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PETROGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

AT KHAO PHRA-KHAO SUNG AREA, AMPHOE NONG BUA,

CHANGWAT NAKHONSAWAN

Mr. Alongkot Fanka

ID 483 27364 23

A REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE DEGREE OF THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF

GEOLOGY CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY

2008

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I

-

: 0-8467-58083, e-mail: [email protected]

: -

Field Work II 2550

-

-

(texture) perthitic graphic intergrowth

SiO2 44.42 75.18 %, TiO2 0.07 1.69 %, Al2O312.67 18.25 %, Fe

2O

30.54 5.63 %, FeO 0.22 7.64 %, MnO 0.01 0.22 %, MgO 0.01 8.14

%, CaO 0.33 10.94 %, Na2O 2.87 6.12 %, K2O 0.20 5.82 % P2O5 0.01 0.57 %

-

Harker variation diagrams

SiO2 TiO2, Al2O3, MnO, MgO, CaO, P2O5 Na2O, K2O

I-type granite

Chappel and White (1974)

Keywords: igneous rock, petrography, geochemistry

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II

Petrography and geochemistry of igneous rocks at Khao Phra-Khao

Sung area, Amphoe Nong Bua, Changwat Nakhonsawan

Alongkot Fanka

Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University;

Tel: 0-8467-58083, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Igneous rocks around Khao Phra- Khao Sung area, Amphoe Nongbua, ChangwatNakhonsawan was studies this is due the fact that it was a field 2008. In addition, there are

many varities of igneous rocks i.e. pyroclastic, volcanic and plutonic rocks.

Accorrding to field geology, petrography, modal analysis and geochemistry, igneous

rocks in the study area consiste of basaltic tuff, andesitic tuff, rhyolitic tuff, lapilly, agglomerate,basalt, monzodiorite and alkali-granite . Relative age of the rocks from the oldest to the

youngest are as follows pyroclastic rocks, basalt, monzodiorite and alkali-granite. Distinguish

gneous textures are perthitic and graphic intergrowth. Geochemically, the rocks contain44.42 75.18% SiO2, 0.07 1.69 %TiO2, 12.67 18.25% Al2O3, 0.54 5.63% Fe2O3, 0.22 7.64

% FeO, 0.01 0.22% MnO, 0.01 8.14 % MgO, 0.33 10.94% CaO, 2.87 6.12 %Na2O, 0.20

5.82% K2O and 0.01 0.57 % P2O5. Harker variation diagrams plotted demonstrated clearly a

fractionation trend starting from basalt to andesitic tuff and rhyolitic tuff which is the felsic end. It

should be noticed that monzodiorite and alkali-granite are also lying and the same trend.

Generally SiO2 contains increase in accordance with the increasing of Na2O and K2O content

where as TiO2, Al2O3, MnO, MgO, CaO and P2O5 contents decreasing.

This may indicate that pyroclastic, volcanic and plutonic rocks came the same magma

series. They should be classified as I-type granites as suggetested by Chapple and White

(1974).

Keywords: igneous rock, petrography, geochemistry

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III

Acknowledgements

The author would like to express his special gratitude to his advisor, Assistant

Professor Dr. Somchai Nakapadungrat, for his guidance, encouragement, valuable

discussion and willingness, helpful suggestion and discussion on petrographic supervision

through this study and Archan Malatee Taiyaqupt, for her guidance on geochemical study.

Thanks to Assoc.Prof.Dr. Visut Pisutha Arnond and Mr.Tawatchai Shoelaowanich for their

suggestion and discussion.

Thanks go to Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University for the permission of

numerous facilities for this work.

Special thanks are due to Mrs. Jiraprapa Neampan for helpful suggestion on

geochemical study and Mr. Pragin Thogprachum for helpful suggestion on making thin

section. Thanks, Miss Sucheera Thaithonglarng and many persons unnamed above who help

on one way or anothers to make this study completed.

Finally, the author is indebted to her parents for their stimulation and encouragement.

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IV

Contents

Page

Abstract (Thai)

Abstract (English) II

Acknowledgements

Contents IV

List of Figures V

List of Tables IX

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

1.1 General statement 1

1.2 Previous works 1

1.3 Purpose of study (Objective) 2

1.4 Scope of work and location of study area 2

Chapter 2: Methodology 5

2.1 Methodology 5

2.2 Data Acquisition and Analysis 7

2.2.1) Field observation 7

2.2.2) Petrography 16

2.2.3) Modal analysis 16

2.2.4) Geochemistry 19

Chapter 3: Result and Interpretation 20

3.1 Field geology 20

3.2 Modal analysis 25

3.3 Petrography 26

3.4 Geochemistry 33

Chapter 4: Discussion and Conclusion 41

Reference 42

APPENDIX 44

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V

List of Figures

Page

Figure 1.1: Topographic Map showing the location of the study area at Khao Phra-

Khao Sung Area, Amphoe Nong Bua, Changwat Nakhonsawan 3

Figure 1.2: Topographic map showing study location and sample collections 4

Figure 2.1: The flow chart showing the method of study 6

Figure 2.2: The area around Khao Sung, Amphoe Nong Bua, Changwat Nakhonsawan 8

Figure 2.3: The outcrop of basaltintruded agglomerate rock at station 1, which is

grid reference 867558 8

Figure 2.4: The outcrop of agglomerate at station 1 which is located UTM grid

reference 867558 9

Figure 2.5: The outcrop of rhyolitic tuff showing flow structure at station 9,

grid reference 807552 9

Figure 2.6: The outcrop of monzodiorite ,occurred at low land in the eastern side of

study area (station 3),grid reference 852551 10

Figure 2.7: The low land showing outcrop of monzodiorite 10

Figure 2.8: The outcrop of fine grained monzodiorite at station 4 showing exfoliation

which thin layer,grid reference 844554 11

Figure 2.9: The outcrop of coarse grained monzodiorite at station 3 showing exfoliation with

thicker layer ,grid reference 852551 11

Figure 2.10: Xenoliths in monzodiorite at station 8,grid reference 850555 12

Figure 2.11: Exposure of alkali granite at Khao Phra,Changwat 12

Figure 2.12: The outcrop of alkali-granite at Khao Phra (station12), grid reference 766554 13

