POWER REFERENCE MANUAL - TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. MATHEMATICS

I.1 System of UnitsI.1.1 IntroductionI.1.2 Common Units of MassI.1.3 Mass and WeightI.1.4 Acceleration of GravityI.1.5 Consistent System of UnitsI.1.6 The English Engineering SystemI.1.7 Other Formulas Affected by InconsistencyI.1.8 Weight and Weight DensityI.1.9 The English Gravitational SystemI.1.10 The Absolute English SystemI.1.11 Metric System of UnitsI.1.12 The cgs SystemI.1.13 SI Units (The mks System)I.1.14 Rules for Using SI UnitsI.1.15 Primary DimensionsI.1.16 Dimensionless GroupsI.1.17 Lineal and Board Foot MeasurementsI.1.18 Dimensional Analysis

I.2 Energy, Work, and PowerI.2.1 Energy of a MassI.2.2 Law of Conservation of Energy

I.2.3 WorkI.2.4 Potential Energy of a MassI.2.5 Kinetic Energy of a MassI.2.6 Spring EnergyI.2.7 Pressure Energy of a MassI.2.8 Internal Energy of a MassI.2.9 Work Energy PrincipleI.2.10 Conversion Between Energy FormsI.2.11 PowerI.2.12 Efficiency

I.3 Engineering Drawing PracticeI.3.1 IntroductionI.3.2 Normal Views of Lines and PlanesI.3.3 Intersecting and Perpendicular LinesI.3.4 Types of ViewsI.3.5 Principal (Orthographic) ViewsI.3.6 Auxiliary (Orthographic) ViewsI.3.7 Oblique (Orthographic) ViewsI.3.8 Axonometric (Orthographic Oblique) ViewsI.3.9 Prospective ViewsI.3.10 SectionsI.3.11 TolerancesI.3.12 Surface FinishI.3.13 Electrical Schematics

I.4 AlgebraI.4.1 IntroductionI.4.2 Symbols Used in This BookI.4.3 Greek AlphabetI.4.4 Types of NumbersI.4.5 Significant DigitsI.4.6 EquationsI.4.7 Fundamental Algebraic LawsI.4.8 PolynomialsI.4.9 Roots of Quadratic EquationsI.4.10 Roots of General PolynomialsI.4.11 Extraneous RootsI.4.12 Descartes’ Rules of SignsI.4.13 Rules of Exponents and RadicalsI.4.14 LogarithmsI.4.15 Logarithm IdentitiesI.4.16 Partial FractionsI.4.17 Simultaneous Linear EquationsI.4.18 Complex NumbersI.4.19 Operations on Complex NumbersI.4.20 LimitsI.4.21 Sequences and ProgessionsI.4.22 Standard SequencesI.4.23 Series

I.4.24 Tests for Series ConvergenceI.4.25 Series of Alternating Signs

I.5 Linear AlgebraI.5.1 MatricesI.5.2 Special Types of MatricesI.5.3 Row Equivalent MatricesI.5.4 Minor and CofactorsI.5.5 DeterminantsI.5.6 Matrix AlgebraI.5.7 Matrix addition and SubtractionI.5.8 Matrix MultiplicationI.5.9 TransposeI.5.10 Singularity and RankI.5.11 Classical AdjointI.5.12 InverseI.5.13 Writing Simultaneous Linear Equations in Matrix FormI.5.14 Solving Simultaneous Linear EquationsI.5.15 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

I.6 VectorsI.6.1 IntroductionI.6.2 Vectors in n-SpaceI.6.3 Unit VectorsI.6.4 Vector RepresentationI.6.5 Conversion Between Systems

I.6.6 Vector AdditionI.6.7 Multiplication by a ScalarI.6.8 Vector Dot ProductI.6.9 Vector Cross ProductI.6.10 Mixed Triple ProductI.6.11 Vector Triple ProductI.6.12 Vector Functions

