Pharmacoinformatics 1Pharmacoinformatics 1

Mgr. Zdeněk Kučera, Ph.D.Mgr. Zdeněk Kučera, Ph.D.

Remedia s.r.oRemedia s.r.o

kucera.aktualne.czkucera.aktualne.cz

Why?Why? You will realise within time ... You will realise within time ...

• (In the Czech Republic – „Law about drugs“ (In the Czech Republic – „Law about drugs“ 79/97Sb 129/2003Sb, Pharmaceutical care, 79/97Sb 129/2003Sb, Pharmaceutical care, Postgraduate studies, ...)Postgraduate studies, ...)

Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information on it. we know where we can find information on it.

Samuel JohnsonSamuel Johnson

quoted in Boswell's Life of Johnsonquoted in Boswell's Life of JohnsonEnglish author, critic, & lexicographer (1709 - 1784)English author, critic, & lexicographer (1709 - 1784)

My preference – to know, where to find...My preference – to know, where to find...

StructureStructure

- Pharmacoinformatics as a discipline, Pharmacoinformatics as a discipline, basic ideas basic ideas

- Information sources – conceptionInformation sources – conception- Factographic information sources Factographic information sources - IZIPIZIP

DataData

Words, letters, numbers, picturesWords, letters, numbers, pictures

اضيع

123 123 HiHi

a fictional android character in the Star Trek universe

InformationInformation

ItIt’s raining’s raining 1+1 = 2; 1+1 = 3 - What is the FACT?1+1 = 2; 1+1 = 3 - What is the FACT? Information = a message received and Information = a message received and

understood understood „„informare“ - develop, project, imagine, informare“ - develop, project, imagine, „„informatio“ - imagination, notioninformatio“ - imagination, notion Wikipedia: see Wikipedia: see

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information

InformationInformation„„everyday" sight everyday" sight notification, newsnotification, newsphilosophical viewphilosophical view Property of physical reality to be structuredProperty of physical reality to be structuredcommunication viewcommunication view The contain od the process of human The contain od the process of human

communication ...communication ...kybernetic view kybernetic view Report about objective reality, which function Report about objective reality, which function

as feedbackas feedbackmathematic view mathematic view Energetic quantity, which value is proportional Energetic quantity, which value is proportional

to the decrease of entropy of the systemto the decrease of entropy of the systemothersothers

see www.wikipedia.orgsee www.wikipedia.org

KnowledgeKnowledge

Informations, which we remember (we Informations, which we remember (we know where to find)know where to find)

Problem solvingProblem solving

Main role – our knowledge:Main role – our knowledge:

Know – how - empiricismKnow – how - empiricism

Know – why – understanding of the „core“ = principleKnow – why – understanding of the „core“ = principle

Evolution of the society according to access to the Evolution of the society according to access to the informationinformation

emergence of the writing – writing down to the emergence of the writing – writing down to the „carrier“„carrier“

typography – Guttenberg, 1450typography – Guttenberg, 1450

technical inventions technical inventions – telegraph, telephone, film, radio, – telegraph, telephone, film, radio, TV, computersTV, computers

digitalization of information, access on PC, Internetdigitalization of information, access on PC, Internet ITIT information literacy – ability to use ITinformation literacy – ability to use IT functional literacy functional literacy – ability to search relevant information, – ability to search relevant information,

capture them, understand, usecapture them, understand, use

Data, information, knowledge, Data, information, knowledge, fact - summaryfact - summary DataData

• Entries; numbers, characters, lettes, Entries; numbers, characters, lettes, picturespictures

• Carriers of information, but only for man, Carriers of information, but only for man, which understandwhich understand

• Entry raw material for next processingEntry raw material for next processing• e.g. telephone booke.g. telephone book

InformationsInformations• Data, which we understandData, which we understand• Not neccessary trueNot neccessary true

FactsFacts• Informations – trueInformations – true

Knowledge Knowledge • Informations which we have in our mindsInformations which we have in our minds• Scholarly – know-why, empiric – know-howScholarly – know-why, empiric – know-how

Theory - InformaticsTheory - Informatics InformaticsInformatics

• The scientce, dealing with The scientce, dealing with informationsinformations

• What we can do with informations?What we can do with informations? CollectCollect ControlControl TransportTransport ArchiveArchive ProtectProtect UseUse SearchSearch OfferOffer

Medical InformaticsMedical Informatics application of informatics in the health application of informatics in the health

care systemcare system informations are collected from the informations are collected from the

patientpatient’s’s care care In the Czech Republic:In the Czech Republic:

• Czech Society of Medical Informatics and Scientific Information – www.medinfo.cz

