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Contents
Errata
Language Index
The IPA chart
Part I: Intoductory concepts
1. Articulatory Phonetics
2. Phonology and Phonetic Transcription
Part II: English phonetics
3. The Consonants of English
4. English Vowels
5. English Words and Sentences
Part III: General phonetics
6. Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types
7. Place and Manner of Articulation
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8. Acoustic Phonetics
9. Vowels and Vowel-like Articulations
10. Syllables and Suprasegmental Features
11. Linguistic Phonetics
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ErrataUnfortunately there were some errors in the first printing of the 4th. edition of A Course in Phonetics. Onthe IPA chart on the inside of the cover page, in the consonant chart, the symbol for a retroflex plosive iswrong, and should be as shown below:
The vowel chart also had a number of errors as shown below: The red circle items were wrong or omitted,the blue circle items were badly shaped.
Errata
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/errata.html (1 of 3) [23/11/2001 08:40:40]
In Chapter 5, Table 5.5 has been printed with 5 columnsinstead of four. It should be as follows:
Table 5.5. (1) Optional pre-nuclear pitch accents on stressedsyllables (2)Nuclear pitch accents (3)Phrase accents(4)Boundary tones.
1 2 3 4
H* H*
L* L*
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L + H* L + H* L- H%
L* + H L* + H
H + !H* H + !H* H- L%
(!H*) (!H*)
Errata
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Language Index
!Xóõ Clicks Chapter 6
British Americanunstressed vowels
Chapter 2
Burmese Chapter 11
EweChapter 7
Chapter 11
Gujarati
Chapter 6
French vowels
Chapter 9
Chapter 11
French uvulars Chapter 7
German vowels
Chapter 11
Greek Chapter 11
Hausa Chapter 6
Hindi Chapter 6
Italian Chapter 7
Lakhota Chapter 6
Malayalam Chapter 7
Nama Chapter 6
Navajo Chapter 11
Polish Chapter 7
Quechua Chapter 7
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Sindhi Chapter 6
Swedish Chapter 11
Thai Chapter 6
V'enen Taut Chapter 7
Vietnamese Chapter 11
Xhosa Chapter 6
Zulu clicks
Chapter 6
Chapter 11
Zulu laterals
Chapter 7
Chapter 11
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!Xóõ click places ofarticulation
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Back to Chapter 9 contents
Table 2.2
General American and British English Vowels
Click on a word to hear it pronounced in a General American accent.
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Click on a word to hear it pronounced in a British English accent.
British English Vowels
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Return to Performance exercises Chapter 11
Performance Exercises 11 C Burmese
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Ewe
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Performance Exercises 11 E Ewe
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Table 6.5 Gujarati
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Performance Exercises 11 G French
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French
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Return to Performance exercisesChapter 11
Performance Exercises 11 H German
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Performance Exercises 11 D Greek
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Hausa implosives, ejectivesand laryngealizedconsonants
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Table 6.7 Hindi
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Italian
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Table 6.1 Lakhota ejectives
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Table 7.1 Malayalam
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Nama Clicks
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Performance Exercises 11 A Navajo
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Polish
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Table 7.2 Quechua
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Return to Performance exercisesChapter 11
Performance Exercises 11 I Swedish
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Table 6.6 Thai
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V'enen Taut
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Performance Exercises 11 J Vietnamese
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Table 6.3 Xhosa
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Zulu clicks
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Performance Exercises 11 B Zulu clicks
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Zulu
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Performance Exercises 11 F Zulu laterals
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Return to contents page for Vowels and Consonants
Chapter 1To hear the whole row of the Consonants, click on the name of the manner of articulation.
ipachart
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Return to the IPA chart
This is half the consonant chart.To hear the sounds before a vowel press onthe left side of thesymbol; to hear the sounds between two vowels press on the
right.
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This is half theconsonant chart. To hear the sounds before a vowel press ontheleft side of the symbol; to hear the sounds between two vowelspress on the
right.
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This is the vowel chart. To hear the sounds click on a symbol.
Primary Cardinal Vowels ............................SecondaryCardinal Vowels
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This is the 'clicks' chart. Click on symbol to hear the sound.