I.7 TrigonometryI.7.1 Degrees and RadiansI.7.2 Plane anglesI.7.3 TrianglesI.7.4 Right TrianglesI.7.5 Circular Transcendental FunctionsI.7.6 Small Angle ApproximationsI.7.7 Graphs of the FunctionsI.7.8 Signs of FunctionsI.7.9 Functions of Related AnglesI.7.10 Trigonometric IdentitiesI.7.11 Inverse Trigonometric FunctionsI.7.12 Hyperbolic Transcendental FunctionsI.7.13 Hyperbolic IdentitiesI.7.14 General TrianglesI.7.15 Spherical TrigonometryI.7.16 Solid Angles

I.8 Analytic GeometryI.8.1 Mensuration of Regular ShapesI.8.2 Area with Irregular BoundariesI.8.3 Geometric DefinitionsI.8.4 Concave curvesI.8.5 Convex RegionsI.8.6 CongruencyI.8.7 Coordinate SystemsI.8.8 CurvesI.8.9 Symmetry of CurvesI.8.10 Straight LinesI.8.11 Direction Numbers, Angles, and CosinesI.8.12 Intersection of Two LinesI.8.13 PlanesI.8.14 Distances Between Geometric FiguresI.8.15 Angles Between Geometric FiguresI.8.16 Conic SectionsI.8.17 CircleI.8.18 ParabolaI.8.19 EllipseI.8.20 HyperbolaI.8.21 SphereI.8.22 Helix

I.9 Differential Calculus

I.9.1 Derivative of a FunctionI.9.2 Elementary Derivative OperationsI.9.3 Critical PointsI.9.4 Derivatives of Parametric EquationsI.9.5 Partial DifferentiationI.9.6 Implicit DifferentiationI.9.7 Tangent Plane FunctionI.9.8 Gradient VectorI.9.9 Directional DerivativeI.9.10 Normal Line VectorI.9.11 Divergence of a Vector FieldI.9.12 Curl of a Vector FieldI.9.13 Taylor’s FormulaI.9.14 Maxclaurin Power Approximations

I.10 Integral CalculusI.10.1 IntegrationI.10.2 Elementary OperationsI.10.3 Integration by PartsI.10.4 Separation of TermsI.10.5 Double and Higher-Order IntergralsI.10.6 Initial ValuesI.10.7 Definite IntegralsI.10.8 Average ValueI.10.9 Area

I.10.10 Arc LengthI.10.11 Pappus’ TheoremsI.10.12 Surface of RevolutionI.10.13 Volume of RevolutionI.10.14 Moments of a FunctionI.10.15 Fourier SeriesI.10.16 Fast Fourier TransformsI.10.17 Integral Functions

I.11 Differential EquationsI.11.1 Types of Differential EquationsI.11.2 Homogeneous, First-Order Linear Differential Equations with Constant CoefficientsI.11.3 First-Order Linear Differential EquationsI.11.4 First-Order Separable Differential EquationsI.11.5 First-Order Exact Differential EquationsI.11.6 Homogeneous, Second-Order Linear Differential Equations with Constant CoefficientsI.11.7 Nonhomogeneous Differential EquationsI.11.8 Named Differential EquationsI.11.9 Laplace TransformsI.11.10 Step and Impulse FunctionsI.11.11 Algebra of Laplace TransformsI.11.12 Convolution IntegralI.11.13 Using Laplace TransformsI.11.14 Third- and Higher-Order Linear Differential Equations with Constant CoefficientsI.11.15 Applications: Engineering Systems

I.11.16 Applications: MixingI.11.17 Applications: Exponential Growth and DecayI.11.18 Applications: EpidemicsI.11.19 Application: Surface TemperatureI.11.20 Application: Evaporation