In the World: • The International Medical Informatics

Association www.imia.org www.imia.org• The American Medical Informatics Association The American Medical Informatics Association

www.amia.orgwww.amia.org

Scope of medical informaticsScope of medical informatics

Assessment of signals – RTG, CTAssessment of signals – RTG, CT Systematic acquition (collection) of Systematic acquition (collection) of

datadata Collection and use of literal Collection and use of literal

informationinformation Assistance of decision-making od the Assistance of decision-making od the

health-care providerhealth-care provider Teaching, continual educationTeaching, continual education

PharmacoinformaticsPharmacoinformatics PharmacoinformaticsPharmacoinformatics

• Inter-disciplinary specialization, Inter-disciplinary specialization, which deals with use of informatics which deals with use of informatics in pharmacyin pharmacy

Aim – decision making support + Aim – decision making support + integration of informationsintegration of informations

Use – clinical pharmacology, clinicl Use – clinical pharmacology, clinicl pharmacy, pharmacokinetics, social pharmacy, pharmacokinetics, social pharmacy, (pharmacy software), DIC, pharmacy, (pharmacy software), DIC, education etc.education etc.

Types of expert informations in Types of expert informations in pharmacypharmacy

LegalLegal – – www.www.mvcrmvcr..czcz – law collection, – law collection, EU:http://pharmacos.eudra.org/F2/review/iEU:http://pharmacos.eudra.org/F2/review/index.htm , http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/ , ndex.htm , http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/ , www.curia.eu.intwww.curia.eu.int

Fiscal (taxes)Fiscal (taxes) TechnologyTechnology, Drug Control –CR: Český , Drug Control –CR: Český

lékopis, EU: lékopis, EU: „„Medicinal products (MP)“ – Medicinal products (MP)“ –

substance, CI, I, Side effects etc...substance, CI, I, Side effects etc...

Where to find?Where to find? PharmacyPharmacy HospitalsHospitals Information centresInformation centres

-- drug information centres (FaF UK, SÚKL, hospital st. Anna)drug information centres (FaF UK, SÚKL, hospital st. Anna)- toxicologic information centres (Na Slupi, biochemická odd.,- toxicologic information centres (Na Slupi, biochemická odd.,…)…)

Authorities - SÚKL, SZÚAuthorities - SÚKL, SZÚ LibrariesLibraries

- - NLKNLK- University libraries- University libraries- State libraries- State libraries- Academic libraries- Academic libraries- library of Ministry of Healthcare- library of Ministry of Healthcare

InternetInternet- e-mail groups- e-mail groups- search engines – Google, Quick, Altavista…….Boolean - search engines – Google, Quick, Altavista…….Boolean

operátory)operátory)

Information sources, literary sourcesInformation sources, literary sources Information sourceInformation source

• any(body)thing, who (what) gives any(body)thing, who (what) gives you an information – colleague, you an information – colleague, documentation, video, and mainly...documentation, video, and mainly...

Literary information sourcesLiterary information sources – publications, mohographs, – publications, mohographs, textbooks, but databases as well textbooks, but databases as well – Medline, Ebsco, Proquest – and – Medline, Ebsco, Proquest – and information on the Internetinformation on the Internet

Information sourcesInformation sources

printedprinted

audiovisualaudiovisual

electronicalelectronical

Categorization of literary information sources 1Categorization of literary information sources 1

NoveltyNovelty• PPrimary – original results of any rimary – original results of any

research– CS, CC, RCT, substance research– CS, CC, RCT, substance synthesis …synthesis …

• SSecondary – review – from primary econdary – review – from primary and other secondary sources, and other secondary sources, „literature at the end“ - often„literature at the end“ - often

• TTertiary – Summaries from P, S, T ertiary – Summaries from P, S, T sources, „without literature or sources, „without literature or aggregated literature“ – compendia, aggregated literature“ – compendia, textbookstextbooks

Categorization of literary information sources 2Categorization of literary information sources 2 FrequencyFrequency

• ISBN International Standard Book Number – non-ISBN International Standard Book Number – non-periodical - periodical - monographs, textbooks, collections, monographs, textbooks, collections, dictionaries, encyclopediesdictionaries, encyclopedies

• ISSN – International Standard Serial Number) ISSN – International Standard Serial Number) periodicals - journalsperiodicals - journals

AccessibilityAccessibility• Published – ISSN, ISBNPublished – ISSN, ISBN• Grey literature – bez ISSN, ISBN – disertation, Grey literature – bez ISSN, ISBN – disertation,

diploma worksdiploma works• Commercial literatureCommercial literature• Unpublished sourcesUnpublished sources

Refereeing = peer reviewRefereeing = peer review• Peer-reviewed – scholarly journalsPeer-reviewed – scholarly journals• Not reviewedNot reviewed

