Pest Management Strategies for Selected Crops in the Cordillera

Region, Philippines

Bureau of Plant IndustryBaguio National Crop Research Development

and Production Support CenterGuisad, Baguio City, Philippines

Asia Pacific Sustainable Agriculture and Development ConferenceAsia Pacific Theological Seminary, Ambuklao Rd., Baguio City

February 6 -9, 2018

Maritess A. Alimurung

Map of the Philippines

The Cordillera Administrative Region(CAR) which is located in the Northernpart of Luzon Island comprises 6provinces (Benguet, Mt. Province,Ifugao, Kalinga, Abra and Apayao) andthe regional center is the urbanized cityof Baguio.

Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) Philippines

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Agriculture in the Cordillera Region

Agriculture is an important source of income in the region anddifferent commodities are being grown in the differentprovinces.

The region are known for semi‐temperate vegetables and fruitcrops (strawberry and citrus) and these are mostly beingproduced in the province of Benguet and some parts of Mt.Province .

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Crop Production SystemConventional method is mostly being practiced however, other production systems are now being strengthened or promoted by different institutions/agencies 

Other production system or practices: Organic Agriculture Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Integrated Farming Natural Farming Farming under protected condition Urban and container gardening

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Production under protected condition

Production under protected condition (plastichouses,nethouses, greenhouse) using available material isbeing encouraged for different reasons:• for continous production and supply of produce• off season production of high‐valued crops• reduce side effects climate change• better management of pests and diseases

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Big farmsCabbage

Nethouse/ Screenhouse

Plastichouses using available local materials

Temporary shelters using plastic sheets

VEGETABLE PRODUCTION UNDER PROTECTED CONDITION

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Backyard and urban gardeningProduction under backyard and urban areas are also beingencouraged for the following reasons:To have available supply of safe and quality vegetables athomeimprove nutrition in the community and also haveadditional income urban gardening being promoted to reduce pollution andencourage recycling of waste (recycling containers forcontainer gardening, composting kitchen waste forfertilizer)

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Backyard and urban farming

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Pests and Diseases Even with improved cultural practices on different farmingsystem, production is still being limited due to different factors

attack of pests and diseases is one of the major factor and iscommon in all production system being practiced

Pesticides are commonly used to control the problem however,due to different side effects to human and the environment,other practices or strategies are being promoted based on studiesconducted and experiences of farmers who did trial and error

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WHY MANAGE PESTS AND DISEASES ?

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• destroy or damage the plants or its parts by: 

‐ feeding/destroying the plants‐ transmitting diseases

Pests and Diseases

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ATTACK  PLANTS CAUSE/DAMAGE RESULTS

abnormal plant growthanddevelopment  

death of severely affected  plants/parts

Chew plant tissues

Suck plant juice 

transmitplantdiseases

LOW PRODUCTION

POOR QUALITY OFPRODUCE

LOW OR NO INCOME

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infect plants 

Pests and Diseases

How to manage pests and diseases?

• Monitor the farm or plants• Check the status of plants• Check and identify problems (pests, diseases and other problems?)

• Solve/remedy identified problem/s

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1. To determine if they are beneficial or destructive

a. Beneficial or useful insects/ organisms• Pollinators and honey producers• soil decomposers• Aesthetic value

• Natural enemies (predators/parasites of other insects)

Why do we need to identify pests and diseases ?

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b. Destructive organisms  ‐ pests/insect pests‐ pathogenic organisms (diseases)

• Feed/attack plants or plant parts

• Transmit plant diseases     (vectors)

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2. Basis for implementing control measures (for pests and diseases)

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HOW TO IDENTIFY PESTS AND DISEASES ?