I.12 Probability and statistical Analysis of DataI.12.1 Set TheoryI.12.2 Combinations of ElementsI.12.3 PermutationsI.12.4 Probability TheoryI.12.5 Joint ProbabilityI.12.6 Complementary ProbabilitiesI.12.7 Conditional ProbabilityI.12.8 Probability Density FunctionsI.12.9 Binomial DistributionI.12.10 Hypergeometric DistributionI.12.11 Multiple Hypergeometric DistributionI.12.12 Poisson DistributionI.12.13 Continuous Distribution FunctionsI.12.14 Exponential DistributionI.12.15 Normal DistributionI.12.16 Application: ReliabilityI.12.17 Analysis of Experimental DataI.12.18 Measures of Central Tendency

I.12.19 Measures of DispersionI.12.20 Central Limit TheoremI.12.21 Confidence LevelI.12.22 Application: Confidence LimitsI.12.23 Application: Basic Hypothesis TestingI.12.24 Application: Statistical Process ControlI.12.25 Measures of Experimental AdequacyI.12.26 Linear Regression

I.13 Computer MathematicsI.13.1 Positional Numbering SystemsI.13.2 Converting Base-b Numbers to Base-10I.13.3 Converting Base-10 Numbers to Base-bI.13.4 Binary Number SystemI.13.5 Octal Number SystemI.13.6 Hexadecimal Number SystemI.13.7 Conversions Among Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal NumbersI.13.8 Complement of a NumberI.13.9 Application of Complements to Computer ArithmeticI.13.10 Computer Representation of Negative NumbersI.13.11 Boolean Algebra Fundamental PostulatesI.13.12 Boolean Algebra LawsI.13.13 Boolean Algebra Theorems

I.14 Numerical AnalysisI.14.1 Numerical Methods

I.14.2 Finding Roots: Bisection MethodI.14.3 Finding Roots: Newton’s MethodI.14.4 Nonlinear Interpolation: Lagrangian Interpolating PolynomialI.14.5 Nonlinear Interpolation: Newton’s Interpolating Polynomial

I.15 Advanced Engineering MathematicsI.15.1 OverviewI.15.2 Power Series Method: Homogeneous Linear Differential EquationsI.15.3 Extended Power Series Method: Homogeneous Linear Differential EquationsI.15.4 General Method for Solving Nonhomogeneous Differential EquationsI.15.5 Orthogonality of FunctionsI.15.6 Laplace Transform: Initial and Final Value TheoremsI.15.7 Half-Range ExpansionsI.15.8 Partial Differential Equations: Separation of VariablesI.15.9 Special FunctionsI.15.10 Continuous- Time Systems: Fourier Series and TransformsI.15.11 Continuous- Time Systems: Fourier Series Representation of a Periodic SignalI.15.12 Continuous- Time Systems: Fourier Transform of an Aperiodic SignalI.15.13 ConvolutionI.15.14 Laplace TransformsI.15.15 Discrete- Time Systems: Fourier Series and TransformsI.15.16 Discrete- Time Systems: Fourier Series Representation of a Periodic SignalI.15.17 Discrete- Time Systems: Fourier Series Transform of an Aperiodic SignalI.15.18 z- TransformsI.15.19 Transformation of Integrals

I.15.20 Line IntegralsI.15.21 Complex Numbers

II Basic Theory

II.1 Electromagnetic TheoryPart 1: FunadmentalsPart 2: Electric and Magnetic PhenomenaII.1.1 Electromagnetic EffectsII.1.2 Conduction EffectsII.1.3 Dielectric PhenomenaII.1.4 Magnetic PhenomenaII.1.5 Thermoelectric Phenomena

Part 3: ElectgrostaticsII.1.6 Electric ChargesII.1.7 Coulomb’s LawII.1.8 Electric FieldsII.1.9 Permittivity and SusceptibilityII.1.10 Electric FluxII.1.11 Electric Flux DensityII.1.12 Gauss’ Law for ElectrostaticsII.1.13 Capacitance and ElastanceII.1.14 CapacitorsII.1.15 Energy Density in an Electric Field

Part 4: ElectrokineticsII.1.16 Speed and Mobility of Charge Carriers

II.1.17 CurrentII.1.18 Convection CurrentII.1.19 Displacement CurrentII.1.20 Conduction Current

Part 5: MagnetostaticsII.1.21 Magnetic PolesII.1.22 Biot-Savart LawII.1.23 Magnetic FieldsII.1.24 Permeability and SusceptibilityII.1.25 Magnetic FluxII.1.26 Magnetic Field StrengthII.1.27 Gauss’s Law for Magnetic FluxII.1.28 Inductance and Reciprocal InductanceII.1.29 InductorsII.1.30 Energy Density in a Magnetic Field

Part 6: MagnetokineticsII.1.31 Speed and Direction of Charge CarriersII.1.32 Voltage and the Magnetic CircuitII.1.33 Magnetic Field-Induced VoltageII.1.34 Eddy CurrentsII.1.35 Displacement Current Magnetic EffectII.1.36 Magnetic Hysteresis

II.2 Electronic TheoryII.2.1 Fundamentals

II.2.2 Charges in a VacuumII.2.3 Charges in Liquids and GasesII.2.4 Charges in Semiconductors

II.3 Communication TheoryII.3.1 FundamentalsII.3.2 Channels and BandsII.3.3 CodingII.3.4 NoiseII.3.5 Modulation

II.4 Acoustic and Transducer TheoryII.4.1 IntroductionII.4.2 Sound Wave Propagation VelocityII.4.3 Energy and Intensity of Sound WavesII.4.4 Transduction PrinciplesII.4.5 Equivalent Circuit Elements

III Field Theory

III.1 ElectrostaticsPart 1: Electrostatic FieldsIII.1.1 Point ChargeIII.1.2 Dipole ChargeIII.1.3 Coulomb’s LawIII.1.4 Line ChargeIII.1.5 Plane Charge

Part 2: Divergence

Part 3: PotentialPart 4: Work and Energy

III.2 Electrostatic FieldsIII.2.1 PolarizationIII.2.2 Polarized FieldsIII.2.3 Electric DisplacementIII.2.4 Polarization in Dielectric versus Conductors

III.3 MagnetostaticsPart 1: The Magnetic FieldIII.3.1 Biot-Savart LawIII.3.2 Force on a Moving Charged ParticleIII.3.3 Force on Current ElementsIII.3.4 Force on Distributed Current Elements

Part 2: Lorentz Force LawPart 3: Traditional MagnetismIII.3.5 Magnetic PoleIII.3.6 Magnetic DipoleIII.3.7 Coulomb’s Law Equivalent: Force Between Magnetic PolesIII.3.8 Magnetic PotentialIII.3.9 Magnetic Potential Energy

Part 4: CurlPart 5: Magnetic PotentialPart 6: Magnetic Vector PotentialPart 7: Work and Energy

III.4 Magnetostatic FieldsIII.4.1 MagnetizationIII.4.2 Magnetic FieldsIII.4.3 Auxiliary Field HIII.4.4 Magnetization in Nonmagnetic and Magnetic Materials

III.5 ElectrodynamicsIII.5.1 Electromotive ForceIII.5.2 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic InductionIII.5.3 Faraday’s Law of ElectrolysisIII.5.4 PotentialIII.5.5 Energy and Momentum: Poynting’s VectorIII.5.6 Electromagnetic Waves

III.6 Maxwell’s EquationIII.6.1 Maxwell’s EquationsIII.6.2 Electromagnetic Field VectorsIII.6.3 Comparison of Electric and Magnetic Equations

IV Circuit Theory

IV.1 DC Circuit FundamentalsIV.1.1 VoltageIV.1.2 CurrentIV.1.3 ResistanceIV.1.4 ConductanceIV.1.5 Ohm’s LawIV.1.6 Power

