LAMMC

2019 m. vasario 25 d.

Pest management in field crops in Lithuania

Dr. Antanas Ronis

LAMMC, Institute of Agriculture

Department of Plant Pathology and Protection

LAMMC

Agriculture in Lithuania

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Total land area dedicated to agriculture is 2.91 million ha

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LAMMC

National list of registered pesticides

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Pesticides No. of

products

Insecticides 26

Fungicides 130

Seed treatment fungicides 25

Herbicides 188

Plant growth regulators 23

Others:

• plant growth inhibitors,

• defoliators,

• Products for warehouse fumigation and disinfection

2

4

11

Total 409

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List of parallel products

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In total, 49 products

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IPM guidelines for main field crops, garden plants and vegetables (2018-2019)

⦿ The project is sponsored by the Lithuanian Ministry of Agriculture

⦿ In 2018, winter wheat, spring wheat, spring barley, peas, winter rape, winter triticale, oats, potatoes, carrots, apple trees.

⦿ In 2019,beans, winter rye, spring rape, corn, buckwheat, beets, cabbage, onions, black currants, strawberries.

LAMMC

www.ikmis.lt (a system of integrated plant protection information, consulting and training).

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LAMMC

Network of weather stations

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22 weather stations, 10 models for disease and pest forecast

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Locations of crop observations

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Plants observed 2017 2018

Winter wheat 708 608

Spring wheat 265 328

Spring barley 265 328

Winter rapeseed 569 512

Pea 382 369

Potato 187 205

Spring rapeseed - -

Total monitoring 2376 2350

Crop monitoring network,

municipalities

46 43

LAMMC

Economically significant pests and diseases in cereals

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⦿ Most common diseases in cereal crops:

Pink snow mould

Eyespot

Powdery mildew

Septoria leaf blotch

Tan spot

Fusarium head blight

Loose smut of cereals

LAMMC

Pink snow mould (Microdochium nivale)

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⦿ Favourable conditions: Snow cover on unfrozen soil. Wet and cool spring.

Early sowing, dense crop stand

Monoculture of cereals

Contaminated seeds

Reduced soil tillage

Crop rotation with non-cereals and use of effective seed treatments are the main effective measures against pink snow mold

LAMMC

Influence of pink snow mould on grain yield in winter rye and triticale

LAMMC, 2017

Cultivar

Grain

yield t/ha

Untreated

seeds

Treated

seeds

Winter rye

Pallazo 2.9 7.0 (+4.1)

Matador 6.9 7.3 (+0.4)

Winter triticale

Remiko 10.9 11.6 (+0.7)

Sequenz 7.4 8.2 (+0.8)

LAMMC

Influence of pink snow mould on grain yield in winter wheat

LAMMC, 2017

LAMMC

Eyespot (Tapesia yallundae)

⦿ According to the observations of the Institute of Agriculture, LAMMC, eyespot infects around 95 % of winter cereals.

⦿ Depending on cultivar, soil tillage and weather conditions, disease impact on grain yield might be up to 30-40%.

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LAMMC

Eyespot control by fungicides

⦿ Start to apply fungicides at early growth stages (BBCH 30-32), if the disease incidence >20%.

⦿ Eyespot control could be combined with powdery mildew control, herbicide, plant growth regulator, insecticide or liquid fertilizer application (need to read label carefully!!!).

⦿ DMI and SDHI fungicides are most effective against eyespot

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Damage of eyespot is associated with low number of grains per ear.

Most of the grains are shrinked and not suitable for processing

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Powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis)

⦿ Favourable conditions:

Early and warm spring

(18-20 OC, 50-100 RH)

Susceptible varieties

Excessive application of nitrogen

Nearby infected fields

Wheat monoculture

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LAMMC

Powdery mildew control by fungicides

⦿ Under high disease pressure, grain yield losses could be up to 0.75 t/ha.

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⦿ Spring wheat cv. Triso

⦿ Disease control at

BBCH 30-31

⦿ Additional leaf disease control by fungicide, including untreated, at BBCH 57-59 (4 weeks later.)

LAMMC, 2014 m.