Impact factor

Dělení literárních informačních zdrojů 3Dělení literárních informačních zdrojů 3

Dependent/ IndependentDependent/ Independent Aim – independent informationsAim – independent informations

• Cochrane CollaborationCochrane Collaboration• International Society of Drug Bulletins - International Society of Drug Bulletins -

http://66.71.191.169/isdbweb/pag/index.http://66.71.191.169/isdbweb/pag/index.phpphp

Impact factor 2004Impact factor 2004

IF = Criterion of quality od the journalIF = Criterion of quality od the journal

ISBNISBNThe ISBN is a unique machine-readable identification number, which marks any book unmistakably. For 30 years the ISBN has revolutionized the international book-trade. 159 countries and territories are officially ISBN members.

http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/http://www.isbn.org/standards/home/isbn/international/history.aspisbn/international/history.asp

ISSNISSN

Periodicals (Journals)Periodicals (Journals) ¨National Centres¨National Centres

Factographic information sourcesFactographic information sources

Complete information from P, S, T Complete information from P, S, T sourcessources

CodesCodes

ATC classification – ATC classification – substancessubstances - WHO – Oslo – 5 - WHO – Oslo – 5 levels, 7 digit, previously Nordisk, C10AB01 levels, 7 digit, previously Nordisk, C10AB01

EMEA= EU number: EU/1/00/130/001 EMEA= EU number: EU/1/00/130/001

CR:CR: SÚKL code – during registration process – SÚKL code – during registration process –

• specific for name, form, strength, package size, specific for name, form, strength, package size, producerproducer

registration number – during registration process – registration number – during registration process – not package size, producernot package size, producer

Faktografické informační zdroje – Faktografické informační zdroje – databáze - ČRdatabáze - ČR

DatabasesDatabases• MV-AISLP + Infopharm CompendiumMV-AISLP + Infopharm Compendium• Pharmindex systémPharmindex systém• PDK číselníkPDK číselník

Sources of data - institutions:Sources of data - institutions:• Číselník VZP – General Health Insurance CompanyČíselník VZP – General Health Insurance Company• AISLP – SÚKL – SPC, leafletAISLP – SÚKL – SPC, leaflet

Mikro-verze AISLPMikro-verze AISLP 198x – start198x – start AISLP – Automatizovaný informační AISLP – Automatizovaný informační

systém léčivých přípravkůsystém léčivých přípravků From AISLP - Mikro-verze AISLPFrom AISLP - Mikro-verze AISLP Today:Today:

• AISLP – dtb of human drugs - SÚKLAISLP – dtb of human drugs - SÚKL• Mikro-verze AISLP – RNDr. Bohuslav Mikro-verze AISLP – RNDr. Bohuslav

Škop CSc. – commerce productŠkop CSc. – commerce product

ModulyModuly MVA - Mikro-verze AISLP MVA - Mikro-verze AISLP

• human drugshuman drugs• veterinary drugsveterinary drugs• homeopaticshomeopatics

PZT – Medical DevicesPZT – Medical Devices PFA – parafarmaceuticsPFA – parafarmaceutics

Struktura MVAStruktura MVASchéma 1.: Schéma 1.:

Structure Structure

Compendium InfopharmuCompendium Infopharmu

Drug InteractionsDrug Interactions• 5 levels of interaction danger5 levels of interaction danger

Remedia CompendiumRemedia Compendium• ATC system – primary - substanceATC system – primary - substance

Číselník VZPČíselník VZP

Pharmindex systemPharmindex system

BrevířBrevíř Kompendium Kompendium book formbook form CR-ROMCR-ROM

www.medimedia.czwww.medimedia.cz

Factographic databases - foreignFactographic databases - foreign

MICROMEDEX MICROMEDEX 4× a year4× a year system dtb od Co Thomsonsystem dtb od Co Thomson for 30 yearsfor 30 years 88% of top 203 US Hospitals Trusts Micromedex88% of top 203 US Hospitals Trusts MicromedexMicromedex:Micromedex:

DrugdexDrugdex PoisindexPoisindex DiseasedexDiseasedex ReproriskReprorisk

+ external dtb: Martindale+ external dtb: Martindale Index NominumIndex Nominum

USP DIUSP DI• http://www.micromedex.com/products/healthcare/index.html - see http://www.micromedex.com/products/healthcare/index.html - see

factsheets of particular databasesfactsheets of particular databases

Micromedex - tutorialMicromedex - tutorial

http://www.micromedex.com/http://www.micromedex.com/support/training/online_tutorials/support/training/online_tutorials/hcs/modules/module_0/index.htmhcs/modules/module_0/index.htm

