Periodic TableUnit IV

I Hist

ory

A.Mendeleev• Arranged elements by their massesB.Moseley• Arranged elements by

their atomic number• Modern periodic table

II Ar

rang

emen

t of

the

Perio

dic

Tabl

e

A.Groups• Columns on the table• Contain the same

number of valence electronsB.Periods• Rows on the table• Use the same energy

levels

Groups

Peri

ods

III Types of Elements

A. M

etal

s

1. Locationa) Lower left side of the table

2. Propertiesa) Metals are malleable and ductileb) Metals are solids at room

temperature except mercury

c) Metals have lusterd) Metals are good conductors

e) Metals have low ionization

energy and low electronegativityf) Metals lose electrons and form

positive ions

B. N

onm

etal

s

1. Locationa) Upper right side of the table

2. Propertiesa) Nonmetals are brittleb) Nonmetals are gases or

molecular solids at room temperature except bromine

which is a liquidc) Nonmetals are dulld) Nonmetals are insulatorse) Nonmetals have high ionization

energy and high electronegativity

f) Nonmetals gain electrons and

form negative ions

C. Tr

ansit

ion

Meta

ls

1.Locationa)Groups 3 through 122. Propertiesa)Series of elements that

fill the d-sublevelb)Transition metals have

multiple oxidation statesc) Transition metals form

colored ions

D. M

etal

loid

s

1. Locationa) On the “stairs” plus Ge and Sb

2. Propertiesa) Metalloids are brittleb) Metalloids are solid at room

temperaturec) Metalloids have lusterd) Metalloids are semi-conductors

e) Metalloids have middle ionization energy and electronegativity values

f) Metalloids gain or lose electrons

E. N

oble

Gas

es

1.Locationa)Noble Gases are in Group 182. Propertiesa)Noble gases are inert

which means they do not reactb)Noble gases are

monatomicc)Noble gases have filled outer energy levels

IV P

rope

rties

of

Elem

ents

Ionization Energy (IE)• Amount of energy to remove an

electronAtomic Radius• ½ distance between two nuclei

Ionic Radius• Metals decrease in size• Nonmetals increase in size

Electronegativity (EN)• Attraction for electronsReactivity• Metal activity increases as you go left

and down• Nonmetallic activity increases as you go

up and to the right

V Gr

oups

HydrogenAlkali Metals• Group 1• Explosive in waterAlkaline Earth Metals• Group 2Halogens• Group 17• All nonmetals• All phases of matter

• F2 and Cl2 (gas) Br2 (liquid) I2 (solid)

Noble Gases• Group 18• Do not react except the largest

members

VI TrendsAs you go

down a group

• Atomic number

increases

• Mass increases

• Valence electrons

remain the same

• Energy levels

increase

• Metallic character

increases

• Nonmetallic

character decreases

• Radius increases

• IE and EN decrease

As you go

across a period

• Atomic number

increases

• Mass increases

• Valence electrons

increase

• Energy level is

constant

• Metallic character

decreases

• Nonmetallic

character increases

• Radius decreases

• IE and EN increase

Notable

Observations

s-electrons

d-electronss

p-electrons

f-el

ectr

ons

METAL SIDE

NONMETAL SIDEMetalloids

s-electrons

2s

3s

4s

5s

6s

7s

2p

3p

4p

5p

6p

7p

p-electrons

d-electrons

4d

6d

5d

3d

f-electrons

4f5f