2.0 INTRODUCTION

2.11 LOGIC IN A GLANCE

2.7 PERCEPTION ERROR

2.2 PERCEPTION SYNTHESIS

2.3 TYPES OF PERCEPTION

2.16 INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE LOGIC

2.17 METHODS TO CHANGE PERCEPTION-LOGIC

2.1 DEFINITION OF PERCEPTION

2.18 CONCLUSION

2.4 PERCEPTION CHARACTERISTICS

2.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION’S STIMULATION

2.12 CATEGORIES OF LOGIC

2.8 PERCEPTION ORGANIZATION

2.9 PERCEPTION AND INTUITION

2.6 STIMULATION FEATURE TOWARDS PERCEPTION

2.10 PERCEPTION AND LOGIC

2.13 SCIENTIFIC WORK ABOUT LOGIC 2.14 AREA OF

LOGIC2.15 LOGIC IN DAILY LIFE

Introduction

• Perception – the most important element in thinking process/cognitive process

• Creative and critical thinking involve perceptual ability – to interrelate, to receive and to supplement

• Wide and flexible perception – easy to be creative and critical thinker

• Gestalt – perception is a conscious process involving individual reaction towards stimulus from environment.

• According to Edward de Bono (1969), thinking is a process that happened in 2 phases:– 1st phase: perception – 2nd phase: logic

Definition of perception • Perception is the first phase of thinking process. Second phase is

logic. Perception influence what seen by logic. In short, perception determine logic. (Edward de Bono, 1969)

• Perception is the process in which sensory experiences are organized and made meaningful. (Newman, 1983)

• Perception is a process where a human knows about objects and objective events through sensation. (Chaplin, 1985)

• Perception is an active cognitive process including the process of choosing, organizing and interpreting stimulus. (Solso, 1991)

• Perception is a process whereby a person interpret stimulus sensation and gives meaning to it. It is also a conscious and reaction of an individual towards stimulus, which is their personal nature. Perception is also a meaningful pole. Actually it does not happened automatically, but it takes a long time, which include interpretation and proper understanding. (Mohd. Salleh, 1995)

• Perception is interpretation of what is seen by eyes, or in other way perception is meaning given to what is seen by eyes. (Abdullah and Ainon, 1996)

• It is a process in which brain received information from senses, restructuring it back and give meaning to it. (Boon and Ragbir, 1998)

Perception synthesis

• Perception process enable us understand our environment.

• Observing process happened in two phases:– 1st phase: eyes send information to the brain– 2nd phase: brain tells the eyes what is seen(refer to next figure)

How cognitive-perception process creates mental pole in our mind?

Perception process

Phase 1Phase 2

Phase 3

SeeTaste Feel

TouchSmell

Collect & information

filing

Mental set prepared accepting

any conception

File 4File 2File 1 File 3

Mental pola

Sub-sub file

Sub-sub file

Sub-sub file Sub-sub

file

Information accepted

Sensory stimulation

Senses tell the brain what is seen

• Thinking involved two important process (Ainon & Abdullah, 1995):– Biology– Perception

• Perception is a pole set about any concept and meaning that resembles in our mind.

• These set of poles we get from surveillance, observation and direct participation of our surroundings.

Cognitive process

Perception

Experiences and

contexts

Hypothesis

Analysis via

synthesis

Stimulation input

Generate hypothesis and associate with

related scheme from memory

There are similarities/rel

evance between new

& old information

Identifying

stimulation

Yes

No - Interpretation from sensory data (knowledge)- Perception is not static- e.g. Necker Cube

-Past experiences- e.g. old & young lady

Perception characteristics

Perception is personal

Perception happen

continuously

Perception changes

depending on the

environmental change

Perception is very

selective

Foreground and

background relationship

Contrast factor

Past experience

Self motivation

Mental set Time

range

Object order

Concentration

Personal factor

Expectation

Factors influencing

perception’s stimulation

STIMULATION

FEATURE TOWARDS PERCEPTIO

N

Changing and moving

object

Opposite stimulus

Inner factor and interest

Extraordinary stimulus

Perception error

• Human is created with weaknesses – spiritually, emotionally, intellectually, and physically.

• Richard (1989) – human weaknesses in translating perception happened because of the total prediction power while human is translating input received through their environment.

Common mistakes of perception (Ainon & Abdullah,

1996)

Narrow insight perception

Self value perception

Black & white perception

BIG & small perception

Macro perception

Personal perception

Negative perception

Perception organization

• Perception enable us to look for certain information only.

• Then information was kept in memory – become experience

• As a human, we have to be clever to organize perception, to be suitable for creative and critical thinking.

• It is important in a process of problem solving and decision making.

• Creative thinking can generate many ideas and solving in different perspectives.

• Creative thinking techniques: need to be learnt– Expand perception in viewing and solving

problems– Widen observation towards something better

Perception and intuition

• Other than senses, divine revelation and intelligence, intuition is also a way of thinking.

• Intuition is experience gained without a certain thinking process.

• Intuition works subconsciously.• Perception of the possibilities inherent in a

situation. – (Carl Jung)• Intuition use subconscious mind for information

to come and go.