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This is the 'other symbols' chart. To hear the sounds clickon the symbol.
others
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1 Articulatory Phonetics
The Vocal Organs
Voicing
Places of ArticulationThe Oro-Nasal ProcessManners of ArticulationThe Articulation of Vowel Sounds
SuprasegmentalsStress variations and pitch variationsExercises
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Vocal OrgansClick on the [ffffvvvvvfffffvvvvv]to hear the voicing contrasts and then say ityourself
ffffvvvvvfffffvvvvv
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Sress Variation
Click on a word to hear it.
Click on an arrow to hear the row or column.
Pitch Variation"That'sa cat"
"That's a cat?"
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2 Phonology and Phonetic Transcription
The Transcription of Consonants
Table 2.1The Transcription of Vowels
Table 2.2
Unstressed vowelsExercisesConsonant and Vowel ChartsPhonologyExercisesPerformance Exercises
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Table 2.1
Click on a word in red to hear it pronounced in a GeneralAmerican accent.
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Unstressed Vowels
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Performance Exercises A Chapter 2
Click on the symbols to hear them pronounced.
Performance Exercises B Chapter 2
Performance Exercises C Chapter 2
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Performance Exercises D Chapter 2
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3 The Consonants of English
Stop Consonants
Table 3.1 Stop allophones
Stops following'S'
London Cockney
Glottal stops
Nasals and lateral plosion
FricativesAffricatesApproximantsRules for English Consonant AllophonesDiacriticsExercisesPerformance Exercises
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Table3.1
Words illustrating allophones of English stop consonants.
Click on a word or arrow to hear the sounds.
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Stops following [s]
Click on either the words or arrows to hear the words or rowsprounounced.
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London Cockney
Click on the transcription tohear the word pronounced
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Glottal Stops
Click on the symbols or arrows to hear thewords pronounced
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Nasal and Lateral Plosion
Click on the symbols to hear the words pronounced
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Performance Exercises for Chapter 3
Click on the symbols to hear the words pronounced
C
D
E
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4 English VowelsAmerican and British vowels (Chapter 2)
English Phonetic DictionariesVowel QualityUnstressed SyllablesTense and Lax VowelsRules for English Vowel AllophonesExercisesPerformance Exercises
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Performance Exercises Chapter 4
A
B
E
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5 English Wordsand Sentences
Strong and Weak FormsTable 5.11
StressDegrees of StressSentence StressIntonation
Examples 17-19,20-24Target TonesExercises
PerformanceExercises
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Table 5.1
Strong and weak forms of some common English words.
Click on a phrase to hear it pronounced.
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Examples 17-19
Examples 20-24
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Performance Exercise A Chapter 5.
British English
American English
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6 Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation TypesAirstream MechanismsHausa ejective and laryngealized sounds
Table 6.1 -Lakhota
Table 6.2 - Sindhi
Table 6.3 - Xhosa
Zulu clicks
Nama Clicks
!Xóõ Clicks
States of the Glottis
Table 6.5- Gujarati
Table 6.6 Thai
Voice onset time
Table 6.7 Hindi
Exercises
PerformanceExercises
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Table 6.2 Sindhi stops
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Chapter 6 Performance exercisesA and B
C
D
F and G
H and I
J,K and L
M
N
P
Q
S and T
U
V
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7 Place and Manner of Articulation
Ewe
V'enen Taut
Malayalam
Quechua
Italian
Polish
French Uvulars
Zulu
Performance Exercises
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Performance Exercises Chapter7
A, B, C
D &E
F &G
H & I
J, K & L
M
N & O
P
Q
S & T
U
W
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Diagrams for Chapter8
Figure 8.1 The waveform duringa short period (a little over two vocal fold vibrations) in mypronunciation of [A], as in "caught."
Figure 8.2 Acoustic recordsof the phrase "Jane, Pat and John" The upper part ofthe figure shows the fundamental frequency (pitch). Thewaveform,with a narrow phonetic transcription, is below it. At the bottomthere is a time scale.
Figure 8
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Figure 8.3 The waveformof the phrase "We saw three dogs" and underneath ita record of the intensity in dB.
Figure 8.4 Waveforms of "Saypat now; say pad now; say bad now; say spat now." Only thefirst of these phrases has been segmented. Youshould try to segmentthe other three phrases yourself.
Figure 8
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Figure 8.5 Waveform and pitchrecords of "Bonny told Peter she'd plans to leave,"said in two different ways.
