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Personality Theory
Trait Theories
• Gordon Allport – lexical approach• 4,500 traits
• Raymond Cattell – factor analysis• 16 personality “factors”
• Costa & McCrae – five-factor model• 5 traits
Openess
• Imaginative or practical
• Interested in variety or routine
• Independent or conforming
Conscientiousness
•Organized or disorganized
•Careful or careless
•Disciplined or impulsive
Extraversion
•Sociable or retiring
•Fun-loving or somber
•Affectionate or reserved
Agreeableness
•Softhearted or ruthless
•Trusting or suspicious
• Helpful or uncooperative
Neuroticism
•Calm or anxious
•Secure or insecure
•Self-satisfied or self-pitying
“Big 5” Factors
Personality TheoryPsychodynamic Perspective
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Personality TheoryHumanistic Perspective
Conditions of Worth
Personality TheoryBehaviorist Perspective
• An individuals personality is a collection of response tendencies
• Consistent patterns of behavior acquired through experience
• Personality is not permanent
• May change based on new experiences
• How are response tendencies formed??
• Operant conditioning processes
Personality TheorySocial-Cognitive Approach
Reciprocal Determinism
Albert BanduraAspects of social learning:• Attention• Retention• Motor
reproduction• Reinforcement
Julian Rotter
Walter Mischel
• CAPS – cognitive affective processing systems• Thoughts and
emotions about oneself and the world determine behavior
Personality and the Brain
• Reticular Activation System
• located in brain stem – regulates alertness
• “Optimum level of arousal”
• Extraverts under stimulated
• Introverts over stimulated
• Three main traits• Extroversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism
Hans Eysenck
• Behavioral Activation System
• Seek positive consequences & rewards
• Positive emotion
• High extraversion
• Behavioral Inhibition System
• Avoid negative consequences & punishment
• Negative emotion
• High neuroticism
Jeffrey Gray: Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory