Personal Glossary Ed Psych - Copy

8/9/2019 Personal Glossary Ed Psych - Copy

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Nicholas Blachowski

EDP2002


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Terms1. Adaption (35-36)

2. Assimilation (35)

3. Authoritarian parents (78)

4. Authoritative parents (78)

5. Behavior modification (240-241)

6. Constructivism (324-337)

7. Cooperative learning (162-164)

8. Direct instruction (370-373)

9. Egocentrism (38)

10. Empirical learning (49)

11. Equilibration (35)

12. Extinction (222-226)

13. Extrinsic motivation (408)14. Heuristics (341-343)

15. Humanistic approach (386-393)

16. Identity (364-365)

17. Inert knowledge (328)

18. Information-processing theory(245-273)

19. Intelligence (109-120)

20. Interpersonal reasoning (89-90)

21. Intrinsic motivation (408)

22. Learning style (120-124)

23. Long term memory (247)

24. Melting pot (141,143)

25. Metacognition (82)

26. Mnemonicdevice (198)

27. Negative reinforcement (222-224)

28. Negative transfer (349)

29. Norm group (518)

30. Observational learning (295)

31. Operant conditioning (219-226)

32. Perceptual centration (38)

33. Permissive parents (78)

34. Positive reinforcement (222-224)

35. Positive transfer (349-350)

36. Psychosocial moratorium (29)

37. Punishment (222-224)

38. Recognition (248-249)

39. Reflective (555)

40. Regrouping (182-183)

41. Scaffolding (50)

42. Scheme (35-37)

43. Self-actualization (387)

44. Self-concept (84)

45. Self-fulfilling prophecy (154-155)

46. Serial position effect (263)

47. Shaping (225)

48. Short term memory (247)

49. Social cognitive theory (299)50. Spontaneous recovery (223)

51. Taxonomy (363-366)

52. Time out (207)

53. Zero transfer (349-350)


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Adaption- The process,described by Piaget, of creating agood fit or match between onesconception of reality and onesreal-life experiences.

-To be able to adjust to newexperiences.


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Assimilation-Theprocess of f itting new experiencesinto an existing scheme.

-To absorb experiences into onespattern of behavior.


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Authoritarianparents- parents who makedemands and wiled power withoutconsidering their childrens pointof view.

-Parents word is law.


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Authoritativeparents- parents whoprovide models of competence tobe imitated based on confidence intheir own abilities.

-Parents that provide a foundationfor their child to take and moveforward with-with the intention togrow.


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Behaviormodification- The use ofoperant conditioning techniques tomodify behavior, generally bymaking rewards contingent oncertain actions.

-To use certain methods in order tochange the behavior of a child,typicallyutilizing a rewardssystem.


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Constructivism- Theview that meaningful learning isthe active creation of knowledgestructures rather than a meretransferring of objectives

knowledge from one person toanother.

-To generate knowledge based onreal life experiences rather than theteaching of another individual.


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Cooperativelearning- An approach thatuses small heterogeneous groupsfor purposes of mutual help in themastery of specific tasks.

-Methodused to complete anobjective byutilizing groups ofindividuals with differentbackgrounds, ideas, and opinions.


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Direct instruction-An approach to instruction thatemphasizes the efficientacquisition of basic skills andsubject matter through lectures

anddemonstrations, extensivepractices, and corrective feedback.

-Atype of instruction where theteacher is the primary base forlearning the material. Does notutilize exploratory methods to gainknowledge or complete tasks.


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Egocentrism- Difficulty intaking another persons point ofview, a characteristic typical ofyoung children.

-To perceive the world from thepoint of view of self, and not fromothers perspectives.


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Empirical learning-The use of noticeablecharacteristics of objects andevents to form spontaneousconcepts; a form of learning typical

of young children.

-Learning that relies on knowledgeacquired from past experiences inones life.


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Equilibration- Thetendency to organize schemes toallow better understanding ofexperiences.