EncyklopedieEncyklopedie

www.wikipedia.org - free open www.wikipedia.org - free open project ! project !

www.britannica.com – something www.britannica.com – something free, mainly chargedfree, mainly charged

Karolinska

Typy vyhledávacích služebTypy vyhledávacích služeb

Vyhledávací služba:Vyhledávací služba: podle způsobu indexování rozlišujeme vyhledávání podle: klíčových slov podle způsobu indexování rozlišujeme vyhledávání podle: klíčových slov titulu – titulu – katalogykatalogyplného obsahu kompletního dokumentu (fulltext) – plného obsahu kompletního dokumentu (fulltext) – vyhledávačevyhledávače

Katalog (rozcestník, directory):Katalog (rozcestník, directory): hierarchická struktura, hledání volbou hierarchická struktura, hledání volbou hesel v menu (browsing). Nevýhoda: nezahrnuty vždy všechny zdroje hesel v menu (browsing). Nevýhoda: nezahrnuty vždy všechny zdroje

Vyhledávač (search engine):Vyhledávač (search engine): hledání zadáním klíčového slova hledání zadáním klíčového slova (searching). Nevýhoda: výsledek často rozsáhlý, nepřehledný(searching). Nevýhoda: výsledek často rozsáhlý, nepřehledný

Obecné Specializované

Catalogues:Catalogues: www.dmoz.org – The www.dmoz.org – The Open Open

Directory ProjectDirectory Project is the largest, is the largest, most comprehensive human-edited most comprehensive human-edited directory of the Web. It is directory of the Web. It is constructed and maintained by a constructed and maintained by a vast, global community of volunteer vast, global community of volunteer editors.editors.

Search enginesSearch enginesSpider=crawler – program, který prochází Spider=crawler – program, který prochází stránky, indexuje je, ukládá do dtbstránky, indexuje je, ukládá do dtb

http://searchenginewatch.com/links/http://searchenginewatch.com/links/article.php/2156221 article.php/2156221

http://www.searchengineshowdown.com/ http://www.searchengineshowdown.com/ www.google.com www.google.com www.alltheweb.com www.alltheweb.com www.altavista.com www.altavista.com …… www.atlas.czwww.atlas.cz www.seznam.czwww.seznam.cz www.centrum.czwww.centrum.cz jyxo.czjyxo.cz

Obecné principy vyhledáváníObecné principy vyhledávání Boolean operatorsBoolean operators

• AND, OR, NOTAND, OR, NOT proximitive lettersproximitive letters

• *, ?*, ? PhrasesPhrases

• „ „„ „ FieldsFields

• Title, URL, …Title, URL, … FormatsFormats

• .pdf, .jpeg, .gif, .doc, .xls atd….pdf, .jpeg, .gif, .doc, .xls atd…

Comparison of search enginesComparison of search engines

http://searchenginewatch.com/links/article.php/2156221

http://www.searchengineshowdown.com/

Bibliographic databasesBibliographic databases

Secondary information sources, database of abstracts Secondary information sources, database of abstracts and other information (e.g. citation) from excerpted and other information (e.g. citation) from excerpted journals journals

DatabaseDatabase: Articles are „divided“ into fields: Articles are „divided“ into fieldsTI – titleTI – title

AU – authorAU – authorDP – datum , etc.DP – datum , etc.

Fields?Fields?

General bibliographic databasesGeneral bibliographic databases

MedlineMedline National Library of Medicine, Bethesda.National Library of Medicine, Bethesda. English primary literature.English primary literature. 4500 journals .4500 journals . www.pubmed.com www.pubmed.com

General bibliographic databasesGeneral bibliographic databases

Embase Embase Elsevier ScienceElsevier Science Mainly more European journalsMainly more European journals 4000 journals.4000 journals. http://bi.cuni.cz for Charles University, not http://bi.cuni.cz for Charles University, not

free. free.

Brána k informacímBrána k informacím

Medline Medline

MedlineMedline from 1966.from 1966. 86% English articles.86% English articles. 76% with abstract76% with abstract.. Annualy 400 Annualy 400 000000 citations. citations. 12 mil.12 mil. records records MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) – internal MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) – internal

dictionary of „key words“dictionary of „key words“

SubheadingsSubheadings

Results in MedlineResults in Medline „„bibliographic citations“.bibliographic citations“. Identification of the article = title of article, Identification of the article = title of article,

authors, Name of Journal, ISSN, volume, authors, Name of Journal, ISSN, volume, number, page, PMID – Medline IDnumber, page, PMID – Medline ID

FulltextsFulltexts

PubMed CentralPubMed Central

Other free articlesOther free articles

Fulltexty v MedlineFulltexty v Medline

Button next to the AbstractButton next to the Abstract