Figure 2.13: The outcrop of coarse grained alkali-granite had at (station14), grid reference

784517 14

Figure 2.14: The outcrop of fine grained alkali-granite is nearly (station 15) ,grid reference

784517 15

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VI

List of Figures

Page

Figure 2.15: The quarry fine grained alkali-granite had been found at station 15

(grid reference 784517) 15

Figure 2.16: The picture show surface rock slab of sample no. K-4 (A), K-10 (B) at

UTM grid reference 844554, 752531 respectively 17

Figure 2.17: The picture show surface of monzodiorite rock slab of sample no. K-2 (left)

which is contrasted by Image Pro Plus software (right) 17


which is contrastly by Image Pro Plus software (right) 18


which is changed to contrast by Image Pro Plus software (right) 18

Figure 2.20: The picture show surface of monzodiorite rock slab of sample no. K-16B (left)

which is changed to contrast by Image Pro Plus software (right) 19

Figure 3.1: Volcanic rock sample (sample no. k-5) which is basalt at station 5

(Grid reference 825555, Amphoe Nong Bua Map Sheet number 5140 IV and

series L 7017) 20

Figure 3.2: Pyroclastic rock samples (sample no. k-1, k-9A) which are (A) basaltic tuff

at station 1 (Grid reference 86755, Amphoe Nong Bua Map Sheet number 5140 IV

and series L 7017) and (B) rhyolitic tuff at station 9 (Grid reference 80752, Amphoe

Nong Bua Map Sheet number 5140 IV and series L 7017) 21

Figure 3.3: Monzodiorite samples (sample no. k-8, k-6) which are (A) monzodiorite at

station 8 (Grid reference 850555, Amphoe Nong Bua Map Sheet number 5140 IV

and series L 7017) and (B) monzodiorite at station 6 (Grid reference 850551, Amphoe

Nong Bua Map Sheet number 5140 IV and series L 7017) 21

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VII

List of Figures

Page

Figure 3.4: Alkali-granite samples (sample no. k-10, k-16A) which are (A) coarse

grained alkali-granite at station 10 (Grid reference 752531, Amphoe Nong

Bua Map Sheet number 5140 IV and series L 7017) and (B) fine grained

alkali-granite at station 16A (Grid reference 740580, Amphoe Nong Bua

Map Sheet number 5140 IV and series L 7017) 22

Figure 3.5: Geological map of Khao Pha-Khao Sung Area, Amphoe Nong Bua,

Changwat Nakhonsawan (Bahae et al.,2008; Aukkanit et al.,2008 and

Fanka et al.,2008) 23

Figure 3.6: The ternary quartz (Q), alkali feldspar (A) and plagioclase (P) plotted in the

classification diagram of plutonic rocks suggested by Streckeisen (1976) 26

Figure 3.7: Photomicrograph of basaltic tuff (sample no.K-1), showing plagioclase (P)

and plagioclase lath which have trachytic textures.(A: crossed nicols and

B: uncrossed nicols) 27

Figure 3.8: Photomicrograph of basaltic tuff (sample no.K-9B), showing plagioclase (P)

and plagioclase lath which have trachytic textures.(A: crossed nicols and


Figure 3.9: Photomicrograph of basaltic dyke (sample no.K-5), showing plagioclase (P)

and pyroxene (Px). (A: crossed nicols and B: uncrossed nicols) 28

Figure 3.10: Photomicrograph of basaltic dyke (sample no.K-5), showing plagioclase (P)

and pyroxene (Px) which have intergranular textures.(A: crossed nicols and


Figure 3.11: Photomicrograph of monzodiorite (sample no.K-3), showing plagioclase (P)

which have zoning, biotite(B), hornblende(H) which have twin.(A: crossed nicols and


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VIII

List of Figures

Page

Figure 3.12: Photomicrograph of monzodiorite (sample no.K-4), showing plagioclases (P)

which are very clear zoning texture, biotite (B) and hornblende (H).(A: crossed

nicols and B: uncrossed nicols) 30

Figure 3.13: Photomicrograph of coarse grained (sample no.K-13) showing quartz (Q),

K-feldspar (K) which shows perthitic texture. (A: crossed nicols and


Figure 3.14: Photomicrograph of coarse grained (sample no.K-16A) showing quartz (Q),

K-feldspar (K) which shows perthitic texture. (A: crossed nicols and


Figure 3.15: Photomicrograph of coarse grained (sample no.K-15) showing quartz (Q),

K-feldspar (K) which shows graphic intergrowth texture. (A: crossed nicols and


Figure 3.16: Harker variation diagram 37

Figure 3.17: The shands index diagram (Maniar-Piccoli,1989) 40

Figure 3.18: The alkalinity ratio plotted against SiO2

contents and Na2O+K

2O-caO

(Frost et al.,2001) 40

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IX

List of Tables

Page

Table 3.1: The results of modal analysis of plutonic rocks 25

Table 3.2 Major, minor and trace elements of the igneous rocks 35

Table 3.3 CIPW Norms of the igneous rocks 36

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INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1

General statement

Previous works

Purpose of study

Scope of work and location of study area

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1

Chapter1Introduction

1.1 General statement

Due to the geological mapping during the 2008s Field Work II at Khao Phra-Khao Sung

Area, Amphoe Nong Bua, Changwat Nakhonsawan, many variety of igneous rocks covering the

area were reported (Bahae et al.,2008; Aukkanit et al.,2008 and Fanka et al.,2008). There are

both plutonic and volcanic rocks such as basalt, andesite, pyroclastic rocks, monzodiorite and

alkali-granite. It was noticed that monzodiorite occurred in the low land while alkali granite

occurred in high land.