IV.1.7 DecibelsIV.1.8 Energy SourcesIV.1.9 Voltage Sources in Series and ParallelIV.1.10 Current Sources in Series and ParallelIV.1.11 Source TransformationsIV.1.12 Maximum Energy TransferIV.1.13 Voltage and Current DividersIV.1.14 Kirchhoff’s LawsIV.1.15 Kirchhoff’s Voltage LawIV.1.16 Kirchhoff’s Current LawIV.1.17 Series CircuitsIV.1.18 Parallel CircuitsIV.1.19 Analysis of Complicated Resistive NetworksIV.1.20 Delta-Wye TransformationsIV.1.21 Substitution TheoremIV.1.22 Reciprocity TheoremIV.1.23 Superposition TheoremIV.1.24 Thevenin’s TheoremIV.1.25 Thevenin’s TheoremIV.1.26 Norton’s TheoremIV.1.27 Loop-Current MethodIV.1.28 Node-Voltage Method Determination of MethodIV.1.29 Practical Application: Batteries

IV.2 AC Circuit Fundamentals

IV.2.1 FundamentalsIV.2.2 VoltageIV.2.3 CurrentIV.2.4 ImpedanceIV.2.5 AdmittanceIV.2.6 Voltage SourcesIV.2.7 Average ValueIV.2.8 Root-Mean-Square ValueIV.2.9 Phase AnglesIV.2.10 SinusoidIV.2.11 PhasorsIV.2.12 Complex RepresentationIV.2.13 ResistorsIV.2.14 CapacitorsIV.2.15 InductorsIV.2.16 Combining ImpedancesIV.2.17 Ohm’s LawIV.2.18 PowerIV.2.19 Real Power and the Power FactorIV.2.20 Reactive PowerIV.2.21 Apparent PowerIV.2.22 Complex Power and the Power TriangleIV.2.23 Maximum Power TransferIV.2.24 AC Circuit Analysis

IV.3 TransformersIV.3.1 FundamentalsIV.3.2 Magnetic CouplingIV.3.3 Ideal TransformersIV.3.4 Impedance MatchingIV.3.5 Real TransformersIV.3.6 Magnetic Hysteresis: BH CurvesIV.3.7 Eddy CurrentsIV.3.8 Core Losses

IV.4 Linear Circuit AnalysisIV.4.1 FundamentalsIV.4.2 Ideal Independent Voltage SourcesIV.4.3 Ideal Independent Current SourcesIV.4.4 Ideal ResistorsIV.4.5 Dependent SourcesIV.4.6 Dependent Voltage SourcesIV.4.7 Dependent Current SourcesIV.4.8 Linear Circuit ElementsIV.4.9 ResistanceIV.4.10 CapacitanceIV.4.11 InductanceIV.4.12 Mutual InductanceIV.4.13 Linear Source ModelsIV.4.14 Sources Transformations

IV.4.15 Series and Parallel Source Combination RulesIV.4.16 Redudant ImpedancesIV.4.17 Delta-Wye TransformationsIV.4.18 Thevenin’s TheoremIV.4.19 Norton’s TheoremIV.4.20 Maximum Power Transfer TheoremIV.4.21 Superposition TheoremIV.4.22 Miller’s TheoremIV.4.23 Kirchhoff’s LawsIV.4.24 Kirchhoff’s Voltage LawIV.4.25 Kirchhoff’s Current LawIV.4.26 Loop AnalysisIV.4.27 Node AnalysisIV.4.28 Determination of MethodIV.4.29 Voltage and Current DividersIV.4.30 Steady-State and Transient Impedance AnalysisIV.4.31 Two-Port Networks

IV.5 Transient AnalysisIV.5.1 FundamentalsIV.5.2 Resistor-Capacitor Circuits: Natural ResponseIV.5.3 Resistor-Capacitor Circuits: Forced ResponseIV.5.4 Resistor-Capacitor Circuits: Natural ResponseIV.5.5 Resistor-Capacitor Circuits: Forced ResponseIV.5.6 RC and RL Circuits: Solution Method

