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1
Peter Simmonds, Ph.D.,
ASHRAE Fellow and DL
Building and Systems Analytics
LLC
Marina Del Rey and Hong Kong
ASHRAE Design Guide for Tall, Super Tall and Mega Tall Building Systems
• Architectural Design,
• Façade Engineering.
• Climatic data
• Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort
• HVAC systems
• Central Mechanical Rooms and Floor by Floor Fans Rooms.
• Central Plants
• Water Distribution Systems
• Energy Modeling and Building Performance.
• Vertical transportation systems.
• Plumbing systems
• Life safety systems,
• High Rise Residential
• Electrical System Interfaces
• Intelligent Building and Controls2
Tall, which are buildings taller than 300m
Super tall, which are buildings taller than 300m
Mega tall, which are buildings taller than 600m 3
Plaza 66 Shanghai
4
Petronas Towers
5
Cheung Kong Center
6
Ping An Tower, Shenzhen
7
IFC 2 and ICC, Hong Kong
8
Pertamina Energy Tower
9
Burj Khalifa
10
Burj Khalifa
11
Greenland Group Suzhou Center
12
Kunming Junfa Dongfeng Square
13
Kunming Junfa Dongfeng Square
14
Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Centre
Chapter 2- Architectural Design,
• Architectural Design, this chapter will not include any discussion on the aesthetics of buildings but will discuss possible core layouts and emergency egress routes and refuge floors, from an architectural perspective. Floor efficiencies will also be outlined.
16
Architectural Designs-Core Layouts
17Page 16
Architectural Designs- Sections
18Page 26
Architectural Designs-Penetrations
19Page 21
Architectural Designs-Penetrations
20Page 23
Chapter 3-Façade Systems
• Façade Engineering. This chapter will not cover any structural engineering but will provide information on interpreting present day energy codes which present some stringent challenges for “tall, super tall and mega tall buildings”
21Page 27
The many functions of a facade
Façade Performance
external load15%
lighting26%
occupants16%
equipment43%
Chapter 3-Façade Systems
• Facades for tall buildings, leakage rates and pressure resistance. As the facade dimensions increase in proportion to the buildings height, so too does the requirement for limiting leakage rates and increasing pressure resistance of facades. 24Page 27
Chapter 4- Climate data
• The ambient climatic conditions vary with altitude and these changes in ambient conditions can seriously affect load calculations and performance of super and mega tall buildings.
25Page 37
Ambient Temperature St. Petersburg
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
27
,78
27
,68
27
,60
27
,52
27
,45
27
,37
27
,29
27
,21
27
,13
27
,05
26
,97
26
,89
26
,81
26
,73
26
,65
26
,58
26
,50
26
,42
26
,34
26
,26
26
,18
26
,10
26
,02
25
,94
25
,86
25
,78
25
,71
25
,63
25
,55
25
,47
25
,39
25
,31
25
,23
25
,15
25
,07
24
,99
24
,91
24
,83
24
,76
24
,68
24
,60
24
,52
24
,44
24
,36
24
,28
24
,20
24
,12
24
,04
23
,96
23
,89
Hei
ght
(m)
Temperature ©
Ambient Temperature St. Petersburg
-32,00
-31,00
-30,00
-29,00
-28,00
-27,00
-26,00
-25,00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Ou
tsid
e A
ir T
emp
erat
ure
©
Building height (M)
Air Pressure St.Petersburg
28
88,00
90,00
92,00
94,00
96,00
98,00
100,00
102,00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
AIR
PR
ESSU
RE
(KP
A)
BUILDING HEIGHT (M)
Climatic data
• The effect of ambient air temperature over the height of buildings, especially super tall and mega tall buildings. The ambient climatic conditions vary with altitude and these changes in ambient conditions can seriously affect load calculations and performance of super and mega tall buildings.
Wind +Buoyancy Driven
Stack Effect
31
Excel program
32
Excel Program
33
Building Configuration
34
Step 1
• Provide solutions for the façade designs proposed by the Architect including base design information, glazing analysis and calculations to ensure code compliance
35
Hanking Tower, Shenzhen
Step 2
• Calculate external loads per floor for cooling loads verification and compliance with Energy Code.