LAMMC

Leaf spot diseases in winter wheat

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Leaf spot diseases in winter wheat

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Septoria tritici blotch

(Zymoseptoria tritici)

Tan spot

(Pyrenophora tritici repentis)

Optimal temperature 15-20 OC.

>2 mm of rain

Optimal temperature 20-25 OC.

RH >95%.

Susceptible wheat varieties

Early wheat sowing. Dense crop stand

Nearby infected fields

Wheat monoculture, especially combined with reduced tillage

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Impact on yield formation

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Flag leaf and ear contribute 65% of total yield

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Importance of spray timing and latent period

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Correct application timing for Septoria leaf blotch control in winter wheat

The trial was sprayed at BBCH 37-39, a few days after the rain occurence.

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Efficacy of fungicides in winter wheat

⦿ Winter wheat cv. Etana

⦿ First application at BBCH 37-39

⦿ Second application at BBCH 61-63

LAMMC, 2018

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LAMMC

Influence of pre-crop on the severity of leaf spot diseases

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LAMMC, 2018

w. wheat after w. wheat + min-till

w. wheat after beans + con-till

LAMMC

Impact of pre-crop and soil tillage on winter wheat yield

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w. wheat after wheat + min-till

w. wheat after beans + con-till

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Yield response to 2 fungicide applications

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Fungicides were applied 2 times:

BBCH 32 and BBCH 47-53,

Intervals between applications from 17 to 25 days

(LAMMC, 2008 - 2018)

LAMMC

Control of leaf spot diseases with fungicides

DMI (triazoles)

QoI (strobilurins)

SDHI (carboxamides)

Picolinamides (InatreqTM ACTIVE). In Europe since 2019 – 2020.

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LAMMC

Fusarium head blight (Fusarium spp.)

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Favourable conditions for Fusarium head blight

⦿ Susceptible varieties

⦿ Min-till or no-till

⦿ Corn as pre-crop

⦿ Rainy weather during the flowering growth stage.

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In Lithuania, Fusarium head blight is more severe in spring rather than in winter cereals.

Fungicides containing a.i. metconazole, prothioconazole or tebuconazole are most effective.

Efficacy of the fungicides is around 60-70 %.

LAMMC

Problems associated with black dots on grains were very frequent in the rainy 2017 season. Companies refused to buy grains from farmers.

Black dots on grains and wheat ear

Black dots are sexual stage (Gibberella zeae ) of the pathogen Fusarium graminearum

LAMMC, 2017

LAMMC

Concentration of deoxynivalenol in the samples Treatment Incidence,

%

Average DON

concentration µg/kg

Min-max

µg/kg

Grains with clearly

visible symptoms of

Fusarium

(n=8)

100 9198 1878-14461

Grains with black dots

(n=11)

45 346 0-1662

Healthy grains

(n=11)

27 103 0-446

Field-collected sample

(n=11)

55 250 0-944

According to EU regulation No. 1881/2006 , concentration of DON should not exceed 1250 µg/kg

LAMMC, 2017

LAMMC

Loose smut of cereals

Spring

barley

cultivar

Percen-

tage of

infected

seeds by

Ustilago

nuda

pathogen

Number

of

infected

ears per

m2

Grain yield, t/ha

Untreated

seeds

Treated

seeds

Grace 10.0 67.9 6.8 7.3 (+0.5)

Ustilago nuda

Ustilago tritici Ustilago avenae

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Most common pests in cereal crops

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Wireworms

(Agriotes spp.)

Aphids

(Sitobion avenae)

Cereal leaf sawfly

(Pachynematus clitellatus)

LAMMC

Most common pests in cereal crops

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Cereal leaf beetle

(Oulema melanopus

and O. lichenis)

Thrips

(Limothrips denticornis)

LAMMC

Saddle gall midge (Haplodiplosis equestris)

An outbreak of SGM in one farm in 2015. Average number of larvae was 2700/m2 Main problem is a dense crop rotation with cereals

Threshold is greater than 500 larvae/m2

LAMMC

Efficacy of insecticides on Saddle gall midge control

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Treatment

Application time

Efficacy of insecticides. proc.

