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Perception and Understand ing 1 Lesson Objectives 1. Why perceptions differ among people? 2. Why do social roles affect perception? 3. What is the self-serving bias? 4. How do perceptions shape our views of others? 5. Should we try to read others’ minds? 6. How can we sharpen our perceptions?

Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

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Page 1: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 1

Lesson Objectives

1. Why perceptions differ among people?2. Why do social roles affect perception?3. What is the self-serving bias?4. How do perceptions shape our views of

others?5. Should we try to read others’ minds?6. How can we sharpen our perceptions?

Page 2: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 2

Perception Process

• We notice and make sense of experience and stimuli around us.

• Perception: an active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations…etc.– Active– Three interrelated processes: selection, organization,

interpretation (all blend into one another)• Examples in daily life…

Page 3: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 3

Selection

• Noticing stimuli (selective attention)• Factors influencing selection

– What stands out– What matters– What changes– What we instruct ourselves to attend to (or are

trained to)– Other Motives: needs, interests…

Page 4: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 4

Organization

• Not perceiving randomly, but in meaningful ways• Constructivism (theory)

– Applying cognitive structures (schemata) to organize and interpret experience

• Four cognitive schemata (schema)– Prototypes: representative ideals (for a specific category)– Personal constructs: mental yardsticks (of judgment)– Stereotypes: predictive generalizations about people, things...– Scripts: guides for action (a sequence of activities)

Page 5: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 5

Interpretation

• Creating meaning and explanations for observation• Attributions (3 dimensions)

– Locus: internal-external locus (internal or external factor)– Stability: stable factors or temporary occurrences– Controllability: responsibility (under or beyond control)

• Self-Serving Bias (interested only in yourself)– Tendency of serving personal interests– Good results → Positive / Internal control– Bad results → Negative / external control

Page 6: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 6

Influences on Perception• Physiological factors

– Sensory abilities, biorhythm, age• Expectations

– Prior hints, subliminal priming, positive visualization– Study of priming (p. 60: terms of rudeness vs. politeness)

• Cognitive abilities– Cognitive complexity (constructs), person-centeredness,

empathy• Social Roles• Cultural Factors

Page 7: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 7

Guidelines for Sharpening Skills

• Avoid mind reading: Assuming we understand…• Check perception with others

– State what you noticed– Check if others perceive the same things– Seek help with interpretation

• Distinguish facts from inferences• Monitor self-serving bias

Page 8: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 8

感官特性與錯誤• 受週邊因素影響• 對型態與群組的自動分類(完形)• 訊號過於近似或情境誤判(雙關語)• 情緒與期望• 被障眼法愚弄(認為非關鍵而輕忽;注

意力轉移)

Page 9: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 9

感官、 Schema 、與真相-視覺

Created by Hill (1915); interpreted by Boring.

線段長度

Page 10: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 10

感官、 Schema 、與真相-視覺

A

請用力看、、、

Page 11: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 11

感官、 Schema 、與真相-視覺

B C D E

下列何者是前一張圖的一部份?

Page 12: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 12

感官、 Schema 、與真相-視覺

B C D E

A都是啦!

Page 13: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 13

感官、 Schema 、與真相 -聽覺

• 國、臺語混合後的語言辨識• 阿伯仔去銀行、、、• 阿伯仔買蔥油餅、、、• 阿伯仔被臨檢、、、• 阿伯仔去買魚、、、

• 你是否曾經是這位阿伯仔?

Page 14: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 14

感官、 Schema 、與真相 -情感︰期待 or 害怕被傷害?

2/100 vs. 1/50

100 位阿兵哥,抽兩位放假。

好想念阿美、、、

Page 15: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 15

感官、 Schema 、與真相 -情感︰期待 or 害怕被傷害?

2/100 vs. 1/50

100 位阿兵哥,抽兩位放假。用 1/50 呈現機率。

好想念阿美、、、

雖然只剩一個名額,但是競爭的人,好像明顯變少了!

