PEMSEA Portfolio copy 2 - WAVE · PEMSEA IEC Material 2. 80 p. Global Environment Facility/United Nations Development Programme/International Maritime Organization Regional Programme

PEMSEAPartnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (1994–2010)

A Regional Mechanism Facilitating Sustainable Environmental Benefits in River Basins, Coasts, Islands and Seas

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The Seas of East AsiaHistorical PerspectiveFramework for Sustainable Coastal DevelopmentGovernance, Policy, StrategiesInstitutional ArrangementsImplementing International Instruments and LegislationCapacity DevelopmentKnowledge ManagementScientific AdviceSustainable FinancingPublic AwarenessManagement Tools and MethodologiesCodification and RecognitionStrategic Action ProgrammesMonitoring and EvaluationReplication and Scaling upPartnershipsResource MobilizationPEMSEA Resource Facility Organizational StructureState and Non-State PartnersExecutive CommitteePEMSEA StaffPEMSEA Interns and FellowsPEMSEA Publications and Videos

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PEMSEA: Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas ofEast Asia (1994–2010): A Regional Mechanism Facilitating SustainableEnvironmental Benefits in River Basins, Coasts, Islands and Seas.

© 2007

Published by the GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on BuildingPartnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia(PEMSEA). www.pemsea.org.

PEMSEA. 2007. PEMSEA: Partnerships in Environmental Management forthe Seas of East Asia (1994–2010): A Regional Mechanism FacilitatingSustainable Environmental Benefits in River Basins, Coasts, Islands and Seas.PEMSEA IEC Material 2. 80 p. Global Environment Facility/United NationsDevelopment Programme/International Maritime Organization RegionalProgramme on Building Partnerships in Environmental Management forthe Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines.

ISBN 978-971-812-020-0

PEMSEA is a GEF Project, implemented by UNDP, and executed by IMO.

The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policiesof the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and theother participating organizations. The designation employed and thepresentation do not imply expression of opinion, whatsoever on the part ofGEF, UNDP, IMO or PEMSEA concerning the legal status of any country orterritory, or its authority or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries.

PEMSEA Portfolio copy 2.pmd 9/1/2007, 4:05 PM2

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The Seas of East Asia

The Seas of East AsiaSeas of East AsiaSeas of East AsiaSeas of East AsiaSeas of East Asia are vital to the livesof close to one-third of humankind. Tothe estimated 1.5 billion people living

within a hundred kilometers of the region'scoasts, the relevance of the ocean and itsimpact on daily life are obvious. But the widearray of goods and services that the seasprovide for human benefit are not fullyappreciated by some people and are oftentaken for granted. Scientific assessment of theconditions of the seas and oceans show thatwe are rapidly losing most of the valuableenvironmental benefits generated from riverbasin, coastal, island, sea and oceanecosystems.

Over the past decade, substantial efforts havebeen directed to addressing the many threatsto environmental and economic sustainabilityof marine and coastal ecosystems bygovernments and other stakeholders in theEast and Southeast Asian region. Many ofthese initiatives were sustained and

consolidated as a consequence of a series ofstrategic projects made possible through thesupport of the Global Environment Facility,United Nations agencies and other bilateraland multilateral donors and financialinstitutions. Partnerships in EnvironmentalManagement for the Seas of East Asia(PEMSEA) is one such initiative. Over its 14-year existence, PEMSEA has evolved from aregional project into a regional operatingmechanism focused on the environmentalchallenges and sustainable development of theSeas of East Asia.

This document is intended to provide readerswith a general background and rationale tothe various activities undertaken by PEMSEA,as well as its evolution and transformationsince 1994. The major activities, outputs andoutcomes over the past 14 years serve as thefoundation on which new initiatives and actionprograms are being developed andundertaken from 2007 to 2010.

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The Seas of East Asia and major river basins including the major ocean currents.


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The Seas of East Asia

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Challenges and Opportunities

Bordered by China, Japan, the Korean Peninsulain the North and the Southeast Asian nations inthe south, the Seas of East AsiaSeas of East AsiaSeas of East AsiaSeas of East AsiaSeas of East Asia are made up ofsix subregional seas including the Yellow, EastChina, South China, Sulu-Sulawesi andIndonesian seas and the Gulf of Thailand. Thesesubregional seas, or large marine ecosystems(LMEs), are ecologically and economicallyimportant both to the region and globally. Moreimportantly, the water resources therein serve as amedium of life flowing from the hilltops to theseas and oceans, crossing political boundaries,nurturing ecosystems, sustaining freshwater andmarine resources, and providing food, livelihoodand security to the people of the region. They aresemi-enclosed with a total sea area of 7 millionkm2, a coastline of 234,000 km, and a totalwatershed area of about 8.6 million km2.

The Seas of East Asia sustain 30 percent of theworld's coral reefs and mangroves; produce about40 percent of the world's fish catch and 84percent of world aquaculture; and represent oneof the world's centers for tropical marinebiodiversity. Approximately 2 billion people live in

the region, with this number expected to increaseto 3 billion by 2015. The region's coastal citieshost an estimated 77 percent of the totalpopulation. Clustered around these coastal citiesare traditional resource-based activities, such ascoastal fisheries, aquaculture, forestry andagriculture, side by side with industry, shippingand tourism. Half of the world's merchant fleetsails through the Malacca and Lombok Straits,while 14 of the 20 largest maritime ports in theworld are located in the shipping corridor thatstretches from Singapore to Japan.

Growing populations and their migration tocoastal areas, dynamic economic growth, andrising global demands for fishery and aquacultureproducts (met largely by export products from theEast Asian Seas), and rapidly increasing shippingtraffic collectively exert tremendous pressure onEast Asia's marine environment and coastalresources. Even with decades of advocacy,political commitments and conservation efforts atthe national and regional levels, reversing thedecline of coastal and marine environmentalquality in the region is still an urgent task thatrequires a new approach, a new managementparadigm. That paradigm is a strategicpartnership of governments, internationalorganizations, donors and stakeholders workingtogether to achieve a shared vision of asustainable resource system for the Seas ofEast Asia.


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Since the intervention of the GlobalEnvironment Facility (GEF) inDecember 1993, when the first

international water project was launched,considerable focus was placed on theprevention and management of marinepollution by: setting up integrated coastalmanagement (ICM) pilot sites in Xiamen (PRChina) and Batangas Bay (Philippines);mobilizing subregional efforts (Indonesia,Malaysia and Singapore) to address marinepollution problems in the Straits of Malacca andStraits of Singapore; and strengthening capacitydevelopment, especially in developing countriessuch as Cambodia, People’s Republic of China,the Democratic People's Republic of Korea,Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.The project, known then as the Prevention andManagement of Marine Pollution in the EastAsian Seas, was implemented by the UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP) andexecuted by the International MaritimeOrganization (IMO), while the Government of

the Philippines hosted the regional project officewithin the Department of Environment and NaturalResources (DENR) compound in Quezon City,Metro Manila.

The successful completion of the pilot phase projectin September 1999 led to the building ofconfidence and recognition of the need to developstakeholder partnerships in addressing theincreasing environmental challenges in the seas ofEast Asia. A second phase project (1999–2007)focusing on building intergovernmental,interagency and multisectoral partnerships inenvironmental management was supported by GEF,with implementation beginning in October 1999.The thrust of the new project was to buildbuildbuildbuildbuildpartnershipspartnershipspartnershipspartnershipspartnerships, hence the acronym PEMSEA, torepresent the new project initiatives.

The major focus of the PEMSEA project included:

1. Formulation and adoption of integratedapproaches to managing land and water uses,from river basins to coastal seas, amongparticipating countries in response to the


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Historical Perspective

challenges of climate change, sea level rise,loss of biodiversity, depleting fisheries andmarine resources, severe degradation ofwater quality, and increasing multiple-useconflicts in the coastal and marine areas;

2. Development of human resources in areas ofplanning and sustainable management ofcoastal and marine areas through innovativecapacity development programs such aspromoting horizontal learning amongstakeholders, south-south and north-southlearning, on-the-job learning, as well asformal and informal training programs;

3. Demonstration of ICM as a systematic andeffective approach to managing land andwater uses in coastal areas, and scaling up ofICM initiatives; and

4. Development and adoption of a sustainableregional mechanism to augment national andregional commitment to protect and managethe coastal and marine environment of theSeas of East Asia.

In December 2003, participating governmentsand collaborative partners endorsed theSustainable Development Strategy for the Seasof East Asia (SDS-SEA), a document thatoutlines a shared vision as well as the collectivestrategies and approaches to achieve the goalsof sustainable development for the region. Theimplementation of the SDS-SEA requires along-term commitment, policy reforms,strategic management interventions andsignificant financial resources. In June 2007,the GEF Council approved Phase I of a 10-yearproject (2007–2017) to implement the SDS-SEA, which facilitates PEMSEA's transformationinto a self-sustaining regional operatingmechanism. GEF will provide the necessaryfinancial support to cover the incremental costsof addressing regional environmental issuesthat are of global significance viaimplementation of the SDS-SEA.


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Practical experience in the application ofICM in the East Asian region over the last14 years has led to the development of a

common framework for sustainable coastaldevelopment. This common framework covers asystem of governance as well as several issue-specific management systems critical toachieving the overall goals of sustainabledevelopment. The ICM framework has become avery useful guide for national and localgovernments to promote sustainabledevelopment initiatives and programs. Keyareas of competence addressed in thegovernance component of the frameworkinclude:

PPPPPolicyolicyolicyolicyolicy, strategies and action plans, strategies and action plans, strategies and action plans, strategies and action plans, strategies and action plans: establishingand adopting policy reforms, shared visions andmissions, long-term strategies and actions plansthat express intention, direction, targets andtimeframe for managing marine and coastalresources and their sustainable use through anintegrated approach.

Institutional arrangementsInstitutional arrangementsInstitutional arrangementsInstitutional arrangementsInstitutional arrangements: operationalizinginteragency and multisectoral coordinating

Process-oriented Common Framework for Sustainable Developmentof Coastal Areas Thru ICM Implementation.

mechanisms that involve concerned stakeholders inplanning, implementing, evaluating and continuallyimproving programs for sustainable developmentthrough ICM applications.

LLLLLegislationegislationegislationegislationegislation: developing and implementing nationallegislation and/or local administrative orders, whichsupport new and existing policies that facilitate theeffective implementation of ICM, including, forexample, interagency and multisectoral institutionalarrangements, land- and sea-use zoning schemes,registration and licensing, market-based/revenuegenerating instruments covering access and use ofresources, monitoring and reporting, informationsharing, and surveillance and enforcementmechanisms.

Public awareness and information managementPublic awareness and information managementPublic awareness and information managementPublic awareness and information managementPublic awareness and information management:putting into operation communication strategies andplans for ensuring that stakeholders are informed ofthe scope, benefits and threats to their localecosystems, and the programs that are beingdeveloped and implemented to reduce threats andenhance benefits, covering, for example, access tomultimedia resource materials, training andeducational initiatives, networking and coordination


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of stakeholders, resource and skills sharing,stakeholder consultation and participation,information management and sharing, feedbackmechanisms to assess the satisfaction level ofstakeholders including complaints and suggestions,and corrective and preventive actions taken toaddress problems and complaints.

Sustainable financingSustainable financingSustainable financingSustainable financingSustainable financing: institutionalizing themeasures and means to support conservation ofresources and required environmentalinfrastructure improvements through public- andmarket-based sources, such as appropriation ofannual budget allocations; user fees, tariffs, taxes,penalties and fines; and adoption of a corporatemanagement approach to utilities and resourcemanagement.

Capacity developmentCapacity developmentCapacity developmentCapacity developmentCapacity development: incorporating capacitydevelopment as an indispensable component of allaspects of sustainable development programs,

from inception and implementation to monitoringand evaluation and, in particular, equipping localpersonnel and managers with the essentialtechnical and management skills to plan andmanage coastal areas and resources.

The goals of sustainable development are notachievable by governance alone. It must beaccompanied by on-the-ground actions, whichintegrate policy and functional procedures across(and oftentimes within) sectors into an operatingmanagement system. In addition, an importantcross-cutting element of the management system isthe role of science. Specifically, the focus here isthe input by the scientific community at the local,national and regional levels on the state of theenvironment, the scientific basis and rationale formanagement decisions, and the scientificassessment of management interventions and theirultimate contribution to the adopted sustainabledevelopment targets and objectives.

Framework for Sustainable Coastal Development


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Furthermore, on-the ground actions implyimplementation of projects or programs that address thefundamental threats to the continuous supply of publicgoods and services generated by the ecosystems, whichin turn affect the lives, health and property of the coastalinhabitants. Obviously, each country, local governmentunit, or stakeholder will have a perspective on whatconstitutes a threat to sustainable development. Theframework identifies five essential aspects of sustainabledevelopment of coastal and marine areas and theircorresponding management regimes, which representone or more priorities of local governments dependingon environmental conditions within their respective areasof jurisdiction, as follows:

1. Natural and human-made disaster preventionNatural and human-made disaster preventionNatural and human-made disaster preventionNatural and human-made disaster preventionNatural and human-made disaster preventionand response managementand response managementand response managementand response managementand response management — The region isexperiencing frequent natural and human-madedisasters, including earthquakes, tsunamis, tidalstorms, flooding, sea level rise, landslides, redtides, oil and chemical spills, coastal erosion andland reclamation. A first step in the process is toidentify and delineate the likelihood of a disasteroccurring, the potential risks (social, economic andenvironmental), the likely consequences, and the

ultimate impact on the lives and property of coastalinhabitants as well as ecosystem health. Preventionand response management programs include,among other aspects: prevention andpreparedness procedures and controls;contingency and emergency plans; publiceducation and awareness building; training ofresponse teams; access to adequate resources(equipment and materials, staff and financialresources); and humanitarian and emergencyrelief.

2. Natural coastal habitat protection, restorationNatural coastal habitat protection, restorationNatural coastal habitat protection, restorationNatural coastal habitat protection, restorationNatural coastal habitat protection, restorationand managementand managementand managementand managementand management — Specific habitat managementprograms, including increasing the vegetationcoverage in urban centers, are developed andimplemented to provide adequate protection,conservation and restoration of naturalenvironmental assets such as coral reefs,mangroves, seagrass beds, and other wetlands.For example, land- and sea-use zoning schemeshelp local governments regulate land and sea use,


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Framework for Sustainable Coastal Development

based on functional characteristics, traditionalpractices, existing national and local laws, andlevel of development, in accordance with therespective coastal strategy or development plan.

3. WWWWWater use and supply managementater use and supply managementater use and supply managementater use and supply managementater use and supply management — Forward-looking water resource management programsare essential to sustainable development,especially in urban centers where water supplyshortages are anticipated. Measures includesound water use policy, tariff systems, waterallocation/licensing, water conservation andreuse, protection of water sources (i.e., watershedor river basins; surface and ground water), andensuring the quality, adequate supply andaccessibility of water services to common citizens.

4. PPPPPollution and waste reduction managementollution and waste reduction managementollution and waste reduction managementollution and waste reduction managementollution and waste reduction management —Pollution reduction and waste management arecommon challenges for every urban and ruralcenter in order to protect land, air and water (i.e.,groundwater, rivers and coastal seas) resourcesand conserve energy. Sustainable managementprograms entail an understanding of the sourcesand characteristics of contaminants and wastematerials entering the environment, requiredsocietal behavioral shifts to reduce or eliminatepollution, and the introduction of policy reforms,legislation, capacity development, market-basedprocurement and management instruments,awareness building, and incentive andenforcement mechanisms to promote change.

5. FFFFFood security and livelihood managementood security and livelihood managementood security and livelihood managementood security and livelihood managementood security and livelihood management —The sustainable supply of fisheries, especially fromriver systems and coastal seas is both a target andan outcome of sustainable development. Thefishing sector itself requires management and, inparticular, the implementation of the FAO Codeof Conduct for Responsible Fisheries is central toachieving this. But all other aspects of sustainablecoastal and marine areas affect fisheries, andtherefore a sustainable supply of fisheries canalso be an outcome of good management ofthese other issues. It is also important to ensurethe accessibility of the poor to fisheries, given itsrole as a major traditional source of animalprotein for the coastal poor. Supplementallivelihood programs for coastal communities canalso be set in place to reduce overfishing and toincrease income from other sources of living.


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Development and Implementation ofa Regional Marine Strategy

The preparation of the Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentSustainable DevelopmentStrategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDSStrategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDSStrategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDSStrategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDSStrategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDS-----SEA)SEA)SEA)SEA)SEA) wasinitiated in 2000 to assist participating governmentswith the implementation of their major internationalcommitments related to coasts and oceans. The finaldocument was completed and adopted in 2003, afterthree years of extensive consultations with 12participating governments and 16 stakeholderpartners. The SDS-SEA provides a framework of

actions for achieving thegoals of key internationalagreements and actionplans, including the UNMillennium DevelopmentGoals (MDGs), the WorldSummit on SustainableDevelopment (WSSD) Planof Implementation,Chapter 17 of Agenda 21and other internationalinstruments related tocoasts, islands and oceans,as well as a platform forregional cooperation.

The SDS-SEA embodies a shared vision among allstakeholders. It provides a clear mission statement forachieving the sustainable use of coastal and marinenatural resources, protecting the lives and propertiesof the coastal population, and sustaining the benefitsthat are generated by the marine ecosystems. With thedesired changes clearly defined, action programs aredeveloped under six major strategies, namely toSustain, Preserve, Protect, Develop, Implement andCommunicate. A total of 27 operational principles, 20concrete objectives, 50 action programs and 227

activities are identified. The action programs andactivities cut across major fields of concern and need,including biodiversity, land- and sea-based pollution,fisheries and aquaculture, maritime transport,financing and investment, scientific research andintegrated coastal management (ICM), which includesthe management of watersheds, river basins, coastalseas and large marine ecosystems (LMEs), capacitydevelopment, and education and awareness.

Implementation of the SDS-SEA is the primaryobjective of PEMSEA, in supporting governments andstakeholder partners to achieving their shared visionand mission.

Fostering National and Regional Commitments

PEMSEA has fostered a number of national,subregional and regional commitments related tocoastal and ocean governance that promote politicalwill and policy reforms at national and local levels.

Putrajaya Declaration (2003)Putrajaya Declaration (2003)Putrajaya Declaration (2003)Putrajaya Declaration (2003)Putrajaya Declaration (2003) — Concerned Ministersof PEMSEA participating countries, including BruneiDarussalam, Cambodia, PR China, DPR Korea,Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, RO Korea,Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam, as well asrepresentatives of other stakeholder entities, adoptedthe Putrajaya Declaration of Regional CooperationPutrajaya Declaration of Regional CooperationPutrajaya Declaration of Regional CooperationPutrajaya Declaration of Regional CooperationPutrajaya Declaration of Regional Cooperationfor the Sustainable Development of the Seas of Eastfor the Sustainable Development of the Seas of Eastfor the Sustainable Development of the Seas of Eastfor the Sustainable Development of the Seas of Eastfor the Sustainable Development of the Seas of EastAsiaAsiaAsiaAsiaAsia on 12 December 2003, during the East AsianSeas (EAS) Congress held in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Theministerial declaration formally adopts the SDS-SEA asa regional strategy for achieving sustainabledevelopment of the seas of East Asia.

Haikou PHaikou PHaikou PHaikou PHaikou Partnership Agreement (2006)artnership Agreement (2006)artnership Agreement (2006)artnership Agreement (2006)artnership Agreement (2006) — TheHaikou Partnership Agreement was signed during thesecond EAS Congress, held in Haikou City, PR China,on 15 December 2006, attended by Ministers fromCambodia, PR China, DPR Korea, Indonesia, Japan,Lao PDR, Philippines, RO Korea, Singapore, Timor-Leste and Vietnam, as well as representatives ofvarious stakeholder partners. This regional Agreementestablishes the coordinating and operatingmechanisms for implementing the SDS-SEA.The Agreement contains an annex on PartnershipOperating Arrangements that spells out the roles andresponsibilities of the State and non-State Partners, aswell as the make up and functions of the differentcomponents of the regional mechanism.


