Phardose Report (Solutions)

Solutions

maintains both water soluble and alcohol-soluble components in solution

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ELIXIRS

are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use and areusually flavored to enhance their palatability

usually less sweet, less viscous and less effective in masking taste of medicinalsubstances than syrups.

their stable characteristics and the ease with which they are prepared

more preferred against syrups, from a manufacturing standpoint, because of

Solutions

each elixir requires a specific blend of alcohol an water to maintain all of the

they contain flavorings to increase their palatability, and most elixirs have

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ELIXIRS

glycerin, and/or artificial sweeteners

many are sweetened with sucrose or with a sucrose syrup but some use sorbitol,

components in solution

coloring agents to enhance their appearance

Solutions

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ELIXIRS

Advantage of medicated elixirs on their counterparts• The flexibility and ease of dosage administration to patients who

have difficulty

The usual adult dose in an elixir: 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls (5 ml or 10 ml)

Disadvantage of medicated elixirs for children and for adults: alcoholic content

swallowing solid forms

Container

• Tight, light resistant containers and protected from excessive heat

Solutions

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PREPARATION OF ELIXIRS (simple solution w/ agitation and/or admixture of

2 or more liq. ing.)1. Alcohol-soluble and water-soluble components are generally dissolved separately.

2. Then the aqueous solution is added to the alcoholic solution, not the reverse.

3. The mixture is then made to the volume with the specified solvent or vehicle.

hours. 4. If the elixir is turbid, the solution is usually permitted to stand for a number of

Solutions

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PREPARATION OF ELIXIRS

5. Talc can also be used in absorbing the excess oils and assists in their removalfrom the solution.

6. The presence of glycerin, syrup, sorbitol and propylene glycol

• adds viscosity to the elixir

• assists in the dissolution of the solute

• contributes to the solvent effect of the hydroalcoholic vehicle

• enhances the stability of the preparation

Solutions

Color q. s.

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EXAMPLE FORMULATION OF ELIXIRS

1. Phenobarbital Elixir

Phenobarbital 4.0g

Propylene glycol 100ml

Alcohol 200ml

Purified H2O 10000ml

Orange oil 0.25ml

Sorbitol solution 600ml

SolutionsEXAMPLES OF ELIXIRS

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Acetaminophen(Children’s Tylenol Elixir)Analgesic, Antpyretic


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Dexamethasone(Dexamethasone Elixir)Adrenocortical Steroid


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Diphenhyramine HCl(Siladryl Elixir)Antihistamine


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Fluphenazine HCl(Fluphenazine HClElixir)Antipsyhotic


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Hyoscyamine sulfate(Levsin Elixir)Anticholinergic,Antispasmodic


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Digoxin(Lanoxin Pedriatic Elixir)Cardiotonic

Solutions

The pharmacist should be concerned with the solubility and stability of the drug

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NONMEDICATED ELIXIRS

useful for the extemporaneous filling of prescription• Addition of therapeutic agent to a pleasant-tasting vehicle

substance in water an alcohol when selecting a liquid vehicle for a drug substance

• Dilution of an existing medicated elixir

All the components added should be chemically and physically compatible

Solutions

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MEDICATED ELIXIRS

employed for the therapeutic benefit of the medicinal agent

ease of the adjustment of the dosage

most official and commercial elixirs contain a single therapeutic agent for the

Solutions

contain alcohol in amounts approximately 15% to 80% concentration

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TINCTURES

Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials of from chemical substances

Vary in method of preparation, strength of the active ingredient, alcoholic content, and intended use in medicine or pharmacy

product

the solvent mix in each tincture is important in maintaining the integrity of the

Solutions

some physicians and patients alike prefer other forms of medication because

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TINCTURES

They cannot be mixed successfully with liquids too diverse in solvent character because the solute may precipitate

They must be contained in tightly stoppered, light resistant containers and not exposed to excessive temperatures

of the high alcoholic content of tinctures

Solutions

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SPECIFIC METHODS OF PREPARATION OF TINCTURES

1. Simple Solution

-most commonly used method

2. Percolation

-belladonna tincture

3. Maceration

-iodine tincture, thiomerosal tincture

SolutionsEXAMPLES OF TINCTURES

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Solutions

- Sodium iodide reacts with iodine to form sodium triiodide which prevents

NaI + I2 --> NaI3

NaI: solubilizing agent

- Advantage: water solution

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- Reddish brown stain on the skin

Iodine Tincture

TOPICAL TINCTURES

formation of ethyl iodide.

