“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”

GROUP MEMBERS

NAME ROLL NO

AMEY AMBRE PG-15-61

SANMEET ANAND PG-15-62

TRUPTI WALVEKAR PG-15-119

CHAITALI WANKHEDE PG-15-120

“ Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge. ”

Perceptual process

• Receiving stimuli (input)

• Selecting stimuli

• Organising stimuli

• Interpreting stimuli

Processing

ObjectEvent People

1. Selection 2.

Organisation 3.

Interpretation

Input /stimuli

AttitudesOpinionsBeliefs

Feelings etc

Processing mechanism Output

Behaviour

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

Factors influencing PerceptionFactors in the perceiver• Attitudes• Motives• Interests• Experience• Expectations

Perception

Factors in the Target• Motion• Sounds• Size• Background• Similarity

Factors in the situation• Time• Work Setting• Social Setting

• It tries to explain the ways in which we judge differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior.

• It also suggests that when we observe an individual’s behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused.

• Three factors: Consistency

Distinctiveness

Consensus

Consistency• Degree to which a person engages in the same behaviour at

different times• Observing whether the same person behaves in the same fashion

over time • Consistency is high if the same individual exhibits this behaviour

frequently within this situation• If behaviour is unusual for this person in the given situation, then

consistency is low• Eg. An employee coming late to work

Distinctiveness• Degree to which a person behaves similarly in different

situations

• Distinctiveness is established by observing whether the same person behaves differently in different situations

• Eg. If the late coming employee is late for other activities as well, such as report submission, then the distinctiveness is low

Consensus• Degree to which other people are engaging in the same

behaviour.• Observing whether other people also behave in the same

manner.• If behaviour is unique or rare for other people, consensus is

low.

• Eg. If all other employees come on time, consensus is low

Shortcuts in Judging Others• Selective Perception :

People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their

interests, background, experience and attitudes.

• Halo Effect :Drawing a general impressions about an

individual on the basis of a single characteristics, such as

intelligence, sociability or appearance.

• Stereotyping : Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that persons belongs.

• Contrast Effect : Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are effected by

comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.

Individual Differences in Decision-Making Personality

Conscientiousness may effect escalation of commitmentAchievement-strivers are likely to increase commitmentLow acheiver people are less like to have this commitment.

Self-Esteem- High self-esteem people are susceptible to self-serving bias

Gender• Women analyze decisions more than

men Women are twice as likely to develop depression

• Differences develop early. Mental ability Cultural Differences.

Improving Creativity in Decision Making

•Creativity▫The ability to produce novel and useful ideas

•Who has the greatest creative potential?▫Those who score high in Openness to Experience▫People who are intelligent, independent, self-confident,

risk-taking, have an internal locus of control.

Organizational Behavior / Perception

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