Assessment time and growth stage (BBCH)

06 29 07 09 07 16 07 22 07 30

71 73 77 83 87

1. Untreated

- - - - -

2. Contact First eggs are found

71.4 66.9 90.6 79.2 59.7

3. Systemic 10.0 0 0 0 0

4. Contact At the beginning of hatching

89.8 93.7 96.2 96.5 98.4

5. Systemic 92.9 93.7 94.0 90.0 92.7

LAMMC

Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum)

• Threshold: 50% of infested plants. • Insecticides were applied at BBCH 51

LAMMC, 2018

LAMMC

Broad bean weevil (Bruchus rufimanus)

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• Pest does not directly affect faba bean yield, it alters the aesthetic quality of seed as well as its germination.

• A maximum 3% damage threshold is

set for seeds targeting market for human consumption.

• the presence of living insects on seeds is an issue for export market as no living insects are allowed on seed for export.

LAMMC

Slugs (Deroceras sp., Arion sp.) in winter oilseed rape crop

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Slugs (Deroceras sp., Arion sp.)

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⦿ Slugs prefer heavier soils, particularly those that form cracks or large clods.

⦿ The min-tillage and greater stubble retention allow more slugs to survive and breed.

⦿ The key to controlling slug infestations in winter oilseed rape is monitoring. Inspect crops closely for signs of seedling destruction as most slug activity occurs at night.

LAMMC

Cabbage gall weevil (Ceutorhynchus pleurostigma)

Emerging pest since 2017

Up to 50 % of infested plants in untreated plots in the autumn of 2018

Yield losses - ???

LAMMC

Cabbage gall weevil (Ceutorhynchus pleurostigma)

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Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae)

In Lithuania, clubroot firstly noticed in 2011 • Clubroot pathogen is soil borne. • WOR should return in the same field not

earlier than after 4-5 years. • Growing of resistant varieties. • More abundant in the soils with low pH

(<6.5). • Control of Cruciferous weeds in cereals.

LAMMC

Pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus)

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Control of pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus)

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Resistance of pollen beetle to insecticide lambda-cihalotrine(LAMMC, 2008-2016)

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Resistance of pollen beetle to insecticide tau-fluvalinate (LAMMC, 2008-2016)

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LAMMC

Resistance of Loose silky-bent (Apera spica venti)

to herbicides

⦿ Seed borne (one plant could produce from 500 to 1500 seeds). Seeds are viable for 1-2 years (sometimes up to 4 years).

⦿ Frequent, especially on sandy soil.

⦿ Often found in the fields of winter cereals.

⦿ Easily controllable by herbicides.

LAMMC

3 main factors that have caused resistance to herbicides

⦿ Lack of crop rotation (monoculture of winter cereals)

⦿ Reduced soil tillage

⦿ Use of herbicides that belong to the same chemical group

LAMMC

Green-house tests with Apera spica venti

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Treat-

ment

HRAC

group

Mode of

action Active ingredient

Concentration of a.i

in the product, gl-1

Dose rate,

l ha-1; kg ha-1

1 Untreated

2 A

(Axial) ACC* Pinoxaden 50 0,9

3

B; O

(Hussar

Active)

ALS**

Iodosulfuron-methyl-

sodium 10

1 2,4-D 2-Ethylhexyl

ester 250

Mefenpyr-diethyl 30

4 B; O

(Tombo) ALS

Aminopyralid 5

0,2 Florasulam 2,5

Pyroxsulam 5

5 B

(Monitor) ALS Sulfosulfuron 80 0,0267

*ACC - Inhibition of acetyl carboxylase **ALS - Inhibition of acetolactate synthase

LAMMC

Resistance of different Apera spica venti populations to herbicides

Year Resistance

to 1 a.i. of

ALS

Resistance

to 2 a.i. of

ALS

Resistance

to 3 a.i. of

ALS

Resista

nce to

ACC

Total

2015 2 8 2 0 20

2016 1 6 1 1 29

2017 3 5 15 3 52

Total 6 19 18 4 101

LAMMC

Resistance of Apera spica venti to herbicides

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Thank you for your attention!

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