People science environment partners “Fisheries and Food Security” in Southeast Asia: Issues and Challenges Len R. Garces NTS-Asia Course for Indonesian

people Ÿ science Ÿ environment Ÿ partners

“Fisheries and Food Security” in Southeast Asia: Issues and Challenges

Len R. Garces

NTS-Asia Course for Indonesian Lecturers, Police Doctors & NGO Leaders

22-24 August 2007, RSIS/NTU - Singapore


Presentation Outline

Overview of Fisheries in SEA and their Importance

Fisheries Conflicts between SSF and LSF based on a Case Studies in SEA

Strategies for Managing Conflicts and Fishing Capacity

Policy Recommendations & Future Research


Fisheries: role

Development

Food security

Povertyalleviation

LivelihoodsHumanhealth

Trade

Speciesstatus

Ecosystemhealth

Biodiversity

Ecosystemfunctions

Alternativeuses


Share of global fish consumption (1973-1997)

Trends in Fish Consumption

Per capita consumption doubled from 7.3 kg to 14 kg during 1973-1997

1973China11%

Developing countries excluding

China34%

Developed countries

55%

1997

China36%

Developed countries

31%

Developing countries excluding

China33%


Fish Consumption in SEA

Country Per capita fish consumption

(kg/year)

Fish as % of animal protein

Fish as % of total animal protein

Thailand 32.4 40.5 17.6

Vietnam 17.9 31.6 7.7

Cambodia 28.4 56.5 16.8

Lao PDR 15.6 41.3 7.7

Myanmar 19.4 47.8 7

Malaysia 58.5 38.5 21

Philippines 29.8 41.1 17.5

Indonesia 21 58 11.1

Singapore 29.3 14.9 7.7

Brunei 23.1 16 7.6


Trends in Fish Production

Increasing Share of Developing Countries

0

20,000,000

40,000,000

60,000,000

80,000,000

100,000,000

120,000,000

1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001

Year

To

tal

pro

du

ctio

n (

mt)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

% C

on

trib

uti

on

of

Dev

elo

pin

g

Co

un

trie

s

Developed countries Developing countries % contribution of developing countries

Total Fish Production, 1950-2001

Source: FishStat+ 2002


Shares of Fish Production by Continent

Oceania1%

South America12%

North and Central America

7%

Europe14%

Africa6%

Asia60%

Share of Fish Production in Asia

China56%

South Asia31%

West Asia11%

Central Asia2%

Production Ave growth/yr Million MT 1992-2001 (%)

China 44 14.30South Asia 9 4.43West Asia 2 3.23Central Asia 0.1 -6.74East & Southeast Asia 24 0.04

Asia 79

Total Fish Production 2001 (Million MT)

Asia 79Africa 7Europe 18North & Central America 9South America 16Oceania 1

World 130

FAOSTAT 2004

FAOSTAT 2004


Trends in Fish Trade

• Developing countries became net exporters- Value: 50% export, 15% import

- Net export - increased from US$5 bil in 1980 to US$16.5 bil in 1999

• Fish trade represents a significant source of foreign currency earnings

• Trade liberalization through removing tariffs and quotas

• Non-tariff barriers (food safety regulations, quality standards and leveling requirements) to become major factor in trade


Global Export of Fish and Major Agricultural Food Products (2002)

Sugar8%

Beverage Crops (Cocoa, Coffee, Tea)

12%

Milk & Milk Products10%

Fish22%

Cereals14%

Meat17%

Oils and Oilseeds17%

Fish - highest share in global agricultural commodity trade

FISHERY SECTOR ONE OF THE BIGGEST TRADE STORIES

Global Export of Fish vs. Major Agricultural Food Products


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

BeverageCrops (Cocoa,Coffee, Tea)

Sugar Cereals Meat Milk/MilkProducts

Oils andOilseeds

Fish

Billio

n $

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Trend is rising from 1998 - 2002

Value of fish export higher than a) meat, b) cereals, c) beverages

Global Trend in Export of Fish vs. Major Agricultural Food Products


Thailand25%

Myanmar3%

Vietnam34%

Indonesia21%

Malaysia7%

Singapore6%

Brunei, Cambodia &

Laos<1%

Philippines4%

Fish Export by ASEAN Countries

ASEAN Statistical Yearbook 2005


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Brunei

Cambodia

Indonesia

Malaysia

Myanmar

Philippines

Singapore

Thailand

Laos

Vietnam

Trends in ASEAN Fish Export



Crustaceans

56%

Molluscs and

other aquatic

invertebrates

13%

Live fish

3%

Dried, salted

and smoked

3%

Fillet & other

fish meat

11%

Frozen fish

8%

Fresh & chilled

fish

6%

Total Value of Export: US$6.2 Billion

ASEAN Fish Exports 2004



Employment Opportunities

Asia accounts for 87% of all fisheries and aquaculture sector employees (~22 million)