IV.5.7 Rise TimeIV.5.8 Damped Oscillations: RingingIV.5.9 Sustained Oscillations: ResonanceIV.5.10 Resonant CircuitsIV.5.11 Series ResonanceIV.5.12 Parallel Resonance

IV.6 Time ResponseIV.6.1 FundamentalsIV.6.2 First-Order AnalysisIV.6.3 First-Order Analysis: Switching TransientsIV.6.4 First-Order Analysis: Pulse TransientsIV.6.5 Second-Order AnalysisIV.6.6 Second-Order Analysis: OverdampedIV.6.7 Second-Order Analysis: Critically DampedIV.6.8 Second-Order Analysis: UnderdampedIV.6.9 Second-Order Analysis: Pulse TransientsIV.6.10 Higher-Order CircuitsIV.6.11 Complex FrequencyIV.6.12 Laplace Transform AnalysisIV.6.13 Capacitance in the s DomainIV.6.14 Inductance in the s DomainIV.6.15 Laplace Transform Analysis: First- and Second-Order Systems

IV.7 Frequency ResponseIV.7.1 Fundamentals

IV.7.2 Transfer FunctionIV.7.3 Steady-State ResponseIV.7.4 Transient ResponseIV.7.5 Magnitude and Phase PlotsIV.7.6 Bode Plot Principles: Magnitude PlotIV.7.7 Bode Plot Principles: Phase PlotIV.7.8 Bode Plot Methods

V Generation

V.1 Generation SystemsV.1.1 Fossil Fuel PlantsV.1.2 Nuclear Power PlantsV.1.3 Hydroelectric PowerV.1.4 Cogeneration PlantsV.1.5 Prime MoversV.1.6 Alternating Current GeneratorsV.1.7 Parallel OperationV.1.8 Direct Current GeneratorsV.1.9 Energy ManagementV.1.10 Power Quality

V.2 Three-Phase Electricity and PowerV.2.1 Benefits of Three-Phase PowerV.2.2 Standard Notation ConventionsV.2.3 Single-Subscript NotationV.2.4 Double-Subscript Notation

V.2.5 Generation of Three-Phase PotentialV.2.6 Distribution SystemsV.2.7 Balanced LoadsV.2.8 Delta-Connected LoadsV.2.9 Wye-Connected LoadsV.2.10 Delta-Wye ConversionsV.2.11 Per-Unit CalculationsV.2.12 Unbalanced LoadsV.2.13 Three-Phase TransformersV.2.14 Two-Wattmeter MethodV.2.15 Faults and Fault Current

V.3 Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Power SuppliesV.3.1 Battery FundamentalsV.3.2 Battery TheoryV.3.3 Battery Types and CapacityV.3.4 Fuel CellsV.3.5 Power Supplies

VI Distribution

VI.1 Power DistributionVI.1.1 FundamentalsVI.1.2 Classification of Distribution SystemsVI.1.3 Common-Neutral SystemVI.1.4 Overcurrent ProtectionVI.1.5 Pole Lines

VI.1.6 Underground DistributionVI.1.7 Fault Analysis: SymmetricalVI.1.8 Fault Analysis: UnsymmetricalVI.1.9 Fault Analysis: MVA Method

VI.2 Power TransformersVI.2.1 TheoryVI.2.2 Transformer RatingVI.2.3 Voltage RegulationVI.2.4 ConnectionsVI.2.5 Transformer TestingVI.2.6 Open-Circuit TestVI.2.7 Short-Circuit TestVI.2.8 ABCD ParametersVI.2.9 Transformer Types

VI.3 Power Transmission LinesVI.3.1 FundamentalsVI.3.2 DC ResistanceVI.3.3 Skin EffectVI.3.4 AC ResistanceVI.3.5 Internal InductanceVI.3.6 External InductanceVI.3.7 Single-Phase InductanceVI.3.8 Single-Phase CapacitanceVI.3.9 Three-Phase Transmission