38
Summer China Energy Code Morphosis Proposed design
Tower m m2
no of
floors Area U value out temp in temp delta T energy Area U value out temp in temp delta T energy
Height 2.7 m2 W/m2.K C C K W m2 W/m2.K C C K W
Floors 1
Floor Area 2,300
North Elevation 54 146 146 3 33.7 25 8.7 3,805 146 1.6 33.7 25 8.7 2,030
South Elevation 72 194 194 3 33.7 25 8.7 5,074 194 1.6 33.7 25 8.7 2,706
East Elevation 27 73 73 3 33.7 25 8.7 1,903 73 1.6 33.7 25 8.7 1,015
West Elevation 28 76 76 3 33.7 25 8.7 1,973 76 1.6 33.7 25 8.7 1,052
489 12,755 489 6,803
Winter China Energy Code Morphosis Proposed design
Tower m m2
no of
floors Area U value out temp in temp delta T energy Area U value out temp in temp delta T energy
Height 2.7 m2 W/m2.K C C K W m2 W/m2.K C C K W
Floors 1
Floor Area 2,300
North Elevation 54 146 146 3 6.9 20 13.1 5,730 146 1.6 6.9 20 13.1 3,056
South Elevation 72 194 194 3 6.9 20 13.1 7,640 194 1.6 6.9 20 13.1 4,075
East Elevation 27 73 73 3 6.9 20 13.1 2,865 73 1.6 6.9 20 13.1 1,528
West Elevation 28 76 76 3 6.9 20 13.1 2,971 76 1.6 6.9 20 13.1 1,585
489 19,206 489 10,243
External Loads per Floor
Solar Radiation
Summer China Energy Code Morphosis Proposed design - June
Tower m m2
no of
floors Area
Height 2.7 m2
Floors level 6 through 21 1 SC solar energy Area SC W/m2 energy
Floor Area 1,869 W/m2 W m2 C W
North Elevation 54 146 146 0.45 80 5,249 146 0.18 80 2,100
South Elevation 72 194 194 0.35 324 22,045 194 0.18 324 11,337
East Elevation 27 73 73 0.35 186 4,746 73 0.18 186 2,441
West Elevation 28 76 76 0.45 186 6,328 76 0.18 186 2,531
489 38,367 18,409
WinterChina Energy Code Morphosis Proposed design - June
Tower m m2
no of
floors Area
Height 2.7 m2
Floors level 6 through 21 1 SC solar energy Area SC W/m2 energy
Floor Area 1,869 W/m2 W m2 C W
North Elevation 54 146 146 0.45 40 2,624 146 0.18 40 1,050
South Elevation 72 194 194 0.35 391 26,604 194 0.18 391 13,682
East Elevation 27 73 73 0.35 260 6,634 73 0.18 260 3,412
West Elevation 28 76 76 0.45 260 8,845 76 0.18 260 3,538
489 44,707 21,681
Envelope Loads
China Energy Code Summer Morphosis Design Summer
floor area
solar
radiation transmission total
w/m2
envelope
load floor area
solar
radiation transmissiontotal
w/m2
envelope
load
2300 38,367 12,755 51,122 22 2300 18,409 6,803 25,211 11
China Energy Code Winter Morphosis Design Winter
floor area
solar
radiation transmission total
w/m2
envelope
load floor area
solar
radiation transmissiontotal
w/m2
envelope
load
2300 0 19,206 19,206 8 2300 0 10,243 10,243 4
Step 3
• Provide preliminary annual simulation results for the building and base systems
42
Energy Analysis
Area DescriptionFloor Area m2/ People m3/h/ OA PeoplePeople Lights
Lighting Equip. Equip.
