Perspective of ISS projects in past,

present and future in Japan

Makoto Asashima, Ph. D. Fellow, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and

Technology (AIST)/Fellow and Director, Research Center for

Stem Cell Engineering (SCRC)

Chairman, the ISS & Kibo Utilization Promotion Committee

The 10th Korea-Japan Joint Seminar

on Space Environment Utilization research September 12-13, 2013

The Dawn of Japanese Space Environment Utilization Research The preparation of “Kibo” Utilization Research Beginning of “Kibo” Operation Beginning of “Kibo” Utilization Research Now and Future of “Kibo” Utilization Research “Kibo” Utilization Cooperation between Korea

and Japan “Kibo” Utilization Scenario toward 2020 Selected Research Projects in 2012

Topics

2

Japanese space environment utilization research activities started by the Space Shuttle/Spacelab mission launched in September of 1992. 12 Life science experiments 22 Material and Physical experiments Duration: 7days

In the same year, 1992, first announcement of opportunity for “Kibo”

utilization research was released. And in 1993, 50 proposals were selected as the candidates research projects. This is the beginning of “Kibo” utilization research preparation. 21 Life science experiments 29 Material and Physical experiments

The Dawn of Japanese Space Environment Utilization Research

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Until “Kibo” operations starts, many space experiments had been conducted by Space Shuttle or sounding rocket missions. 9 sounding rocket flights 9 Space Shuttle missions (including 3 Space Shuttle/Mir missions)

Under these circumstance, this Korea-Japan Joint Seminar on Space

Environment Utilization research has started in 2003.

The Preparation of “Kibo” Utilization Research

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Plant experiment on Space

Shuttle(STS-95) Japanese sounding rocket launch(TR-1A)

The assembly of “Kibo” started with the launch of Pressurized Logistic Module on March 11th of 2008.

“Kibo” was assembled by three Space Shuttle launches. The assembly was completed by the Exposed facility attachment on July 19th of 2009.

Beginning of “Kibo” Operation

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Assembly of Japanese Exposed facility

“Kibo” Utilization research has been conducted with phased approach.

The first pahase is from 2008 until around 2010 and its aim is; To conduct various themes to explore space environment utilization

The the second is from around 2010 until now and the third phase is

until around 2014. The aim of those phases are; Implement leading scientific researches Foster utilization to meet society need and citizen’s expectation

Around 80 Experiment projects have been conducted in “Kibo” since

its Utilization start.

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Beginning of “Kibo” Utilization Research

The Advisory Committee to JAXA for “Kibo” utilization has set the Scenario of “Kibo” utilization toward 2020 in three areas below in 2011. (see page 11 - 17 ) Life Science Space Medicine Physical/Chemical Science

Based on this scenario, JAXA selected three high priority research

projects and 5 experiments in 2012.(Those projects and experiments are shown page 18 - 27) JAXA started the preparation on these flight experiments this year.

Now and future of “Kibo” Utilization Research(1/2)

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The president of JAXA has changed from Dr. K.Tachikawa to Dr. N. Okumura this April. JAXA has got into new step. Dr. K. Tachikawa had established the reliable basis of space

technology in Japan during his 8 year duty. Dr. N. Okumura succeeded his effort, and are focusing on the

contribution to public by using space technologies and their fruits.

Based on this new focus, it is necessary to make the outcomes from “Kibo” utilization more clear in order to proceed the next step of “Kibo” utilization. The next strategy is now under discussion at the advisory committee.

Now and future of “Kibo” Utilization Research(2/2)

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JFY 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Utilization Phase

“Kibo” Utilization Scenario Coverage

1st Phase 2nd Phase 3rd Phase

Completed

△ AO

Scenario Study

▲ Selection

Theme Selection Process

•Bottom-up▲

•Highly-Promised▲

4th Phase and onward

・・・・

・・・・ JEM-PM Utilization Themes

On-going and preparation

▲ Selection

▲ Selection

▲ Selection ・・・・

Current Scenario Coverage

△ AO

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- Implement leading scientific researches - Foster utilization to meet society need and citizen’s expectation

-Forefront science & technology research only enabled by ISS & “Kibo” -Fundamental technology development for space activity

Various themes to explore space environment utilization

Category① Forefront science & technology research only enabled by ISS & “Kibo” (1)Long-term target area ・Life Science and Physical/Chemical science

(2)Short-term target area ・Contributing to aging society and chronic disease ・Contributing to energy and environmental problems ・Contributing to disaster recovery

Utilization Scenario Coverage

Category② Fundamental technology development for space activity ・Space medicine, Space technology development

Though the 10 year cooperation activates in this seminar, a big joint flight research project of cell biology has started. This project is a real equal partnership cooperation project.