-Construct our pattern of behaviorin a way that is most efficient inacquiring knowledge andunderstanding concepts.


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Extinction- The weakeningof a target behavior by ignoring it.

-Atype of punishment used, wherebehavior is not dealt with in adirect manner, but rather turning ablind eye and not acknowledgingthe undesired action.


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Extrinsicmotivation- Aform ofincentive based on a system ofrewards not inherent in aparticular activity..

-We study hard for tests becausewe will acquire anAin the class,and this will make us feel contentwith ourself.


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Heuristics- Generalapproaches to solving problems,such as studying worked examplesand breaking problems into partsthat can be applied to different

subject areas.

-Away of completing objectives bythe student using investigativeprocedures.


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Humanisticapproach- An approach toinstruction that emphasizes theeffect of student needs, values,motives and self-perceptions onlearning.

-Alearning model that isconcerned with the growth of onesself, as well as their self-esteem,rather than scientific a scientific

understanding.


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Identity-Arelatively stableconception of where and how one fitsinto a society that is stronglyinfluenced by the perception of onesphysical appearance, the goals oneestablishes and achieves, and

recognition from significant others inthe environment.

-The way we (one person) viewsthemselves relative to the world.


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Inert knowledge-Information, typically memorizedverbatim, that is unconnected, lackingin context, and not readily accessiblefor application to real- world tasks.

-Knowledge that we understand, butcannot apply to situations when it callsfor.


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Information-processing theory- Anarea of study that seeks to understandhow people acquire, store, and recallinformation and how their currentknowledge guides anddetermines

what and how they will learn.

-Deals with understanding how oneprocesses information andutilizes it.


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Intelligence- The ability ofan individual to use a variety ofcognitive and noncognitivecapabilities to formulate goals,logically work toward achieving

those goals, and adapt to thedemands of the environment.

-The capability to reason, completeobjectives, learn, as well as think inan abstract manner.


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Interpersonalreasoning- The ability tounderstand the relationshipbetween motives and behavioramong a group of people.

-Utilizing a group of people to helpa person understand behavior.


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Intrinsicmotivation- Aform ofincentive inherent in a particularactivity, such as the positiveconsequences of becoming morecompetent of knowledgeable.

-I will study hard for my testbecause I want to know everythingI can because it will help me feelprepared.


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Learning style- Aconsistent tendency or preferenceto respond to a variety ofintellectual tasks and problems in aparticular fashion.

-The particular way a person learnsefficiently.


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Long term memory-Storehouse of permanentlyrecorded information in aindividuals memory.

-Memory acquired that will beimprinted in ones brain for use at alater time.


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Melting pot- Atermreferring to the assimilation ofdiverse ethnic groups into onenational mainstream.

-America is a melting pot.


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Metacognition-Knowledge about the operations ofcognition and how to use them toachieve a learning goal.

-Thinking about thinking.


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Mnemonic device- Amemorydirected tactic that helpsa learner transform or organizeinformation to enhance itsretrievability.

-Alearning aid, such as using ofacronyms to memorize concepts.


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Negativereinforcement- Away ofstrengthening a target behavior byremoving an aversive stimulus aftera particular behavior is exhibited.

-When a type of behavior isreinforced by the consequence ofstopping a particular punishment.


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Negative transfer- Asituation in which ones priorlearning interferes withsubsequent learning.

-When a person has difficultymoving from a manual typewriterto a computer keyboard.


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Norm group- Asample ofindividuals carefully chosen toreflect the larger population ofstudents for whom a test isintended.

-Smaller group of people used torepresent a larger populous.


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Observationallearning- That part of thetriadic reciprocal causation modelof social cognitive theory thatdescribes the role of observing and

imitating the behavior of models inlearning new capabilities.

-Learning by watching.


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Operantconditioning- Thetheory of behavior developed by B.F.Skinner, based on the fact thatorganisms respond to their

environments in particular ways toobtain or avoid particularconsequences.