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BiodiversityHabitats

Living resourcesMineralsWaterOther resources

National unity and integration

TradeShipping and PortsTourismEnergyFisheries and AquacultureCoastal constructionOil and GasPharmaceuticals

Ecological

Resources

Aesthetic valuesRecreation

Historical, political, educational and cultural values

Development

Land-based sources ofpollution

Overexploitation

Destructive fishing andaquaculture practices

Habitat conversion

Resource use conflicts

Oil and chemical pollution

Erosion/Siltation andsedimentation

Invasive speciesTrade in endangeredspecies

Sea level rise

Climate change

Other uncontrolleddevelopment

Governance, Policy, Strategies

A Strategic Approach to Achieving a Shared Vision.

Threats

ValuesSHAREDVISION

Strategies Action Programs

Sustain

Preserve

Protect

Develop

Implement

Communicate

Action Programs

Action Programs

Action Programs

Action Programs

Action Programs

Action Programs


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Twelve nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)signed the Partnership Operating Arrangements,thereby becoming members of the intergovernmentaland multisectoral EAS Partnership Council.

Manila Bay DeclarationManila Bay DeclarationManila Bay DeclarationManila Bay DeclarationManila Bay Declaration — The Manila BayDeclaration 2001 is an intergovernmental (i.e.,national and local governments) and multi-stakeholder commitment to the implementation of theManila Bay Coastal Strategy. The Strategy provides acomprehensive environmental managementframework for the Bay and its watersheds, directlylinked to economic growth and social development ofthe National Capital Region of the Philippines. Thissubregional political commitment forms the basis ofseveral project activities currently being developedand implemented by the local and nationalgovernments.

Bohai Sea DeclarationBohai Sea DeclarationBohai Sea DeclarationBohai Sea DeclarationBohai Sea Declaration — In July 2000, provincialand municipal governors of Liaoning, Hebei,Shandong and Tianjin, together with theAdministrator of China's State Oceanic

Administration, signed the Bohai Declaration onEnvironmental Protection. The Declaration adopts theprinciples, objectives, policy measures and actions toreduce waste and marine pollution across theadministrative boundaries of the adjacent coastalmunicipalities and provinces. It sets the stage fordeveloping a coordinating mechanism for basin-widemanagement of environment and natural resources.

Executive Order 533 (Philippines)Executive Order 533 (Philippines)Executive Order 533 (Philippines)Executive Order 533 (Philippines)Executive Order 533 (Philippines) — The Philippines'commitment to ICM has been enshrined within itsnational institutional framework. On 6 June 2006,Executive Order 533 was signed by the President ofthe Philippines declaring ICM as the national strategyfor sustainable development of the country's marineand coastal resources. The national ICM strategyprovides the platform and coordinating mechanismamong agencies, levels of governments and varioussectors, their respective roles and responsibilities, andan on-the-ground process for managing land- andsea-based activities that affect the coastal area. It callsfor the development of a national ICM Program as aframework guideline for the implementation of ICM.

Development and Implementation of CoastalStrategies/Strategic EnvironmentalManagement Plans at the Local Level

At the local level, a coastal strategy serves as acommon platform and provides a mechanism forvarious stakeholders to work collectively in managingthe coastal zone. Designed to support localimplementation of applicable national policies, plansand strategies, the coastal strategy reflects relevant


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local conditions, needs and sentiments, all of which areimportant considerations in pro-active managementand decision-making. Extensive stakeholderconsultations, preparation by a local team, and officialadoption by local governments and stakeholdersensures ownership and accountability for the strategyand greater commitment for its implementation.

PEMSEA developed the framework and guidelines forpreparing a coastal strategy and provides assistance tothe ICM sites and pollution hotpots to develop theirown such strategies. A shared vision crafted by thestakeholders themselves not only provides a mutual


goal and impetus for concerted action but alsoencourages greater participation in addressingidentified priority risks and other majorenvironmental and socioeconomic concerns in thecoastal, adjacent watershed and marine areas.Following the adoption of a coastal strategy, animplementation plan is prepared in considerationof priority risks identified through risk assessment,local capacity for implementation, capacity-buildingmechanisms and access to technical support andfinancing. This provides clear targets, and adetailed road map and direction for systematic andfocused actions.


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Multiple models and different experiences indeveloping and implementing coastal strategies areshared and applied to coastal areas, in support ofthe SDS-SEA target of ICM replication and scalingup in the East Asian region. Coastal strategies andstrategic environmental management plans havebeen developed in Bali and Sukabumi (Indonesia);Bataan, Cavite, Manila Bay and Batangas Bay(Philippines); Nampho (DPR Korea); Sihanoukville(Cambodia); Klang (Malaysia); Chonburi (Thailand);Danang (Vietnam); and Xiamen and Bohai Sea (PRChina). It is a best practice for each localgovernment implementing an ICM program todevelop a coastal strategy that sets a common visionfor the sustainable development of the coastal area.

Development and Implementation ofManagement Strategies for PollutionHotspots

Environmental risk assessment and riskmanagement processes are applied to addresstransboundary environmental issues and priorityrisks in hotspots and subregional sea areas understress. This approach allows managers, decision-makers and stakeholders to select actions that strikea balance between benefits and costs in pursuingpolicies on sustainable development.

Marine pollution is a priority environmental concernin the Malacca StraitsMalacca StraitsMalacca StraitsMalacca StraitsMalacca Straits and the Gulf of ThailandGulf of ThailandGulf of ThailandGulf of ThailandGulf of Thailand,and risk management initiatives have focused on theprotection of coastal and marine resources fromsea-based pollution. A Marine Electronic Highway

project, now being supported by GEF andimplemented by the World Bank and IMO, inpartnership with the three littoral States of theMalacca Straits and the shipping industry, servesnot only as a navigational aid, but also preventsaccidents that may cause damage to coastal andmarine resources, coastal industries and sourcesof livelihood. In the Gulf of Thailand, a jointstatement was signed by the Governments ofCambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, committingthe three countries to a partnership andframework program for protection against seriousthreats posed by oil pollution incidents involvingships, offshore oil and gas units and seaports inthe Gulf.


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Institutional Arrangements

Response

Environmental Monitoring

Environmental Monitoring

Response


Capacity Building

Compensation/Restoration

Risk Assessment

In the Bohai SeaBohai SeaBohai SeaBohai SeaBohai Sea and Manila BayManila BayManila BayManila BayManila Bay, pollution fromboth land- and sea-based activities, degradation ofhabitats, overexploitation of resources, andmultiple-use conflicts are seen as the major threatsto sustainability. Comprehensive strategies forenvironmental protection and sustainabledevelopment have been developed and adopted inManila Bay and Bohai Sea to address these myriadproblems through coordinated actions andpartnerships among various stakeholders.


PPPPPolicy Briefsolicy Briefsolicy Briefsolicy Briefsolicy Briefs are developed and used as sources ofinformation for policymakers, providing them with abetter understanding of the environmental issuesthat require policy interventions. These policymaterials are prepared following a thorough reviewof topical subjects, which are then translated insimple yet concise form. The idea is to provide areview of experiences and response strategies aspolicy options, which can be considered foradoption by policymakers.


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PEMSEA's Transformation into a CoordinatingMechanism for SDS-SEA Implementation

Sustainable development, in particular theimplementation of the SDS-SEA, is a long-term endeavor.It requires an efficient regional coordinating mechanismthat will place concerted efforts in developing,coordinating and nurturing the various efforts ofgovernments and stakeholder partners towards achievingthe shared visions. The PEMSEA regional mechanism,which was established with the signing of the HaikouPartnership Agreement on 15 December 2006, consistsof the following key components:

The EAS PThe EAS PThe EAS PThe EAS PThe EAS Partnership Councilartnership Councilartnership Councilartnership Councilartnership Council features two constituentsof governance pertaining to the implementation ofactivities related to SDS-SEA. The IntergovernmentalIntergovernmentalIntergovernmentalIntergovernmentalIntergovernmentalSessionSessionSessionSessionSession is composed of PEMSEA member countries andis chaired by a member elected by the participatingcountries. It primarily provides policy guidance, reviewswork programs, approves budgetary allocations andmonitors progress, outcomes and impacts of SDS-SEAimplementation. Composed of all member governments

and stakeholder partners, the TTTTTechnical Sessionechnical Sessionechnical Sessionechnical Sessionechnical Session receivestechnical and scientific reports from the Partners, identifiesand evaluates projects and work programs, providestechnical advice and information, and promotespartnership interactions on subjects of common interest.The Technical Session Chair is elected by all members ofthe Council, as is the Council Chair.

The Council Chair serves as the chair of the ExecutiveCommittee and oversees the execution of Councilfunctions.

The Executive CommitteeThe Executive CommitteeThe Executive CommitteeThe Executive CommitteeThe Executive Committee operates between Councilmeetings, primarily for the purpose of addressing businessissues requiring the continuous attention of the Council.The Committee is composed of the three Council chairs,the Executive Director and the immediate former ExecutiveDirector as ex-official.

The PEMSEA Resource FThe PEMSEA Resource FThe PEMSEA Resource FThe PEMSEA Resource FThe PEMSEA Resource Facility (PRF)acility (PRF)acility (PRF)acility (PRF)acility (PRF) provides secretariatand technical services related to SDS-SEA implementationto the Council and the participating partners. The PRFPRFPRFPRFPRFSecretariat ServicesSecretariat ServicesSecretariat ServicesSecretariat ServicesSecretariat Services is financially supported throughcontributions from the Governments of PR China, Japanand RO Korea, as well as the Government of thePhilippines, and partially through GEF. The PRF TPRF TPRF TPRF TPRF TechnicalechnicalechnicalechnicalechnicalServicesServicesServicesServicesServices executes the technical projects of GEF, the WorldBank, and other donors and collaborative programs andprojects of stakeholder partners related to the SDS-SEA.


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Ministerial Forum

EAS ExecutiveCommittee

SDS-SEA Implementation

Secretariat Services

Technical Services

PEMSEA Resource Facility

State of Coasts Report

Governments of 11 EAS nationsUNDP, UNEP/GPA, IMO, IOC/UNESCOGEF, World Bank, UNDP/GEF Small Grants ProgrammeYSLME, KEI, KMI, KORDIBilateral aid agencies (SENSA)Private sector (OSRL/EARL, PML Applications Ltd.)Local governments (PNLG)NGOs (CI, OPRF, CMC, IOI)

EAS Partnership Council

RegionalPartnership

Fund

RegionalTask Force

Monitoring and Evaluation

Prio

ritie

s an

d O

bjec

tives

EASCongress

Performance

Policy

Ministerial ForumPartnership Council MeetingInternational ConferencePEMSEA Network of Local GovernmentsYouth ForumExhibitionField VisitsOther Side Events/Meetings

Major Features:


The Philippine Government, as the host country for thePEMSEA Regional Programme Office for the past 14years, has extended its support by constructing a newtwo-storey building to serve as the office for the PRF.

The PEMSEA PThe PEMSEA PThe PEMSEA PThe PEMSEA PThe PEMSEA Partnership Fartnership Fartnership Fartnership Fartnership Fundundundundund is a mechanism forreceiving financial contributions from donors,collaborative projects and programs, as well asproceeds from the sale of goods (i.e., publications,software) and services (i.e., training, project execution,etc.). The Fund is designed to ensure the sustainabilityof the regional mechanism to operate on a self-sustaining basis.

The Ministerial FThe Ministerial FThe Ministerial FThe Ministerial FThe Ministerial Forumorumorumorumorum is a triennial policy dialogueevent, participated by the concerned governmentministers of the region. The Ministerial Forum receivesreports from the EAS Partnership Council and therecommendations of the triennial East Asian SeasCongress. The Ministerial Forum provides policydirection pertaining to key concerns for regionalcooperation and expresses the fulfillment of theirinternational commitments related to sustainabledevelopment. Ministerial Forums were conducted inPutrajaya, Malaysia, in 2003 and Haikou City,

PR China, in 2006 resulting in the endorsement of thePutrajaya Declaration and the Haikou PartnershipAgreement respectively.

The East Asian Seas (EAS) CongressThe East Asian Seas (EAS) CongressThe East Asian Seas (EAS) CongressThe East Asian Seas (EAS) CongressThe East Asian Seas (EAS) Congress serves as theintellectual marketplace for knowledge andexperience sharing, and a forum for dialoguesbetween policymakers, environmental and naturalresource managers, business communities, academiccommunities, NGOs, local governments, and grass-roots organizations. This triennial event has brokenconventional grounds by enabling stakeholderpartners to work together inorganizing seminars andworkshops under a commontheme. The number ofcollaborators in the EASCongress has increased fromeight in 2003 to forty-five in2006. The number ofparticipants has also grownfrom 400 in 2003 to more than800 in 2006. The PhilippineGovernment will host the 2009Congress in Manila.

EAS Partnership Operating Arrangements.

11 countries

15 non-State Partners

The Partnership Agreement

20

Fostering National Governance Arrangements

Several governments have made significant efforts tostreamline national policy and structural reforms thatstrengthen national coastal and ocean governance.Following are some of the examples of theirachievements:

CambodiaCambodiaCambodiaCambodiaCambodia has started several initiatives related toSDS-SEA implementation by integrating theimplementation of several of its national action plansand strategies, including the National EnvironmentalAction Plan, New Social Policy Agenda, NationalBiodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, SocioeconomicDevelopment Plan 2001–2005 and National PovertyReduction Strategy 2003–2005.

ChinaChinaChinaChinaChina has established a comprehensive oceanmanagement system along with a comprehensive legalsystem that deals with Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)and the continental shelf, and functional sea-use andcoastal-use zoning schemes.

In IndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesia, the new Department of Marine Affairsand Fisheries (MOMAF) is looking at an appropriateorganizational structure to strengthen national

sovereignty and jurisdiction based on managementissues within and construed by archipelagic contextsand national thrusts, such as decentralization. Anational ICM law has been enacted including themanagement of the islands.

In 2007, JapanJapanJapanJapanJapan upgraded its Ocean Policy Divisioninto an Ocean Policy Bureau, demonstrating theimportance given to ocean management. An OceanBasic Law was enacted by the Japanese Parliament,which came into force on 17 July 2007.

MalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysia has also strengthened its marineenforcement capacity by establishing a MalaysianCoast Guard. A national coastal policy has beendrafted and is awaiting its approval.

The PhilippinesPhilippinesPhilippinesPhilippinesPhilippines has prepared a Framework forSustainable Philippine Archipelagic Development(ArcDev) in 2004, in order to seek ways of improvingimplementation mechanisms and harmonizing variousresource use and access arrangements. ExecutiveOrder No. 533 was signed on 6 June 2006, officiallyadopting ICM as the national strategy and establishinga national supporting mechanism for implementation(see Fostering National and Regional Commitments).Also, Executive Order No. 510 was signed, creatingthe River Basin Control Office, attached to theDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources,and tasked with integrating water resourcemanagement in river basins and coastal areasof the country.

The success of the institutional arrangements in theRepublic of KRepublic of KRepublic of KRepublic of KRepublic of Koreaoreaoreaoreaorea is noteworthy. The formulation of anational ocean policy (Ocean Korea 21) and thecreation of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs andFisheries in 1996 have strengthened capacities andinstitutional mechanisms in integrated ocean andcoastal governance. In 2007, the MarineEnvironmental Division of MOMAF was upgraded intoa Marine Environmental Policy Bureau.

In ThailandThailandThailandThailandThailand, a newly-established agency, theDepartment of Marine and Coastal Resources, iscurrently drafting a new law concerning coastalmanagement, especially targeting improvedenforcement.

In VietnamVietnamVietnamVietnamVietnam, a new division for integrated coastal zoneand river basin management has been establishedunder the Vietnam Environment Protection Agency toconsolidate and support various ICM initiatives

Signing of the Bohai Sea Declaration.


21


throughout the country. The division is taking the lead instreamlining the approach for a national ICM program,starting with 14 coastal provinces. In 2006, the Ministry ofNatural Resources and Environment successfully launchedthe Master Plan on Basic Survey and Management ofMarine Resources and Environment until 2010 and Visionuntil 2020, which includes a specific action on developinga Sustainable Development Strategy for Vietnam's coastaland marine areas.

Several countries have developed marine-related researchagencies to undertake policy research related to coastsand oceans. These include the Chinese Institute of MarineAffairs (CIMA), Malaysian Institute of Maritime Affairs(MIMA), Korean Maritime Institute (KMI), Philippine Centerfor Marine Affairs (PHILMAR) and Indonesian Institute onLaws of the Seas.

Strengthening Interagency, MultisectoralCoordination at Local Levels

Essential in the implementation of ICM is a functionalcoordinating body or mechanism that harmonizesoverlapping responsibilities and stakeholder interests, andensures that the policies and management interventionsare integrated. Specifically, it provides policy direction

and coordinates interagency and multistakeholderinvolvement in ICM program implementation.

Local coordinating mechanisms may take differentforms. One example is the Xiamen MarineManagement and Coordination Committee (MMCC),which was established in 1995 and institutionalized in1999 within the City Government as the MarineManagement Coordination Office (MMCO). In 2002,the MMCO was merged with the Fisheries Bureau toform the Xiamen Oceans and Fisheries Bureau, with anannual allocation of RMB35 million ($4.6 million) tofund their operations as well as other coastal and oceanrelated activities.

The Batangas Bay Region Environmental ProtectionCouncil (BBREPC) of the Province of Batangas,Philippines, was established in 1995 as the coordinatingbody chaired by the Governor of Batangas andconsisting of representatives of national and localgovernments, academe, the private sector, media andcommunity organizations as members. The BBREPC'ssecretariat is the Provincial Government Environmentand Natural Resource Office (PG-ENRO), which is alsoresponsible for the day-to-day operations for the ICMprogram. The BBREPC has expanded over time toinclude other local government units and stakeholders,

as the ICM program has scaled up tocover the entire coastline of theprovince. The BBREPC has recentlybeen renamed the BatangasEnvironmental Protection Council.

In Nampho, the ICM ProjectCoordinating Committee is composedof representatives from the relevantmarine and coastal agencies. TheProject Management Office (PMO) wasestablished at the West SeaOceanographic Research Institute andwas institutionalized as a permanentstructure under the Land andEnvironmental Protection Department,People's Committee of Nampho City.

The coordinating mechanismsdescribed above are essential tosuccessful implementation of ICM.Similar coordinating mechanisms ofvarying structures and sizes have beenestablished in other PEMSEA ICMdemonstration sites, and are alsoemulated in parallel sites.

The Coordinating Mechanism forICM Program Implementation in Batangas Bay.

National Agencies

Department of Environmentand

Natural Resources

Philippine Coast Guard

Philippine Ports Authority

Maritime Industry Authority BATANGAS BAY REGION

ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION

COUNCIL

Governor of Batangas Province

Private Sector

Batangas Coastal ResourcesManagement Foundation

Nongovernmental Organization

Representative of Small-scaleFishers in Batangas Bay

SecretariatPG-ENRO

Municipal/City Government

Mayor of Batangas City Mayor of San Pascual Mayor of Bauan Mayor of Mabini Mayor of Tingloy Mayor of Alitagtag Mayor of San Jose Mayor of Cuenca Mayor of Lipa City Mayor of Padre Garcia Mayor of Ibaan Mayor of Rosario Mayor of Lobo Mayor of Taysan

Provincial Legislative Board

Chair, Committee onEnvironmental Protection

Media

Print and Broadcast Media Representative


22

Technical Assistance and Knowledge Sharing

Technical support to PEMSEA participating governmentsinterested in developing national legislation and streamliningnational administrative procedures for the implementation ofinternational instruments. For example, a sub-decree on OPRChas been developed and is being submitted to the Council ofMinisters for endorsement in Cambodia. Technical advice wasalso facilitated to the Working Committee of the PhilippineSenate pertaining to the enactment of the appropriate nationallegislation for the implementation of the InternationalConvention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 73/78(MARPOL 73/78).