Igneous rocks in the study area which lie in the eastern granite belt of Thailand

(Nakapadungrat & Putthapiban, 1992). Consequently, various mineral deposits such asgypsum, iron, manganese, copper, gemstone and Ornamental rocks was reported by nakornsri,

et al., (1981). So this study concentrating on petrography and geochemistry will give more

informations about relationship of igneous rocks which may be beneficial for other mineral

explorations.

1.2 Previous works

Nakornsri et.al., (1981) mentioned that there are 4 type of igneous rocks in the area i.e.

granite, rhyolite, andesite and basalt. Regional geology of igneous rocks in Thailand were

reported by Nakaphadungrat and Putthapiban (1992) and Jungyusuk & Putthapiban (1992).

While the former were concentrated on intrusive rocks, the latter were concentrated on extrusive

rocks.

Jungyoosuk (1995) later mentioned geochemical study on the igneous rocks in Amphoe

Chaibadan area. Seven kinds of rocks, suggested include andesite, quartz-latite, quartz-

trachyte, basaltic-andesite, rhyolite, granite and basalt.

Geological maps and reports of the study area were carried out by Bahae et al.,(2008);

Aukkanit et al.,(2008) and Fanka et al.,(2008). The area was covered by both plutonic and

volcanic rocks which comprise white and pink granites, contact metasomatism which resulted in

calc-silicate hornfels and marble was also reported.

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2

Eastern granite belts were study by geoscientists such as Mahawat (1982), Putthapiban

(1997), Nantasin (2004) andWingwon (2006).Putthapiban (1997) studied the granite in Changwat Loei and classified the rocks into

three groups that are Lard kuai hornblende-biotite granite, Phu sanao biotite granite and Kok du

biotite granite. According to the study on Tha Takiap granite, Changwat Chachoengsao,

Wingwon (2006) mentioned the I-type granites in that area consists of diorite, granodiorite and

granite. Syenite of A-type granite was also reported.

Nantasin (2004) investigated the area around Ban Posawan which is about 20 kilometers

east of the study area. He reported that the rocks contain gabbro, diorite, quartz-diorite and

hornblende-biotite granodiorite. Moreover, U-Pb dating on zircon separated from U-Pb giving an

age of 208-245 (Triassic) was also quoted.

1.4 Purpose of study (Objective)

The purpose of this investigation is to study and concentrating particularly on

petrography and some geochemistry of the igneous rocks at Khao Pha-Khao Sung Area,

Amphoe Nong Bua, Changwat Nakhonsawan.

1.5 Scope of work and location of study area

The study area is located around Khao Pha-Khao Sung Area, Amphoe Nong Bua,

Changwat Nakhonsawan (Figure1.1) which covers approximately 126 square kilometers is located

between the latitude 1549 53 - 1554 56 N and longitude100 9-36 54 - 100 44 46 E of the

topographic map scale 1:50,000 sheet number 5140 IV and series L 7017 ofAmphoe Nong Bua. Due

to the poor accessibility and budget limitation, preliminary geological investigation can be performed

and only sixteen locations were studied together with sample collections, sample collection for detail

study can be performed from 16 localities only (Figure 1.2).

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3

Figure 1.1: Topographic Map showing the location of the study area at Khao Phra-Khao Sung

Area, Amphoe Nong Bua, Changwat Nakhonsawan.

(Map scale 1:50,000 sheet number 5140 IV and series L 7017 of Amphoe Nong Bua)

N

Nakkonsawan

Bangkok

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4

Figure 1.2: Topographic map showing study location and sample collections.

2

1

34

5

67

8

9

10

1112

13

14

15

16

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METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 2

Methodology

Data Acquisition and Analysis

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5

Chapter2Methodology

2.1 Methodology

Method of study in this project can be summarized and shown in Figure 2.1.

First of all, the previous work, related to geology of the study area will be reviewed. The

second stage is to interprete aerial photography and satellite image. This was performed

before field investigation. Next stage is the field investigation and sample collection which was

carried out during 7-11 august 2008. All rock samples were randomly collected for petrography

and geochemistry in laboratory. Then, thin sections of igneous rocks in the study area were

done for petrographic study using Polarized light microscope. consequently, rock slabs of

plutonic rocks were prepared. Then, modal analysis was carried out using staining technique

and Image Pro Plus software. Afterwards, whole rocks samples were analyzed for major, minor

and trace elements using X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry and wet chemical analysis; ferrous

iron (FeO) was determined by titration. Finally, data evaluation and compilation were performed

including report writing.

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6

The Flow Chart

Figure 2.1: The flow chart showing the method of study

Previous works

Aerial photography and image photography

Field investigation (including sample collection)

Laboratory works

Petrography Geochemistry

thin section rock slab XRF Titration

Evaluation and Interpretation

Report writing

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7

2.2 Data Acquisition and Analysis

2.2.1) Field observation

Field observation was performed in order to get more information and relationships

among igneous rocks in the study area. Altogether, sixteen locations were visited.

It was found that the area around Khao Phra-Khad Sung was covered by pyroclastics,

basalt, monzodiorite and alkali-granite. Pyroclastic rocks occurred as high mountain such as

Khao Sung (Figure 2.2) and Khao Aeu Du which is on the eastern and of the area.

They consist of agglomerate (Figure 2.3), lapilli stone and tuff. Some basaltic dike

intruded agglomerate is clearly observed (Figure 2.4). Flow layer of tuff which is rather vertical

can be seen in some area (Figure 2.5).

Monzodiorite occurred as a circular low land in the eastern Part (Figure 2.6, Figure 2.7).

It consists of fine grained and coarse grained mozodiorites. Exfoliation with thinner and thicker

layers and referred to the fine and coarse grained respectively (Figure 2.8, Figure 2.9). A lot of

round to subround shape of xenoliths are common (Figure 2.10).

Alkali-granite is exposed at Khao Phra. (Figure 2.11, Figure 2.12).Alkaline granite

occurring as very large boulder can be seen at a small hill further north i.e. Khao Hin Lad

(Figure 2.13,Figure 2.14). Because of these physical properties, two quarries of the granites are

mined for dimension stone (Figure 2.15). It should be mentioned that the grain size of alkali-

granite is not uniform. The rock on the southern part of Khao Phra is coarse grained alkali-

granite (Figure 2.16)

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8

Figure 2.2: The area around Khao Sung, Amphoe Nong Bua, Changwat Nakhonsawan.