Statistics are difficult to obtain Number of people employed in

sector has doubled since 1970’s Importance of upstream and

downstream activities Hatchery production and seed

supply for aquaculture particularly important

Processing one of most important multipliers, particularly for women

Global share of employment in the fisheries and aquaculture

sector

Europe2%

North and Central Africa

2%

Africa7%

Asia87%

South America

2%


Contribution of Fisheries to GDP

Countries

% GDP 2003

Agriculture Fishery

Contribution of fishery Sector

to agriculture

Brunei 2.1 0.5 24

Cambodia 36.8 10 27

Indonesia 15.4 2.4 16

Laos 60 3.2 5

Malaysia 8.1 1.0 12

Myanmar 55 7.3 13

Philippines 19.8 2.2 11

Singapore 0.1 nil nil

Thailand 10.2 2.0 20

Vietnam 21.1 4.0 19



Fisheries: role

Development

Food security

Povertyalleviation


Trade

Speciesstatus

Ecosystemhealth

Biodiversity

Ecosystemfunctions

Alternativeuses


Yes, 61% mangrove area lost

Capture fisheries: Current status

Indonesia

Malaysia

Philippines

Thailand

Vietnam

Overexploitedstocks

Excesscapacity

Fishing downthe foodweb

Degradedhabitats

Coastal demersals, small pelagics

Java Sea:Coastal demersals & small pelagics

Coastal demersals, small pelagics (WCPM) & prawns

GoT: demersals, small pelagics & prawns

Coastal resources, green mussels & pearl oysters

Java Sea:86 – 207% excesscapacity

Gulf of ThailandTrash fish now 60% of catch


Yes

Yes


Changes in dominant species

San Miguel Bay,Lingayen Gulf

Increased bycatch and small fish in trawl catch

Increasing trashfish

Unlicensed vessels

20 – 30% reductionrequired

3-fold Hp increase resulted in only 1.8 fold CPUE increase

Excess capacity documented


Malaysia: reduction in demersal inshore biomass 1972 – 1997

(Talib et al. 2003 Sustainable managementof coastal fisheries in Asia 1998 – 2001)

www.reefbase.org

Malaysia

92%

98%

97%

94%

95%

86%

Capture fisheries: Current status

Resources are severely reduced


Biomass distribution (1960s)Preliminary – based on Ecopath models developed by partnersChristensen et al. 2003


Biomass distribution (1980s)


Capture Fisheries: role

Development

Food security

Povertyalleviation


Trade

Speciesstatus

Ecosystemhealth

Biodiversity

Ecosystemfunctions

Alternativeuses


Key Challenges and Opportunities

Capture Fisheries:Production from coastal capture fisheries decliningFish stock are fish down to 5-30% (Silvestre et al., 2003)Excess fishing capacity and habitat degradation

Aquaculture: Growth rate in aquaculture production about 8.9%Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam are in the top 10 producersBUT increasing demand for trash fish

Opportunities:Offshore fisheries (tuna) – BUT maybe limitedAquaculture - Improved feeding practices & speciesCCRF & improved managementASEAN Economic Integration – Markets & Food Safety


Why “Fish Fights over

Fish Rights”?The study is about Fights (disputes) over fishing ‘Rights’ (a legal, equitable, or moral title or claim to the possession of property or authority, the enjoyment of privileges or immunities that which justly accrues or falls to any one).Source: Bennett (2000)

“Fish Fights over Fish Rights” is about conflicts in fisheries


SSF vs LSFSSF vs LSF

Country Small-scale fishery Large-scale fishery

Brunei Darussalam Artisanal; boats up to 60 ft (18.3 m) LOA (<3nm)

Indonesia Small-scale: vessels <5 GT/10 HP engine (0–3 nm); & <25 GT/50 HP engine (3-7 nm)

Industrial: vessels <100 GT/ 200HP engine (7–12 nm); & vessels >100GT/200HP engine (>12 nm to EEZ)

Malaysia Inshore or traditional:

boats <10 GT (within 3 nm)

Modern gear (Trawl & purse seine):

boats >10 GT (>3nm)

Philippines ‘Municipal’

boats < 3 GT (<15 km, ~8 nm)

‘Commercial’

boats >3 GT (>15 km)

Thailand <12 nm mainly gillnets >12 nm using trawl, purse seines, mackerel gillnet

(Source: SEAFDEC Fisheries Bulletin)


Existing Fishing Zones …..Existing Fishing Zones …..