Knowledge-sharing among PEMSEA partners and collaboratingorganizations is continually promoted through the monthlyelectronic newsletter PEMSEA E-Updates and the biannualmagazine Tropical Coasts. For example, articles on the Republicof Korea’s enactment of the Coastal Management Act andWetland Conservation Act (1999), the Marine EcosystemConservation Act (2005), and Marine Environment ManagementAct (2006), as well as the recent enactment of the Basic OceanLaw in Japan, which resulted in the Japanese Ocean Policy(2007), are useful references to other governments interestedin strengthening their legislation to achieve effectivemanagement of their coasts and oceans.

Many countries of the region have committed tosustainable development and to the preventionand reduction of environmental degradation by

ratifying various multilateral environmental agreements(MEAs). However, many countries lack the capacity tofulfill the obligations that are specified in the MEAs. Withthe implementation of the SDS-SEA, PEMSEAparticipating countries are able to leverage the synergiesfrom local action, national legislation, and the regionalmanagement framework to collectively contribute to thecommitments and targets of the concerned MEAs.Capacity development initiatives under the PEMSEAprogram facilitate assistance in drafting maritimelegislation, and substantiate the integration ofinternational instruments into relevant environmentalimprovement programs at the different scales. Nationaland local implementation of the international instrumentsare also aided by training personnel, organizing studytours and the provision of technical manuals andguidelines covering case studies of “good practices” andlessons learned.

Fostering Implementation of MEAs andDevelopment of National Legislation

Gulf of Thailand Joint StatementGulf of Thailand Joint StatementGulf of Thailand Joint StatementGulf of Thailand Joint StatementGulf of Thailand Joint Statement — On 12 January2006, ministers, senior government officials and variousother stakeholders from Cambodia, Thailand andVietnam gathered in Hanoi, Vietnam, and issued a JointStatement on Partnership in Oil Spill Preparedness andResponse Cooperation (OPRC) in the Gulf of Thailand.The Joint Statement contains a tripartiteintergovernmental agreement, which commitsparticipating countries to mutual support and assistancein combating oil spills in the Gulf of Thailand region.

In addition, the Joint Statement endorses a FrameworkProgramme for Joint Oil Spill Preparedness andResponse in the Gulf of Thailand, specifying obligationsand responsibilities of the participating countries, as wellas coordinating mechanisms and arrangements for theimplementation of the Framework Programme. The JointStatement and Framework Programme are regarded bythe participating countries as an important legal basis forthe multilateral cooperation in oil spill preparedness andresponse in the Gulf of Thailand. The Framework

Programme integrates the implementation of the OPRCconvention, the 1971 Fund Convention and the 1969Civil Liability Convention (CLC) as related to damagecompensation, and serves as a working model forintegrated implementation of the relevant internationalinstruments at the subregional level.

Bohai Sea LBohai Sea LBohai Sea LBohai Sea LBohai Sea Legislationegislationegislationegislationegislation — The signing of the BohaiDeclaration on environmental protection in July 2000set the stage for developing a coordinating mechanismfor basin-wide management of the environment andnatural resources. Tabled for endorsement at theNational People's Congress, the Bohai SeaManagement Law focuses on strengthening themanagement regime on total pollution load control,developing a sustainable financing mechanism tocatalyze environmental investment, and undertakingscientific research to support management decisionsand knowledge sharing. The law will effectively guidethe establishment and facilitate effective functioning ofinter-provincial and cross-sector coordinatingmechanisms and processes, as well as theimplementation of the vision, mission and actionprograms set out in the Bohai Sea SustainableDevelopment Strategy.


23

Xiamen LXiamen LXiamen LXiamen LXiamen Legislation on Integrated Management ofegislation on Integrated Management ofegislation on Integrated Management ofegislation on Integrated Management ofegislation on Integrated Management ofSea UsesSea UsesSea UsesSea UsesSea Uses — In Xiamen, China, the city governmentdeveloped a municipal ordinance for the integratedmanagement of sea uses. The local ordinancecontains a legal framework for interagency reviewand permitting mechanisms and procedures toimplement the adopted sea-use zoning scheme,including collection and management of user fees.The zoning scheme was developed with broad-basedpublic participation, providing greater insight into thevarious impacts arising from multiple coastal useconflicts and the adopted strategic environmentalmanagement plan for the coastal area. Theconsultative approach led to better interagencydialogue and collaboration, enhanced awarenessand support for pollution mitigation and restorationof habitats, and the creation of alternative livelihoodprograms for the displaced local communities thatwere affected by the zoning law. The ICM bestpractices provided a solid foundation for the locallegislative initiative. The city government adopted thesea use management ordinance in 1997, the first ofits kind in China.

National LNational LNational LNational LNational Legislation on Sea Area Managementegislation on Sea Area Managementegislation on Sea Area Managementegislation on Sea Area Managementegislation on Sea Area ManagementLLLLLawawawawaw, China (2002), China (2002), China (2002), China (2002), China (2002) — In the late 1990s, the ChineseGovernment undertook a series of field studies andstakeholder consultations regarding national

Implementing International Instrumentsand Legislation

legislation to address multiple sea-use conflicts,alleviate marine environmental stress andimplement legislative measures that wouldcontribute to achieving sustainable oceandevelopment. The success of integratedmanagement approaches demonstrated by Xiamenand other projects and the failure of theconventional, single sector-based managementapproach in resolving cross-sector issues were wellrecognized in the studies carried out by theNational People's Congress. This largely contributedto the national consensus on the establishment of anew legal framework for managing sea uses. InOctober 2001, the Standing Committee of theNational People's Congress adopted the Sea AreaUse Management Law of the People's Republic ofChina.


24

Disparities in capacity among countries ofthe region represents a significant barrierto the sustainable development of the East

Asian seas and to effective coastal and oceangovernance. The challenge is being addressedthrough capacity-building programs that not onlyfocus on the technical skills of ICM practitioners, butalso develop managerial capacity in terms ofplanning, implementing and reprogramming ICM atthe local, national and subregional levels. A hands-on approach is the foundation of PEMSEA's capacitydevelopment strategy, adhering to the belief thatpeople can learn more effectively through actualexperiences, supplemented by coherentmanagement frameworks, scientific tools andinnovative methodologies that are beingcontinuously developed and updated to remainrelevant to the needs of communities, governmentsand the private sector.

Special Skills Training Programs

A total of 79 specialized training workshops, 17internships, 11 study tours and 2 fellowships wereconducted from 1999 to 2007, with over 1,858individuals benefiting. Major regional trainingworkshops covered diverse topics, such as: ICMProgram Development and Implementation; OilPollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation(OPRC); Development, Implementation and

Management of Coastal and Marine EnvironmentalProjects; Environmental Risk Assessment; IntegratedEnvironmental Impact Assessment; Developmentand Implementation of a Coastal Use Zoning Planand Institutional Framework; LeadershipDevelopment on Ocean and Coastal Governance;Oil Spill Claims Recovery and ContingencyPlanning; Port Safety, Health and EnvironmentalManagement System (PSHEMS); Port Auditing;Integrated Information Management System (IIMS);and Integrated Environmental Monitoring. Severalof these training initiatives have been conductedjointly with scientific and technical institutions andNGOs from within and outside the region.

The capacity-building component of the RegionalProgramme has led to:

1. better understanding of environmental issuesand challenges, thereby encouraging greatersupport for the various projects;

2. enhanced capacity to implement activities thatsupport SDS-SEA objectives at the local,national and subregional levels;

3. knowledge dissemination and skills transferthrough regional and specialized PEMSEAinternships, fellowships, training and studytours;


25

500

400

300

200

100

0

Number of Participants

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Pilot Phase Second Phase

2005 2006

4. formation of a pool of trainers and resourcepersons from both within and outside theregion; and

5. establishment of a critical mass of trainedprofessionals in specialized areas of coastaland environmental management.

Such efforts have served the region well in terms ofbuilding its intellectual capital, and sustaining theefficacy and effectiveness of ICM programs.

Study TStudy TStudy TStudy TStudy Toursoursoursoursours to ICM demonstration sites, such asXiamen, Batangas, Danang and Bataan, aredesigned for local and national leaders to gainvaluable experience from the region. Notableresults of these study tours include stronger politicalsupport for projects and increased involvement bythe participants in initiating or implementing ICM intheir respective countries. This also encouragedlocally-funded cross-site visits among participatingcountries, in order to share knowledge andexperiences in ICM implementation.

Internship and FInternship and FInternship and FInternship and FInternship and Fellowship Pellowship Pellowship Pellowship Pellowship Programsrogramsrogramsrogramsrograms provideopportunities for young professionals to work in thePEMSEA Regional Programme Office. An objectiveof the program is to expose the interns to a varietyof project management and development skills, forthem to gain direct experience in the vision,philosophy and strategies for developing andexpanding coastal management at the local andnational levels.

LLLLLeadership Seminarseadership Seminarseadership Seminarseadership Seminarseadership Seminars are conducted for senior andexecutive level personnel from national and localgovernments, exposing them to the roles andresponsibilities that they play in implementing aneffective ICM program, and turning them intoadvocates or champions of coastal management.These seminars have helped promote strongercommitment among mayors, governors, viceministers and ministers for ICM implementation.

An ICM Graduate PICM Graduate PICM Graduate PICM Graduate PICM Graduate Programrogramrogramrogramrogram is being explored incollaboration with academic institutions in theregion to provide the next generation of leaders withneeded knowledge and skills to plan and managethe coasts and the seas.

ICM Demonstration Sites: Learning by Doing

Recognizing the variation in the socioeconomic,political, cultural and ecological conditions amongparticipating countries, while also realizing commoncoastal management concerns across the region, aseries of ICM demonstration projects and parallellearning sites have been established in order toencourage local governments to adopt thecomprehensive integrated management frameworkand process. The purpose is to help localgovernments move away from conventional sectoralapproaches of environment and natural resourcemanagement, towards an integrated ecosystemapproach in coastal governance.

Capacity Development

Number of Country Participants Trained bythe Regional Programme (1995-2006).


26

Eight demonstration sites have been establishedcovering a total 917 km of coastline and 15,118km2 of land and sea areas. These sites embracethe integrated management approach indeveloping and implementing coastal andmarine management programs, benefiting morethan 7 million stakeholders in the respectiveareas. The inherent flexibility of ICM enables it tobe re-created and adopted by localcommunities, as well as larger administrativeregions, to fit the complexity and urgency ofissues being addressed. Learning from theexperience of the demonstration sites, 18 otherlocal government units (LGUs) in the region havebegun to replicate the ICM programs. These areknown as ICM parallel sites, which apply thebest practices of the demonstration sites, usingtheir own resources. As a consequence of theparticipation of 18 ICM parallel sites, a total of

1,674 km of coastline and 27,508 km2 of land andsea area have now been covered by ICM, with over11 million inhabitants.

ICM provides a practical framework for sustainabledevelopment, as it expands from coastal andmarine management to encompass watersheds,river basins and other associated ecosystems. Forexample, in Batangas, Philippines, the ICMprogram started with five municipalities and one cityin Batangas Bay. It has now been replicated tocover the entire watershed, coastal areas and baysof the province, through the efforts of the provincein coordination with 34 local governments,agencies and donors. Recent developments inVietnam and Thailand also point to ICM's growingresilience. Fourteen coastal provinces in CentralVietnam are targeted by the government to adoptICM practices. In Thailand, 21 LGUs havechampioned the ICM approach in their respectivemunicipalities. Through the replication of usefulpractices, stakeholders across different political unitsjoin forces to systematically manage criticalecosystems that transcend administrativeboundaries. It is through this approach that ICMbecomes an important tool that combines themanagement of human activities with protecting thefunctional integrity of the primary ecosystems.

ICM replication and scaling up, both functionallyand geographically, will continue as local capacitydevelops. PEMSEA Partners are targeting to cover20 percent of the regional coastline throughreplication of ICM practices by 2015.


27


Applied Learning in Subregional Seas andPollution Hotspot Management

Risk Assessment-Risk Management (RA/RM) is aninnovative approach to managing subregionalmarine areas and semi-enclosed bodies of waterthat receive high pollution loadings and havecomplex transboundary environmental andjurisdictional characteristics. To understand theframework and make it operational on the ground,demonstration projects were established in threepollution hotspots, namely Manila Bay, Bohai Sea,and the Gulf of Thailand. As part of theundertaking, the respective national and local staff,who form the Technical Working Group (TWG) ateach site, were provided with special skills trainingin the RA/RM methodology, supplemented by on-the-job training and coaching throughout theimplementation of each project.

The capacity of the TWG members wasfurther concretized with their directparticipation in multidisciplinary, intersectoralteams tasked with implementing the projects.The outputs from each project were theproducts of the TWG members, therebyestablishing ownership and understanding ofthe results. Furthermore, this hands-onapproach helped form a core of scientific,technical and management expertise, addingto the region's pool of intellectual capital.


28

Activities of PEMSEA Task Force Teams

Project planning, development and managementCoastal strategy development and implementationEnvironmental risk assessmentIntegrated information managementEnvironmental and resource valuationCoastal use zoningIntegrated environmental monitoringWaste management/pollution controlPerformance evaluationCoastal and ocean policy and institutional arrangementsTraining and skills developmentCommunication and stakeholder mobilizationHazard management and prevention

Bohai Sea, PR ChinaManila Bay, PhilippinesGulf of ThailandMasan-Chinhae Bay, RO KoreaJakarta Bay, IndonesiaChesapeake Bay, USASeto Inland Sea, Japan

Twinning Sites/Programmes:

Twinning Secretariat:Republic of Korea

Networking

Connecting PConnecting PConnecting PConnecting PConnecting People, Interests, Concerns, Initiativeseople, Interests, Concerns, Initiativeseople, Interests, Concerns, Initiativeseople, Interests, Concerns, Initiativeseople, Interests, Concerns, Initiativesand Commitmentsand Commitmentsand Commitmentsand Commitmentsand Commitments – PEMSEA continues to innovateand expand its various regional networks in support ofthe implementation of the Sustainable DevelopmentStrategy for the Seas of East Asia. Building on 14years of experience, in which individuals,organizations and public and private entities havebeen engaged in advancing knowledge andtechnology transfer, information exchange, and skillstraining, a number of new arrangements andnetworking approaches have been developed.

TTTTTwinning Arrangementswinning Arrangementswinning Arrangementswinning Arrangementswinning Arrangements — The creation of thetwinning concept is prompted by the need to managehuman activities in an integrated fashion using anecosystem-based approach. Through the forging of

twinning arrangementsbetween and among prioritysites within the region anddeveloped sites outside of theregion, PEMSEA hopes tobuild south-south and north-south collaboration inmanaging river basins andcoastal areas. This initiativewill also develop stakeholderparticipatory managementmechanisms across legal andadministrative boundaries,covering both upstream anddownstream activities andimpacts of watersheds and

catchments. The twinning program will engage anumber of sites, and cover site-specific issues throughtechnical cooperation, transfer of knowledge, skillsand technology, staff exchanges, study tours. The ideais to accelerate implementation of the ecosystem-based approach to managing river basins and coastalareas and to leverage increased investments inpollution hotspots of the region.

PEMSEA TPEMSEA TPEMSEA TPEMSEA TPEMSEA Task Fask Fask Fask Fask Forcesorcesorcesorcesorces — To scale up capacity-buildingservices across the countries of the region, PEMSEAexpanded its network of experts through theestablishment of the PEMSEA Regional and NationalTask Forces. The Regional Task Force (RTF) andNational Task Force (NTF) are teams of specialists andexperts that will serve as the region's knowledgesharing agents and PEMSEA's technical supportmechanisms in the implementation of the SDS-SEA.Grounded on the ICM framework and process, theRTF members provide technical assistance at theregional, subregional and national levels, while theNTF members provide support to countries in theapplication and scaling up of ICM approach in thelocal language, thereby overcoming communicationbarriers and constraints and ensuring better transferof information.

Engaging International NGOsEngaging International NGOsEngaging International NGOsEngaging International NGOsEngaging International NGOs — With theestablishment of the East Asian Seas (EAS) PartnershipCouncil, PEMSEA has introduced yet anotherinnovation that provides nongovernmental entitiesfrom the national, regional and global levels with theopportunity to work as partners and complements ofgovernments in determining and taking actionstowards the sustainable development of the seas ofthe region. International NGOs are key players in thepromotion of sustainable environmental developmentand its principles. PEMSEA countries have recognizedthe value of strengthening linkages with these NGOs,and have promoted their engagement through variousactivities, such as training, workshops and discussions,environmental monitoring and assessments, policydevelopment, project conceptualization andimplementation, etc., bringing about a betterunderstanding of interconnectivity and environmentalissues in the region.

Building Stronger LBuilding Stronger LBuilding Stronger LBuilding Stronger LBuilding Stronger Local Alliancesocal Alliancesocal Alliancesocal Alliancesocal Alliances — The PEMSEANetwork of Local Governments for SustainableCoastal Development (PNLG) is the first of its kind inthe East Asian Seas region. It is a self-sustainingnetwork of local governments implementing ICMprograms. Local government members develop andimplement ICM programs using the same framework


29

Sihanoukville, CambodiaDongying, PR ChinaFangchenggang, PR ChinaHaikou, PR ChinaQuanzhou, PR ChinaXiamen, PR ChinaBali, IndonesiaBadung, IndonesiaBuleleng, IndonesiaDenpasar, IndonesiaGianyar, IndonesiaKarangasem, IndonesiaKlungkung, IndonesiaSukabumi, IndonesiaTabanan, IndonesiaShihwa, RO KoreaPort Klang, MalaysiaBataan, PhilippinesBatangas, PhilippinesCavite, PhilippinesChonburi, ThailandDanang, VietnamQuangnam, Vietnam

PEMSEA Network of Local Governments for Sustainable Coastal Development(PNLG)

Observers

Nampho, DPR KoreaLeting, PR ChinaLianyungang, PR ChinaPanjin, PR ChinaQingdao, PR ChinaWenchang, PR ChinaYangjiang, PR China

PEMSE

A N

ETW

ORK OF LOCAL GOVERN

MENTS

and processes. Since its launch in 2001, the PNLGhas served as an effective forum for exchanginginformation and practical experiences, skills andmanagement know-how on ICM practices amongits members. In particular, study tours and thePNLG annual forum, which members take turnshosting, provide the necessary vehicles for mutuallearning and mentoring within the PNLG network.The recognition that ICM practices lead toimproved coastal governance and result inconcrete, on-the-ground social, economic andenvironmental gains in the communities havemotivated more local governments to join thenetwork.


The network currently has 23 member localgovernments and 7 observer local governmentsfrom 9 countries across the region. Themembership is expected to increase givenPEMSEA countries' confirmation to scale up ICMcoverage over the next three to six years. Themembers demonstrated their commitment towardssustaining the network when they adopted thePNLG Charter in Haikou City, PR China, on 13December 2006 during the EAS Congress.

With the establishment of the PNLG Secretariat,hosted by Xiamen Municipality,([email protected]; www.pnlg.org),the PNLG hopes to carry on its mission and serveas a sustainable network. The PNLG is open formembership to all interested LGUs and otherstakeholders within and outside the East AsianSeas region.


30

An important contribution of the PEMSEA RegionalProgramme has been the unique knowledge ithas developed regarding ICM implementation at

the local, national and regional levels. This includesscientific knowledge on understanding complexecosystems, political knowledge on securing commitmentfrom regional leaders, social knowledge on engaginglocal communities through stakeholder consultations,cultural knowledge on adapting the ICM framework todifferent contexts and mobilizing religious tenets forsustainable development, and financial knowledge onsecuring commitment for public-private partnerships(PPP). Numerous lessons have been generated in eachof these areas.

To share and further expand its knowledge, variousKnowledge Management principles and approacheshave been applied, including: developing routines toreplicate ICM experiences at new sites through a"parallel site" initiative; twinning arrangements amongpollution hotspots; EAS Congress; Ministerial Forums;PEMSEA Network of Local Governments (PNLG); andPPPs. Effective communication and replication ofexperience and good practices help to ensure that theyare cultivated and embedded into local communities,and codified and shared rather than dissipated so thatthe same mistakes are not repeated.

Making wavesMaking wavesMaking wavesMaking wavesMaking waves — Viewing the interaction of people,knowledge and environmental factors as a complexadaptive system, over 150 publications150 publications150 publications150 publications150 publications have beenproduced in the form of technical reports, case studies,policy briefs, conference proceedings, training manuals,

environmental assessments andcoastal strategies. Circulated inand around the region tolibraries, universities andorganizations, and madeaccessible online, these publications have taken theconcept of information sharing to a higher level, addingto the region's intellectual capital.