Figure 2.3: The outcrop of basaltintruded agglomerate rock at station 1, which is grid reference

867558

Khao Sung

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9

Figure 2.4: The outcrop of agglomerate at station 1 which is located UTM grid reference 867558

Figure 2.5: The outcrop of rhyolitic tuff showing flow structure at station 9,grid reference 807552

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Figure 2.6: The outcrop of monzodiorite ,occurred at low land in the eastern side of study area (station 3),grid reference 852551.

Figure 2.7: The low land showing outcrop of monzodiorite

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Figure 2.8: The outcrop of fine grained monzodiorite at station 4 showing exfoliation which thin

layer,grid reference 844554

Figure 2.9: The outcrop of coarse grained monzodiorite at station 3 showing exfoliation with

thicker layer ,grid reference 852551

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Figure 2.10: Xenoliths in monzodiorite at station 8,grid reference 850555.

Figure 2.11: Exposure of alkali granite at Khao Phra,Changwat.

Khao Phra

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Figure 2.12: The outcrop of alkali-granite at Khao Phra (station12 ), grid reference 766554

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Figure 2.13: The outcrop of coarse grained alkali-granite had at (station14), grid reference

784517.

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15

Figure 2.14: The outcrop of fine grained alkali-granite is nearly (station 15),grid reference

784517.

Figure 2.15: The quarry fine grained alkali-granite had been found at station 15

(grid reference 784517)

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16

2.2.2) Petrography

Thin section from the sample collected were make and studied petrography by polarized

light microscope .Accordingly,mineralogy, texture of rock can be determined.

All rock samples from field observation were studied by petrography which made the

thin section to study by Polarized light microscope. Petrography is studying about mineral

compositions and igneous textures to identify igneous rocks that there are tuff, basalt,

monzodiorite and alkali-granite. Moreover, this study can classify and confirm many groups of

igneous rocks in study area.

2.2.3) Modal analysis

Twelve rock slabs about 10x10 were prepared for modal analysis (Figure 2.16) Then

rock slabs are stained using Sodium Cobaltinitrite(Na3CO(NO2)6) and Amaranth

(C2oHllN2Na3OlOS3). According to, potassium feldspar becomes yellow while plagioclase

becomes red. In addition to, a technique of image processing analysis (Image Pro Plus)

reported by Lertlamnaphakul (1998) has been performed. According, original picture of stained

rock slabs were snapped and enhanced by Image Pro Plus soft ware (Figure 2.17, Figure 2.18,

Figure 2. 19, Figure 2. 20). Then, percentages of potash feldspars, plagioclase, quartz and

biotite were computerized. After that, the results of analysis are plotted on the ternary system of

quartz (Q), alkaline feldspar (K) and plagioclase (P) following the recommendation of

streckeisen (1976).

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17

A B

Figure 2.16: The picture show surface rock slab of sample no. K-4 (A), K-10 (B) at UTM grid

reference 844554, 752531 respectively

Figure 2.17: The picture show surface of monzodiorite rock slab of sample no. K-2 (left) which is

contrasted by Image Pro Plus software (right)

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Figure 2.18: The picture show surface of monzodiorite rock slab of sample no. K-4 (left) which is

contrastly by Image Pro Plus software (right)

Figure 2.19: The picture show surface of monzodiorite rock slab of sample no. K-10 (left) which

is changed to contrast by Image Pro Plus software (right)

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Figure 2.20: The picture show surface of monzodiorite rock slab of sample no. K-16B (left) which

is changed to contrast by Image Pro Plus software (right)

2.2.4) Geochemistry

Major and minor element of igneous rocks at Khao Pha-Khao Sung Area, Amphoe Nong

Bua, Changwat Nakhonsawan have been chemically analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence

spectrometry and wet chemical analysis which is titration. All of whole rock samples were

analyzed for major and minor element i.e. SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, FeO, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O,

K2O and P2O5. Analytical method is the same as the described by Lorchuenwong (2007). There

were calculated as CIPW Norms using Igpet software which can be plotted on diagram.

All result of geochemistry is very important data which can confirm to classify igneous

rocks in study area and can supported another data very well.

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RESULT

AND

INTERPRETATION

CHAPTER 3

Field geology

Modal analysis

Petrography

Geochemistry

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Chapter3Result and Interpretation

3.1 Field geology

Igneous rocks at Khao Pha-Khao Sung Area, Amphoe Nong Bua, Changwat

Nakhonsawan can be d istinguished into 4 types that are volcanic rock (Figure 3.1), pyroclastic

rocks (Figure 3.2), monzodiorite (Figure 3.3) and alkali-granite (Figure 3.4). All specimens,

collected and their locations are shown in APPENDIX I.

Geological data reported by Bahae et al.,2008; Aukkanit et al.,2008 and Fanka et

al.,2008 together with the present investigation were compiled and presented as a geological

map shown in Figure 3.5.

Figure 3.1: Volcanic rock sample (sample no. k-5) which is basalt at station 5

(Grid reference 825555, Amphoe Nong Bua Map Sheet number 5140 IV and series L 7017)

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A B

Figure 3.2: Pyroclastic rock samples (sample no. k-1, k-9A) which are (A) basaltic tuff at station

1 (Grid reference 86755, Amphoe Nong Bua Map Sheet number 5140 IV and series L 7017)and

(B) rhyolitic tuff at station 9 (Grid reference 80752, Amphoe Nong Bua Map Sheet number 5140

IV and series L 7017)

A B

Figure 3.3: Monzodiorite samples (sample no. k-8, k-6) which are (A) monzodiorite at station 8

(Grid reference 850555, Amphoe Nong Bua Map Sheet number 5140 IV and series L 7017)and

(B) monzodiorite at station 6 (Grid reference 850551, Amphoe Nong Bua Map Sheet number

5140 IV and series L 7017).

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A B

Figure 3.4: Alkali-granite samples (sample no. k-10, k-16A) which are (A) coarse grained alkali-

granite at station 10 (Grid reference 752531, Amphoe Nong Bua Map Sheet number 5140 IV and

series L 7017) and (B) fine grained alkali-granite at station 16A (Grid reference 740580, Amphoe

Nong Bua Map Sheet number 5140 IV and series L 7017).