VI.3.10 Power Transmission LinesVI.3.11 Transmission Line RepresentationVI.3.12 Short Transmission LineVI.3.13 Medium-Length Transmission LinesVI.3.14 Long Transmission LinesVI.3.15 Reflection Coefficient

VII System Analysis

VII.1 Power System AnalysisVII.1.1 IntroductionVII.1.2 Power FlowVII.1.3 Three-Phase ConnectionsVII.1.4 Operator: 120⁰VII.1.5 Balanced Three-Phase CircuitVII.1.6 Per-Unit SystemVII.1.7 Sequence ComponentsVII.1.8 Symmetrical ComponentsVII.1.9 Symmetrical Wye and Delta Circuits

VIII Protection and Safety

VIII.1Protection and SafetyVIII.1.1 Power System StructureVIII.1.2 Power System GroundingVIII.1.3 Power System ConfigurationsVIII.1.4 RelaysVIII.1.5 Relay Reliability

VIII.1.6 Zones of ProtectionVIII.1.7 Relay SpeedVIII.1.8 Protection System ElementsVIII.1.9 TransformersVIII.1.10 Relay TypesVIII.1.11 Universal Relay EquationVIII.1.12 Solid-State RelaysVIII.1.13 Protective Devices

IX Machinery and Devices

IX.1 Rotating DC MachineryIX.1.1 IntroductionIX.1.2 Notation MethodsIX.1.3 Faraday’s LawIX.1.4 Revolving Field Rotating MachineIX.1.5 Stationary Field Rotating MachineIX.1.6 DC Waveshape ImprovementIX.1.7 Armature ReactionIX.1.8 Commutating PolesIX.1.9 Compensating WindingsIX.1.10 Generator and Motor ActionIX.1.11 Rotating Machines: OverviewIX.1.12 Torque and Power Service FactorIX.1.13 Motor ClassificationsIX.1.14 Power Losses

IX.1.15 RegulationIX.1.16 No-Load ConditionsIX.1.17 Types of DC MachinesIX.1.18 Series-Wired DC MachinesIX.1.19 Shunt-Wired DC MachinesIX.1.20 Compound DC MachinesIX.1.21 Voltage-Current Characteristics for DC GeneratorsIX.1.22 Torque CharacteristicsIX.1.23 For DC MotorsIX.1.24 Starting DC MotorsIX.1.25 Speed Control for DC MotorsIX.1.26 Direction of Rotation for DC Motors

IX.2 Rotating AC MachineryIX.2.1 Rotating MachinesIX.2.2 Torque and PowerIX.2.3 Service FactorIX.2.4 Motor ClassificationsIX.2.5 Power LossesIX.2.6 RegulationIX.2.7 No-Load ConditionsIX.2.8 Production of AC PotentialIX.2.9 Armature WindingsIX.2.10 Practical AlternatorsIX.2.11 Rotating Magnetic Field

IX.2.12 Synchronous MotorsIX.2.13 Synchronous Machine Equivalent CircuitIX.2.14 Synchronous Motor/Reactive GeneratorIX.2.15 Induction MotorsIX.2.16 Induction Motor Equivalent CircuitIX.2.17 Operating Characteristics of Induction MotorsIX.2.18 Testing Induction MotorsIX.2.19 Starting Inudction MotorsIX.2.20 Speed Control for Induction MotorsIX.2.21 Power Transfer in Induction MotorsIX.2.22 Single-Phase MotorsIX.2.23 Split-Phase MotorsIX.2.24 Capacitor-Start MotorsIX.2.25 Single-Phase Motor VibrationsIX.2.26 Capacitor-Run MotorsIX.2.27 Shaded-Pole MotorsIX.2.28 Universal MotorsIX.2.29 Hysteresis MotorsIX.2.30 Reluctance Motors

X Electronics

X.1 Electronics FundamentalsX.1.1 OverviewX.1.2 Semiconductor MaterialsX.1.3 Device Performance Characteristics