-Operating on the environment.


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Perceptualcentration- The tendencyto focus attention on only onecharacteristic of an object or aspectof a problem or event at a time.

-Not seeing a particular idea in itsentirity, but rather on one part.


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Permissive parents-Parents who make fewdemands ontheir children and fail todiscourage immature behavior,thus reflecting their own tendencyto be disorganized, inconsistent,and lacking in confidence.

-Parents that dont take an activerole in the developement of theirchild.


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Positivereinforcement- Away ofstrengthening a target behavior bysupplying a positive stimulusimmediately after a desired

response.

-If a child says please and thankyou, and receives praise from theirparents, than they are beingpostively reinforced.


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Positive transfer- Asituation in which pror learninigaids subsequent learning, when,for example, a new task calls foressentially the same response thatwas made to a similar earlier-learned task.

-The ability to learn a new abilitybased on the learning of a similarone in the past. i.e. learning to iceskate, when one knows how to

rollar skate.


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Psychosocialmoratorium- Aperiod ofidentitydevelopment marked by adelay of commitment , ideally atime of adventure and exploration

having a positive, or at least neutralimpact on the individual andsociety.

-Taking a break from being oneself,so as to broaden ones horizon. i.e.taking a year off from school after

grauduating high school.


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Punishment-Amethod ofweakening a target behavior bypresenting an aversive stimulusafter the behavior occurs.

-Imposing an action so as to halt aparticular behavior.


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Recognition- Acognitiveprocess that involves noting keyfeatures of a stimulus and relatingthem to previously storedinformation in a interactivemanner.

-Ability to identify something thathas been seen, heard, learned, etc.


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Reflective- Alearning stylein which students collect andanalyze information beforeoffering an answer to a question ora solution to a problem.

-Organizing what has beencollected and evaluating itsentirety so as to understand itmore thoroughly.


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Regrouping- Aform ofability grouping that bringstogether students of the same age,ability, and grade from differentclassrooms, for instruction in aspecific subjects usually reading ormathematics.

-Bringing together individuals withsimilar characteristics to teachcertain topics.


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Scheme- An organizedpattern of behavior or thought that

children formulate as they interact

with their environment, parents,

teachers, and agemates.

-Amental framework developed as

a child in response to stimuli from

our external.


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Self-fulfilling

prophecy- Thetendency of students to achieve the

levels expected of them by their

Teachers.

-Meeting the teachers

expectations.


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Serial position

effect- The tendency to learnand remember words at the

beginning and end of a list more

easily than those in the middle.

-Remembering the first and

last words of a sentence better than

what is in between.


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Shaping- Promoting thelearning of complex behavior byreinforcing successive

approximations to the terminalbehavior.

-Atype of conditioning whererewards are presented whenactions to a desired behavior aremet at intervals.


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Short term memory-The second temporary memorystore, which holds about seven bitsof information for about twenty

seconds.

-Remember the digits to a phonenumber only long enough to redialit. y834-184-5681


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Social cognitivetheory- An explanation ofhow people learn to become self-regulated learners through theinteractive effects of their personalcharacteristics , behaviors, andsocial reinforcement.

-We learn based on watching whatothers do.


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Spontaneousrecovery- The reappearanceof a seemingly extinguished

Behavior.

-When a conditioned responseemerges after previously beingremoved.


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Taxonomy- Aclassificationscheme with categories arranged inhierarchical order.

-An arrangement of the differenttypes of behavior important tolearning developed by BenjaminBloom.


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Time out- Aprocedure thatweakens a target behavior bytemporarily removing theopportunity for the behavior to berewarded.

-Aform of punishment where theperson is removed from a certainenvironment in order to eliminatethe attainment of a reinforcingresponse.


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Zero transfer- Asituation in which prior learninghas no effect on new learning.

-Knowing how to drive a car doesnot mean you can learn how towalk on a tight rope.

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Personal Glossary Ed Psych - Copy