From Figure 3.5, it can be seen that carbonate rocks of Permian age (yaowachirapong,

2001) is the oldest rock of area. The rocks were metamorphosed and become calc-silicate and

marble.

The next younger rock unit of presumably Early Triassic age are composed essentially

of pyroclastic rocks which is agglomerate, lapilly and tuff.

After that, volcanic rocks which are basalt and andesite occurred in the study area.

Pyroclastic was intruded by basaltic dyke indicating that pyroclastic rock is older than basalt.

The next younger rock unit exposed clearly in low land of the eastern area is intrusive

rock which consists of fine to coarse grained monzodiorite.

The youngest rock is find to coarse grained alkali-granite. The rocks which is dominantlyred color exposed in the western high land of the area.

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Figure 3.5: Geological map of Khao Pha-Khao Sung Area, Amphoe Nong Bua, Changwat Nakhonsawan (Bahae et al.,2008; Aukkanit et al.,2008 and

Fanka et al.,2008)

SYMBOLE

Road

Contour linein meters

154 Spot elevation meters

Boundary

A A Cross section line

N

A A

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EXPLANATION FOR KHAO PHA-KHAO SUNG AREA

SEDIMENTARY AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS AGE

Calc-silicate, marble, limestome Permian

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Fine to coarse grained alkali-granite

Fine to medium grained monzodiorite

Basalt, andesite, basalticandesite, basaltic dyke, andesitic dyke Triassic (?)

Basaltic tuff, andesitic tuff, rhyolitic tuff

Lapilly

Agglomerate

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3.2 Modal analysis

Thirteen rocks slabs consisting of 5 monzodiorite and 8 alkali-granite were modal

analyzed for quartz, potash feldspar, plagioclase and b iotite by staining technique and Image

Pro Plus.

The results, shown in Table 3.1 are plotted in the triangular QAP diagram (Figure 3.6) as

suggested by IUGS Sub commission (Streckeisen, 1976). It can be seen that there are two

groups of rocks that are plagioclase rich and alkali-feldspar rich. The plagioclase rich consists

of monzodiorite and diorite where as the alkali-feldspar rich consists of alkali-granite and alkali-

syenite.

Sample no.Rock slabs are stained and are analyzed by Image Pro Plus

K-feldspar Plagioclase Quartz biotite

K-2 15.12 80.79 1.66 2.43

K-3 14.33 79.92 0.03 5.72

K-4 0.03 85.02 6.41 8.55

K-6 19.92 73.32 1.35 5.42

K-7 17.37 79.56 0.04 3.02

K-10 70.2 0.23 19.26 10.31

K-11 50.29 5.87 43.02 0.02

K-12 73.11 1.20 24.59 0.30

K-13 64.16 0.01 35.37 0.46

K-14 56.52 0.003 42.86 0.62

K-15 83.56 0.00 12.34 4.11

K-16A 88.75 0.00 3.80 7.46

K-16B 95.53 0.00 4.44 0.03

Table 3.1: The results of modal analysis of plutonic rocks.

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Monzodiorite

Alkali-granite

Figure 3.6: The ternary quartz (Q), alkali feldspar (A) and plagioclase (P) plotted in the

classification diagram of p lutonic rocks suggested by Streckeisen (1976).

3.3 Petrography

3.3.1) Andesitic tuff and rhyolitic tuff

Although pyroclastic rocks consist of agglomerate, lapilli, and tuff, only tuff was studied

in laboratory. Andesitic tuff occurred at Khao Ann Du and Khao Sung.

Megascopically, this rock is fine grained, black to light brown on fresh surface, butdark grey to brown on weathered surface and aphaneritic texture.

Microscopically, it is composed predominantly of very fine plagioclase lath.

Texturally, plagioclase lath mainly forms as euhedral to subhedral grains which show

commonly trachytic texture (Figure 3.7, figure 3.8).

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A B

Figure 3.7: Photomicrograph of basaltic tuff (sample no.K-1), showing plagioclase (P) andplagioclase lath which have trachytic textures.

(A: crossed nicols and B: uncrossed nicols)

A B

Figure 3.8: Photomicrograph of basaltic tuff (sample no.K-9B), showing plagioclase (P) and

plagioclase lath which have trachytic textures.


P P

P P

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3.3.2) Basalt and basaltic dyke

This rocks occurred at Khao Ann Du and nearly Khao Sung.

Megascopically, this rock is aphaneritic, fine grained, dark black green on fresh surface,

but light black green on weathered surface.

Microscopically, it is composed predominantly of plagioclase and pyroxene

with subordinate olivine. Its principle accessory mineral is opaque minerals (Figure 3.9).

Texturally, plagioclase mainly forms as euhedral to subhedral tabular crystals which

show commonly intergranular texture (Figure 3.10) and pyroxene forms as subhedral to

anhedral which show ophitic texture with plagioclase. The grain sizes of plagioclase is

approximately 0.1 0.5 mm.

A B

Figure 3.9: Photomicrograph of basaltic dyke (sample no.K-5), showing plagioclase (P) and

pyroxene (Px). (A: crossed nicols and B: uncrossed nicols)

P

Px

P

Px

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A B

Figure 3.10: Photomicrograph of basaltic dyke (sample no.K-5), showing plagioclase (P) and

pyroxene (Px) which have intergranular textures.


3.3.3) Fine to coarse grained monzodiorite

These rocks occurred at the eastern circular low land of the study area.

Megascopically, this rock is fine to coarse grained, light gray on fresh surface, butdark gray on weathered surface and phaneritic texture.