Page 16: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 16

門內門外?往上往下

Page 17: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 17

姊妹花?冤家?

Page 18: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 18

您看見幾個黑點?

Page 19: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 19

感官、 Schema 、與真相 - Ki-Mo-Chi 啦!• 生活中︰

– 哥哥的西瓜好像比較大片耶!– 樂透每期都有人中,該輪到我了吧!– 我們系(社團)貼的海報最顯眼!– 那個帥哥(美女)就是不一樣!– 和阿雄(阿桃)的那一次相聚,情景歷歷在目、、– 別人的報告好像寫好多嗚!

• 其他︰產品包裝、店面外觀、小吃攤人氣、人的外貌、說話的語調、新聞平衡報導、、、

Page 20: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 20

誤導與事實呈現剩下的一元呢?

• 三個人去投宿 ...... 服務生說要 30 元 ....• 每個人就各出了 10 元,湊成了 30 元 ......• 後來老闆說今天特價,只要 25 元 ....• 於是叫服務生把退的 5 元拿去還給他們 ....• 服務生想說自己暗藏 2 元起來 ......• 於是就把剩下的 3 元還給他們 ......• 那三個人每人拿回 1 元 ......10-1=9 表示只出了 9 元投

宿 ....• 9 x 3 + 服務生的 2 元 = 29 元• 那剩下的 1 元呢?

Page 21: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 21

轉換成學生• 假如看完前一種陳述方式 , 你嘗試把 25除以 3, 或29除以 3… ( 試以不可分割的個體單位重新陳述 - 轉換成學生 )

• 3 班各派 10 員,共 30 名公差給校長• 校長說 25 員就夠了, 5 員回教室• 途中 2 員跑到福利社, 3 員回各教室(恰好 1 班 1 員)• (3 班 x 9 人 ) +2 員搗蛋學生 = 29 人• 30 人– 29 人 =1 人 到哪裡去了?• 趕快報警?

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虛擬的一元 !• 三個人去投宿 ...... 服務生說要 30 元 ....• 每個人就各出了 10 元,湊成了 30 元 ......• 老闆說只要 25 元,於是服務生退 5 元給他們 ....• 服務生暗藏 2 元起來,把剩下的 3 元還給他們 ......• 那三個人每人拿回 1 元 10-1=9 表示只每人出了 9元投宿 (推論而來 ) 9 x 3 + 服務生的 2元 = 29 元 (推論的 + 部份實況;兩者關係也是假想出來的 ~~~~~ 可用來誤導 )

• 1 元呢? (9 x 3 –25 老闆 – 2 服務生 =0) (推論的 + 大部分實況 )• 或者︰ (10 x 3) - 25 - 2 - 3 = 0 (全部實況 )• 其實 ,所謂的 1 元 (30 – 29 = 1), 完全是推論錯誤而來的 , 對實況而

言 ,27 與 2存在相減而非相加的關係(但原題設計意在誤導… )

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Perception and Understanding 23

視覺化 ( 除去誤導的部份 )• 從劇情與人物 ? • 從符號與關係 ?

1010

10

255

3

2

3x10=25+53x10=25+5

5=2+35=2+3

3x10=25+2+33x10=25+2+3

(3x10)-3=25+2(3x10)-3=25+2

2727=25+=25+22

似乎較能清楚呈現謬誤所在 :27 與 2 的關係

似乎較直接顯示並無所謂的一元的問題

Page 24: Perception and Understanding1 Lesson Objectives 1.Why perceptions differ among people? 2.Why do social roles affect perception? 3.What is the self-serving

Perception and Understanding 24

Just do it - don't cheat 在下面的短文裡數有幾個 "F"

FINISHED FILES ARE THERESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC

STUDY COMBINED WITH THEEXPERIENCE OF YEARS

3 or 6 ?

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Perception and Understanding 25

How many persons ?

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物質不滅! 4 如何變成 3 ?

當兩邊各挪出無效的 1/2 時…

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Perception and Understanding 27

預祝 中秋快樂 !