- Ethyl iodide will decrease the anti-microbial property of tincture

- Prepared by dissolving 2% iodine crystals and 2.4% sodium iodide

- Popular local anti-infective agent

- Local anti-infective agent: brownish red color stains on the skin

SolutionsTOPICAL TINCTURES

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Solutions

- Prepared by maceration in alcohol of 10% benzoin and lesser amount of

cracked nipples and tissues of the lips and anus

- Serves as delivery vehicle of podophyllum in treatment of visceral warts

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Compound Benzoin Tincture

TOPICAL TINCTURES

aloe, storax, and tolu balsam totaling about 24% of starting material

- Used as a protectant to toughen skin in treatment of bed sores, ulcers


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Solutions

- Similar with thimerosal topical solution except that sodium chloride and

tincture is water, acetone and about 50% alcohol

- Stabilizers

Ethylenediamine

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- Effective because of its chelating action on metallic impurities that

Thimerosal Tincture

TOPICAL TINCTURES

sodium borate are absent from the tincture and the vehicle of the

Monoethanolamine

may be present at time of preparation


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Solutions

they are self-preserving solutions

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TOPICAL SOLUTIONS AND TINCTURES

Generally• Topical solutions: aqueous vehicle:: Topical tinctures: alcoholic

vehicle

Most are prepared by simple dissolving but some are prepared by chemical reactions.

Solutions

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TOPICAL SOLUTIONS AND TINCTURES

A dye is usually mixed with them to delineate the area of application to the skin

Packaged in containers that make them convenient to use

-plastic bottles with applicator tip

Solutions

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- Aluminum Acetate topical solution- (Burrow’s solution)- Used as astringent wash of wet dressing after dilution with 10-40parts of water- Colorless and has a faint odor and sweetish, astringent taste - frequently used in various types of

dermatologic lotions, creams and pastes

TOPICAL SOLUTIONS

Solutions

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- Aluminum Subacetate topical solution- (Modified Burrow’s solution)- Used as astringent wash of wet dressing after dilution with 20-40 parts of water- used in preparation of aluminum acetate solution- Ratio of aluminum oxide to acetic acid

Subacetate solution: 1:2:3:5Acetate solution: 1:3:5:2*Subacetate is stronger of the two.

TOPICAL SOLUTIONS

Solutions

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- Calcium Hydroxide topical solution- (limewater; liquor calcis)- Used as astringent- must contain NLT 140mg of Ca(OH)2 in each 100ml of solution- the solution should be stored in well-filled, tightly stoppered containers to deter the absorption of CO2 and should be kept in a cool place to maintain an adequate conc. of the dissolved solute- Only supernatant is dispersed- More soluble in cold water than hot water

TOPICAL SOLUTIONS

Solutions

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-Coal tar topical solution-(liquor carbonis detergens; liquor picis carbonis; LCD)-a local antieczematic used in external treatment of a wide variety of chronic skin conditions after dilution of 9 parts of water or in combination with other various lotions, ointments, or solutions

TOPICAL SOLUTIONS

Solutions

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-Hydrogen peroxide topical solution-(peroxide)-Used as a local infective, topically used on the skin of mucous membranes-the chief value is its ability to cleanse wound through the bubbling and frothing caused by the release of O2

TOPICAL SOLUTIONS

Solutions

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-Chlorhexidine gluconate solution-employed extensively as a broad-spectrum antiseptic in clinical veterinarian medicine.

TOPICAL SOLUTIONS

Solutions

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TOPICAL SOLUTIONS

-Povidone iodine topical solution -a chemical complex of iodine with polyvinyl pyrrolidone . Employed topically as a surgical scrub and non irritating antiseptic solution with its effectiveness directly attributable to the presence and release of iodine from the complex.

Solutions

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-Thimerosal topical solution -Water-soluble organic mercurial antibacterial agent used topically for its bacteriostatic and mild fungistatic properties.

TOPICAL SOLUTIONS

Solutions

-medicines with Antabuse-like activity

patient’s history and other concurrent medicines.

