj·iILi\R TO THOSE OF AIR ,10 ;;~VEAL THE AIR-SE.l\ COUPLING(FIG. 15).

RErERENCES:

HYVÄRINEN. V. 1977: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DISCHARGE DATA. - VESIHALLITUS - NATIONAL BOARD OFWATERS. FINLAND. PUBL. WATER RES. INST. 22:1-247.

1/ 1931: VIRTAN1AOLOJEN KEHITYS SUO~lESSA. - UrJPUBL. MANUSCR.

ICES/SCOR. 1973: RESEARCH PROGRM1r1E FOR INVESTlGATlON OF THE BAUIC AS A NATURf\L RESOURCE INVIE\'/ OF ~1AR[NE POLLUTION PROBLEHS MiD SUGGESTED EXPERlt'IENTAL RESEARCH T,\SKS - PROPOSEDBY [CES/SCOR WORKI NG GROUP ON THE STUDY OF POLLUTl ON OF THE ßALTl C. STOCKHOl..J't 59 PP.

U1If1EOGR. )

M[KULSKI. Z. 1980: RIVER INFLOW TO THE BALTI~ SEA. - UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW. FACULTY OF GEOGRAPHYAi'lD REGIOtJAL STUOIES MD POLISH NATlO~!AL COr'l~IITTEE OF THE IHP UNESCO. SUi1r·11\RY LIST OFTABLES. 17 PP. (t·W'iEOGR.)

\-JORLD HEATHER RECORDS. - U. S. DEPARH E~:T OF COf'lI1ERCE. r!OAA. NATl mlAL.. CLI ~1ATl C CENTER I\SHEV I LLE.N.C.

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FIG. 103. LE~STH ?ROFILE O~ SALINITY SHOW1NG THE INCLINATIONOF ! SO~;'L1 ::~ 5 AlI~ ; N~ ICAT ING THE :JY~IA:~ ICAL CHARACTEROF ThE ~ATER !;'LAN(E OF THE BALTIC SEA (REORA~N FRO~

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FIG. 10C. BOTTOM SALlNlTY AT UTÖ (SO 11) VERS;JS R:VER RU~:)FF

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FIS. lq~, Lo~s - TERM VARIATIO~ OF DISCHARGE OF THREE BIG RIVERS DJSCHARGINGTO THE 6hLTIC SEA; VUOKSI. VÄNERN - GÖTA. WISTULA, TEN YEARS' (lOY)A~D THIRTY YEARS' (30Yl RUNNING AVERAGES (REDRAWN FROM HYVÄRINEN1977 AND 1981'. (FoR DlSCUSSION. SEE PARAGR, El,

14B, VUOKSI RIVER DISCHA?öE VERSUS THE TOTALRIVER RUNOFF TO THE BALTIC SEA, THa YEA~S'

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FIG. 15. LONG - TERM VARIATION OF AIR TEMPERATURE AND SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE (5 YEARS'RU~NING AVERAGES). Uwa WATER TEMPERATURE AT ULKOKALLA IJuN - OCT). HA = AIRTEMPERATURE IN HAPARANDA (JUNE - OCT). HA~ = WATER TEMPERATURE AT HARMAJA (JUNE ­rJov). HE A = AIR TEMPERATURE IN HELSINKI (JUNE - Nov), (AIR TEMPERATURE DATA FROl1THE WORLD WEATHER RECORDS INOOA). FOR DISCUSSION. SEE PARAGR. F.

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