Envelope Lights People
Cooling TOTAL space
Total space coolin
gAir
Load
Cooling total total
(m2) person (No.) person(m3/h
r)(W/m2
)Sched
ule(W/m2
)Sched
ule(W/m2
)Sched
ule(W/m2
) Factor (kW)(W/m2
) (kW)Coolin
gtotal air airflow airflow
at peak 70W/
(W/m2)
(W/m2) (m3/hm2) (m3/h)
load person 11.033 1141 10 114 35 3,990 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 10.26 67 76 0 0 76 67 16.8 19,11232 1141 10 114 35 3,990 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 10.26 67 76 0 0 76 67 16.8 19,11231 1312 10 131 35 4,585 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 11.79 67 88 0 0 88 67 16.8 21,97630 1312 10 131 35 4,585 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 11.79 67 88 0 0 88 67 16.8 21,97629 1706 10 171 35 5,985 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 15.39 67 114 0 0 114 67 16.8 28,57628 1706 10 171 35 5,985 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 15.39 67 114 0 0 114 67 16.8 28,57627 1706 10 171 35 5,985 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 15.39 67 114 0 0 114 67 16.8 28,57626 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,82025 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,82024 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,820
Refuge floor 23 1270 50 25 35 875 1.4 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 5 8 to 18 30 1 2.25 46 58 0 0 58 46 11.5 14,605refuge floor 22 1270 50 25 35 875 1.4 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 5 8 to 18 30 1 2.25 46 58 0 0 58 46 11.5 14,605
21 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,82020 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,82019 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,82018 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,82017 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,82016 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,82015 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,82014 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,82013 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,820
refuge floor 12 1270 50 25 35 875 1.4 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 5 8 to 18 30 1 2.25 46 58 0 0 58 46 11.5 14,60511 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,82010 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,820
9 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,8208 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,8207 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,8206 1840 10 184 35 6,440 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.56 67 123 0 0 123 67 16.8 30,8205 2570 10 257 35 8,995 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 23.13 67 172 0 0 172 67 16.8 43,0484 2570 10 257 35 8,995 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 23.13 67 172 0 0 172 67 16.8 43,0483 2570 10 257 35 8,995 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 23.13 67 172 0 0 172 67 16.8 43,0482 1800 10 180 35 6,300 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 16.2 67 121 0 0 121 67 16.8 30,1501 2400 10 240 35 8,400 7 8 to 18 10 8 to 18 20 8 to 18 30 1 21.6 67 161 0 0 161 67 16.8 40,200
3,703 925,7703,703 l/s 257,158
43
Step 4
• Confirm load calculations and airflow rates for conventional building systems (VAV etc.) and proposed systems (Active Beams etc.)
44
Required Supply Air Volumes
• Summer
– Code VAV = (61,000m3/h)
– HP VAV = (42,000 m3/h)
– HP AB = (8,300 m3/h)
– Winter
– Code = 5.4 m3/s (19,440 m3/h)
– HP =5.4 m3/s (19,440 m3/h)
45
Step 5
• Provide preliminary Thermal Comfort studies of typical a typical floor to show occupant comfort conditions with an Energy Code compliant façade and the architects proposed façade
46
Chapter 5 - Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort
• Ventilation and Thermal Comfort, this chapter provides guidance on required ventilation aspects of tall buildings, especially when investigating the possibility of naturally ventilating spaces such as residential or even offices. The thermal comfort of occupants is also import, not only due to the large amount of occupants in these buildings but also to be used when evaluating glazing (MRT), specific HVAC systems and the application of natural ventilation when assessing occupant comfort by the adaptive comfort method.
47
Ventilation
– Provide Appropriate Air and Quantities for Each Room or Zone
• Continuously Monitor and Control Outdoor Air Delivery
• Effectively Distribute Ventilation Air to the Breathing Zone
• Effectively Distribute Ventilation Air to Multiple Spaces
• Use Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems Where Appropriate
• Use Demand-Controlled Ventilation Where Appropriate
• Use Natural or Mixed-Mode Ventilation Where Appropriate
48
Pearl River
49
What is Thermal Comfort
• Space dry bulb temperature
• Space humidity content
• Space air movement
• Space Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT)
• Occupants are seated
• Clothing may vary
50
Thermal Comfort – GZDI Design
51
Thermal Comfort
52
Thermal Comfort
53
Chapter 6 - HVAC systems
• HVAC systems will be presented and will include traditional systems:
– Overhead VAV
– Fan Coils
– Underfloor Air Distribution
– Displacement Ventilation
– and some newer trends such as:
– Radiant Systems (both ceiling panels and embedded systems)
– Active and Passive beams
– VRV Systems
– VAV + (variable speed fan coils)
54
Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide
Active and Passive Beam Application Design Guide is the result of collaboration by worldwide experts to give system designers a current, authoritative guide on successfully applying active and passive beam technology.