Microscopically, it is composed predominantly of plagioclase and K feldspar

with subordinate biotite and hornblende. Its princip le accessory mineral is opaque

minerals.

Texturally, plagioclase mainly forms as euhedral to subhedral grains which shows

commonly zoning texture and ophitic texture (Figure 3.11, Figure 3.12). The grain sizes of

plagioclase are approximately 0.5 2 mm.biotite and hornblende form as euhedral to subhedral crystals which shows commonly

twin. The grain sizes of biotite and hornblende are approximately 0.5 1 mm.

Px

P

Px

P

Intergranular

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A B

Figure 3.11: Photomicrograph of monzodiorite (sample no.K-3), showing plagioclase (P) which

have zoning, biotite(B), hornblende(H) which have twin.


A B

Figure 3.12: Photomicrograph of monzodiorite (sample no.K-4), showing plag ioclases (P) which

are very clear zoning texture, biotite (B) and hornblende (H).


PP

H H

B B

Twin

P

P

H H

Zoning

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3.3.4) Fine to coarse grained alkali-granite

These rocks occurred at the western high land of the study area.

Megascopically, this rock is fine to coarse grained, reddish brown to pink on fresh

surface, but light brown on weathered surface and phaneritic texture.

Microscopically, it is composed predominantly of K feldspar and quartz

with subordinate plagioclase. Its principle accessory mineral is green mineral.

Texturally, K-feldspar mainly forms as subhedral grains and shows commonly perthitic

texture which is intergrowth between K-feldspar and albite (Figure 3.13, Figure 3.14). The grain

sizes of K-feldspar are approximately 0.5 2 mm.

Quartz commonly formes as anhedral crystals (quite round with some cracks) and had

showed commonly graphic texture (Figure 3.15) which is intergrowth quartz and K-feldspar. Thegrain sizes of quartz are approximately 0.5 2 mm.

A B

Figure 3.13: Photomicrograph of coarse grained (sample no.K-13) showing quartz (Q), K-

feldspar (K) which shows perthitic texture.(A: crossed nicols and B: uncrossed nicols)

Q Q

KK

perthitic texture

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A B

Figure 3.14: Photomicrograph of coarse grained (sample no.K-16A) showing quartz (Q), K-

feldspar (K) which shows perthitic texture.


A B

Figure 3.15: Photomicrograph of coarse grained (sample no.K-15) showing quartz (Q), K-

feldspar (K) which shows graphic intergrowth texture.


Q Q

K K

K K

Q Q

perthitic texture

perthitic texture

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3.4 Geochemistry

Nineteen chemical analysis for major and minor element are shown in Table 3.2. In

addition, CIPW norm were shown in Table 3.3.

Chemical compositions and CIPW Norms of igneous rocks, presented in the Table

3.2 and 3.3, can be demonstrated clearly on the Harker variation diagram and shown in

Figure 3.16.

Figure 3.16 reveals very good fractionation trend. While the SiO2 contents increase, TiO2

, Al2O3 , CaO , Fe2O3 , P2O5 , MgO and MnO contents decrease. Where are Na2O and K2O

contents increase in accordance with increasing of SiO2 content. Figure 3.16 also shows that the

composition of rock change from basalt to monzodiorite and to alkali granite in accordance with

increasing SiO2 content. It should be noticed that tuff is on the same trend with those of

monzodiorite and alkali granite.

Basalt contain 44.42% SiO2 , 1.69% TiO2 , 17.74% Al2O3 , 5.63% Fe2O3 , 7.64% FeO ,

0.19% MnO , 8.14% MgO , 10.94% CaO , 2.87% Na 2O , 0.16% K7O and 0.42% P2O5 . On the

CIPW Norms calculation, the rock comprise normative diopside, hypersthenes and olivine.

Silica contents of tuff vary from 51.73% to 75.18%, TiO2 from 0.08% to 1.05% , Al2O3

from 12.90 to 16.71% , Fe2O3 from 0.94 to 5.62% , FeO from 0.24 to 7.28% , MnO 0.01 to 0.22%

,MgO from 0.09 to 3.62% , CaO from 3.37 to 7.00% , K 2O from 0.20 to 5.04% and P2O5 from 0.00

to 0.24%

For monzodiorits, the rocks consist of 54.18-64.02 SiO2, 0.48-0.97% TiO2, 16.50-18.25%

A2O3, 1.50-3.83% Fe2O3, 1.90-3.40% FeO, 0.08-0.22% MnO, 0.98-2.88% K2O and 0.23-0.53%

P2O5. Their CIPW Norms contain 0.00-12.02% quartz , 5.82-17.02% orthoclase, 40.71-44.85%

albite, 15.34-24.12% anorthite and 1.61-3.98% magnetie.Akali granites which are most felsic consist of 70.90-73.65 % Sio , 0.07-0.17% Tio

,12.67-14.67 % AlO , 0.54-1.38 % FeO , 0.22-0.98 % FeO , 0.01-0.05 % MnO , 0.04-0.23 %

MgO , 0.34-1.35 % CuO , 4.97-6.12 % , NaO 4.19-5.82 % KO , and 0.00-0.04 % PO . It should

be noted that total alkali ( NaO + KO ) of all samples are higher than 10 % CIPW norms of alkali

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granites contain 19.60-23.23 % quartz , 24.68-34.77 % orthoclase , 39.34-24.68 % albite and

0.00-0.78 % anorthite .

Monzodiorite and alkali granite can be notified clearly on the plot of Al / (Na+K) against

Al / 9 Ca+Na+K) comparing with the Shands index diagram suggested by Maniar Piccoli ,

1989. The results are shown in Figure 3.17. It is clearly sum that monzodiorite are all located

with in the field of Metalumiuus while there of alkali granites are in the field of peralkaline

On the plot of SiO against ( NaO+ KO-CuO ) comparing with the alkalinity ratio

suggested by Frost of .of.,2001 (Fig.3.18) , Monzodiorite lie in calc-alkalic field while alkali

granites are located in alkalic field.