Countries

Fishing Zone I

Fishing Zone II

Fishing Zone III

Fishing Zone IV

Reference Point: Distance from shoreline BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

3nm (Small-scale/

Artisanal fisheries)

3nm to 20nm (Small-scale/

Artisanal fisheries /Industrial fisheries)

20nm to 45nm (Small-scale/

Artisanal fisheries /Industrial fisheries)

45nm to EEZ limit (Small-scale/ Artisanal

fisheries /Industrial fisheries)

INDONESIA 3nm (Small-scale

fisheries)

7nm (Small-scale

fisheries)

12nm (Industrial fisheries)

>12nm (Industrial fisheries)

MALAYSIA 5nm

(Traditional Fisheries)

5nm to 12nm (Commercial

Fisheries)

12nm to 30nm (Commercial

Fisheries)

30nm to EEZ (Commercial

Fisheries) PHILIPPINES

15km (~8nm) (Municipal fisheries)

15km (~8nm) to EEZ limit

(Commercial fisheries)

THAILAND 12nm (Small-scale

fisheries)

12nm to EEZ limit (Large-scale

fisheries)

VIET NAM 0 to 30m depth in Northern and

Southern areas, to 50m depth in Central area (Small-scale

fisheries)

30 to 50m depth to the EEZ limit (Large-scale

fisheries)

(Source: Silvestre et al. 2003)

people Ÿ science Ÿ environment Ÿ partners SSF vs LSF (global)…SSF vs LSF (global)…Source: Thompson & FAO 1988


Conceptual Framework


Typology of Conflicts

Source: Bennett et al. 2001

Type Description of conflicts Examples

I Conflicts on who controls the fishery

Access issue - who among fishers can fish (e.g. ownership between concessionaires & fishermen)

II Conflicts on how the fisheries is controlled

Enforcement issues - how management systems are implemented (quota / allocation, fishing seasons)

III Conflicts between the fishery users

User-group-related issues (small vs large-scale fishers; ethic, religious groups)

IV Conflicts between fishers and other resource users

Conflicts arising from multiple use of resources (farming vs tourism vs conservation vs industrial development)

V Conflicts between fishers and non-fishery issues

Conflict external to but affecting fisheries (corruption, politics, elite groups, environmental concerns, and economic change)


Typology of Conflicts & Security Concerns (Salayo et al. 2006)

Type I

Who controls the fishery

II How the fisheries is controlled

III Conflicts between the fishery users

IV Conflicts between fishers and other resource users

V Conflicts between fishers and non-fishery issues

Livelihood (Income)

Food Security

Environmental Degradation

Threat to Lives


Cambodia Allocation of fishing rights

Pursat in Tonle Sap Lake; Kandal in Mekong River; Kampot in the Gulf of Thailand

Philippines

(Visayan Sea)

Small- vs. large-scale fisheries

Iloilo, Negros & Cebu provinces in the Visayan Sea (3 municipalities)

Thailand

(Gulf of Thailand)

Anchovy fishery and small-scale operators

Songkhla province in the Gulf of Thailand (Natub SD in Chana & Bo Daeng SD in Sating Pra)

Conflict Cases and Study Sites


Case Study: Visayan Sea

Visayan Sea

Luzon

Visayas

Mindanao


Visayan Sea, Philippines

More than 20 LGUs (4 provinces) LGUs manage coastal zones up to 15-km from the shore

(Local Government Code – 1991; Fisheries Act – 1998) Area = 5,184 km2; Depth ~ 20 fathoms Fisheries catch contribute to >10% of total (national) fish

production (~200 thousand t) Declining catch rates (~25% bet. 1990 – 1995) Visayan Sea Coastal Resources and Fisheries

Management Project (initiative with funds from GTZ)


Typologies of Conflicts: Visayan Sea

Municipal (small) vs. commercial (large) sector (15-km)

Among municipal fishers (within 15-km) Access given by local governments to

commercial fisheries to operate between 10-15 km)