55
Step 6
• Provide a Basis of Design document that includes a schematic design basis, outlining the design intent and design criteria for the HVAC systems and a narrative of the proposed designs.
56
Typical floor
TYPICAL FLOOR
SUMMER China Energy code Climate Façade Difference % Difference
Transmission 30,964 16,514 14,450 46.67%
solar Radiation 90,441 34,359 56,081 62.01%
total 121,404 50,873 70,531 58.10%
WINTER China Energy code Climate Façade Difference % Difference
Transmission -103,212 -55,046 -48,166 46.67%
solar Radiation 105,195 177,324 72,129 40.68%
total 1,983 122,278
57
Required Supply Air Volumes
• Summer
– Code VAV = (61,000m3/h)
– HP VAV = (42,000 m3/h)
– HP AB = (8,300 m3/h)
– Winter
– Code = 5.4 m3/s (19,440 m3/h)
– HP =5.4 m3/s (19,440 m3/h)
58
Annual Electric Consumption
12 000 000
12 500 000
13 000 000
13 500 000
14 000 000
14 500 000
15 000 000
CEC VAV VAV Active Beams VAV +
kWh
Alternatives
Annual Electric Consumption kWh
59
Fan Power
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
CEC VAV VAV Active Beams VAV +
kW
alternatives
Fan Power kW
60
CO2 Emissions
9 200
9 400
9 600
9 800
10 000
10 200
10 400
10 600
10 800
11 000
11 200
11 400
CEC VAV VAV Active Beams VAV +
ton
s C
O2
Alternatives
CO2 Emmissions
61
Chapter 7 - Central Mechanical Rooms and Floor by Floor Fans Rooms
• Mechanical, Electrical and IT equipment rooms are always worth discussing and these are included.
• Also a spreadsheet is included that illustrates a central air distribution system and a floor by floor distribution system
• (the spreadsheet also includes data on air distribution systems when using hybrid systems such as radiant and beam systems)
62
Central Mechanical Equipment Room and Floor-by-Floor Rooms
63Page 85
Building Single Line Diagram
64
Chapter 8 Central Heating and Cooling Plants
• Central Plants, these are still fairly traditional, but new specifics are presented.
65
Chapter 9- Water Distribution Systems
• Water Distribution Systems, this chapter has been revised to include specifics for modern day mega tall buildings, 600m +
• (the guide also includes a spreadsheet which presents pressure loss calculations for super tall and mega tall buildings)
66
Water Distribution Systems
67
Chilled water temperature differentials
SI IP OR SI IP
supply return ΔT supply return ΔT supply return ΔT supply return ΔT
6 14 8 42.8 57.2 14.4 5.6 13.3 7.7 42 56 14
4.5 14 9.5 40.1 57.2 17.1 4.4 13.3 8.9 40 56 16
3 14 11 37.4 57.2 19.8 3.3 13.3 10 38 56 18
1.5 14 12.5 34.7 57.2 22.5 2.2 13.3 11.1 36 56 20
supply return ΔT supply return ΔT supply return ΔT supply return ΔT
6 12 6 42.8 53.6 10.8 5.6 12.2 6.6 42 54 12
4.5 12 7.5 40.1 53.6 13.5 4.4 12.2 7.8 40 54 14
3 12 9 37.4 53.6 16.2 3.3 12.2 8.9 38 54 16
1.5 12 10.5 34.7 53.6 18.9 2.2 12.2 10 36 54 18
68
Chilled water distribution
height
Cooling load per floor including OSA (kW)
90.1 temp difference 6.7C- 13C (kg/s)
cumalative flow rate kg/s pipe size
pressure drop (Pa/m)
static pressure drop (Pa)
603 220 8.31 80 170 61530
598.5 220 8.31 17 100.00 190.00 1710
594 220 8.31 25 125.00 130.00 1170
589.5 220 8.31 33 150.00 80.00 720
585 220 8.31 42 150.00 140.00 1260
580.5 220 8.31 50 175.00 100.00 900
576 220 8.31 58 175.00 130.00 1170
571.5 221 8.35 67 175.00 130.00 1170
567 220 8.31 75 200.00 90.00 810