The next one following this cooperation project is expected to be appeared through the active discussions in this joint seminar

“Kibo” Utilization Cooperation between Korea and Japan

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11

“Kibo” Utilization

Scenario toward 2020

12

Life Science

ISS/Kibo utilization scenario in life sciences toward 2020

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LS1: “Integrative understanding of biological responding mechanisms to the space environment” as forefront science & technology research only enabled by ISS and “Kibo”, utilizing cutting-edge analysis technologies to achieve high-quality sciences.

LS2: “Establishment of scientific foundations to expand human activity to space” as fundamental technology development for space activity, such as future human space exploration.

Highly-promised Research Areas in Life Science

Plants / Microbe /Cells Human Vertebrates Mammals (Rodent)

Current life sciences experiment facilities onboard Kibo Clean Bench

(CB)

Cell Biology Exp. Facility (CBEF)

Fluorescence Microscope

Aquatic Habitat (AQH)

Medical Exp. Support System

Model Organism

Study necessary experiment facility / devices based on the scenario

Habitat for mice, rats, hibernant animals

Contribute to society on earth using pathological animal models

LS1 LS2

Space Medicine

USB camera Electronic stethoscope Medical PC

Measuring instrument for blood oxygen saturation level (pulseoximeter) Holter monitor

On the ground

Aboard KIBO in orbit

Electroencephalograph 14

SM2： ” Space biomedical research to elucidate fundamental mechanisms of the effects of space flight on humans and animals” to achieve the goal of SM1, as forefront science & technology research only enabled by ISS and “Kibo”,

SM1：” Space medicine research to improve health care technologies of astronauts” as key technology development for future human space activity.

• Countermeasures to prevent bone loss and metabolic disorder of bone mineral

• Monitoring & countermeasure to sleep and biological rhythms • Evaluation & preventive countermeasure to muscle atrophy

Highly-prioritized Research Area Candidates (Research Areas and Critical Questions)

(2) Psychological Support • Monitoring/ countermeasure of

Stress/Fatigue

• Advanced space radiation dose monitoring technology

• Dose assessment of low-dose, long-duration space radiation exposure & Development of bio-maker

• Prevention & Protection of biological effects from space radiation exposure

(5) Space Telemedicine • Bio- monitoring & Disease prevention

(1) Physiological Countermeasure • Mechanism clarification & preventive measures to bone loss and muscle atrophy

• Space environmental stress responses in Cardio-vascular, neuro-vestibular, and immune systems

• Multi-generation effects of space flight by use of model animals (medaka fish, mouse, rat)

(3)Health Care against Space Radiation

(4) Space Environmental medicine • Monitoring of water, air, microorganism. and noise &

Work environmental management

ISS/Kibo utilization scenario in Space Medicine toward 2020

Highly-prioritized Research Areas in Space Medicine

15

16

Physical/Chemical science

Ice crystal in ground (not symmetric) Ice crystal in microgravity (symmetric)

Prioritized policy in Physical/Chemical science

(1) Systems significantly influenced by gravity, and science areas with great significance and

spin-off to the society

(2) Prioritize new research areas with less former space experiments

(3) Not limit to research themes utilizing existing experiment payload

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Highly-prioritized Research Area Candidates in Physical/Chemical science

PCS1: The forefront science enabled by ISS 【Long term target】

“Contribution to New Combustion System for Sustainable Earth” “Science and Technology of Bubbles, Droplets and Films” “Researches on self-organization phenomena in strongly coupled plasmas”

【Short term target】 “Producing new materials from super cooled phase by container-less processing”

“Survey of soft matter useful on the ground”

PCS:2 Basic technology development for space activity “Fundamental research for fire safety standard in space”

ISS/Kibo utilization scenario in Physical/Chemical science toward 2020

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Selected Research

Projects in 2012

Mouse Epigenetics

Ground

Space environment

Develop standard analysis methods to evaluate the effects on organs from environment.

Behavior observation

Clarify the impact of the space environment on mammalian germ cells

Identify the long-term effects in different organs

Offspring using the sperm stressed in the space

Alive return

Nerves , circulatory, immune, endocrine, reproductive, and motor system

2012 Prioritized research selected for life science

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Multi-omics analysis of human-microbial metabolic cross-talk

in the space environment : Dr. Ohno, RIKEN

Astronaut Flight-mouse

・Host-microbial interaction, ・Integrated omics analyses

Functional and quantitative analyses of immune factors

Aim

Effects

Saliva Immuno-organs Blood Feces

Evaluation of immune dysfunction in the space environment Medical data collection for astronaut health promotion

● Space medicine is applicable for evaluation of immune dysfunction by elderly and disease states. ● Development of space countermeasures contributes to the society on earth as a means of preventive medicine.