The materials, including numerous videos, software (IIMS)and CDs constitute a substantial documentation of theknowledge gained during the PEMSEA RegionalProgramme. TTTTTraining manualsraining manualsraining manualsraining manualsraining manuals provide details on whyand how to conduct port auditing, risk assessments, IIMS,and a wide variety of other topics and issues. They serveas high-quality models that can be used by governmentsand donor agencies in the region, contributing toimproved methodologies, and to codification andcertification.

Reaching out to a wider audienceReaching out to a wider audienceReaching out to a wider audienceReaching out to a wider audienceReaching out to a wider audience — A number ofvideos about ICM featuring the stories and lessonslearned from countries in the region has been producedor co-produced by PEMSEA. In addition, partnershipswere established with television and cable TV companiesthat have aired these videos, reaching millions of viewersin Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Oceania, Middle Eastand North America. The videos were also packaged withinformation kits, and aired during capacity-building andtraining activities to supplement knowledge transfer.Videos have also been provided to different stakeholdersupon request.

Widening the portals of knowledgeWidening the portals of knowledgeWidening the portals of knowledgeWidening the portals of knowledgeWidening the portals of knowledge — Data andinformation from ICM sites, partners and stakeholdershave been gathered, consolidated and translated intomore accessible and innovative formats by maximizing


31

The PEMSEA StoryMonsoon Tale

Sibuyan Eco-CampChonburi VideoMelasti: A Festival of Hope

EAS Congress:Partnerships in ActionDanang: A City at the Crossroads

The Xiamen Story

The Future of Our Coasts (Produced by Masan Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation, RO Korea and translated to English by PEMSEA)EAS Congress 2006 TV Plug

IBC-13NBN-4ZOE TV-11ISLA TVIBC-13

IBC-13Living Asia Channel

IBC-13

Living Asia Channel

Danang TVLiving Asia Channel

Xiamen TVLiving Asia Channel

Masan Munhwa Broadcasting CorporationLiving Asia Channel

Danang TV

no data

PhilippinesPhilippinesPhilippinesPhilippinesPhilippines

PhilippinesAsia, Australia and New Zealand, Oceania, The Middle East and North AmericaPhilippines

Asia, Australia and New Zealand, Oceania, The Middle East and North AmericaDanang, VietnamAsia, Australia and New Zealand, Oceania, The Middle East and North AmericaXiamen PR ChinaAsia, Australia and New Zealand, Oceania, The Middle East and North AmericaRepublic of Korea

Asia, Australia and New Zealand, Oceania, The Middle East and North AmericaDanang, Vietnam

no data

20022002

200220042003

2004

2004

2005

2005

2006

496,000248,000

496,000

496,00010,000,000

496,000

10,000,000

10,000,000

10,000,000

10,000,000

no datano data

no data

no data

no data

no data

no data

4842

1748

no data6

85

6

85

8146

483

294

no data

no data

Estimated Audience Share and Number of Broadcast ofPEMSEA Videos from 2002 to 2007.

Knowledge Management

the use of new media, such as the Internet,animation and CD-ROMs. In 2004, a series oftraining workshops were organized andconducted on website development, culminatingin the Coastalink websites created by ProjectManagement Office (PMO) staff from Port Klang,Bali, Danang, Sukabumi and Chonburi. TheCoastalink websites strengthen regional "C2C"(Coast to Coast) networking and parallelknowledge sharing on the East Asian seas.

The PEMSEA website, wwwwwwwwwwwwwww.pemsea.org.pemsea.org.pemsea.org.pemsea.org.pemsea.org, is arepository of information on issues and advice,best practices and lessons learned. The websitealso caters to such diverse audiences as theyouth, media, investors, partners andresearchers, and contains details on regionalmeetings and conferences, (e.g., EAS Congress).

KKKKKeeping updatedeeping updatedeeping updatedeeping updatedeeping updated — The role of civilsociety is emphasized through awareness-raising efforts and by supportingcommunity-based initiatives, such asmangrove planting, coastal cleanups andwaste management. As part of awarenessbuilding, what is being learned andexperienced on the ground is captured andchronicled through a monthly electronicnewsletter, PEMSEA E-Updates, and in abiannual magazine, Tropical Coasts,increasing the responsiveness andresilience of stakeholders, organizationsand governments to environmentalchange.

For more imformation on PEMSEApublications, visit www.pemsea.org.

PEMSEA Produced/Co-produced Videos

YearProduced

TV and Cable TVNetwork Area Coverage

EstimatedNumber ofBroadcasts

EstimatedAudience

Share


32

Scientific Advice

In Chonburi, local governments and universities havecollaborated to:

establish adverse impacts of sea-based transfer of dustycommodities that catalyzed multiagency and cross-sectoral actions;determine causes and cures for sea turtle diseases inconservation ponds and hatcheries;undertake seagrass rehabilitation and transplantation;assess potential cage culture of local fish species tosupport coastal livelihoods; andestablish an artificial habitat for spawning crabs.

In Xiamen, scientific advice has been mainstreamed throughthe Marine Expert Group, an integral part of the XiamenMarine Management and Coordination Committee.

By incorporating scientific assessments andtools and management applications withinthe ICM and RA/RM frameworks, and

establishing networks of scientific and technicalexpertise to support coastal governance at variouslevels, science serves to guide and increase thetransparency and credibility of coastal decision-making and management.

The local scientific communities at PEMSEA siteshave been mobilized as partners to undertakescientific assessments and apply scientific tools,such as the Integrated Information ManagementSystem and Integrated Environmental ImpactAssessment, to reduce complexities and integrateand summarize scientific data and information intomore useful formats for the formulation of strategicmanagement programs. Involvement of scientistsand policymakers at various phases of the ICMprocess facilitates communication of management-oriented scientific information.

Leading scientists and young technicalprofessionals in the region have been tapped toundertake various scientific work. TheMultidisciplinary Expert Group (MEG)Multidisciplinary Expert Group (MEG)Multidisciplinary Expert Group (MEG)Multidisciplinary Expert Group (MEG)Multidisciplinary Expert Group (MEG) hasprovided critical insights into basic issues includingecosystem carrying capacity, transboundaryimpacts of national economic activities, tradeoffsbetween economic development and ecologicalbenefits, reports on the state of the coasts, and thescientific aspects of SDS-SEA implementation.

Training programs, workshops, seminars andconferences have been organized to facilitateexchange of scientific information and advice. TheInternational Conferences during the EAS Congressin 2003 and 2006 were open markets of technicaland scientific information, spanning the natural,social and economic fields. Links with global andregional scientific programs are continuously beingdeveloped to share information and best practices,and ensure complementary approaches inaddressing key issues of global, regional and localrelevance.

In addition, partnerships are being forged withinternationally and regionally recognized Areas ofAreas ofAreas ofAreas ofAreas ofExcellence (AoEs)Excellence (AoEs)Excellence (AoEs)Excellence (AoEs)Excellence (AoEs) and establishment of a regionalnetwork of universities and scientific institutions toaugment scientific support for the implementationof the SDS-SEA. This arrangement facilitates south-south cooperation and allows the developingnations to tap intellectual capital from theirrespective experiences.


33

Sustainable Financing

Experience with ICM programs in theregion shows a higher level of successwhen they are institutionalized and

incorporated into the development plans of localgovernments. This ensures budget and humanresource provisions to sustain the program. This hasbeen experienced in Xiamen and Batangas, wherethe ICM programs have continued for more than adecade despite the cessation of external fundingand leadership changes in the concernedgovernments. In the ICM parallel sites, such asBataan and Cavite (Philippines), Sukabumi(Indonesia), and Shihwa Lake (RO Korea), localgovernments are implementing ICM programsusing their own resources — showing that ICM canbe put into action within the capacity of localresources.

In some cases, constraints of funding make itdifficult for local governments to fully implement keyICM activities. To overcome this difficulty, localgovernments can supplement their budgets throughresource mobilization and strategic partnershipswith the private sector, NGOs, civic organizations

and donor agencies. For example, in Bataan, thelocal government forged a partnershiparrangement with industry, wherebyimplementation of ICM became a joint initiative ofthe public and private sectors, including cost-sharing of program initiatives.


34

Partners in Coastal Care

In Bataan, the ICM program is being implemented througha functional public-private partnership (PPP) arrangementwherein the provincial government and a group of 17private companies, which together form the BataanCoastal Care Foundation, Inc. (BCCF), have committedto share the responsibility for the operation, managementand financing aspects of the program. It has brought aboutthe spirit of volunteerism and partnership, with the 12 localgovernment units in the province, civil society groups,communities and stakeholders also contributing their timeand resources, whether financial or in-kind, for theimplementation of the Bataan Sustainable DevelopmentStrategy and ICM activities. The PPP for ICM in Bataanproves that various sectors are able to achieve more whenworking in partnership, than when acting individually.

Unavailable or inadequate financial resources andcapacity is often cited for the lack of water supply,sanitation, solid waste and wastewater managementfacilities. The public-private partnership (PPP)public-private partnership (PPP)public-private partnership (PPP)public-private partnership (PPP)public-private partnership (PPP)approach has been promoted at a number of ICMsites, to allow the public sector to leverage morefinancial resources and technical and managerialexpertise by using the private sector as anintermediary. PEMSEA promotes various mechanismsto facilitate revenue generation. For example, inSihanoukville (Cambodia), several villages haveteamed up with the private sector companyresponsible for collection and disposal of themunicipal solid waste. The villages have agreed to beresponsible for primary collection of wastes in areasthat are inaccessible to the collection vehicles of theprivate company, and to collect the fees from thehouseholds.


35

Turning Problems into Opportunities

The Municipal Government of Sihanoukville has a 15-yearcontract with CINTRI Waste Collection Company. Under thecontract, CINTRI will collect solid waste from the MittapheapDistrict and fees from the households and establishments. Thegovernment provides an eight-hectare area for the dumpsitein Prey Nup district for which CINTRI pays fees to thegovernment. However, a number of villages are inaccessibleto garbage trucks and solid wastes remain uncollected.

To facilitate a more efficient solid waste management system,PEMSEA supported a pilot project which was initiated in Village1 in Commune (Sangkat) 4 of the Mittapheap District. In thisproject, the village was responsible for primary waste collectionfrom the households while CINTRI collected the wastes fromdesignated transfer points (secondary waste collection) andtransported these wastes to the dumpsite. User fees were alsocollected from the households and were used to paycommunity workers and CINTRI for the waste collectionservices. The Municipal Government provided support to thevillage through training, information campaign, and community-

mobilization activities. To promote recycling, 'Drop in-Buy back'Centers were also set up in Village 1 and Hun Sen KrongPrimary School.

Going around the village, the areas where mounds of garbageused to be found are now clean. People have betterunderstanding of the benefits of waste management and theirroles and responsibilities.

With the interest from other villages, and learning from theexperience during the pilot project, the Municipal Governmentand CINTRI forged a PPP Agreement to expand the coverageand ensure the proper and self-sustaining solid wastemanagement in five villages in the entire Sangkat 4 that wouldbenefit around 1,155 families. Under this agreement, themunicipal government, through the Commune Council, isresponsible for the primary waste collection and timely collectionof user fees while the CINTRI is responsible for secondarycollection and transport to the dumpsite. A portion of the userfees will be set aside to build a solid waste management fundthat will be used for future expansion of coverage area and/orscope of services, including sanitation facilities.

Sustainable Financing


36

Coastal management initiatives in the regionare under tremendous pressure todemonstrate their intended benefits to the

relevant stakeholders and the public at large. Plansand projects are often delayed or even cancelledbecause people are not informed, and those incharge failed to communicate effectively and buildconsensus among the various stakeholders. Therefore,for the successful implementation of environmentalmanagement programs, it is essential to createawareness on the importance of the coastal andmarine ecosystem, and translate knowledge andconcerns into on-the-ground actions, by mobilizingthe strengths and capacities of governments, localcommunities, private sector, scientific and academicinstitutions, media, and civil society groups, includingwomen's groups, religious organizations, andindigenous peoples to achieve a lasting positivetransformation in behavior.

FFFFFrom Reflection to Actionrom Reflection to Actionrom Reflection to Actionrom Reflection to Actionrom Reflection to Action — To meet the challenge ofsustainable development of coastal and marineecosystems, there is a need to create awarenessamong policymakers, planners, managers andvarious stakeholders about the causes of

environmental degradation and their likelyconsequences. Participation in coastal and marinegovernance is also challenged by the fact that resultsof conservation and management initiatives areobservable only after some time. Stakeholders,therefore need to be convinced that meaningfulinvolvement in coastal and marine management arebeneficial investments for the future and worthy ofpeople's efforts and resources. Enjoining andsustaining stakeholder support for marine andcoastal governance entail strategic information-information-information-information-information-education-education-education-education-education-communication (IEC)communication (IEC)communication (IEC)communication (IEC)communication (IEC) campaigns to steerpublic perception, values and practices towards theprinciples of environmental stewardship. An IECcampaign draws attention to an issue, rallies thestakeholders to change attitude, influencespolicymaking and management decisions, andimproves enforcement of policies and laws.

Seeing Is BelievingSeeing Is BelievingSeeing Is BelievingSeeing Is BelievingSeeing Is Believing — PEMSEA's IEC campaigns arefounded on the principle that ground-level actionsare the most effective public awareness materials.Stakeholder engagement from preparation toimplementation of projects not only instills ownershipbut also creates an action-oriented mindset amongthe client-beneficiaries. As an initial activity, PEMSEApromotes the development of a shared vision,mission and coastal strategy through stakeholderconsultations. This in turn provides a catalyst foractive participation in subsequent coastal


37

Mobilizing Community Actions

The public awareness campaign in Bataan started withhands-on activities such as coastal cleanups and led to theestablishment of the ICM program in the province inpartnership with the private sector, the Bataan Coastal CareFoundation, Inc., and also to greater stakeholder involvementand mobil ization to protect habitats and resources.Innovative methods are employed to engage the public, suchas one local initiative to reduce illegal fishing through a Text-a-Crime Campaign.

In Danang, the regular conduct of public awareness activitiessince 2000 with the involvement of various civil societygroups has generated interest and created a domino effectamong the communes and districts in participating inenvironmental activities, notably waste segregation andbeach cleanups. The Green-Clean-Beautiful SundayProgram is now a regular activity in all districts as a resultof public awareness activities.

In Sihanoukville, getting the communities, school childrenand women to participate in village cleanup, waste collectionand recycling is also an important aspect of the solid wastemanagement project, with “Drop in–Buy back’ centers forrecyclables being operated in the primary schools and inone village.

management activities as reflection is translatedinto action by the stakeholders themselves.Similarly, these actions must be documented anddisseminated continually to recognize efforts andbest practices as well as sustain coastal and marinemanagement advocacy.

As the awareness level deepens, stakeholdersbecome powerful forces that drive societal change.In consideration to such changes, PEMSEA and thesites continually update and modify their strategiesand methodologies to combine varied forms of IECmaterials and mass media fitted to thecharacteristics of the target audience.

Engaging Communities in CoastalGovernance

In partnership with the UNDP/GEF Small GrantsProgramme (SGP), community-basedorganizations, NGOs, people's organizations andother sectors of communities are being engaged tocreate greater awareness and stir localcommunities into action to protect the environmentand critical habitats and resources. CommunityCommunityCommunityCommunityCommunity-----based initiativesbased initiativesbased initiativesbased initiativesbased initiatives are especially important instriking the balance between the interests of theprivileged few with those that are left in themargins of society.

Public Awareness

Stakeholder consultation in Bali, Indonesia.


38

Public Awareness

Engaging Young People in SustainableDevelopment

In 2002, a Youth Camp was organized in thePhilippines, which led to similar initiatives across theregion, such as: the Manila Bay Youth Forum (2002and 2006); the Coastal Cleanup by the Girl Scoutsand Boy Scouts of the Philippines in Bataan: theBatangas Bay Watch Club; and creative recyclingactivities by young students in Chonburi (Thailand)and Sihanoukville (Cambodia) to name a few.Environment-related themes have also beenintroduced into school activities in the sites throughpainting competitions as well as special awarenessbuilding on the importance of preserving andrehabilitating the marine environment. An MOU wassigned by the Manila Bay 101st Squadron of thePhilippine Coast Guard Auxiliary (PCGA) and theManila Yacht Club for cleanup activities in Manila Bayby students from various schools and universities. Aspecial section in the PEMSEA website has beendedicated to young environmentalists, featuringonline quizzes, games, information sheets and linksto a variety of opportunities and knowledge centers.

During the EAS Congress 2006, a milestone event foryoung people of the region took place when theCoastal Management Center and PEMSEA co-organized the first ever YYYYYouth Fouth Fouth Fouth Fouth Forumorumorumorumorum for the EastAsian Seas. Forty-five young leaders were selectedfrom 14 participating countries and gathered for fivedays to share knowledge and experiences, increaseappreciation of their shared marine heritage,understand the dynamics of coastal and marinemanagement, and learn about current trends throughdiscussion and interaction with experts, authoritiesand fellow young environmentalists.

The continuous empowerment of young people isessential to ensure sustainable development. A youthprogram has been established to encourageparticipation by an increasing number of studentsand young people from project sites andcommunities, and to support a youth network that willlook into realizing the vision of the Youth Agenda forthe East Asian Seas.

Empowerment through the Youth Agenda

During the 2006 East Asian Seas Congress, theparticipants of the Youth Forum signed the Youth Agendafor the East Asian Seas to signify their willingness tocontribute their resources and efforts in promoting thesustainability of the Seas of East Asia.

Based on the concept “I3 = E or Inform, Inspire, Involve =Empower,” the Youth Agenda outlines simple yet creativeactions a young person can do at home, in school, or thecommunity at large, to protect the environment. Preparedby and for young people, the Youth Agenda also suggeststhe use of modern technology, the Internet and multimediain inspiring and encouraging young people to get involvedin environmental management.

Some of the actions in the Youth Agenda include: forInform, “Use GoogleEarth to input data on localenvironmental problems and share on the World WideWeb” and “Setup exhibitions in campuses, town centersand streets to provide easy access to environmentalinformation”; for Inspire, “Submit articles on environmentalactivities and success stories to local newspapers,magazines and the Internet”; and for Involve, “Organizefun-filled environmental activities and events such ascompetitions and concerts featuring celebrities whoadvocate environmental causes” and “volunteer to replantand restore coastal forests and mangroves”.

Since the Youth Forum, the participants actively translateeach plan into action, leading other young people tobecome active guardians of the environment, and bypersonally applying environment-friendly practices in theirway of life.


39

Total Coliform

Fecal Coliform

Metals

Pesticides

Nutrients

Other Contaminants

(MPN/100 mL)

(MPN/100 mL)

(µ

µ

g/L)

( g/L)

(mg/L)(mg/L)(mg/L)(mg/L)

(mg/L)(mg/L)

(mg/L)

CadmiumCobaltCopperIronLeadManganeseSilverZinc

Haptachlor

NO -N NH -N PO -P

DO TSS PAHsOil and Grease OrganotinsMarine Debris

Toxic Algae

3

3

3

No PNEC

No PNEC

No PNEC

< 1 1 – 10 10 – 100 100 – 1,000 > 1,000A G E N TR Q

Management Tools and Methodologies

Management of the environment andecosystems is an all encompassing and multidisciplinary subject, requiring the

application of various tools and methodologies, and theinvolvement and effective participation by a range of keyinstitutions, agencies and stakeholders.

When implementing ICM, the application of specific toolsand methodologies entails the integration of scientificand social concerns to enhance governance andstrengthen strategic planning and management. Some ofthe tools and methodologies are discussed below.

Environmental Risk Assessment

Environmental risk assessment involves the estimation of“risk” or the likelihood that harm will occur to a humanor ecological target, considering the various factorsemanating from human activities that reach their targetvia the natural environment. This represents analternative to the conventional management approachbased on measurement and stringent control ofcontaminant levels without due consideration of impacts,

Tiered approach starts with a simplified initialrisk assessment to identify areas that requireimmediate management actions and those thatneed further assessment.