562.5 220 8.31 83 200.00 110.00 990
558 220 8.31 91 250.00 40.00 360
553.5 220 8.31 100 250.00 50.00 450
549 220 8.31 108 250.00 60.00 540
544.5 220 8.31 116 250.00 70.00 630
540 220 8.31 125 250.00 80.00 720
535.5 220 8.31 133 250.00 90.00 810
531 220 8.31 141 250.00 120.00 1080
69
Chilled water distribution310.5 220 6.72 517 500.00 40.00 360
306 220 6.72 524 500.00 40.00 360
301.5 220 6.72 530 500.00 40.00 360
297 220 6.72 537 500.00 40.00 360
292.5 220 6.72 544 500.00 40.00 360
288 220 6.72 550 500.00 40.00 360
283.5 220 6.72 557 500 75 675
279 220 6.72 564 500 75 675
274.5 220 6.72 571 500 75 675
270 220 6.72 577 500 75 675
265.5 220 6.72 584 500 75 675
261 220 6.72 591 500 75 675
256.5 220 6.72 597 500 75 675
252 220 6.72 604 500.00 80.00 720
247.5 220 6.72 611 500.00 80.00 720
243 220 6.72 618 500.00 80.00 720
238.5 220 6.72 624 500.00 80.00 720
234 220 6.72 631 500.00 80.00 720
229.5 220 6.72 638 500.00 80.00 720
225 220 6.72 644 500.00 80.00 720
220.5 220 6.72 651 500.00 80.00 720
216 220 6.72 658 500.00 80.00 720
211.5 220 6.72 665 500.00 80.00 720
207 220 6.72 671 500.00 80.00 720 ASHRAE 90.1
202.5 220 6.72 678 500.00 80.00 720 kPa kW kW
686.33 81240 121 229 237
198 220 5.63 684 500.00 80.00 60720 zone 1
70
Pump power
metric 4th zone for 177 kg/s at 1244 kPa = 62 kW
metric 3rd zone for 439 kg/s at 1241 kPa = 153 kW
metric 2nd zone for 701 kg/s at 1242 Pa = 244 kW
metric 1st zone for 832 kg/s at 930 kPa = 217 kW
71
Chapter 10 - Energy Modeling and Authentication
• This is a new chapter and provides information on how to model tall buildings and their systems and most importantly how to authenticate the proposed energy usage.
• Energy calculations and consumption for tall buildings. Nearly all new buildings are required to comply with building energy codes in many cases based on ASHRAE Standard 90.1 and therefore the energy performance calculations become critical.
72
Office Configuration
73
Energy Use Intensity (EUI)
• This new design guide presents EUI data when modeling buildings and data from existing buildings which are used to “guide” the energy modeling results and the performance of the building being designed.
kWh/m2 Kbtu/ft2
Base Case (VAV) 292 93
VAV+ HP Glass 284 90
Active Beams 264 84
VAV + 266 84
VRV 241 76
74
Vertical transportation systems.
• Vertical transportation systems. Vertical transportation has improved dramatically in the last 10 years, not only due to the different building types in tall buildings but also lift technology and logistics of people movement.
75
Chapter 12- Plumbing systems
• Plumbing systems this chapter includes information on traditional plumbing systems but also specifics such as grey and black water systems.
76
Chapter 13- Life safety systems,
• Life safety systems, this chapter contains new code requirements and solutions for life safety systems in tall buildings
77
Chapter 14- High Rise Residential
• High Rise Residential, this is a new chapter with specifics for residential spaces in tall buildings
• Natural ventilation for tall buildings. During the past couple of years there has been frequent requests for spaces to be naturally ventilated. Ambient conditions at higher levels are often complicated and therefore natural ventilation design becomes critical.