2012 Prioritized research selected for Space Medicine

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Fire Safety in Space Mission Name: Fundamental Research on International Standard of Fire Safety in Space –base for safety of future

manned mission-

Principal Investigator: Prof. Osamu FUJITA (Hokkaido Univ.)

Summary: This experiment aims at determining what standards are adequate for the evaluation of fire safety and

material flammability in space. For the purpose, this research team will obtain the important values on fire safety in

microgravity, that is, material flammability such as the minimum ignition energy and minimum oxygen concentration to

sustain spreading flame. Furthermore, the analysis of the mechanisms to give such limiting condition will be studied.

The effect of third parameters, such as the external radiation, sample geometry and type of the material, on the

limiting condition will also be investigated. Then, the research team will participate in the scientific evaluation and will

provide recommendations for the selection of the fire safety standards to be used in future space missions.

(a)Normal Gravity (b)Micro Gravity

These pictures show the over current application experiment (a) in normal gravity and (b) in microgravity with the same wire used in

the flame spread experiment. The ignition could not be attained in normal gravity case, however, the luminous flame was observed in

microgravity.

Ref. Combustion Chamber (ground model)

2012 Prioritized research selected for Physical/Chemical Science

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Anti-Atrophy Experiment

- Scientific Information

SCIENCE TEAM

PI: Takeshi Nikawa (Professor, Tokushima University)

CI: Inho Choi (Professor, Yonsei University, Korea)

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Space microgravity directly induces muscle cell atrophy by reduction in protein

synthesis rates and increase in protein degradation rate. Our experiment is aimed

(1) to define an appropriate protocol with novel anti-atrophy biomaterials (i.e. a HSP

inducer, Celastrol, a quinone methide triterpene, and a ubiquitin ligase Cblin, C14-

Cblin, N-myristoylated pentapeptide) on the ground, (2) to develop a user-friendly

automated equipment (STAR) for muscle cell studies on ground as well as in ISS,

and (3) to examine the inhibitory effects of our developed anti-atrophy biomaterials

on muscle atrophy in L6 cells cultured on ISS. These objectives are expected to

provide fundamental documents not only for the microgravity effect on muscle cell

(relative to ground condition), but also for proper utilization of the automated

equipment for various cell cultures including neuron, muscle, bone, and so forth in

ISS.

OPERATIONS

L6 cells in JAXA Disposable Culture Chambers (DCC) will be launched and

cultivated under microgravity in STAR. The Cblin will be injected into DCC on the

day4 and Cblin and Celestrol on day 5. The end of the cultivation, RNA preservation

reagent will be injected into DCC on day 6. All DCCs will be frozen in the ISS freezer

by recovery.

Anti-Atrophy Experiment

DCC In cassette for

STAR

Concept of STAR

(Automated cultivation system)

JAXA Disposable

Cultivation Chamber

(DCC)

Cultivation Image

of L6 cells

Aug. 29, 2013

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Microbe-IV Experiment Aug. 29, 2013

Air Sampler (SWAB ASD) Particle Counter(PC)

White tube(top), Wet swab

(bottom), and wet swab

packed before using (right)

Sampling Sheet

OPERATION

•Sampling #1; Sampling with Sampling Sheet and kept at -

95C in MELFI. Sampling with Microbial Detection Sheet,

then 7 days incubation in cabin and kept at -95C in

MELFI. Photograph before and after incubation.

•Sampling#2: Sampling with Wet Wipe and kept in white

tube and Sampling Sheet, kept at -95C. Air sampling

with NASA ASD and JAXA Particle counter for 2 times,

then kept air filter at -95C in MELFI.

SCIENCE TEAM

Masao NASU, Ph.D., Osaka University

Koichi Makimura, MD Ph.D., Teikyo University

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

We continue and expand the on-going microbiological

monitoring in the KIBO, the project named “Microbe-I/II/III”,

and we accumulate original data on microbial dynamics in

space habitation environment. In respect to human risk, the

importance of microbiological monitoring is very high for

long-duration missions. In this project, we focus on indoor

environmental quality control and thus studies on

environmental microbiology in space in order to reduce

potential hazards for the crew and the infrastructure.