Gear ban (trawl within 15 km)


Strategies for Managing Fisheries and Conflicts


01020304050607080

%

Highlyagree

Undecided StronglyDisagree

Response

Ban Use of Some Gears

Commercial

Municipal


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

%

Highlyagree


Response

Catch Limit

Commercial

Municipal


0

10

20

30

40

50

%

Highlyagree


Response

Alternative Job

Commercial

Municipal


010203040506070

%

Highlyagree


Response

Establishment of MPAs

Commercial

Municipal


05

101520253035

%

Highlyagree


Response

Limit Number of Fishers

Commercial

Municipal


Strategies for Managing Fisheries and Conflicts

Ban use of some gearsSet maximum limit of catchSet non-fishing season (“closed season”)Establish “Protected Areas” Limit number of fishersAlternative livelihood


Reactions of respondents to exit strategies

Exit strategy Cambodia Philippines Thailand

Effort reduction

Catch limitation Disagreed Disagreed n/a

Limiting the number of fishers

Disagreed Disagreed n/a

Gear / area / temporal restrictions Banning the use of some gears

Agreed Agreed Recommended

Closed season / non-fishing seasons

Disagreed Ambivalent n/a

Establishment of protected areas

n/a Agreed Recommended

Sustainable alternative livelihoods

Agreed Agreed Recommended


Key Lessons….

All conflicts have varying underlying or root causes Each conflict has corresponding threats or impacts Conflicts may produce some losers and winners Conflicts have security implications (livelihoods, food

security, habitats and fish stocks)

Need for review & updating of existing laws & regulations

Improved implementation strategies Exit strategies need to be designed with stakeholders,

not all technical solutions are acceptable


Management of Fishing Capacity and Resource Use Conflicts in Southeast Asia:A Policy Brief

M. Ahmed

N.D. Salayo

K. Viswanathan

L.R. Garces

M.D. Pido


Policy Recommendations

1. Uphold institutional partnership in R & D

Undertake relevant R&D programs

Provide scientific/ technical advice and other relevant information

Enhance institutional networking



2. Building non-fishery human capacity to reduce fishing capacity (HRD needs)

Build capacity of institutions in all levels of governance (e.g., formulate & implement plan of action)

Develop coordination and partnerships among stakeholders (national/local levels)

Facilitate community organizing and development Develop key partners in sustainable resource

management Participate actively in action programs at the local

level Secure access to resources for sustainable livelihood



3. Promote and harmonize action plans through good governance

Formulate and implement a national plan of action for addressing over-capacity and resource use conflicts in fisheries

Harmonize relevant plan of action at international / regional level

Promote collaboration in implementing international / regional action programs



4. Advocate management interventions and politicize security threat

Promote a conducive policy climate

Promote effective natural resource management

Support fisheries and resource management


Policy Recommendations Premised on institutional partnerships and crucial

roles:

academic/research institutions, national/local governments, NGOs/people’s organizations (POs) international/regional organizations, donors/investors, private sector, and primary stakeholders


Future Directions….

Development of mechanisms for implementing co-operation in the midst of conflicts and impending security threats to fishing livelihoods, food security, and fishery habitat and stocks.

Research involving cross-border conflicts in various ‘fishery hot spots’ in Southeast Asia that was not covered in this study could be developed.

Action research and field trials of proposed policy recommendations for managing fisheries, conflicts and excess capacity could be pursued.


Future Directions…. Strategies for managing fishing

capacity (Stobutzki et al, 2006):

Country- and Fishery-specific

Effective access and property rights (compliance to regulations)

Balance between small-scale and industrial scale

Use of group-user rights (SEAFDEC)


Fisheries Resources

Pyramid of

Biomass

Resource Distribution

(spatial)

Institutional Profile

International

National

Inter-LGU Local

Socio-Economic Profile

Small-scale

Medium-scale

Large-scale

RD*

IC*

RD

IC

RD IC

Fishing Sub-sectors

NATURALDIMENSION

HUMANDIMENSION

*RD - Resource distribution

IC - Institutional control

Regional


Discussion Questions….

How can decentralization (local governance) improve resource management and reduce resource use conflicts?

How can we reconcile local- and national- level fisheries management priorities given a decentralized system?

Documents

People science environment partners “Fisheries and Food Security” in Southeast Asia: Issues and Challenges Len R. Garces NTS-Asia Course for Indonesian