1.  The kind of plants affected or attacked2. The parts of plants affected

Could be identified thru:

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3. The life stages and morphological characteristics (for pests)

4.  Laboratory identification  

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CATERPILLAR AND BUTTERFLY

Egg Caterpillar or larva

Pupa

Adult or butterfly 17

LIFE CYCLE OF INSECTSa. Complete metamorphosis

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eggs

Nymph(Immature stages)

Adult bug

b. Incomplete metamorphosis EX. (CAPSID BUGS)

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Could be identified thru:5. The symptoms or damage on plants

Holes on different plant parts

Discoloration and malformation

Wilting, yellowing, stunting

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Through symptoms or damage observed on plants, type or classification of pests and diseases could be identified:

Pests

Chewing

Sucking

Boring

Diseases

Fungi

Bacteria

Virus

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RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND INPUTS FOR PESTS AND

DISEASE MANAGEMENT

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1. Use healthy seeds and planting materials

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2. Use of resistant varieties

3. Proper selection or identification of plants/varieties to be planted. Consider location, climate or season.

Lettuce

Pechay

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To have available clean seeds and plantings and avoid problem on pests And diseases , produce own seeds.

Coffee

4. Proper land preparation and plantingTiProper tillage exposes pests and diseases from environmental factors Planting following recommended planting distance prevents problem on diseases Planting at the right time or period avoids severe effect of certain pests and diseases

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5. Properly maintain crop following recommended cultural practices water management fertilizer management Weed management other required cultural management practices

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6. Use other cultural practices to reduce pest and diseases

- crop rotation to avoid development of pests and diseases

- mixed planting and intercropping

MarigoldTess/BPI/020818

7. Production under protected condition for reduce incidence of pests and diseases

Plastichouse

Nethouse or screenhouse

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8. Removal and proper disposal of attacked partsor plants and proper disposal

Pruning, deleafing, eradication

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9. Use of trap plants and repellants (lemon grass, citronella, marigold)

Citronella Lemon grassMarigold

Trap plants

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10. Use of insect baits and traps- yellow trap, light trap, pheromone trap

Yellow traps for aphids, whiteflies and leafminersunder field and greenhouses

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Yellow traps for leafmineron garden pea and potato

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Light traps for moths (example: fruitworms)

Bait and pheromone traps for fruitflyon fruits and vegetables

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FruitflyFruit bug

11. Fruit bagging

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12. Use of different fermented and other organic products- fermented products or concoctions

example : Fermented hot pepper, OHN- Agricultural oil spray (mineral oil, horticultural oil)- wood vinegar “mukosako”

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13. Use of botanical pesticides (extracts)

commonly used hot pepper,ginger, neem , kakawate, sunflower, lantana

-prepared as fresh extract or fermented adding molasses or wood vinegar

mostly used by organic growers especially on small scale or backyard production

14. Use of natural enemies or Biological control agents (BIOLOGICAL CONTROL)

Help increase population in the field by avoiding the use of toxic chemicals and planting of host plants for their reproduction.Example: predators, parasites, fungal pathogens

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Biological control agents being mass-produced and promoted in the locality:

1. Diadegma semiclausum – against diamondback moth on cabbage and other cruficers

2. Predatory mites (Amblyseius spp.) - against two spotted mites on strawberry and other ornamentals.

3. Microbials for disease control- Commercial microbials for diamondback moth (Bacillus

spp.) and some pests - Trichoderma spp. for soil-borne diseases. Evaluation

conducted by BPI against soilborne-diseases of potato, garden pea, sweet potato, crucifers

4. Microbials against insect pests (Metarrhiziumanisopliae and Beauveria bassiana)

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Biological control agents being produced at BPI‐Baguio:

1. Diadegma semiclausum ‐ wasps against DBMDiamondback moth (DBM)Feeding on cruficers(pechay, cabbage)

Diadegma (wasps) attacking diamondback moth

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2. MICROBIALS against INSECT PESTS

Beauveria

Metarrhizium

Insects infected with Metarrhizium and Beauveria

White grubs

Snoutbeetle

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MASS PRODUCTION OF METARRHIZIUM and BEAUVERIA

Stock culture Fungus on oatmeal agar

Fungus on corn kernelsFungus ready for applicationTess/BPI/020818

Being use to manage soilborne-diseases like Fusarium wilt, Phytophthora, Blight and also Potato Cyst nematode

Trichoderma spp.

3. MICROBIALS against DISEASES

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SummaryFor better management of pests and diseases Know your crop (plant) Identify the problem Implement measures  following  integrated management practices Follow‐up result

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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!!!

Thank you for listening!!

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