Microbial Detection Sheet

7days

open

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The primary objective is to non-invasively estimate the changes in

intracranial pressure and cerebral circulation induced by long-duration spaceflight.

Non-invasive assessment of intracranial pressure for space flight and related visual impairment : Prof. Iwasaki, Nihon Univ.

The ripple effect:

The results will provide the basic information for “the future study and

screening examination of increased intracranial pressure” on astronauts.

Moreover, this may contribute to elucidation of a mechanism

or patient care for idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

changes in structure

Does long-duration spaceflight increase “intracranial pressure”

with clinically significant changes in ocular structure?

Fluid shift

Intracranial pressure will be estimated

by analyzing arterial blood pressure and

cerebral blood flow velocity waveforms

on astronauts.

Increased intracranial pressure = risk of blindness!!

Methods:

optic disc edema?

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Interfacial Energy ”Interfacial phenomena and thermo physical properties of high-

temperature liquids -Fundamental research of steel processing using

electrostatic levitation-”

Principal Investigator;

Masahito Watanabe , Professor of Gakushuin University

Summary:

The purpose of this research project is to clarify the interfacial

phenomena between the molten steel and the oxide melts, usually called

slag, during the steel processing from the viewpoints of thermo physical

properties of these liquids.

In this project, using an electrostatic levitation furnace we obtain density,

surface tension and viscosity of oxide melts and also try to obtain

interfacial tension between the molten steel and the oxide melts by

oscillating drop technique. The research work contributes the precise

process control for the high advantage steels.

Members;

Akitoshi Mizuno (Gakushuin University), Takehiko Ishikawa (JAXA),

Toshihiro Tanaka (Osaka University), Shunpei Ozawa (Chiba Institute of

Technology), Takao Tsukada (Tohoku University), Hiroyuki Fukuyama

(Tohoku University), Andreas Meyer (DLR), Florian Kargl (DLR), Hans J.

Fecht (Ulm University), Robert W. Hyers (University of Massachusetts),

Joohoo Lee (Korea University), Taishi Matsushita (Jönköping University),

Anders Jarfors (Jönköping University)

melting sample by Electrostatic Levitation Furnace(ELF)

:Interfacial tension

Molten Iron

Molten Slag

s

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IKAROS -World’s First Solar Power Sail (2010)

This experiment evaluates the effects of space environment exposure on thin film solar cells and other functional

thin-film devices which constitute "solar power sail" proposed for future deep space exploration. By comparing

with the flight data of the world’s solar power sail demonstrator "IKAROS", the results of evaluation of the

recovered samples will contribute to the development of functional thin film devices for future space missions.

Space Environment Exposure Test of Functional Thin Film Devices for Future Solar Sail Mission

[Solar Sail]

Future Solar Power Sail

Mission

Thin-film Solar Cell

Reflectivity Control Device

Reinforcing Tape

Solar Power Sail

A novel spacecraft with hybrid propulsion of large-area solar sail and

electric propulsion driven by thin-film solar cells on the sail.

ExHAM

ISS/JEM

Sample

Exposure Test

Compare the data of IKAROS with a

sample exposure & return experiment

Contribute to the design

of future space missions

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This experiment studies the deterioration and the long-term effect of the CFRP replicated mirrors when they are

exposed to the complex space environment. In order to realize the lightweight and high-precision CFRP replicated

mirrors applicable in the wavelengths from submillimeter to optical in space, it is necessary to be exposed over a

long period in space, to determine the degradation and stability of the material.

Space Environmental Testing of Lightweight and High-Precision Carbon Composite Mirrors

[CFRP Mirror]

Future Solar Power Sail

Mission

Reflectivity Control Device

Reinforcing Tape

Carbon Composite Mirror

Lightweight and high-precision CFRP replicated mirrors will contribute to

development of the antennas and telescopes of next generation‘s astronomical and

earth observation satellites. Most importantly, carbon fiber composites can be designed

with near zero CTE(Coefficient of thermal expansion).

ExHAM

ISS/JEM

Sample

Exposure Test

Compare the data of ground

environmental tests with a sample

exposure & return experiment

Contribute to the lightweight and high-

precision design of future space telescopes and

antenna

Four type of carbon composite mirrors:

1) Aluminum vapor deposition surface type

2) Aluminum vapor deposition surface with

four-divided combination

3) Aluminum adhesion surface type

4) Aluminum thermal spraying surface type

Carbon Composite Mirror

(Sample)

Future Mission :

Submillimeter-wave

atmospheric emission sounder

for the future Japanese mars

exploration orbiter

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