PHARDOSE (LAB) Sharmaine Margaret Lee

FOR SHARMAINE’S USE ONLY Aromatic Water- Dakin’s

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

Solution Types:

1. Aqueous Solutions- solutions that use water as a vehicle or solvent.2. Non-aqueous Solutions

a. Hydroalchoholic – uses alcohol and water as primary solvents.Example: Spirits

b. Oleaginous- uses oil as a vehicleExample: Collodions

c. EtherealExample: Oleovitamins- fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A, D, E, K)

Aromatic Water

1. Aromatic watera. These are clear, aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile

substances.b. These are commonly used as flavorants and scents.c. This is the slowest and most expensive method but the most satisfactory.

(Example: Stronger Rose Water)2. Characteristic of Aromatic water : free from empyreumatic odour (smoke odour)3. Preparation of Aromatic Water

(1) Distillation o Cohobation- the distillate is subjected to several distillation processes or multiple

distillation processes with the addition of volatile oils or flowers.Example: Adding orange to stronger rose water

(2) Solutiona. Direct Solution- “has standing”- Easy and less expensiveb. Alternative Solution Method - “non-stand”- Other than oil and water, dispersing agents like talc and purified siliceous earth is added.

o Dispersing Agents- these help in the dispersion of oil in water.4. Cinnamon water (OFFICIAL)

Formula:a. Cinnamon oilb. Purified water q.s. ad

5. Cinnamon Water- this is a direct (MOP), non-medicated clear colourless solution.

6. Concentrated Peppermint Water (UNOFFICIAL)Formula:a. Peppermint Oilb. 90% Ethyl Alcoholc. Purified talcd. Purified water q.s. ad

7. Concentrated Peppermint water- this is an alternative (MOP), non-medicated clear colourless solution with peppermint water.

8. Camphor WaterFormula:a. Camphor Crystalsb. 90% Ethyl Alcoholc. Purified talcd. Purified water q.s. ad

9. (Camphor Water and Concentrated Peppermint Water used C1V1=C2V2 for 95% EtOH and water)10. MOP of Camphor Water: Alternative Solution Method 11. Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution ( Red Label, OFFICIAL)

Formula:a. Calcium Hydroxideb. Purified water q.s. ad

12. Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solutiona. Used as an emulsifying agentb. Employed in dermatological lotionsc. An astringent

13. Method of preparation: Slaking14. Characteristic of Ca (OH) 2: No bubbles and a clear solution. 15. Synonyms: Lime Water16. Slaking- to make calcium hydroxide, we must eliminate the presence of carbon dioxide to

prevent the formation of calcium carbonate.17. Slaking- after adding water, crumbling substances may form, so cover the preparation with a

watch glass. 18. Soluble- a term to describe the dissolution of solid in liquid19. Miscible- a term to describe the dissolution of liquid in a liquid.20. Chemical reaction- this took place in the making of Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution.21. Chemical reaction- this is needed to come up with a solution. You need one or more solutes to

come up with a suitable solvent Examples: Aluminum Subacetate Solution, Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution, Sulfurated Lime Solution

22. Solubility is determined according to the following:

Very Soluble <1

Freely Soluble 1-10

Soluble 10-30

Sparingly Soluble 30-100

Slightly Soluble 100-1000

Very Slightly Soluble 1,000-10,000

Practically insoluble (means it has high MW)

>10,000

23. Strong Iodine Solution (Red Label, OFFICIAL)Formula:a. I2 crystalsb. KI solutionc. Purified water q.s. ad

24. Synonyms: Lugol Solution, Liquor Iodi25. Strong Iodine Solution:

a. Used as a germicideb. Used as a fungicidec. Used as an Antiseptic

26. MOP of Strong Iodine Solution: Simple Solution Method27. Fact:

Elixirs are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use and are usually flavoured to enhance their palatability. Nonmedicated elixirs are employed as vehicles, and medicated elixirs are used for the therapeutic effect of the medicinal substances they contain. They are made from the Simple Solution Method and are preferred to syrups.

A disadvantage of elixirs for children and for adults who choose to avoid alcohol is their alcoholic content. Livers of children are not fully developed, hence prone to toxicity. Adults with liver serosis are not allowed to take elixirs. Strong iodine Solution is an elixir.

28. Solution by distillation- these are used with volatile oils.29. Solution by extraction- drugs or pharmaceutical necessities of vegetable or animal origin.

(Example: Albularyo)

30. Types of Solution by Extraction:a. Maceration- submerge the solute in a solvent to come up with a solution.b. Percolation- this uses sugar in the process, a method used to come up with syrup.c. Digestion- method which uses gentle heat.d. Infusion- involves “blanching” (binanlawan) e. Decoction- this means boiling for 15minutes

31. 1:2950- the ratio of iodine’s solubility to H2O.32. Potassium iodide- this acts as the solubilizing agent in Strong iodine Solution because I2

transforms to I3 (triiodocomplex) where I3 is soluble in water.

33. Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution (OFFICIAL, White Label)Formula:A. MgCO3

B. Anhydrous Citric AcidC. SyrupD. TalcE. Lemon OilF. KHCO3

G. Purified H2O q.s. ad34. Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution- this solution is a colourless to slightly yellow clear

effervescent liquid having a sweet, acidulous taste and a lemon flavour.35. Synonyms: Citrate or Citrate of Magnesia36. Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution- The solution is employed as a saline cathartic, with the citric

acid, lemon oil, syrup, carbonation, and the low temperature of the refrigerated solution all contributing to the patient’s acceptance of the large volume of medication.

37. Magnesium Citrate is extemporaneously compounded. 38. MgCO3- this is a milky substance and when upon heating becomes clear.39. Syrup- the sweetening agent in Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution. 40. Talc- this is the dispersing agent used in the preparation of Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution.41. Equation Involved:

(MgCO3)4 Mg (OH) 2 + 5H3C6H5O7 + H2O 5MgHC6H5O7 + 4CO2 + 6H2O

3KHCO3 + H3C6H5O7 K3C6H5O7 + 3CO2 + 3H2O

42. Dakin’s Solution (Full Strength) ( UNOFFICIAL, Red label )Formula:a. Chloroxb. Sodium Bicarbonatec. Clean tap H2O

43. NOTE: After placing solution in a sterile container, close the lid tightly and cover the entire container with aluminium foil to protect it from light. It is a light-sensitive solution.

Chlorox Full strength95mL

½ strength45mL

¼ strength25mL

Water 946mL 946mL 946mL

44. Diluted Hypochlorite Solution- another name for half strength Dakin’s Solution45. Dakin’s Solution:

a. Used as an antisepticb. Usually used by geriatric patients

46. Chlorox- the disinfectant or disinfecting agent in Dakin’s solution.47. NaHCO3- this acts as the buffer in Dakin’s solution.48. Shelf Life: 30 days if unopened, 48 days if opened.