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Table 3.2 Major, minor and trace elements of the igneous rocks

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Table 3.3 CIPW Norms of the igneous rocks

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Figure 3.16: Harker variation diagram

Tuff

Basalt

Monzodiorite,diorite

Alkali-granite, alkali-syenite

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Figure 3.16: Harker variation diagram (continue)

Tuff

Basalt



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Figure 3.16: Harker variation diagram (continue)

Tuff

Basalt



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Figure 3.17: The shands index diagram (Maniar-Piccoli,1989)

Figure 3.18: The alkalinity ratio plotted against SiO2 contents and Na2O+K2O-caO

(Frost et al.,2001)

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DISCUSSION

AND

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 4

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Chapter4Discussion and Conclusion

Igneous rocks in area around Khao Phra-Khao Area were studied using field

evidence,petrography model analyses and geochemistry. The rock comprises andesitic to rhyolitic

tuff, basalt monzodiorites and alkali granite

Modal analyses reveal that monzodiorites contain 0.03-1.65% quartz, 0.03-19.92%

alkali feldspar 73.32-85.02% biotite and opaque minerals, from QAP diagram (Figure 3.6) the rocks

can be classified into two types i.e. monzodiorite and diorite, for alkali granites, they contain 3.0-

43.02% quartz, 50.29 -95.53% alkali feldspar, 0.00-5.87% plagioclase and 0.02-7.46% biotite and

opaque minerals. According to Streckaisen, 1976 (Figure 3.6) the alkali rocks can be classified into

two types i.e. alkali-granite and alkali-syenite.

Geochemically, monzodiorite rocks contain 54.18-64.02% SiO2, 0.48-0.97% TiO2, 16.50-

18.25% Al2O3, 1.88-3.78% MgO, 4.72-8.09% CaO3 4.80-5.24% Na2O and 0.98-2.88% K2O and 4.19-

5.82% K2O. All alkali rock samples consist of total alkali more than 10%.

On the Harker Variation diagram (Figure 3.16) monzodiorite, diorite, alkali-granite, alkali-syenite

are on the same chemical trend but on the Shands index diagram (Figure 3.17), they are quite

different, while those of monzodiorite and diorite are metaluminous, those of alkali-granite and alkali-

syenite are peralkaline. The alkali-granite ratio plot (Figure 3.18) also shows differences among them.

The monzodiorite and diorite are calc-alkaline where as the alkali-granite and alkal-syenite are alkalic.

Thus, these two groups are tectonic different. Then monzodiorite rocks could be classified as I-type

granite where as the alkaline rocks could be A-type granites advocated by Pitcher, 1983.

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REFERENCES

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References

. 2524., 3, , 24-29.

.2538. . 2538 .101-118 pp.

Akkanit,P., Fukphun,J., Hunyek,V., Kanchanapatomporn,S., Tangsrivorranan,P.,

Veerapongwattana,P.,2008,Geology of Area II, Field Work II Department of

Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University.(Unpubl.)

Bahae,W., Kreeprasertkul,T., Lertussawapon,P., Montrisathit,P., Nudam,C.,

Suraprasit,K.,2008,Geology of Area I, Field Work II Department of Geology,Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University.(Unpubl.)

Chappell, B.W., and White, A.J.R., 1974, Two contrasting granite types, Pacific Geology.,V. 8,

p.173 174.

Fanka,A., Jaithan,P., Pattarajiraphapa,M., Poonsawat,A., Prasertying,A.,

Techapruttinun,N.,2008,Geology of Area III, Field Work II Department of

Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University.(Unpubl.)

Jungyusuk,N. and Kositanont,s.1992. Volcanic rocks and associated mineralization in

Thailand.Proc. Nat. Conf. Geologic Resources of Thailand: Potential for Future

Development.Dept. Min.Resources,Bangkok,17-24 November,1992,pp.522-538.

Lertlamnaphakul, P., 1998, Petrology and geochemistry of Liwong granite in Changwat

Songkha., Senior project Department of Degree Master of Science

Chulalongkorn University, 74 p. (unpubl.)

Lorchuenwong, S. 2006. Petrography and geochemistry of granites at Ban Thung Chedi,

Amphoe Suan Phung, Changwat Ratchaburi. Senior Project , Department of

Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University.60p.(unplubl)

Mahawat,C.,1982. The Petrology and Geochemistry of the Granitic Rocks of the Tak Batholith,

Thailand. Ph.D.thesis. Univ. of Liverpool, 241 p. (Unpubl.)

Nakapadungrat, S.and Putthapiban,P., 1992. Granite and Associated Mineralization in

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Thailand., Proc.Nat. Conf. Geologic Resources of Thailand: Potential for Future

Development. Dept.Min.Resources, Bangkok, 17-24 Nov., 1992. pp. 153-171.

Nantasin,P., 2004. Petrography and geochemistry of intrusive rocks at Ban Phosawan,

Amphoe Bung Samphan, Changwat Petchabun. M.Sc. thesis, Dept. Geology,

Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University. (Unpubl.)

Putthapiban,P., 1997.The half-ring granite complex at Ban That pluton, Loei province.

2540..140-144.

Streckeisen, A.L., 1976, To each plutonic rock its proper name: Earth Sci. Rev., v.12, p. 1 - 33.

Wingwon,M.,2006.Petrography and geochemistry of Igneous rock at Amphoe Tha Takiap,

Changwat Chachoengsao, Department of Geoogy,Faculty of Science,

Chulalongkorn University, 42 p.(Unpubl.)

