Penal SubstitutionPenal SubstitutionBy dying on the cross, Christ By dying on the cross, Christ

appeased God’s righteous wrath, appeased God’s righteous wrath, which was upon all sinners.which was upon all sinners.

Key Scriptures:• Isaiah 53:6• Romans 3:25-26• Galatians 3:13• 2 Corinthians 5:21• 1 John 2:2, 4:10

Key Promoters:•Anselm •John Calvin• Martin Luther• Most modern Evangelicals

Moral InfluenceMoral Influence

The cross is God’s way of showing The cross is God’s way of showing how much he loves us, which in how much he loves us, which in turn should motivate us to love turn should motivate us to love him back. him back.

Key Scriptures:Key Scriptures:

1 John 3:161 John 3:16 1 John 4:7-121 John 4:7-12

Romans 5:8Romans 5:8

Key Promoter:Key Promoter:

Peter AbelardPeter Abelard

Moral ExampleMoral Example

Through the cross,Through the cross, Jesus shows us Jesus shows us how to love and trust God and how to how to love and trust God and how to love each other.love each other.

Key Scriptures:Key Scriptures:

1 Peter 2:211 Peter 2:21

1 John 3:161 John 3:16

Key Promoters:Key Promoters:

SociniansSocinians Modern liberal traditionModern liberal tradition

Christus VictorChristus Victor

Jesus came to defeat the devil, who had become the Jesus came to defeat the devil, who had become the ruler of humanity and their world when he led Adam ruler of humanity and their world when he led Adam and Eve to switch their allegiance to him. and Eve to switch their allegiance to him.

Key Scriptures:Key Scriptures: Colossians 2:15Colossians 2:15 Hebrews 2:14-15Hebrews 2:14-15

1 John 3:81 John 3:8

Key Promoters:Key Promoters: Early ChurchEarly Church Martin LutherMartin Luther C.S. LewisC.S. Lewis