• Intuition functioned in perception.• Perception – translating; intuition – widen the

dimension of perception• Intuition helps to:

How perception can be translated correctly?How was it built?What is the implication to other situation?How should we react?What is the new idea that can we derive in our

mind?

Differences between logic and intuition

Logic • Inductive and deductive

method• Objective, can be seen by

others• Concrete, can be tell to

others, can be feel together

Intuition • Direct experience, without

thinking process• Only for that certain

individual• Subjective and can not be

feel by others

Perception and logic

• Perception and logic interdependent each other.

• Perception – collecting pole; logic – set of assumption for the poles

• Logic is useful for:Looking into relationship of cause and effectMaking conclusion for somethingTo defend argument for the purpose of

supporting or rejecting any ideas

Inference Mind logic Nature logic

Inductive Deductive

Daily life event- Communication; watching

- Shopping; observing - Walking, studying, playing

Specific General

General Specific

Logic in a glance

• Logic has existed thousands of years ago. • Logic is derived from human intelligence.• Three major ages of logic:

Classical ageIslamic eraModern age

Traditional logic

Pragmatic logic

Science logic

Multi-values logic

Epistemology logic

Symbolic logic

Categories

of logic

(Jujun, 1990)

Scientific work about logic

• Scientific work contributed to the traditional logic

• Scientific work of Greece have been translated by Islamic scholars: al-Farabi

• Improve to suit with Islam, and not confusing Islam practitioner

• Western also translated Islamic books into English

• Some of the books are:Organom; The prior Analytics (Aristotle)Novum Organom (Francis Bacon)The Advancement of Learning (Francis Bacon)Nouveaux essais sur (Pascal)A System of Logic (John Stewart Mill)A Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting

the Reason and Seeking Truth in the Science (Descrates)

Essays Concerning Human Understanding (John Locke)

Area of logic

• Logic is a tool or basis for other knowledge area (Bolton, 1976).

• “Logic is the head of knowledge, whoever did not learnt about logic, their knowledge could not be believed” – Imam al-Ghazali

• Knowledge with strong logic basis are religion, philosophy, applied and natural science, language, mathematics, calculus, space, geometry, moral, politics, computer science etc.

Classical age

• Logic called as pure logic• Since 600 B.C., Heraclitus age• Aristotle create very useful logic basis• Scholars in Classical age:

– Heraclitus – Socrates – Plato– Pythagoras

Emphasize on theory formation

Closely related with

theology

Closely related with

language and rhetoric

Logic as argumentation

Closely related with philosophy

Characteristics

Islamic era

• Logic in golden age of Islam is influenced by classical age

• Translated by scholars – al-Farabi, al-Kindi• Given new dimension in scientific research• Scholars:

– Ibn Sina– Ibn Haitham – Imam al-Ghazali

Characteristics

Al-Quran and divinity

Al-Quran and divinity

Mathematics verification Mathematics verification

History writing History writing

Language review

Language review

Modern age

• Scholars trying to find alternative to improve • Rene Descartes discover more dynamic logic

system – dialectic• Now logic is more scientific and empirical• Scholars:

– Galileo– Newton– Pascal

Characteristics

Based on deductive

and intellect

induction

Research (theory,

hypothesis, statistics)

Observational and

experimental

Logic in daily life

• Logic as guideline while thinking and decision making process.

• Logic can determine what is wrong and what is right.• Weaknesses of logic: what is correct in logic is not

necessarily correct in the real situation.• But logic mistakes is small compared to perception

mistakes.• Creation of universe can not be explained by logic.

Important to understand Quran

and Hadith

Educate people to speak the

truth

Delete deviant and ridiculous

thought

To defend opposite’s argument

The use of logic in

everyday life

Deductive and inductive logic

• Deductive logic: some set of general assumptions that produce one specific statement (syllogism – one conclusion built from minor and major premises)

• Inductive logic: one specific statement built from some set of general assumptions

General assumptions

General assumptions

Specific statement

Specific statement

Deductive logic Inductive logic

Deductive logic

• General specific • Syllogism consist of 2

premises and 1 conclusion Major premise: small (basis of

argument) – statement that support or reject something that is true or not

Conclusion – deduction that been created from the application major and minor premises (if both of the premises is true, the conclusion will be true)

Inductive logic

• Specific general• Observe and analyze

existing data• Create hypothesis to link

the data• Science and natural science

research

• Intellect logic: to solve mathematic problems• Nature logic: to interact• Intellect logic will not be congenial with

nature logic• Intellect logic emphasize concrete perception,

whereas nature logic emphasize reasoning perception

• Another type of logic: dialectics logic – uses argument in the form of Q & A

• Three phases of logic:

Perfection and extremity

Logic’s weakness

es

One sided Perception’s restrain

Unbalanced Repetition

Individual experience

Conclusion

• Every human being has perception.• Perception enable human to know a lot –

things, events, objects.• Good and positive perception is beneficial for

human. However, bad perception can also bring goodness.

• Perception MUST BE and HAVE TO BE controlled.

• Controller – intellect, lust and faith!