Yaowachirapong, W. and Pakapat ,V.2001. Petrography and Major Element Geochemistry

of The Plutonic Rocks at Khao Mae Kae Amphoe Nongbau, Changwat

Nakornsawan Central Thailand. Senior Project, Department of Geology, Faculty

of Science, Chulalongkorn University.58p.(unplubl)

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APPENDIX

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APPENDIX I

LIST OF ROCK SAMPLE

Station Grid reference Sample no.Modal

analysisPetrography Geochemistry

1 867558 K-1 - # #

2 853547 K-2 # # #

3 852551

K-3A # # #

K-3B1 - # #

K-3B2 - # -

4 844554 K-4 # # #

5 825555 K-5 - # #

6 850551 K-6 # # #

7 845547 K-7 # # #

8 850555 K-8 # # #

9 807522 K-9A - # #K-9B - # #

10 752531 K-10 # # #

11 763554 K-11 # # #

12 766554 K-12 # # #

13 758530 K-13 # # #

14 784517 K-14# # #

15 737584 K-15 # # #

16 740580K-16A # # #

K-16B # # #

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APPENDIX II

ROCK SLAB STAININ

STAINING PREPARATION

It is recommended that the staining be accomplished beneath a fume hood because the

acids used are caustic. Good ventilation is necessary. We were able to use the college

chemistry laboratory for this. The staining process involves the use of three chemicals. First,

Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) is used to etch the polished surface. After that Amaranth is used to stain

the plagioclase on that surface a red color. Then Cobaltinitrite is used to stain any K-feldspar on

that surface a yellow color.

The ideal arrangement is to use two adjoining fume hoods. Beneath one fume hoodplace an open top non-corrosive container large enough to easily accept the flat polished

surface to be stained. Fill it, to a depth of about one-inch, with a 46-52 percent solution of

Hydrofluoric Acid. Do not fill it too high. You do not want the acid to spill over the sides when

you dip the rock face into the acid. Be careful, this acid is very caustic. Use a (HF) resistant

apron and gloves and ware eye protection goggles when handling Hydrofluoric Acid. Next to

the acid container place a large container of distilled water to serve as a rinsing bath. Under the

second fume hood p lace a similar container filled to an equal depth with a seven percentsolution of Amaranth. Amaranth (C2oHllN2Na3OlOS3) comes in powder form. Mix about 33 grams

of it per 500ml. of distilled water. Also under the same fume hood, and in another same size

container, place the same volume of a 20 percent solution of Sodium Cobaltinitrite

(Na3CO(NO2)6). It also comes in powder form. Mix about 20 grams of it per.100ml. of distilled

water. Next to each of these acids place a separate container of distilled water to serve as a

rinsing bath for each acid. Nearby this hood there should be a separate area for drying the

stained slabs. A blow dryer can be used or they can be left to dry overnight.

With the chemicals mixed and placed in the working areas, the next step is to begin the process

of staining.

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STAINING PROCEDURE

The staining is accomplished by following these steps:

Step 1: Dip the polished face, about 1/4 inch submerged, into the Hydrofluoric Acid for

approximately one minute.

Step 2: Rinse the wet slab face in the distilled water rinsing bath, next to the (HF), for 5-

10 seconds. This requires either gently moving the face around under the surface of the water,

or gently dipping the face in and out of the water several times.

Step 3: Dip the same face into the Amaranth solution for approximately 10 seconds.

Step 4: Now rinse off the Amaranth in its rinsing bath for approximately 5-10 seconds.

Follow the same rinsing method described in step 2 above.

Step 5: While holding the slab in a tilted position, allow any excess Amaranth to drain off

until the stained face is no longer "wet looking". A blow dryer can be used for this, but be very

careful not to blow off any of the red colored stain which has formed on the plagioclase

feldspar.

Step 6: Now you are ready to stain the K-feldspar. Dip the same face of the slab in the

same manner as above, into the solution of Sodium Cobaltnitrite for approximately 5 minute.

Step 7: Rinse off the Sodium Cobaltinitrite in the rinsing bath provided for this purpose.

Follow the same rinsing method as described is step 2. The K-feldspar should now be stained a

yellow color.Step 8: Dry off the slab as in step 5 being very careful not to blow away any of the thin

film of colored stain.

Step 9: Place the stained slab, face up, on a bed of paper towels and let dry under a

heat lamp for several minutes or leave to dry overnight. The staining is now completed. Any

plagioclase has taken on a red color and if there is any K-feldspar present it will be stained

yellow. Quartz and most ferromagnesian minerals will remain unstained and in their original

color.

Step 10:This step is optional. After the stained surface is completely dry you may want to

protect it by very gently spraying on a thin film of clear plastic. The type used to protect pastel

artwork. Otherwise the stained colors will smudge or rub off if not carefully handled.

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APPENDIX III

IMAGE PRO PLUS TECHNIQUES

Image Pro Plus is a software which is selected for study the modal analysis. It have

many ability such as measured size, counted size and classify. In this study, count size is

selected for study modal analysis. After studying this software, counting of area get the correct

data. So counting of area is used for modal analysis. The difference of color of objects are

important for process of count size.

The process of Image analysis is summarized ,as follow :1. The picture of rock slabs are put to the Image Pro Plus by scanning (Save as file type :

JPEG )

2. Opening the Image Pro Plus software (Fig. A-1)

3. The picture is opened by File Open (Fig.A-2) and it will shows Image file (Fig.A-3)

4. The color of picture is changed by Contrast Enhancement Tool (Fig.A-4) or Best Fit

Equalization Tool (Fig.A-5) and the pic ture is become more contrast color pic ture (Fig.A-

6).

5. Selected the Count /Size Tool and (Fig.A-7)

6. Selected the Select Color in Count /Size Tool for defining class of colors (Fig.A-8)

7. Selected the Count in Count /Size Tool for calculating all class of colors

8. Click the Ranges Statistics(Fig.A-9) for presented data of the counting (Fig.A-10)

9. Put the data to excel for plotted as diagram

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Figure A-1: The Image Pro Plus software

Figure A-2: The picture of Open File of Image Pro Plus software

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Figure A-3: The picture of Image file in Image Pro Plus software

Figure A-4: The picture of Contrast Enhancement Tool

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Figure A-5: The picture of Best Fit Equalization Tool

Figure A-6: The picture of Best Fit Equalization Tool

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Figure A-7: The picture of Count /Size Tool

Figure A-8: The picture of Select Color in Count /Size Tool for defining class of colors

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Figure A-9: The picture of the Ranges Statistics in Count /Size Tool for presented data of the

counting

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