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PROPER ADMINISTRARION AND USE OF LIQUID PERORAL DOSAGE FORMSMost of the solutions discussed are to be administered by mouth

measured out in calibrated devices for administration

-diabetic patients

the pharmacist must be careful in the selection of liquid products, given the

These medicines can be measured in a teaspoon of tablespoon but preferably

-side effects of medicine (like drowsiness)

Solutions

-nasal sprays can deliver drugs systematically

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SPRAYS

Aqueous or oleaginous solutions in the form of coarse droplets or as finely divided solids to be applied topically

Many are used intranasally to relieve nasal congestion and inflammation and to combat infection and contain antihistamines, sympathomimetic

agents, and antibiotic

available in pharmacies

numerous other medicinal and cosmetic uses of sprays are commonly

substances

Solutions

medicinal atomizers

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SPRAYS

Several mechanical devices are commonly employed to break up a solution intosmall particles so that it may be effectively sprayed or to facilitate

the spraying of a

Advantage of one way pump sprays over conventional sprays

Powder ( i.e. one way pump sprays)

- prevents drawback contamination of nasal fluids into the

bottle after administration

- emit medication in the form of fine droplets

Solutions

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SPRAYS

Solutions

- Vaginal Douches

VAGINAL DOUCHES

generally used for irrigation and cleansing of the vagina

as indicated earlier or from liquid solutions or liquid concentrates

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VAGINAL AND RECTAL SOLUTIONS

- Retention Enemas- Evacuation Enemas

they are prepared solutions of powders; these solutions may be formed

Solutions

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VAGINAL DOUCHES

the powders themselves may be prepared and packaged in

- bulk

-unit packages

designed to contain the appropriate amount of powder to preparethe specified volume of douche solution

used by the teaspoonful or tablespoonful in preparation

Solutions

4. Quaternary ammonium compounds

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VAGINAL DOUCHES

Components of Douche powders:

1. Boric acid or sodium borate

3. Antimicrobials

-sodium lauryl sulfate

5. Detergents

2. Astringents

-potassium, alum, ammonium alum, zinc sulfate

-oxyquinoline sulfate, povidone iodine

-benzethonium chloride

Solutions

-menthol, thymol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, phenol

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VAGINAL DOUCHES

Components of Douche powders:

6. Oxidizing Agents

-sodium citrate, sodium chloride

-sodium perbotate

7. Salts

8. Aromatics

Solutions

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VAGINAL DOUCHES

Solutions

therapy

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RETENTION ENEMAS

Solutions that are administered rectally for local effects or for systemic absorption

Rectal administration minimizes the undesirable GI reactions associated with oral

following rectal instillation

adjunctive treatment of some patients with ulcerative colitis

Corticosteroids are administered as retention enemas or continuous drip as

Clinically effective blood levels of the agents are usually obtained within 30 mins

Solutions

Agents:

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EVACUATION ENEMAS

These are rectal enemas used to cleanse the bowel.

Available commercially in disposable plastic squeeze bottle

- glycerin and docusate potassium

- light mineral oil

- solutions of sodium phosphate and sodium biphosphate

Solutions

instructions for usage:

disposable plastic bottle

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EVACUATION ENEMAS

- the patient is advised to gently insert the tip of the product with steadypressure

- it is not absolutely necessary to squeeze all of the contents out of the

- the product will most probably work within 5 to 10 mins after application

Solutions

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ENEMAS

SolutionsTOPICAL ORAL (DENTAL) SOLUTIONS

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Benzocaine: topical anesthetic

For temporary relief of pain, soreness, and irritation in the mouth associated with teeth, orthodontic appliances new or poorly fitting dentures and canker sores


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Camphorated parachlorophenol: dental anti-infective

Used in dentistry by sterilization of deep root canals


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Carbamide peroxide topical solution: dental anti-infective

Chemo-mechanical cleansing and darkening agent


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Cetylpyridinium chloride solution and cetylpyridinium chloride lozenges: local anti-infective

A freshening mouth cleanserHave benzyl alcohol as a local anesthetic in soothing throat irritations


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Erythrosine sodium topical solution and erythrosine sodium soluble tablets

Solution applied to teeth to reveal remaining plaque tablet same affect but not swallowed


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Eugenol: dental analgesic

Applied topically to dental cavities and dental protectivePale yellow solution having an aromatic odor of clove and a spicy taste


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Lidocaine oral spray: topical dental anesthetic


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Nystatin oral suspension: antifungal

For oral fungal infections by retaining in the mouth as long as possible before swallowing


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Saliva substitutes: electrolytes in a carboxymethylcellulose base

Relief of dry mouth and throat in xerostomia


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Sodium fluoride oral solution and tablets: dental caries prophylactic

Applied to the teeth or when drinking water that does not contain adequate fluoride, a dilute solution may be swallowed Tablets containing sodium fluoride 1.1 or 2.2 mg are chewed or swallowed as required


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Sodium fluoride and phosphoric acid gel and sodium fluoride and phosphoric acid topical solution: dental caries prophylactic

Gel and solutions applied to teeth


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Triamcinolone acetonide dental paste: topical anti-inflammatory agent

Applied to the oral mucous membranes as a 0.1% paste

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Phardose Report (Solutions)