Comparative risk assessment for the water column in Manila Bay presents scientific data ineasy to understand format. Risk quotient (RQ) greater than “1” indicates unacceptable risk.Lower end of lines represent average RQs, indicating bay-wide concern, while upper endrepresents worst-case RQs, indicating hotspots. Acceptable concerns (RQ less than 1) anddata gaps are also identified.

Priority issues, data gapsand areas of uncertainty

Priority areas requiringimmediate managementintervention

Recommendations for:Management of prioritycontaminantsEnvironmental monitoring(priority contaminantsand data gaps)

Cause for concern?

Critical threshold exceeded?

Low priority

Low priorityYES

NO

YESNO

Refined RiskAssessment

RiskManagement

Initial RiskAssessment

Tiered Approach for Risk Assessment/Risk Management.

Comparative Risk Assessment for the Water Column in Manila Bay.which has been shown to have limited usefulnessfor protecting ecosystem and human health.Environmental risk assessment is in line with theglobal trend to move from primarily chemical-based approaches to consideration of biologicaleffects.

Environmental risk assessments have beenconducted in Chonburi, Danang, Klang, Bali,Manila Bay, Bohai Sea and the Malacca Straits.The results have shown, in varying degrees, thecommon issues and problem areas as well as theunderlying causes of resource decline, habitatloss and degradation and contamination ofcoastal waters. The associated recommendationsfrom environmental risk assessments have beenused as inputs in risk management responses,including coastal strategy development andimplementation, coastal use zoning schemes,investments in environmental infrastructureimprovements, integrated environmentalmonitoring, and other issue- and area-specificaction programs. Implemented by local expertteams, linkages have been forged amongscientific experts from various disciplines, therebyfacilitating communication among scientists andmanagers on priority concerns and the strategiesfor addressing these concerns.


40

Coastal Use Zoning

Coastal use zoning provides a plan and regulatorysystem to allocate the appropriate zones andcorresponding uses of an area, based on thefunctional capability and suitability of the land andwater to the desired uses, the level of developmentenvisioned by the stakeholders, existing policies,and ecological and cultural or traditionalconsiderations. The zoning process is not only atechnical one that requires scientific inputs, but alsoa political one requiring effective stakeholderparticipation and appropriate institutionalarrangements for its development andimplementation. It passes through an extensivestakeholder consultation exercise, where aconsensus on the various zones and correspondinguses are agreed upon. In some cases, the zoningprocess results in new legislation or in policyreforms to support the coastal use plan.

The coastal use zoning scheme provides localgovernment units with a tool to regulate andmanage the various activities in the area so that thenegative social, economic and ecological impactscan be mitigated.

PEMSEA sites, including Xiamen, Batangas, Bataan,Bali, Danang, Port Klang and Nampho havedeveloped and approved their respective coastaluse zoning schemes through necessary local law,and are being implemented at varying degrees.

Good Zoning Supports Good Environmental Practices

The Xiamen Functional Zonation Scheme is a model of a sea-use zoning that is integrated into the city's land-use zoningscheme. This was supported by appropriate city governmentregulations. Many multiple-use issues were resolved includingconflicts between and among human activities such as shipping,ports, aquaculture, tourism and conservation. A permit systemwas also developed and implemented based on the criteria statedin the Functional Zonation Scheme. Xiamen's experience in thedevelopment and implementation of the zoning scheme hascontributed significantly to the enactment of a national legislationon sea-space utilization, which mandates all coastal provincesand municipalities to undertake sea-use planning in the entirecoastline of China.

The Sihanoukville Coastal Use Zoning Scheme presents anexample on how to develop and implement a zoning scheme onboth land and sea as one planning unit. Covering the land andsea jurisdiction of the city, the uses and zones were integratedso that economic activities are harmonized to lessen theirnegative impacts to the environment and protect critical areassuch as the source of potable water. The scheme was approvedby the National Coastal Steering Committee and the concerneddistricts in 2005 and is now being used as basis for approval ofpermits or licenses on the uses of the land and the sea.

The Danang Coastal Use Zoning Scheme was developed toprovide the local government with an effective regulatory toolfor managing and allocating spatial uses of Danang's coastaland sea areas and resources. The zoning scheme, which hasnine functional zones, was a product of extensive stakeholderconsultation which met to discuss and agree on the zoning plan,the institutional arrangements for its implementation, itsintegration with the Development Plan of the City, and itssubsequent adoption and implementation. The local governmentis now in the process of passing a regulation for theimplementation of the zoning plan covering the tourismdevelopment zone along the coastal districts where tourismactivities are most intensive.


41


The Sea-use Zonation Scheme of Xiamen has significantly contributed to the citygovernment in attaining goals towards the sustainable development in the area.

Xiamen Marine Functional Zonation Scheme.


42

Gains and Losses

The Straits of Malacca, one of the busiest shipping lanes inthe world, contains coastal and marine resources with a totaleconomic value estimated to be $4.5 billion per year. Thepotential economic losses and damages in the event of an oilspill are significant if the resources are not protected orconserved. The Global Environmental Facility, InternationalMaritime Organization, The World Bank, the three littoral States(Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore) and the shipping industryhave joined forces to promote the investment in a MarineElectronic Highway (MEH) for the Straits. The MEH is aninnovative navigational aid designed to reduce/avoid shippingaccidents, benefiting both the shipping industry and the coastaland marine environment of the Straits.

In Manila Bay, the urgency of restoring habitats and mitigatingpollution was highlighted with the valuation of coastal resourcesand environmental damages. The initial economic value of ManilaBay’s major uses (fisheries, aquaculture, tourism and shipping)and key habitats (mangroves, mudflats, coral reefs) amountedto PhP8.3 billion ($159 million) in 2004. However, the valuationof damages to health, ecosystems and economy resulted in theamount of PhP4 billion ($73 million), or about half of the totaluse value, a warning sign that a larger amount will be lost ifactions are not taken to improve management. With thisbackground, the multisectoral Manila Bay CoordinatingCommittee adopted the Operational Plan for the Manila BayCoastal Strategy, the Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan,the Coastal Use Zoning Plan of Bataan, and the IntegratedEnvironmental Monitoring Program.

Integrated Information Management System forCoastal and Marine Environment

The Integrated Information Management System forIntegrated Information Management System forIntegrated Information Management System forIntegrated Information Management System forIntegrated Information Management System forCoastal and Marine Environment (IIMS)Coastal and Marine Environment (IIMS)Coastal and Marine Environment (IIMS)Coastal and Marine Environment (IIMS)Coastal and Marine Environment (IIMS) is a uniqueand efficient system that delivers relevant data storageand management system. In addition, IIMS promoteseffective sharing of information among stakeholders,packaged in desktop and web-based versions andtranslated from English into languages of the region,including Chinese, Vietnamese and Korean.

IIMS facilitates the compilation of environmentalprofiles at ICM and hotspot sites, using data,information and maps from environmental riskassessments, resource valuations and oil sensitivitystudies. In Manila Bay, for example, a comprehensiveenvironmental management atlasenvironmental management atlasenvironmental management atlasenvironmental management atlasenvironmental management atlas was prepared,containing all the available data for the basin.

IIMS is operational in Bali, Bataan, Batangas, BohaiSea, Cavite, Danang, Manila Bay, Nampho, Port Klangand Sihanoukville. Due to its capacity to provide awide range of data and information necessary formarine and coastal management, IIMS has beenadopted by the Philippine Department of Environmentand Natural Resources as its database platform, notonly for coastal but also for river basin management.

Environmental and Resource Valuation

Environmental and resource valuation promotes theproper identification of goods and services provided bycoastal and marine resources and determination of theirmonetary values. An essential factor in developingplans and policies is recognition of the probablequality of the environment and availability of resourcesfor human use and life-support systems. Unless thevalue of the natural resources and environment isexpressed in monetary units, it will continue to be

assigned a zero value, and often given little weightin policymaking. The undervaluation of resourcesresults in overexploitation and environmentaldamages, which sometimes are irreversible.Environmental and resource valuation has been animportant tool in the proper design of regulatoryand market-based instruments, conduct of cost-benefit analysis, and development of riskmanagement interventions, particularly in pollutionhotspots in the region, e.g., the Straits of Malacca,Manila Bay, Bohai Sea and the Gulf of Thailand.


43


This figure packages the information from IIMS, GIS and a predictive model. It provides the status of fecal coliformcontamination in Manila Bay in terms of the risk quotient (RQ), which can be used as a basis of action to be taken foraddressing human health and sanitation issues since the areas whose contamination exceed the standard areaquaculture areas.


44

Willingness to Pay

The social acceptability of investments inenvironmental facilities and services can beevaluated by looking at the preferences of varioussectors of society in the community through awillingness-to-pay (WTP) survey, using thecontingent valuation method. The WTP survey notonly helps to package viable investment options,but also to gauge the level of awareness, socialsensitivities and potential constraints to theidentified projects, e.g., sewage treatment, solidwaste management, or habitat protection.Moreover, potential revenues can also becalculated from the average WTP. The estimated

revenues can then be used in cost-benefitanalysis and in assessing the financial viabilityand economic feasibility of the proposedenvironmental facilities and services.

Based on WTP surveys conducted in variousPEMSEA sites, there is strong public demand forpollution prevention and waste managementfacilities across the region, with people willing topay for various services in order to have betterliving conditions and a cleaner environment.This sends a strong signal to governments,investors and private companies to implementinnovative approaches to financing andoperating such facilities.


45

Bali

Bataan

Danang

Klang and Kuala Langat

San Fernando City

Xiamen

Batangas Bay

Malabon City

Puerto Galera

(Indonesia)

(Philippines)

(Vietnam)

(Malaysia)

(Pampanga, Philippines)

(PR China)

(Philippines)

(Metro Manila, Philippines)

(Oriental Mindoro, Philippines)

Solid waste managementSewage treatment systemSolid waste management

Conservation of fishery resourcesConservation of coral reefsSolid waste managementSewage treatment systemSolid waste managementSewage treatment systemSolid waste managementSewage treatment systemMalabon River System Integrated Development ProjectParks and river rehabilitationFerry systemCoastal resource management including sewage treatment system

Solid waste management

Protection of endangered species and coastal habitatsConservation of fishery resourcesIncrease in nature-based recreational sites (beaches)Improvement of water quality (sewage treatment)

0.780.920.71

3.142.743.023.620.54

3.312.60

0.240.341.66

1313

0.94

0.47

0.600.78

1.02

0.54

householdhousehold household

person person person person

household household household household

household household

local tourists

household

person

person person

person

foreign tourists

establishmentshousehold

200220022002

19971997199719972002200220022002

2002200220062006200620062002

1998

19981998

1998


Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Environmental Services.

Site Project Average WTP($/month) Sector Year


46

Integrated Environmental Monitoring

Environmental monitoring is conducted todetermine the status and trends in the condition ofecosystems, the consequences of managementactions (or inaction), and the necessary policies andmanagement interventions to address adverseconditions and changes. Current approaches toenvironmental monitoring normally entail a numberof different government agencies and institutionsconducting separate monitoring programs. Thisfragmented approach fails to provide thecomprehensive environmental assessment that isnecessary to formulate effective solutions. In somecases, duplication of effort also leads to inefficientuse of limited resources.

Integrated environmental monitoring is designed tobring together the different monitoring agenciesand institutions in order to:

agree on priorities and key indicators formonitoring;address priorities and data gaps identifiedthrough risk assessment and information needsto support implementation and evaluation ofcoastal strategies;streamline and integrate separate monitoringefforts into an integrated multiagency andcross-sectoral environmental monitoringprogram (IEMP) that will allow betterunderstanding of the linkages betweenenvironmental quality, resource and habitatconditions, and human health;share information and resources in order toavoid duplication and use available resourcesmore cost-effectively;

adopt a mechanism for managing andreporting data, conducting periodic riskassessments, enhancing feedbackmechanisms for regulatory bodies, decision-makers and policymakers, and evaluating theeffectiveness of the monitoring program; andadopt institutional and implementationarrangements to sustain the integratedapproach to monitoring.

IEMPs are now operational in various ICM andpollution hotspot sites in East Asia. Specializedtrainings are organized to enhance the reliabilityand comparability of data within and among itsvarious sites. Support has also been provided forthe establishment and strengthening of marineenvironment laboratories in Batangas,Sihanoukville and Nampho. The ability to sustainas well as replicate and scale up the IEMP and itsimplementation arrangements will facilitatemonitoring and preparation of state of the coastsreports at the local, national and regional levels.

The Manila Bay Five-year IEMP

• Includes pollution and habitat/resource monitoring• Focuses initially on the bay area, gradually expanding to

cover the tributaries and watershed area• Involves 7 national government agencies including 25

bureaus, attached agencies and regional offices; 11 localgovernment units; 1 university; and 2 from the privatesector/NGO

• Uses PEMSEA's Integrated Information ManagementSystem for Coastal and Marine Environment (IIMS)

• Supports implementation of the Operational Plan for theManila Bay Coastal Strategy

• Costs around PHP6.5 million/year (around $130,000)

Other Sites with IEMP

• Xiamen and Bohai Sea, PR China• Batangas Bay, Philippines• Danang, Vietnam• Nampho, DPR Korea• Port Klang, Malaysia• Bali, Indonesia (for beaches)• Sihanoukville, Cambodia (for beaches)


47



48

Developing and implementing investmentopportunities entails a behavioral change on thepart of government and its various agencies. To beeffective, the identification and promotion ofinvestments to the private sector requires amethodical and transparent process, involving localofficials, civil society, private companies, financialinstitutions, donors and other interested parties,depending on the local situation. A methodicalprocess provides stakeholders the chance toparticipate in the formulation of the project,including the assessment of the technical andfinancial options, the selection of the private partner,and the determination of the affordability and socialacceptability of the project. Transparency isessential.

Governments that have market-oriented policies(e.g., user pays/polluter pays, and incentives forsustainable development and use of naturalresources) are more likely to engage in PPP.Moreover PPP projects are more likely to succeed injurisdictions with strong and effective political andlegal institutions, and where the legal code protectsinvestor's rights.

Public-Private Partnership (PPP) inEnvironmental Investments

Partnerships, involving the public, private and civilsociety sectors, are essential in coastalmanagement. Bringing about partnerships, however,requires a systematic approach including thecreation of awareness, policy and institutionalreforms, capacity, and trust between and among theconcerned sectors.

The term PPP is used to describe a number ofpossible relationships and contractual arrangementsbetween the public and private sectors for thecooperative provision of environmental infrastructureand services. Selecting the most viable PPP optiondepends on a variety of environmental, cultural,economic, financial and social considerations.


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Puerto Galera: Paradise lost… Paradise regained

Located along the Verde Passage and in the Sulu-SulawesiMarine Ecosystem, which is considered the center of marinebiodiversity, Puerto Galera consists of coastal forests,beaches and coves surrounded by coral reefs.

The main income of the municipality comes from tourism andrelated activities. The large influx of tourists and theextensive tourism development, however, has resulted in anumber of problems, such as destruction of ecosystems,declining environmental quality and multiple-use conflicts –seriously affecting the sustainability of Puerto Galera’secological, recreational and production values.

A primary goal of the Puerto Galera Municipal Government isto achieve a lead position among tourist sites in thePhilippines in terms of effective and efficient implementationof its coastal resource management plan, includingsanitation and wastewater treatment facilities. However, it isevident that developing and financing such facilities isbeyond the current capacity of the local government actingon its own.

The Municipality of Puerto Galera therefore is forming apartnership with a private sector company that has theexperience and capacity to design, finance, construct andoperate the sewage collection and treatment system in acost-effective, affordable and sustainable manner. In return,to cover the capital and operating and maintenance costs,the municipality will implement various revenue-generatingmechanisms, e.g., environmental users fees (EUF) to becollected from tourists, and user service fees to be collectedfrom households and establishments. An ordinanceestablishing the EUF system, including setting up a trustfund for the collected fees, has been adopted. Through thisproject, the municipality hopes to reverse the trend, andpreserve its prominence as one of the most beautiful bays inthe world.

Integrated Industrial Wastewater and Hazardous WasteTreatment System in Danang

The People’s Committee of Danang City adopted the CoastalStrategy of Danang City in 2001. Among the commitmentsunder the strategy include increased financial investments forenvironmental management, and the institutionalization of acomprehensive environmental management system witheffective regulatory and enforcement programs.

The proposed project, under a joint venture program, involvesimplementation of effective in-situ hazardous wastesegregation system and operation of a model wastemanagement facilities, which comprise of:

a modern industrial wastewater treatment facility to treatindustrial wastewater generated in the Hoa KhanhIndustrial Park;a centralized hazardous waste management system tobe located in the Khanh Son dumpsite; anda hazardous waste storage and transportation network.

To implement this project, Danang plans to form a partnershipbetween the City and the private sector to plan, finance,construct, operate and manage the proposed facilities on aself-sustaining basis. The main source of revenue will be theuser charges collected from the firms inside the industrial parkand hazardous waste generators in the city.

Under the public-private partnership mechanism, not only willthere be resource pooling but risk sharing as well. Theprivate sector is expected to bring the technical know-howand the necessary infusion of capital while the public sectorpartners, as represented by Urban Environment Company(URENCO) and Danang Industrial Park InfrastructureDevelopment and Exploitation Company (DAIZICO),complements these in terms of familiarity with local conditionsand guaranteeing manpower resources.

The installed system will serve to mitigate risks to theenvironment, protect human health, attract new investments tothe area, facilitate ISO 14001 certification of existing industryand commercial enterprises, and enhance the social andeconomic well-being of the people of Danang City.


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Arelatively new and promising area withregard to ICM implementation is the development of an ICM Code, which is

considered a central element in operationalizingthe certification and recognition of ICMprograms. Codification becomes necessary tosystematize both the good practices in ICMimplementation as well as the procedures andoperational processes already tested by PEMSEAover the past decade. The implementation of theCode guides any interested local government inverifying the conformance of daily operations togood management practices, thereby improvinglocal governance in the process. Thedevelopment of a Port Safety, Health andEnvironmental Management (PSHEM) Code is arelated initiative that provides a voluntarystandard against which a port can measure theperformance of its operations with regard tohealth, safety and the protection of theenvironment. Both the ICM Code and PSHEMCode combine several international standardsinto their frameworks, thus reinforcing the bestpractices put in place by the internationalcommunity (i.e., ISO).


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Codification and Recognition

The ICM Code will serve as the guide and qualitycontrol for the replication and scaling up of ICMacross the region. The Code will continue to bedeveloped, tested and applied, accompanied by anaudit guide and training program.

Port Safety, Health and EnvironmentalManagement System (PSHEMS)

Ports and harbors are an integral part of the majorityof coastal communities in the East Asia region. Theyserve as the center of economic development andactivity and as the doorway to domestic, regional andinternational markets. Port authorities and operatorsface a number of challenges with respect to their roleand impact in ICM programs and sustainabledevelopment of coastal areas. The development andadoption of international safety, environment andsecurity standards by global bodies such as the IMOand International Labour Organization (ILO) haveemphasized that an effective management systemmust not only encompass operational activities, butalso build quality, safety, health and environmentalobjectives and procedures into each process.

Over the past two years, with financial support fromIMO and in collaboration with a number ofinternational associations and organizations withmandates in the effective management and efficientoperation of ports and harbors, a Port Safety, Healthand Environmental Management (PSHEM) Code hasbeen developed and demonstrated. The Code isaimed at providing port authorities or any othercompany operating within the port, whose activitiesmay have an effect on the health and safety ofpeople, the environment, cargoes, and portinstallations, with a standard against which tomeasure the performance of its operations. TheCode is based on key elements of recognizedinternational standards, namely ISO 9001, ISO14001, and OHS 18001 (Occupational Health andSafety).

The PSHEM Code has been successfully tested at theBangkok Port (Thailand) and the Port of TanjungPelepas (Malaysia). The ports were awarded acertificate of recognition by PEMSEA at the EASCongress 2006. Future efforts of PEMSEA will befocused on promoting the wider application of thiscomprehensive approach to port operations andmanagement.

Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) Code

With over a decade of practical experience inICM, the key basic elements and processes havebeen identified that are central to achievingsustainable coastal development. These coreelements and requirements, which have beentested in various ICM sites around the region,enable the codification of ICM practices. The ICMCode takes into account the requirements of ISO14001 (Environmental Management) and ISO9001 (Quality Management) in terms of thedelivery of quality products and services by thelocal government to its people. The ICM Code isapplicable to all types and sizes of localgovernments, and will accommodate the diversegeographical, cultural, political and socialconditions of the region. It is a generic codewhich can be implemented by any localgovernment.


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Preventing and Managing Disasters

The Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan was developed byvarious local government units and national governmentagencies in partnership with oil and shipping companies andother stakeholders with technical assistance from PEMSEA. Theplan delineates roles and responsibilities among the variousagencies and stakeholders, identifies response mechanisms,and establishes institutional arrangements to strengthencoordination and better integrate resources and ultimately buildcapacity in the area to efficiently cope with and reduce damageto the marine environment.

Forward planning can also be seen in the integration of RedTides/Harmful Algal Blooms Response Plans into the strategicaction plans of a number of ICM demonstration sites includingthe Bohai Sea, Xiamen, Manila Bay, and Bataan. Significantdecrease in red tide frequency in Xiamen is attributed togovernment efforts in reducing the level of nutrient inputs intothe sea, however, the frequency and geographical coverage ofred tide occurrence in the Bohai Sea are still increasing,indicating the need for continued effort and enhanced measuresto combat this problem.

Local communities have also successfully implemented initiativesof their own to deal with various hazards. One example of this isin Sriracha Municipality, in Chonburi, Thailand, where fishersand youths and local communities organized a MarineEnvironmental Protection Volunteer (MEPV) group in partnershipwith the private and government sectors. The group assists inoil and chemical spill monitoring and reporting and other coastalmanagement activities. The Marine Department and private oilcompanies provided free training on basic oil spill cleanuptechniques to the MEPV and other government officers.

National and local governments havedeveloped a number of strategic responseplans based on their respective coastal

strategies and environmental risk assessments.Depending on the priorities, preventive andmitigating measures are prepared to achieveoverall and specific objectives identified. Suchresponse plans define objectives, targets, resources,timeframe, monitoring procedures and expectedoutputs or outcomes.

Natural and Human-made HazardManagement

East Asia is situated in an extremely risky area,where natural and human-made hazards pose asignificant threat. Prior to the onslaught of theIndian Ocean tsunami in 2004, ICM programsfocused largely on managing the impacts ofhuman-induced hazards, such as overexploitationof resources, habitat conversion, pollution, oil andchemical spills, harmful algal blooms, floods andlandslides. Although natural hazards have beenbrought up in specific site coastal strategies,implementation of associated managementmeasures have not been treated with muchurgency. The Indian Ocean tsunami broughtdevastation to the lives of people around the worldand to coastal cities in India, Indonesia, Malaysia,the Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, andeven as far away as Somalia, in particular. Andalthough national and local efforts to mitigate theeffects of other natural hazards, such as typhoonsand earthquakes, have been vigorously instituted,these too seem inadequate given the frequency andseverity of these disaster agents in recent years. Thelink between ecological degradation by humanactivities and the increasing vulnerability to, andimpacts of, natural hazards is increasingly beingvalidated.

The link between environmental management anddisaster reduction and mitigation requiresstrengthening. The integration of risk assessment andmitigation into coastal area planning and into theoutlooks of planners and managers is the key. Inparticular, strengthening the ICM framework andprocess, through risk assessment, contingencyplanning and integrated land- and sea-use planningensures that local governments are able to respondto disasters by instituting the culture of safety beforehazards wreak havoc.

Effective disaster response plans have beenimplemented in a number of PEMSEA sites, includingXiamen, Danang and Batangas.


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Strategic Action Programmes

This map is based on information and data gathered by the Manila Bay Environmental Management Project as part of effortsfor the Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan and the compilation of the Manila Bay Area Environmental Atlas.


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Local Initiatives to Mitigate Global Threats

Significant progress has been made in Sriracha Bay in Chonburi,where a Sea Turtle Conservation Program has been initiated.Under this program, the local municipality and the Thai RoyalNavy have taken an active role in sea turtle conservation. Theyset up a sea turtle hatchery and encouraged local fishers torescue sea turtles caught by fishing nets, providing collectionponds in the city park where the turtles are fed and treated forwounds and diseases. Turtles from the hatchery and from theparks are then released back to the wild. The annual release ofsea turtles has been designed to enhance stakeholderawareness and participation in coastal resource conservation,attracting the participation of local fishers and citizens, privatesector, academe, government agencies and administrative units,as well as the media.

In addition to these activities, a number of other protection andrestoration activities have been implemented, includingmangrove reforestation in Manila Bay, coral reef rehabilitationin Bali, and protection and conservation of reef marshes in theBohai Sea. Clear evidence of the impacts of climate changeand other human activities on coastal and marine ecosystemshas pushed such issues to the forefront of the agendas of manycountries. A key action program in the SDS-SEA, ICM offers aholistic and integrated approach to protecting, restoring andmanaging natural habitats for biodiversity conservation.

To achieve the goal of sustainable development,PEMSEA ICM sites place considerable emphasis inthe management of coastal and marine habitats,such as mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds andother wetlands. Each ICM site and pollutionhotspot has identified the critical threats to theirnatural habitats as a priority concern, and wereable to address these threats by developing andimplementing various levels of action programs toprotect, restore and manage natural habitats.Through such actions, ICM sites aim to conservebiodiversity and sustain the goods and servicesgenerated by their respective coastal ecosystems.

Natural Habitat Protection, Restoration andManagement

The ecological importance of the East Asian Seasregion's natural habitats can sometimes beovershadowed by its grandeur and the benefits itspeople derive from it. Development-relatedpressures compounded by a changing climate andits adverse effects on land, water and air exerttremendous pressure on the environmental carryingcapacity of these ecosystems and pose seriousthreats to biodiversity and the steady stream ofgoods and services they provide. Greaterawareness and clear evidence of the impacts ofclimate change provides countries with renewedimpetus to take the threats to marine ecosystemsmore seriously than before.

A reed marsh, also known as the “red carpet” wetland inShuangdaizi Estuary, north of Bohai Sea.


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Water Use and Supply Management

Water plays a vital role in life sustenance on earth,and will become increasingly critical in the futuregiven the continuing population growth and economicdevelopment. There is growing and conflictingdemand for water for domestic, agricultural andindustrial purposes in the face of water scarcity,inadequate infrastructure and limited access to water,and habitat destruction and pollution, all of whichaffect water quality and quantity. The availability of

Water — A Catalyst for Cooperation

Water issues have become a topic for regular dialogues among mayorsand senior officials of urban cities in the region. At the 2004 mayordialogue hosted by Xiamen Municipality, concerned mayors and seniorofficials discussed the threats of water shortage and signed the XiamenDeclaration expressing their concerns and commitment in addressingwater resources problems. The water issue will continue to be a topic ofconcern in the World Ocean Week (WOW) to be held in November 2007and subsequent WOW events in Xiamen.

In the Philippines, a River Basin Control Office (RBCO) has been set upunder the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)to coordinate and oversee water-related programs and projects in thecountry, and effectively manage the multiple uses of water and othernatural resources from the river basins to coastal seas. A PhilippineIntegrated River Basin Development and Management Masterplan hasbeen developed. In the Manila Bay area, the RBCO is focusing on thetwo major river basins of Pampanga River and Pasig River-Laguna deBay. PEMSEA is currently providing technical assistance and workingwith the DENR and other stakeholders to strengthen the RBCO in termsof institutional arrangements and operating mechanism for integratedriver basin and coastal area management; provide recommendationson policies required; develop and demonstrate a methodology forpreparing an integrated river basin-coastal area investment plan forpollution reduction (pilot site in a sub-basin of the Pampanga RiverBasin); develop a river basin module in the Integrated InformationManagement System for Coastal and Marine Environment (IIMS) andstrengthen the Manila Bay Information Network (MBIN).

PEMSEA has been supporting local governments on several water-related initiatives and promoting an integrated management approachin addressing the use and supply of water resources. In Sihanoukville,Cambodia, protection of water sources is being done through coastaluse zoning. Water sources are rehabilitated through reforestation effortsand vigilance against illegal construction near the area.

In Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Xedone Integrated River BasinManagement Project (XIRBMP) is a community-based integrated waterresource management (IWRM) demonstration project that involves theparticipation of the provinces of Saravanne, Seikong and Champasack.Through the project, it is hoped that public awareness and technicalcompetence will be increased to improve management capacity of localgovernment officials and communities in managing multiple use of waterresources. Among the activities slated under this project are capacity-building initiatives for strategic planning, reduction of water pollution,and creation of small-scale livelihood projects.

and access to water has become one of the mostimportant challenges that countries face today, andwater resource management has become a majorpriority in most countries where water supplyshortage is threatening their development.

The goal of the water use and supply managementprogram is to increase the amount of wateravailable to users while protecting water resources,water-dependent natural systems and interrelatedhabitats. The ecosystem-based managementapproach ensures an integrated and holisticapproach to the management of river basins downto the coastal and marine areas. This involvesprotection of forests, watersheds, wetlands, surfacewater (rivers, lakes, streams) and groundwateraquifers to ensure adequate water supply andacceptable water quality. Greater attention is alsogiven to the promotion of water reuse, recycling andother conservation measures as well as theupgrading of water supply and distribution systemsto reduce losses, and improving cost-effectivetechnology such as in desalination of seawater toincrease available water supply. Access to safe waterat a convenient distance and at an affordable priceprovides a boost to human health and productivity.

While many PEMSEA countries are located incomparatively water-rich Southeast Asia, they allunfortunately face the same problem of watershortage due to decades of water misuse,destruction of tropical rainforest especiallycatchment areas, severe water pollution, excessiveextraction of groundwater, and poor andunregulated land resource management. Given themany agencies involved in water management andwith overlapping functions, institutionalarrangements have to be streamlined, with properdelineation of roles and responsibilities. Policies andprograms are also needed to be set in place for theregulation of use and extraction, including properallocation among various users; pollution reductionto mitigate contamination of surface water andgroundwater; water tariff restructuring andapplication of market-based instruments, such asuser fees, to reflect the full value of water as aresource; and regular monitoring of surface waterand groundwater quality and quantity.


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Pollution and Waste Management

Land-based pollution of marine and coastalenvironments eventually makes its way backto and concentrates along coastal areas,affecting and degrading rich naturalresources. Countries and their coastalcommunities are highly dependent on naturalresources provided by these coastalenvironments, and it is important tomainstream pollution management into localand national coastal planning strategies.

Strategic action plans for pollution reductionhave been developed in all PEMSEA ICMsites. Most local governments have givenpriority to address nutrient reduction andother waste management problems to reducethe negative impacts of eutrophication,marine litter, urban garbage and hospitalwastes, which affect the health and economicwell-being of urban centers.

Among the examples are the Operational Planfor the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy, adoptedby the Manila Bay Project CoordinationCommittee (PCC) and the PhilippineDepartment of Environment and NaturalResources, which set the stage for thedevelopment and implementation of the WorldBank/GEF Manila Third Sewerage Project witha grant of $5 million and loans amounting to$67 million.

In China, the findings on the Total Load Studyof Sewage Discharged into Bohai Sea servedas the rationale for the Blue Sea Action Plan(2001–2010), which has a financialcommitment of over $6 billion. The Planentails the construction of three new sewagetreatment plants in Shenyang, LiaoningProvince, providing treatment capacity for onemillion tons/day of municipal sewage. InFujian, the radical improvements broughtabout by the cleanup and rehabilitation ofXiamen's Yuan Dang Lagoon inspired theprovincial government to invest RMB3 billion($395 million) in water pollution control andecological management, resulting insubstantial reductions in total discharge ofpollutants in the basin.


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Grassroots, or 'bottom-up' action from localcommunities are also important and can oftenhelp solve difficult problems with simpleactions. A pilot implementation forcommunity-based solid waste managementproject in Sihanoukville, Cambodia, providedan initial step to involve local communities insolid waste management. Supported throughthe ICM Project in the area, the municipalgovernment, the Department of Environmentand the Commune Council, worked withcommunity members and the CINTRI WasteCompany to reduce the volume of stockpileddomestic wastes. The project fostered improvedlocal capacity to deal with solid wastes throughtraining, awareness campaigns, andhousehold involvement in cleanup and wastesegregation. The project also fostered greatercohesion among neighboring families andestablished a strong alliance between thecommunity and the private sector company,both of which resulted in a greaterappreciation of each party on their respectiveroles in improving community sanitation andpromoting waste management as an economicopportunity for the village. Learning from theexperience of the pilot implementation, theproject is now being scaled up to cover 1,155families in the entire Sangkat (Commune). Partof the scaling up process includes beefing upthe revolving fund component of the project tocreate a self-sustaining mechanism for theproject in the long run.

Stakeholders in Sihanoukville, Cambodia.

Xiamen’s Yuan Dang Lagoon.

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Food Security and Livelihood Management

A major direct benefit of goods and servicesgenerated by marine and coastal ecosystems inthe region comes in the form of fishery andaquatic resources, which generate importantlivelihood opportunities in fishing, farming andthe post-harvest economic sector. However,uncontrolled economic development and a highdependence of the poor on natural resources fortheir livelihood have resulted in the degradationof habitats and resources and loss of biodiversity.As a result, the capacity of the ecosystems inseveral countries in the region to provide goodsand services, such as adequate and safe foodsupply, clean air and water, protection fromnatural and human-made disasters, andlivelihood opportunities have been negativelyaffected.

The challenge lies on how to stop or slow therapid rate of overexploitation of resources,destruction of habitats that serve as spawning andnursery grounds, and degradation of the qualityof the environment. Many countries have initiatedefforts to address food security and livelihoodmanagement issues, such as those associated withfishing, farming, the post-harvest industries andecotourism activities. Through the ICMframework, PEMSEA countries, in collaborationwith relevant international and regionalorganizations, are in the process of developingstrategic action programmes for sustainablefisheries and aquaculture by combating illegalfishing, reducing the number of fisherfolk and the

overcapitalization of fishing fleets, maintainingfishing within the maximum sustainable yield level,and implementing the FAO Code of Conduct forResponsible Fisheries.

The ICM framework and processes provide anappropriate overall governance framework for themanagement of fisheries and aquaculture. Fisheriesand aquaculture management can benefit from theoverall governance framework that can addressexternalities. Fisheries and aquaculture managementhas been incorporated into the strategic action plansin several ICM sites including Bali, Bataan,Batangas, Cavite, Chonburi, Danang, Sukabumi,Xiamen and the Manila Bay and Bohai Sea.

A number of other strategies and activities havebeen facilitated to enhance food security andmanage livelihoods, including reduction in illegalfishing practices through strengthened monitoringand regulatory bodies; empowering communities byproviding greater control in managing andprotecting their resources; and technical assistanceto promote more efficient fishery and aquacultureproduction methods.


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Securing the Future through Livelihood Opportunities

In Bataan, the provision of microfinancing has helped fisherssupplement their livelihood and improve their income. Fishersfrom nine fisherfolk associations (FAs) received financialassistance in the form of soft loans as start-up capital to establishmussel culture areas in November 2002. As early as the end of2003, all partner FAs reported a good harvest, enabling thefishers to partially pay the soft loans. Members also reportedgaining as much as 30 percent more income from this newactivity, enabling them to engage in entrepreneurial activities.Many of these farmers have now established their own musselculture farms, instead of just providing labor to mussel cultureoperators. The Partner-FAs reinvested the capital to extendoperation of mussel culture areas and integrate fish traps intothe area. Bamboo structures serve as artificial reefs, enablingfish to be caught around the culture areas, further reducingfishing effort and fuel expenses since fishers do not have to godistant fishing. FAs engaging in their own mussel cultureoperations are able to compete with commercial mussel cultureoperators, thus, energizing the local economy for the benefit offisherfolk.

A similar story detailing the use of revolving funds can be foundin Sihanoukville, Cambodia, where PEMSEA, in collaborationwith the UNDP/GEF Small Grants Programme, established arevolving fund to provide initial start-up capital to fishing families,particularly women members, for funding supplementarylivelihood. Here, 14 women's groups are able to access therevolving fund, of the 142 individuals involved in the project,102 are women.

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The Putrajaya Declaration recognized the need toestablish a regular reporting system to monitor theimplementation of the SDS-SEA. The HaikouPartnership Agreement further supported thecompelling need to develop a systematic, cost-effective, and regular reporting system building onexisting relevant national and regional initiativesand programs. A uniform reporting format is nowunder development to monitor the progress ofSDS-SEA implementation, in close consultationwith PEMSEA partners.

A State of the Coasts (SOC) reporting is also beingdeveloped, essentially for monitoring the progressof ICM implementation by local governments. TheSOC reporting represents an integrated andcomprehensive approach that documents andmeasures policy and management interventions inaddressing key and common environmental issuesthat affect sustainable coastal development. The

Monitoring the Implementation of the SDS-SEA


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State of the Coasts Reporting

The generic framework and template for SOC reportingare being developed based on the key elements of theSustainable Coastal Development Framework (SCDF)through ICM Implementation. It incorporates a set ofsimple, meaningful and measurable indicators for coastalgovernance and each of the f ive issue-specif icmanagement systems in measuring and reporting thecurrent conditions and trends as well as the managementresponses of the local governments and other sectorsin achieving sustainable coastal development. Indicatorsare selected based on their easy applicability in theregion but complement the indicators and targets of theMDGs, WSSD, Agenda 21 and SDS-SEA. Theappropriateness of the framework and template are beingtested using available data from selected ICMdemonstration sites of PEMSEA.

Monitoring and Evaluation

SOC is intended to provide information topolicymakers, environment and natural resourcemanagers and others interested in the ocean andcoastal environment and resources. Theinformation provided by the SOC reportingincludes current status and conditions of themarine and coastal resources as well as thepolicy, legislative and other managementresponses of national and local governments andother major stakeholders.

A large part of the SOC is reflective of thestrategies and action programs designed underthe SDS-SEA. Replication and scaling up of thelocal ICM efforts throughout the coastline wouldeventually provide a clearer picture of the actualstate of the coasts and enhance SDS-SEAimplementation.

The SOC reports will be released on a triennialbasis to coincide with the conduct of the EASCongress. The first SOC reports are beingtargeted for release in November 2009.


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Replication Strategy

The ability to replicate is an integral element of thescaling up thrust of both the SDS-SEAimplementation strategy and the StrategicPartnership. Replicability is built into each majoractivity or project component during the planningstage. This approach requires the incorporation ofcapacity assessment, communication andpartnership development in the planning andimplementation of major component activities.

Capacity AssessmentCapacity AssessmentCapacity AssessmentCapacity AssessmentCapacity Assessment evaluates the demand andsupply aspects of replication. This involvesidentifying and assessing priorities and pre-conditions for successful replication, followed bymatching interested sites and areas withappropriate, replicable mechanisms, technologies orpractices that have been successfully demonstratedor tested under pertinent conditions.

CommunicationCommunicationCommunicationCommunicationCommunication entails awareness building andknowledge sharing to alert stakeholders onenvironmental issues, needed changes, and focus ofactions needed to initiate changes on the ground.The knowledge-sharing aspect is designed to applyand expand the knowledge, innovations, goodpractices and technologies demonstrated under thespecific project.

PPPPPartnership Development artnership Development artnership Development artnership Development artnership Development recognizes that manylocal governments in the region lack the capacityand confidence to commit to investments inscaling up ICM, much less pollution reductionfacilities and services. Opportunities created forgovernment and non-government partners, theidentification of interested partners, and theprocess of promoting and developingpartnerships will be incorporated into operationactivities in order to scale up partnership activitiesfrom a local initiative to national and regionaldimensions.

Replication and Scaling up of ICMPrograms Implementation

PEMSEA aims to cover at least 20 percent of theregional coastline through replication of ICMprograms by 2015 to cope with the pace ofenvironmental degradation and resourcedepletion.