78
Natural Ventilation
79
• Buoyancy driven
• Wind driven
Hypothesis
• A human being occupying a conditioned space or a naturally ventilated space will have the same sensations
80
Ambient Temperature St. Petersburg
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
27
,78
27
,68
27
,60
27
,52
27
,45
27
,37
27
,29
27
,21
27
,13
27
,05
26
,97
26
,89
26
,81
26
,73
26
,65
26
,58
26
,50
26
,42
26
,34
26
,26
26
,18
26
,10
26
,02
25
,94
25
,86
25
,78
25
,71
25
,63
25
,55
25
,47
25
,39
25
,31
25
,23
25
,15
25
,07
24
,99
24
,91
24
,83
24
,76
24
,68
24
,60
24
,52
24
,44
24
,36
24
,28
24
,20
24
,12
24
,04
23
,96
23
,89
Hei
ght
(m)
Temperature ©
ASHRAE 55- Mean monthly
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
0,00 5,00 10,00 15,00 20,00 25,00 30,00 35,00
Op
era
tive
Te
mp
era
ture
, °C
Mean Monthly Outdoor Temperature, °C
March April May June July August September
October November 90% Upper 90% Lower 80% Upper 80% Lower
82
Weekly Running Mean Temperature
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
22,0
24,0
26,0
28,0
30,0
32,0
34,0
36,0
38,0
40,0
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0
Op
era
tive
Te
mp
era
ture
, °C
Outdoor Weekly Running Mean Temperature, °C
83
Climate Analysis
84
High Rise Condo with Operable Windows
85
Natural VentilationTable: Natural Ventilation Top 10 Feasibility QuestionsData to Review Question to be Asked (If Answer is Yes, Move to Next Question)
1. Building EnvelopeIs the building envelope performance optimized to minimize solar gain into the building? Target a maximum total solar
load of 4 W/ft2 of sun patch floor area in a cooling condition.
2. Internal Heat LoadsIs the total internal heat load minimized to less than 2 W/ft2 for naturally conditioned space or, within the cooling capacity
of auxiliary systems?
3. Weather Normals: Mean
Maximum/ Mean MinimumIn looking at the climate data’s monthly mean minimum and mean maximum, are there at least six
months where the monthly maximum is less than 80°F but mean minimum is higher than 32°F?
4. Frequency of Occurrence
Psychrometric ChartIn further looking at climate data, does the frequency of occurrence psychrometric chart for occupied
hours have more than 30% of the time between 60°F to 80°F and less than 70% relative humidity?
5. Ambient Environment, Possible
Locations of Openings
Is the surrounding environment suitable for direct intake of air from outside? (i.e., there are no
security concerns, the ambient environment is sufficiently quiet, air quality meets Standard 62.1
standards, openings are not near street level, near highways or industrial plants, or at elevation of a
neighbor’s discharge).6. Window Locations and Sizes,
Accessibility
Can the equivalent of 4% to 5% of the floor area as window opening area be found with direct access
to the window by everyone within 20 ft.?7. Wind Rose, Feasible Flow Paths:
Inlet to Outlet Under All Wind
Conditions
Can one rely on wind-driven effects for cooling? Is there a direct low-pressure airflow path from a low-
level opening to a high-level opening within the space, and will it be preserved once furniture/TI work
is complete?
8. High Afternoon TemperaturesDoes the climate have regular outside air temperatures over 80°F? If yes, review whether exposed
thermal mass is possible.
9. Diurnal Range on Hot Days
Does the climate have a diurnal range that has nighttime temperatures below 65°F for at least 8 hours
a night on the worst-case days? If yes, move to multizone modeling of thermal mass and consider
night purge.10. Dew-Point Temperatures
Throughout Year
Throughout the year, do you have consistent outside air dew points throughout the year of less than
64°F? If yes, move to multizone modeling and consider a radiant cooling system.86
Beijing Pollution
87
Chapter 15- Electrical System Interfaces
• Electrical System Interfaces, this chapter deals with difference between landlord electrical supply and tenants electrical supply as well as the diverse requirements for standby power in a modern day tall building
88
Chapter 16- Intelligent Building and Controls
• Information Technology. This new chapter presents some of the many requirements of modern day tall buildings
89
Smart Building Systems
90
Intelligent Building and Controls
91