Figure 8
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Figure8.7 Aspectrogram of the words "heed, hid,head, had, hod, hawed, hood, who'd" as spoken by a male speakerof American English. The locationsof the first three formantsare shown be arrows.
Figure 8.8 A spectrogram ofthe words "heed, hid, head, had, hod, hawed, hood, who’d"as spoken in a British accent. The locations of thefirst threeformants are shown be arrows.
Figure 8
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Figure 8.9 A formant chartshowing the frequency of the first formant on the ordinate (thevertical axis) plotted against second formant onthe abscissa(the horizontal axis) for eight American English vowels. The scalesare marked in Hz, arranged at Bark scale intervals.
Figure 8.10 A blank formantchart for showing the relation between vowels. Using the informationin Figures 8.7 and 8.8, plot the frequencyof the first formanton the ordinate (the vertical axis) and the second formant onthe abscissa (the horizontal axis).
Figure 8
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Figure 8.11 A spectrogramof the words "a bab, a dad, a gag".
Figure 8.12 A spectrogramof "a Pam, a tan, a kang". The arrows indicate the oralclosures forming the nasal consonants.
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Figure 8.13 A spectrogramof "fie, thigh, sigh, shy". The frequency scale goesup to 8,000 Hz in this figure. The arrows mark the onsets ofthesecond formant transitions. Only the first word is shown in full.The second part of the diphthong has been deleted for the otherwords.
Figure 8.14 A spectrogramof "ever, weather, fizzer, pleasure".
Figure 8.15 A spectrogramof "led, red, wed, yell".
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Figure 8.16 A spectrogramof "She came back and started again".
Figure 8.17 A spectrogramof "I should have thought spectrograms were unreadable."Spoken in a normal, but rapid, conversational style(British English).
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Figure 8.18 A spectrogramof "He left here three days ago".
Figure 8.19 A spectrogramof an ordinary English sentence containing no names (British accent).
Figure 8.20 Wide-band (upper partof the figure) and narrow-band (lower part) spectrogram of thequestion "Is Pat sad, or mad?" The 5tth,10tth and 15thharmonics have been marked by white squares in two of the vowels.
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Figure 8.21 A spectrogramof the words "heed, hid, head, had, hod, hawed, hood, who'd"as spoken by a female speaker of AmericanEnglish. The locationsof the first three formants are shown be arrows.
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Figure 8.22 A formant chartshowing some of the vowels of two speakers of Californian English.The frequency of the first formant is plottedon the ordinate(the vertical axis), and the difference between the frequenciesof the second and first formants is plotted on the abscissa(thehorizontal axis).
Exercise A
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8. Exercise B
8. Exercise C
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Chapter 9
Cardinal Vowels
Secondary Cardinal Vowels
Vowels in Other Languages
Spanish
Japanese
Danish
Russian palatization
Advanced Tongue Root (ATR) AkanRhotacized Vowels American EnglishNasalization FrenchVowelsSummary of Vowel QualitySemivowels French ApproximantsSecondary ArticulationExercisesPerformance Exercises
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Cardinal VowelsSets of cardinal vowels produced by Daniel Jones in1956
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
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Secondary Cardinal Vowels
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SpanishVowels
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JapaneseVowels
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Danish Vowels
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Russian palatization
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Akan Vowels
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Return to Performance exercises Chapter 11
Performance Exercises 11 G French semivowels
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Return to Contents Chapter 9
Performance Exercises Chapter 9
A & B
B
C
E
F
G
H
I
J
L
N
O
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Chapter 10
SyllablesStressLength Danish VowelsPitch Thai Tones, Chinese(standard) tonesStress, Tone and Pitch Accent Languages JapaneseExercises
Performance Exercises
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Thai tones
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Chinese(Standard) tones
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Japanese
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Performance Exercises Chapter 10
A
B
C
E
F
G
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11 LinguisticPhoneticsControlling articulatory movementsThe Balance between Phonetic ForcesThe International PhoneticAlphabetFeature Hierarchy
Performance Exercises Chapter 11
A Navajo
B Zulu clicks
C Burmese
D Greek
E Ewe
F Zulu laterals
G French
French semivowels
H German
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I Swedish
J Vietnamese
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