The ICM sites serve as a "critical mass" or anetwork that have demonstrated confidence andcapacity in ICM implementation. They offerpractical, workable experiences and knowledge toother would-be areas interested in implementingan ICM program. Many practitioners see them as

Scaling up ICM through the Replication of Demonstration Sites (PEMSEA Example).


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Replication and Scaling up

"levers" or "tipping points" that can push andencourage other areas to replicate ICM programs.

Another "lever" is PEMSEA's adherence to the secondcontext of scaling up — functional expansion withregard to linking coastal management andwatershed and river basin management. This isevident in the initiative in the Philippines to link theexisting programs in the Manila Bay-Pasig River-Laguna Lake continuum to a broader, streamlinedand comprehensive management framework. Aviable model to integrate river basin management,coastal land-use planning and management andsea-use zoning is being undertaken. Other areas inthe region are also poised to do the same.

Another major effort is to increase the local capacityto plan and manage the coastal and marine areas, aprerequisite for ICM replication and scaling up.Existing training materials used for ICM training orprofessional upgrading and other relatedpublications are being refined in accordance withcurriculum development principles into severalinformal training packages. Post-graduate ICMprograms are also being developed and conductedby national universities or consortiums of universities.There are also efforts to disseminate knowledge oncoastal and ocean governance in universities offeringdistant learning.

Strategies for ICM Scaling up.


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Partnerships are frequently operationalized inthe most practical terms at the local level, i.e.,at the ICM project sites and hotspot locations.

Project development and implementation ismanaged by multisectoral and multistakeholdercoordinating arrangements that include theNational Project Coordinating Committee (NPCC),the Project Coordinating Committee (PCC) and theProject Management Office (PMO). Generally, ICMdemonstration sites have PCCs (e.g., PCCs in Balior Danang), while subregional pollution hotspotsites have NPCCs (e.g., NPCC of Bohai Sea).Relative to the PMOs, the NPCCs and/or the PCCsexercise oversight functions. The EAS PartnershipCouncil, on the other hand, provides a higher levelof partnership between State and non-State

Partners. It brings together these various Partners toregular meetings and workshops to provide policydirection and strategies for the sustainabledevelopment of the region.

With the establishment and operationalization ofPMOs, PCCs, NPCCs and the EAS PartnershipCouncil and the support and commitment of allStakeholder Partners, intergovernmental,interagency and multisector partnerships can bereadily forged, nurtured and implemented. Assuch, PEMSEA's on-the-ground projects continue toremain relevant to the needs of the communities,local and national governments, and have inspiredproject ownership, ensured sustainability andencouraged replicability.


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Partnerships

Strategic Partnerships in SDS-SEAImplementation

Strategic partnerships are forged with specificpartners to collectively address key issues related tocoastal and ocean governance. The StrategicPartnership for SDS-SEA implementation is designedto facilitate the effective implementation andinteraction of two GEF-supported projects in theregion, namely the GEF/UNDP Project on theImplementation of the SDS-SEA, and the WorldBank/GEF Partnership Investment Fund for PollutionReduction in the Large Marine Ecosystems of EastAsia. The former aims to scale up ICM programsacross the region. The project activities create policyand investment opportunities for the latter project toreduce pollution discharges through the removal oftechnical, institutional and financial barriers.Expected outcomes of the Partnership InvestmentFund are increased investments in pollution reductionand activities of the order of $1.3 billion.

The Strategic Partnership has another implication,where it serves as an umbrella function forsubregional initiatives and programs. The ongoinglarge marine ecosystems projects in the Yellow Sea,South China Sea, the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas and theArafura-Timor Seas will address similar issues in thenear future.

The Strategic Partnership provides a mechanism forGEF, the World Bank, UNDP, UNEP and theconcerned countries to mainstream the broadobjectives of the SDS-SEA, and the detailed targetsand action programs of any future subregional seasStrategic Action Plans (SAPs), into their regularprograms. The Strategic Partnership will use itscomparative advantages to assist the countries inreaching the overarching regional SDS-SEAobjectives by supporting the more detailed site-specific objectives and targets identified in the SAPs.

Corporate Social Responsibility forSustainable Development of Coastal andMarine Resources

PEMSEA continues to promote partnerships betweenmultinational and national corporations andstakeholders, including government agencies,NGOs and community groups. Such partnershipshelp build corporate social responsibility, byencouraging companies to integrate socialresponsibility into their organizational strategies,programs and practices. They also facilitate thereplication and scaling up of capacities insustainable development of the coastal and marineresources among local governments andcommunities in the region.

PEMSEA's experience in two project sites in thePhilippines demonstrate the comparative advantageof multinational companies, serving as models ofcorporate social responsibility for national and localindustries. In these two cases, where PetronCorporation and Shell Philippines partnered withthe local governments of Bataan and Batangasrespectively, both parties shared resources and skillsin order to achieve on-the-ground improvements inthe protection and restoration of coastal and marineresources.


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ICMDemonstration Sites

Parallel Sites

Hotspots

PSC Working Group Meetings

Technical Workshop

EAS Congress

IndonesiaVietnamThailandMalaysiaDPR KoreaCambodiaPR China

PR ChinaPhilippines

Philippines

PhilippinesPhilippinesRO KoreaIndonesia

PR China

8 PSC Meeting9 PSC Meeting10 PSC Meeting11 PSC Meeting12 PSC MeetingHosting of the PreparatoryMeeting of the Working Group on the Implementation of the SDS-SEA1 Meeting of the Working Group on the Implementation of the SDS-SEA

2 Meeting of the Working Group on the Implementation of the SDS-SEA

Workshop on Ecosystem-based Management of Interrelated River Basins, Estuaries and Coastal Seas

EAS Congress 2003EAS Congress 2003EAS Congress 2003EAS Congress 2003EAS Congress 2003EAS Congress 2003EAS Congress 2003

Provincial Government of BaliPeople’s Committee of Danang MunicipalityProvincial Government of ChonburiState Government of SelangorGBCIOMunicipal Government of SihanoukvilleMunicipal Government of Xiamen

Provincial Government of Bataan

Bataan Coastal Care FoundationProvincial Government of CaviteMOMAF (Shihwa Project)Sukabumi Regency

10 ICM Parallel Sites

State Oceanic Administration (Bohai Sea)Government of the Philippines (Manila Bay)

MOMAF, RO KoreaProvincial Government of ChonburiMunicipal Government of XiamenGovernment of CambodiaGovernment of the PhilippinesState Oceanic Administration

Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Philippines

Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Philippines

MOMAF, Korea Maritime Institute, Masan City Government and Kyungnam University

IMOShip and Ocean FoundationUNEP-GPAWorld Fish CenterKualiti Alam MalaysiaAlam Sekitar MalaysiaDepartment of Environment (DOE) - Malaysia

520,000.00709,250.00287,394.00491,895.00698,435.00596,500.00350.000.00

155,000.00

200,000.00162,000.00

6,000,000.004,205,064.00

3,000,000.00

2,647,300.001,867,347.00

50,000.0012,000.0015,000.0015,000.0014,000.0020,581.00

4,000.00

5,000.00

60,000.00

81,174.0092,079.00

7,550.0030,000.00

2,652.003,183.00

12,750.00

Subtotal ICM 17,375,538.00

Subtotal Hotspots 4,514,647.00

Subtotal PSC/Working Group Meetings 135,581.00

Subtotal Technical Workshops 60,000.00

MOA of 13 March 2000MOA of 07 June 2000MOA of August 2001MOA of 19 July 2001MOA of 08 September 2000 MOA of 12 June 2000MOA of July 2001

MOA of 10 February 2000, letter of 7 February 2006

MOA of March 2004

MOA of 10 February 2003, report of 1 February 2006estimated 300,000/site

MOA of 23 July 2000Letter, January 2002

LOI, October 2003

st

th

th

th

th

th

nd

Throughout the years, PEMSEA has tapped theresources of governments, donors, the privatesector and other funding sources to complement

the funding it receives from GEF. The counterpartfinancing was intended to support variousenvironmental programs at the local, national,subregional and regional levels. During the secondphase, PEMSEA was able to generate co-financing of

more than $24 million, $22.7 million of which camefrom the governments of participating countries.Government co-financing exceeded the target of $3.3million in the GEF/UNDP/IMO Project Document by690 percent, providing concrete evidence of the supportfrom local and national stakeholders for ICM programs,hotspot management, and other projects and activitiesspearheaded by PEMSEA's Regional Programme Office.

Resource Mobilization (1999–2007), by Purpose.

Purpose Partner RemarksCounterpartSupport ($)


67

EAS Congress (cont.)

EAS Congress 2006EAS Congress 2006EAS Congress 2006EAS Congress 2006EAS Congress 2006

EAS Congress 2006EAS Congress 2006EAS Congress 2006EAS Congress 2006EAS Congress 2006

1 RNLG Forum, Study Tour2 RNLG Forum, LeadershipTraining, Study Tour3 RNLG Forum, ICM StudyTour, EAS Congress4 RNLG Forum

Training/Regional Mechanism (2000–2001)Regional Training on IEIARegional Training on ProjectDevelopment ManagementRegional Training on ICM

Port Safety, Health and Environmental Management System (2002–2003)Dynamics of Regional Cooperation on Oceans and CoastsWaste Management Facility (Batangas)Quest Simulation Model (Bali)Renewal of Commitment for Collaboration and Sharing Experiences in the Sustainable Development of Marine and Coastal Resources

Tropical CoastsCollaboration and Sharing Experiences in the Sustainable Development of Marine and Coastal Resources

RNLG Forums

Trainings

Projects

Publications

State Oceanic AdministrationHainan City GovernmentUNDP Capacity 2015IMOKorea Maritime Institute (KMI)/Korea Environmental Institute (KEI)UNEP-GPANippon FoundationOPRFCMC-Youth ForumUNESCO-IOC

MOMAFMunicipal Government of Xiamen

Lembaga Urus Air Selangor (LUAS), State of SelangorProvincial Government of Bali

IMO

Sida/CMCSida/CMC

Sida/CMC

IMO

Nippon Foundation

Wastes Systems New Zealand

Hatfield ConsultantsUNEP-GPA

Sida/CMCUNEP-GPA

519,480.00259,740.0010,718.0015,000.0066,391.00

15,000.0069,434.0052,174.0030,000.0015,000.00

40,000.0020,000.00

13,500.00

25,000.00

200,000.00

39,480.0038,700.00

69,640.00

150,000.00

200,000.00

200,000.00

150,000.0080,000.00

39,000.0019,000.00

Subtotal EAS Congress 1,282,325.00

Subtotal RNLG Forums 98,500.00

Subtotal Training 347,820.00

Subtotal Projects 780,000.00

Subtotal Publications 58,000.00TOTAL 24,652,411.00

PID, 08 February 2002

Grant Agreement

MOA of 14 July 1999

Proj. Doc. 22 June 2000MOU of May 2005

MOU of January 2003

nd

st

rd

th

Resource Mobilization

The impact of PEMSEA's effort would be less had it notbeen for the resources it was able to mobilize within andoutside the region. Essentially, partnership developmentand resource mobilization efforts have catalyzedinvestments, leveraged funding and created synergisticresults across its Programme portfolio. Contributionsfrom partners not only augmented the RegionalProgramme's limited funds, but such co-financing has

likewise encouraged greater participation from allparties, donors and recipients alike. In other words, thesynergistic outcomes arising from PEMSEA's twin strategyof developing partnerships and mobilizing resourceshave led to greater interest in PEMSEA's methods andapproaches, creating a virtuous spiral of positivedevelopments for the East Asian Seas region.

Purpose Partner RemarksCounterpartSupport ($)


68


69

PEMSEA Resource Facility Organizational Structure


70

Executive Committee

The Executive Committee is composed of the Council, TechnicalSession, and Intergovernmental Session Chairs with the ExecutiveDirector of the PEMSEA Resource Facility (PRF) serving as theSecretary. The three Chairs were elected by consensus at the FirstEAS Partnership Council Meeting in July 2007 in Manado City,Indonesia.

Chua Thia-Eng*Council Chair

Li HaiqingIntergovernmental Session Chair

Hiroshi TerashimaTechnical Session Chair

* In view of Dr. Chua’s current status as PEMSEA Regional Programme Director(RPD) and Interim Executive Director (ED) of the PEMSEA Resource Facility(PRF), the Executive Committee decided to appoint Dr. Li Haiqing as ActingCouncil Chair until the end of September 2007 or upon the completion of Dr.Chua’s term as RPD and Interim ED.

State and Non-State Partners

PEMSEA State Partners (11):

Cambodia(Ministry of Environment)

People’s Republic of China(State Oceanic Administration)

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(Ministry of Foreign Trade)

Indonesia(Ministry of Environment)

Japan(Ministry of Land, Infrastructure andTransport)

Lao People’s Democratic Republic(Prime Minister's Office)

Philippines(Department of Environment and NaturalResources)

Republic of Korea(Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries)

Singapore(Ministry of the Environment and WaterResources)

Timor-Leste(Ministry of Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries)

Vietnam(Ministry of Natural Resources andEnvironment)

Non-State Partners (15):

Conservation International (CI) PhilippinesCoastal Management Center (CMC)IOC Subcommission for the Western Pacific (IOC/WESTPAC)International Ocean Institute (IOI)Korea Environment Institute (KEI)Korea Maritime Institute (KMI)Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI)Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP)Ocean Policy Research Foundation (OPRF)Oil Spill Response and East Asia Response Limited (OSRL/EARL)Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML)Swedish Environmental Secretariat for Asia (SENSA)UNDP/GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP)UNEP Global Programme of Action (UNEP/GPA)UNDP/GEF Yellow Sea LME Project (YSLME)

71

Chua, Thia-Eng* Regional Programme Director and Interim Executive Director 1994Ross, Stephen Adrian Senior Programme Officer/Technical Coordinator 1996Yu, Huming Senior Programme Officer 1995 – 2000; 2002

Almario, Amadeo Jr. Utility Aide 1995Bacay, Jose Gerard Publications Production Assistant 1998Bautista, Vanessa Library Assistant 2007Bermas, Nancy Technical Officer – Research 1996Bonga, Danilo Technical Assistant – Research 1997 – 2002; 2004Caballero, Rommel IT Specialist 2004Cano, Anna Rita Communications Assistant – Publications 2004Cordova-Cayaban, Diwata Senior Secretary 2000Custodio, Khristine Senior Communications Assistant – Webmaster 2002Dela Pena, Mary Ann Head of Accounting 1996Dulay, Jonel Senior Technical Artist 1995Ebarvia-Bautista, Maria Corazon Technical Officer – Environmental Investments 1999Factuar, Diana Training Officer 1999 – 2001; 2002Gallardo, Kathrine Rose Technical Assistant – Regional Ocean Governance 2004Gervacio, Bresilda Technical Officer – IIMS and Coastal Use Zoning 1994 – 1995; 1997Gutierrez, Anthony Driver 2007Josue, Rachel Administrative Assistant 2002Lacerna, Ma. Teresita Legal Officer – Law, Policy and Institutional Development 2002Mariano, Marlene Secretary 1997Merina, Elsie Secretary 2004Narcise, Cristine Ingrid Senior Technical Assistant – Environmental Management 2000Nepomuceno, Ma. Concepcion Office Attendant 1995Padayao, Daisy Technical Assistant – Research 2005Rafael, Belyn Technical Assistant – ICM 2004Requinala, Rainier Allan Senior Technical Assistant – Project Monitoring and Evaluation 2002Urbano, Ramil Driver 2005Valeriano, Arsenio Jr. Accounts Assistant 2001Velasquez, Caroline Senior Secretary 1998

Staff since

PEMSEA Staff

The new PEMSEA Office building.


72

Former PEMSEA staff

Name Designation Duration

Abansi, Corazon Officer – Batangas Bay Demonstration Project 1995 – 1999Aca, Elson Programmer 2000 – 2001Agsaoay, Eunice Technical Assistant 1998Almira, Francis Computer Programmer 1997Aloria, Maribel Environmental Monitoring Specialist, ENRO 1996 – 1998Amuan, Rommel Technical Assistant (GIS) 1997Aragon, Ana Marie Administrative Assistant 2000 – 2002Araza, William Clerk 1997Arevalo, Jeremy Library Assistant 2005 – 2006Artienda, Cornelio Training Officer 1996 – 1998Aseron, Ma. Victoria Grace Artist 1996 – 1998Atanacio, Rachel Artist 1994 – 1995Azucena, Carlos William Technical Assistant – HRD 2005Baculanta, Patricia Documentations Clerk 2003 – 2004Banzon, Cesar Technical Officer – Environmental Investment 2004 – 2005Basilio, Gina Technical Assistant 1997 – 1998Bernad, Stella Regina Legal Officer – International Conventions 1995 – 2007Bigal, Maricel Editorial Assistant 1997 – 1999Bonto, Edgardo Celso Project Assistant 1996Cada, Roberto Artist 1996Calderon, Edmond Titus Technician/Administrative Clerk 1997 – 2005Carada, Florisa Norina Editorial Assistant 1999Cargamento, Agnes Technical Reviewer 1998Cariño, Albert IIMS Programmer 2002 – 2004Carlos, Azenith Library Assistant 2002 – 2005Castillo, Ronald Environmental Monitoring Assistant 1997Catalan, Jose Alvin Technical Assistant – Research 2004 – 2005Cataytay, Alma Communications Assistant 2003Cayaban, Leo Rex Senior Editorial Assistant 1997 – 2006Cheevaporn, Voravit Research Associate 1995Colocado, Marie Sol Information Officer 2001 – 2002Corpuz, Catherine Frances Technical Officer – Public–Private Partnership 2000 – 2004Cuanang, Liligrace Secretary 1994 – 1995Cuevas, Arleen Senior Communications Assistant 2001 – 2003David, Felicisimo Jr. Technical Officer – Monitoring and Evaluation 2000De Guzman, Eugene Computer Technician 1999Dela Paz, Catalino Computer Programmer 1996 – 1997Delos Reyes, Mario Programme Officer 1997 – 1998Diamante, Dolores Ariadne Research Associate 1994 – 1995Diaz, Raul Layout Artist 1996Dizon, Leticia Information Officer 1997 – 1999Escolano, Augusto Training Officer 1996 – 1998Espino, Pythias Technical Assistant – Environmental Chemistry 1995


73

PEMSEA Staff


Fabunan, Alexis Technical Assistant, GIS Specialist 1995 – 1998 and 2003Fornoles, Olivia Secretary 1996 – 1997Garcia, Benjamin Assistant Congress Coordinator – Events Management 2005 – 2006Genilo, Jude William Information Officer 2001Gonzales, Antonio Layout Artist 1998Gorre, Ingrid Rosalie Technical Officer – Community Network 1999 – 2000Guerrero, Socorro Senior Administrative Officer 1994 – 2005Guevarra, Joselito Technical Officer – Subregional Seas 2004 – 2005Guinto, Alexander Technical Assistant – Risk Assessment/Risk Management 2000 – 2005Hernandez, Antonio Jr. Senior Accounting Clerk 1994 – 2003Hidalgo, Mary Ann Training Officer 2002Inciong, Olivia Sylvia Information Officer 2003Irisari, Milani Legal Assistant – Marine Affairs Policy 2001Isla, Emmanuel Artist 2000 – 2002Israel, Danilo Site Manager – Batangas 1994 – 1997Javier, Tricia Information Officer 2000Javillonar, Joyce Training Assistant 2000 – 2004Kalaw, Ma. Theresa Research Assistant 1997Kang, Katherine Webmaster 2000 – 2002Kho, James Research Associate/Writer 1998Lee, Jihyun Senior Programme Officer 2000 – 2007Librodo, Lisa Aines Training Officer 2001Licuanan, Ferdinand Library Assistant 2001 – 2002Lontoc, Vir Angelo Data Encoder 1996Lopez, Jocelyn Accounting Clerk 2002 – 2006Lopez, Joselito Senior Programme Officer 2000Luoping, Zhang Research Assistant 1997Maaliw, Alex Technical Officer – Monitoring and Evaluation 2002 – 2003Macabeo, Yolwinda Receptionist/Clerk 2004 – 2005Madriaga, Efren Senior Office Assistant 1999 – 2002Malto, Abigail Communications Assistant 2002 – 2003Mandac, Eden Secretary 1995 – 2003Mangahas, Juan Paolo Communications Assistant 2003 – 2005Manguiat, Ma. Socorro Legal Research Associate – International Conventions 1999 – 2001Marfil, Lilian Publications Coordinator 1996 – 1997Matanguihan, Josefina Environmental Management Specialist 1996 – 1997Molo, Carmela Ann Receptionist 2000 – 2003Morales, Jane Secretary 1996Naeg, Erdito Copyeditor 1996 – 1997Nathan, Ari Senior Programme Officer 2000Natarajan, Ramanathan Research Assistant 1996 – 1997Navarro, Enrique Conference Coordinator 2003Nuñez, Enrique Antonio Project Coordinator – Public–Private Partnership 2000


74

PEMSEA Staff


Ordoñez, Muriel Chief Editor 1999Padilla, Delilah Research Assistant 1997 – 1998Pascual, Ferdinand Office Assistant 1998Paw, James Technical Programme Officer 1994 – 1998Payumo, Annechielli Accounting Clerk 2000 – 2002Pido, Michael Technical Officer – ICM 2000 – 2002Poblete, Angelita Programme Management Assistant 1996Rafanan, Gary IT Specialist 2000Reyes, Michael Research Associate 1995 – 1997Reyes, Rommel Project Assistant 1996Robles, Noel Senior GIS Technician 1995 – 2002Ronquillo, Jaime Publications Coordinator 1996Rosales, Rina Research Associate 1996 – 1997Rosales, Vilma Secretary 1995 – 1996Ruiz, Bernard Fortunato Library Assistant 2001Samarasekara, Vidhisha Assistant Technical Programme Officer 1998San, Maria Cecilia Senior Technical Assistant – Legal/Policy Analysis 2002 – 2006Sanohan, Aida Environmental Monitoring Assistant 1997 – 1998Silan, Ma. Margarita Receptionist 2003 – 2004Solito, Kristine Joy Secretary 2006Soriano, Elizabeth Copyeditor 1996Sujarae, Apiradee Project Technical Coordinator – Chonburi ICM 2001 – 2004Tan, Giselle Technical Officer – Monitoring and Evaluation 2000 – 2003Tejam, Catalina Resource Economist 1995 – 1997Torres, Susan Accountant 2000Villa, Deborah Technical Editorial Assistant 1996 – 1997Villamor, Jose Driver 2004 – 2007Villarosa, Casimiro Jr. Senior Communications Assistant 2000 – 2001Viyar, Nogel Communications Assistant – Video 2003 – 2007Zafra, Alfie Senior Communications Assistant 2000


75

Institution/Organization Country Duration

Fellows

Zulhasni Ministry of Environment Indonesia 16 May 2002 – 15 May 2003Hur Ock Yung (Senior Fellow) Local Government of Busan RO Korea 1 April 2005 – 30 September 2005

Regional Interns

Long Rithirak Ministry of Environment Cambodia 15 July – 15 December 1995Nguyen Minh Son Center for Marine Environment Vietnam 11 March – 11 September 1996;

Survey Research and Consultation 24 September 1996 – 21 March 1997O Ryang Pyong State Hydrometeorological Administration DPR Korea 11 March – 22 June 1996Ryang Chol State Hydrometeorological Administration DPR Korea 11 March – 22 June 1996Fan Zhijie State Oceanic Administration PR China 17 February – 15 August 1997Aceng Hidayat Bogor Agricultural University Indonesia 3 November 1997 – 27 April 1998Zhang Haiwen State Oceanic Administration PR China 16 November 1997 – 31 May 1998Tran Dinh Lan Haiphong Institute of Oceanology Vietnam 16 November 1997 – 30 April 1998Oh Seung Kwon Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries RO Korea 12 February 2001 – 11 Feb 2002Pham Thi Chin Project Management Office, Danang ICM Project Vietnam 16 May – 15 November 2002Nguyen Thanh Lam National Center for Natural Science Vietnam 17 February – 17 August 2003

and TechnologySothou Sang Project Management Office, Sihanoukville

ICM Project Cambodia 1 July – 20 December 2003Yang Yafeng State Oceanic Administration PR China 9 March – 8 September 2004Nisakorn Wiwekwin Project Management Office, Chonburi ICM Project Thailand 1 August – 30 October 2004Arthit Chachiyo Project Management Office, Chonburi ICM Project Thailand 1 August – 30 October 2004Le Dai Thang Vietnam Environment Protection Agency Vietnam 1 August – 15 December 2005Saowalak Winyoonuntakul Department of Marine and Coastal Resources Thailand 15 August – 15 December 2005Zheng Yanling Xiamen Oceans and Fisheries Bureau PR China 19 September 2005 – 18 March 2006Wang Qingyan Hainan Government PR China 15 September – 15 November 2006Chen Wen Qun Hainan Government PR China 15 September – 15 November 2006Jaekyun Kim Student RO Korea 15 February – 17 December 2006

International Interns

Jennifer Aldrich University of British Columbia Canada 28 September 1999 – 28 March 2000Karla Rhonda Pope Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial Canada 6 October 2003 – 5 April 2004

University of NewfoundlandStacey Belbin Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial Canada 6 October 2003 – 5 April 2004

University of NewfoundlandAnne Caillaud Institute of Political Studies of Paris (Sciences Po) France 10 September 2005 – 25 January 2006

UN Volunteer Position

Maeve Nightingale Technical Coordinator – Community Development United Kingdom 24 October 2000 – 31 July 2002

List of Interns/Fellows/UN Volunteers (1994-2007)

PEMSEA Interns and Fellows


76

Coastal and Ocean Governance

1. Putrajaya Declaration of Regional Cooperation for theSustainable Development of the Seas of East Asia and theSustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia

2. Framework for National Coastal and Marine PolicyDevelopment

3. The Development of National Coastal and Marine Policies inthe People’s Republic of China: A Case Study

4. Case Study on the Integrated Coastal Policy of the Republicof Korea

5. Framework and Guidelines for National Marine PollutionLegislation in East Asia

6. Assessment of National Marine Pollution Legislation in EastAsia

7. National Coastal Policy for the East Asian Seas: StatusReview and Model Policy Development

8. Sharing Lessons and Experiences in Marine PollutionManagement

9. Challenges, Responses, Strategies and Actions for theImplementation of the SDS-SEA

10. Sustaining Benefits11. Policy Briefs: Sustainable Trade in Marine Endangered

Species in East Asia12. Policy Briefs: Integrated Coastal Management: Revitalizing

the Coasts and Oceans Program in the Philippines13. Policy Briefs: Sustainable Development and Management of

Manila Bay: A Focus on Water Quality14. Policy Briefs: Partnership Opportunities in Enhancing GPA

Implementation

Implementation of International Conventions

15. Malacca Straits: Special Area? The Need and Feasibility ofDesigning the Malacca Straits as a Special Area UnderMARPOL 73/78

16. A Study on the Status of Compliance of the PhilippineDomestic Merchant Fleet with the MARPOL 73/78 Convention

Integrated Coastal Management

17. Dynamics of ICM Practical Applications in Sustainable CoastalDevelopment in East Asia (by Chua Thia-Eng)

18. Integrated Coastal Management in Tropical DevelopingCountries: Lessons Learned from Successes and Failures(Edited by Chua Thia-Eng)

19. Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal ManagementInitiatives (English)

20. Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal ManagementInitiatives (Bahasa)

21. Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal ManagementInitiatives (Vietnamese)

22. Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal ManagementInitiatives (Chinese)

23. Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal ManagementInitiatives (Korean)

24. Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal ManagementInitiatives (Thai)

25. Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal ManagementInitiatives (French)

26. Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal ManagementInitiatives (Portuguese)

27. Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal ManagementInitiatives (Spanish)

28. Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal ManagementInitiatives (Swahili)

29. Southeastern Coast of Bali Initial Risk Assessment30. Coastal Strategy for the Southeastern Coast of Bali31. Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy32. Manuscript Series: Enhancing Coastal and Marine Management

through Effective Information Management (The Bataan IIMSCase Study)

33. Coastal Environmental Profile of the Batangas Bay Region34. Initial Environmental Risk Assessment of Pesticides in the

Batangas Bay Region, Philippines and the Xiamen Seas, China35. Strategic Environmental Management Plan for the Batangas Bay

Region36. Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) Contingent Valuation

Survey in Batangas Bay, Philippines37. Integrated Waste Management Action Plan for the Batangas Bay

Region38. Water Use Zoning for the Sustainable Development of Batangas

Bay, Philippines39. Securing the Future through ICM: The Case of the Batangas Bay

Region40. Chonburi Initial Risk Assessment41. The Chonburi Coastal Strategy42. Danang Initial Risk Assessment43. Coastal Strategy of Danang City44. Coastal Strategy of Nampho City, Democratic People’s Republic

of Korea45. Port Klang Initial Risk Assessment46. Port Klang Coastal Strategy47. Sihanoukville Coastal Strategy48. Coastal Environmental Profile of Xiamen49. Strategic Management Plan for Marine Pollution Prevention and

Management in Xiamen50. Xiamen: An ICM Journey (Second Edition)51. Bohai Sea Environmental Risk Assessment52. Bohai Sea Sustainable Development Strategy53. Bohai Sea Declaration54. Manila Bay Initial Risk Assessment55. Manila Bay Refined Risk Assessment56. Manila Bay Coastal Strategy57. Malacca Straits Environmental Profile58. Malacca Straits: Initial Risk Assessment59. Malacca Straits: Refined Risk Assessment60. Natural Resource Damage Assessment and the Malacca Straits61. Marine Pollution Management in the Malacca/Singapore Straits:

Lessons Learned


77

PEMSEA Publications and VideosFor more information, visit www.pemsea.org.

Socioeconomic Valuation and SustainableFinancing

62. Socioeconomic Assessment Framework and Guidelines forIntegrated Coastal Management

63. A Perspective on the Environmental and SocioeconomicBenefits and Costs of Integrated Coastal Management: TheCase of Xiamen, PR China

64. Marine Pollution Prevention and Management in the East AsianSeas: A Benefit-Cost Framework

65. Total Economic Valuation: Coastal and Marine Resources in theStraits of Malacca

66. Benefit-Cost Analysis of Tourism Development andSustainability in the Malacca Straits

67. Sustainable Financing for Ship-based Pollution Prevention andManagement in the Malacca Straits

68. Sustainable Financing Mechanisms and Policy Instruments forthe Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in thePhilippines

69. Manuscript Series: An Overview of Public and Private SectorCapacities for Environmental Infrastructure in the Philippines

70. Manuscript Series: An Overview of Public and Private SectorCapacities for Environmental Infrastructure in Five East AsianCountries

71. Manuscript Series: Sewerage Planning and WastewaterTreatment for Sabang, Puerto Galera


72. Environmental Risk Assessment Manual: A Practical Guide forTropical Ecosystems

73. Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment for Coastal andMarine Areas: A Training Manual

74. Manual on Economic Instruments for Coastal and MarineResource Management

75. Manual of Practice: Contingent Valuation Survey for IntegratedCoastal Management (ICM) Applications

76. Natural Resource Damage Assessment Manual77. Manual on Strategies, Tools and Techniques for Implementing

International Conventions on Marine Pollution in the East AsianSeas

78. Port Safety Audit Manual Vol. 1 and 2

Tropical Coasts

79. TC Vol. 1. No. 1 The 1994 Royal Colloquium on Tropical CoastalZones – From Knowledge to Action

80. TC Vol. 2. No. 1 Environment and Enterprise81. TC Vol. 2. No. 2 International Marine Environment Conventions:

Obligations and Opportunities82. TC Vol. 3. No. 1 Conservation to Management – Initiatives for

the Coastal Zones in Eastern Africa83. TC Vol. 3. No. 2 Marine Pollution Prevention and Management:

Opportunities for Investment84. TC Vol. 4. No. 1 Marine Biodiversity85. TC Vol. 4. No. 2 Marine Environmental Monitoring

86. TC Vol. 5. No. 1 Coastal Tourism87. TC Vol. 5. No. 2 – Vol. 6. Issue #1 PPP in Coastal and Marine

Resource Management88. TC Vol. 6. No. 2 Getting our Acts Together – Resolving Conflicts

in Coastal Zones89. TC Vol. 7. No. 1 – Who Pays for the Damage? Oil and Chemical

Spills90. TC Vol. 7. No. 2 – A Challenging Journey – Coastal and Marine

Policymaking in East Asia91. TC Vol. 8. No. 1 – Transboundary Environmental Issues92. TC Vol. 8. No. 2 – Partnerships for the Environment93. TC Vol. 9. No. 1 – Keeping the Essentials Flowing94. TC Vol. 9. No. 2 – Rare…Endangered… For Sale95. TC Vol. 10 No. 1 – The Regional Approach96. TC Vol. 10 No. 2 – The Role of Media in Sustainable

Development97. TC Vol. 11 No. 1 – PEMSEA Experiences in the Evolution of

Coastal Management98. TC Vol. 11 No. 2 – Coast to Coast – From Demonstration to

Replication99. TC Vol. 12 No. 1 – Call to Action – Disaster Risk Reduction and

Post- Tsunami Reconstruction100. TC Vol. 12 No. 2 – Port Safety, Security, Health and

Environment101. TC Vol. 13 No. 1 – From Ripples to Waves102. TC Vol. 13 No. 2 – EAS Congress Special Issue 1 – One Vision,

One Ocean103. TC Vol. 14 No. 1- EAS Congress Special Issue 2 – One Vision,

One People

Workshops and Conference Proceedings

104. Challenges and Opportunities in Managing Pollution in the EastAsian Seas

105. Proceedings of the IMO/APCEL/MPA Workshop on theRatification and Implementation of MARPOL 73/78 in the EastAsian Seas

106. Proceedings of the National Workshop on IMO Conventions forthe Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution

107. Proceedings of the National Workshop on the Ratification andImplementation of MARPOL 73/78 in the Philippines

108. Proceedings of the National Workshop on the Implementation ofMARPOL 73/78 in Indonesia: Cost Effective Shore ReceptionFacilities

109. Oil Spill Modelling in the East Asian Region110. Regional Consultative Workshop on the Recovery of Oil Spill

Clean-Up Costs and Pollution Damage Claims111. Regional Consultative Workshop on Strengthening Recovery of

Ship Pollution Clean-up Costs and Damage Claims112. Regional Network on the Legal Aspects of Marine Pollution113. Marine Pollution Monitoring and Information Management

Network. Inception Workshop114. Highlights of the Second Technical Workshop of the Regional

Network for Marine Pollution Monitoring and InformationManagement

115. Proceedings of the Pilot Intersessional Consultative GroupMeeting


78

116. Proceedings of the Senior Experts Dialogue on Coastal andMarine Policy

117. Proceedings of the Seminar on Leadership in Ocean andCoastal Governance

118. Proceedings of the Experts’ Meeting on Strategies for BetterCoastal and Ocean Governance

119. Proceedings of the Senior Government Officials’ Meeting on theSustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia

120. Consensus Building for the Formulation of the SustainableDevelopment Strategy for the Seas of East Asia

121. Proceedings of the Preparatory Meeting for the Working Groupon the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Strategyfor the Seas of East Asia (SDS-SEA)

122. Proceedings of the Working Group Meeting on theImplementation of the Sustainable Development Strategy for theSeas of East Asia (SDS-SEA)

123. Meeting of the Working Group on the Regional ImplementingMechanism for the SDS-SEA

124. Proceedings of the National Forum on Sustainable Developmentof Coastal and Marine Resources and the National ConsultationWorkshop on the Implementation of the SDS-SEA (Vietnam)

125. Proceedings of the First Meeting of the Multidisciplinary ExpertGroup

126. Workshop on Ecosystem-based Management of InterrelatedRiver Basins, Estuaries and Coastal Seas

127. Determining Environmental Carrying Capacity of Coastal andMarine Areas: Progress, Constraints, and Future Options

128. Regional Workshop on Partnerships in the Application ofIntegrated Coastal Management

129. Sustainable Financing Mechanisms: Public Sector-PrivateSector Partnership

130. Valuing Benefits from Integrated Coastal Management:Workshop Report

131. Proceedings of the 2nd Forum of the Regional Network of LocalGovernments Implementing Integrated Coastal Management(RNLG)

132. Proceedings of the Fourth Forum of the Regional Network ofLocal Governments Implementing ICM

133. Proceedings of the National Conference on Media as KeyPartners in Environmental Sustainability

134. Proceedings of the Consultative Meeting on the Malacca StraitsDemonstration Project

135. Proceedings of the Consultative Workshop on the Gulf ofThailand Environmental Management Project

136. Proceedings of the 4th Subregional Meeting of the Gulf ofThailand Project Task Team

137. Summary of the Batangas Demonstration Project EvaluationWorkshop

138. The East Asian Seas Congress 2003: Regional Implementationof the WSSD Commitments for the Seas of East Asia

139. EAS Congress/WP2007/1 Proceedings of the Meeting ofExperts to Discuss the Framework for State of the CoastsReporting

140. EAS Congress/WP2007/2 Proceedings on the Workshop on theEcosystem-based Management of Interrelated River basins,Estuaries and Coastal Seas

141. EAS Congress/WP2007/3 Proceedings of the Workshop onLocal Government Financing for Water, Sewage and Sanitation

142. EAS Congress/WP2007/4 Assessment of East Asia’sCapacity Building in Ocean and Coastal Governance

143. EAS Congress/WP2007/5 Proceedings of the Workshop onAchieving the MDGs through Enhancing Local Capacities forICRM: Evidences and Lessons Learned

144. EAS Congress/WP2007/6 Proceedings of the SecondMinisterial Forum on the Implementation of the SustainableDevelopment Strategy for the Seas of East Asia

145. EAS Congress/WP2007/7 Proceedings of the InauguralMeeting of the East Asian Seas Partnership Council

146. EAS Congress/WP2007/8 Proceedings of the InauguralMeeting of the PEMSEA Network of Local Governments forSustainable Coastal Development (PNLG)

147. EAS Congress/WP2007/9 Proceedings of the RegionalNetwork on Coastal and Ocean Governance

148. EAS Congress/WP2007/10 Proceedings of the Joint Meetingof SGP Coordinators and PMO Directors

149. EAS Congress/WP2007/11 Report on the Outputs andOutcomes of the EAS Youth Forum

150. EAS Congress/WP2007/12 Proceedings of the ICM Dialogue

Programme Steering Committee Meeting Reports

151. PSC 1 (1994) 157. PSC 7 (2000)152. PSC 2 (1995) 158. PSC 8 (2002)153. PSC 3 (1996) 159. PSC 9 (2003)154. PSC 4 (1997) 160. PSC 10 (2004)155. PSC 5 (1998) 161. PSC 11 (2005)156. PSC 6 (1999) 162. PSC 12 (2006)

Terminal Evaluation and Annual Reports

163. The Regional Programme for Marine Pollution Prevention andManagement in the East Asian Seas (GEF Project RAS/92/G34): Bi-annual Report 1994-1995

164. Marine Pollution Prevention and Management in the EastAsian Seas: From Planning to Action (1996 Annual Report)

165. Pollution Prevention and Management in the East Asian Seas(1997 Annual Report)

166. Terminal Report 1999167. PEMSEA Mid Term Evaluation Report 2003168. Performance Evaluation PEMSEA, Terminal Evaluation

Report (2006)

Videos

169. Melasti: A Festival of Hope170. Danang: A City at the Crossroads171. Monsoon Tale172. Xiamen Story173. Regional Partnerships in Action: The East Asian Seas

Congress 2003174. PEMSEA Story175. Future of our Coasts176. PEMSEA Eco-Camp Experience

PEMSEA Publications and Videos


79


80

GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Partnerships inEnvironmental Management for the Seas of East Asia

(PEMSEA)

P.O. Box 2502, Quezon City 1165, PhilippinesTel: (632) 929-2992; (632) 920-2211 to 14

Fax: (632) 926-9712Email: [email protected]

Website: www.pemsea.org

PEMSEA Portfolio Final.pmd 9/12/2007, 10:52 AM80

Documents

PEMSEA Portfolio copy 2 - WAVE · PEMSEA IEC Material 2. 80 p. Global Environment Facility/United Nations Development Programme/International Maritime Organization Regional Programme