X.1.4 BiasX.1.5 AmplifiersX.1.6 Amplifier ClassificationX.1.7 Load Line and Quiescent Point ConceptX.1.8 pn JunctionsX.1.9 Diode Performance CharacteristicsX.1.10 Diode Load LineX.1.11 Diode Piecewise Linear ModelX.1.12 Diode Applications and CircuitsX.1.13 Schottky DiodesX.1.14 Zener DiodesX.1.15 Tunnel DiodesX.1.16 Photodiodes and Light-Emitting DiodesX.1.17 Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers

X.2 Junction TransistorsX.2.1 Transistor FundamentalsX.2.2 BJT Transistor Performance CharacteristicsX.2.3 BJT Transistor ParametersX.2.4 BJT Transistor ConfigurationsX.2.5 BJT Biasing CircuitsX.2.6 BJT Load LineX.2.7 Amplifier Gain and PowerX.2.8 Cascaded AmplifiersX.2.9 Equivalent Circuit Representation and Models

X.2.10 Approximate Transistor ModelsX.2.11 Hybrid- ModelπX.2.12 Transistor Circuit Linear AnalysisX.2.13 Transistor Circuit High-Frequency AnalysisX.2.14 Unijunction TransistorX.2.15 Darlington Transistors

X.3 Field Effect TransistorsX.3.1 FET FundamentalsX.3.2 JFET CharacteristicsX.3.3 JFET BiasingX.3.4 FET ModelsX.3.5 MOSFET CharacteristicsX.3.6 MOSFET Biasing

X.4 Electrical and Electronic DevicesPart 1: IntroductionPart 2: AmplifiersX.4.1 FundamentalsX.4.2 Ideal Operational AmplifiersX.4.3 Operational Amplifier LimitsX.4.4 Amplifier Noise

Part 3: Pulse Circuits: Waveform Shaping and LogicX.4.5 Pulse Circuit FundamentalsX.4.6 Clamping CircuitsX.4.7 Zener Voltage Regulator Circuit: Ideal

X.4.8 Zener Voltage Regulator Circuit: PracticalX.4.9 Operational Amplifier Regulator CircuitX.4.10 Transistor Switch FundamentalsX.4.11 JFET SwitchesX.4.12 CMOS SwitchesX.4.13 Active Waveform ShapingX.4.14 Logic FamiliesX.4.15 Logic GatesX.4.16 Simplification of Binary VariablesX.4.17 Logic Circuit Fan-OutX.4.18 Logic Circuit DelaysX.4.19 Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL)X.4.20 Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL)X.4.21 Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL or T2L)X.4.22 Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL)X.4.23 MOS LogicX.4.24 CMOS LogicX.4.25 Multivibrators

Part 4: Devices and CircuitsX.4.26 Circuit: Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)

X.5 Digital LogicX.5.1 Digital Information RepresentationX.5.2 Complex Number SystemsX.5.3 Electronic Logic Device Levels and Limits

X.5.4 Fundamental Logic OperationsX.5.5 Switching AlgebraX.5.6 Minterms and MaxtermsX.5.7 Canonical Representation of Logic FunctionsX.5.8 Canonical Realization of Logic Functions: SOPX.5.9 Canonical Realization of Logic Functions: POS

XI Special Applications

XI.1 Lightning Protection and GroundingXI.1.1 FundamentalsXI.1.2 Concepts and DefinitionsXI.1.3 Methods of AnalysisXI.1.4 Grounding ModelsXI.1.5 Protective Devices

XI.2 IlluminationXI.2.1 History and OverviewXI.2.2 Electromagnetic WavesXI.2.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum: UltravioletXI.2.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum: Visible LightXI.2.5 Electromagnetic Spectrum: InfraredXI.2.6 Blackbody RadiationXI.2.7 Planck Radiation LawXI.2.8 Wien Displacement LawXI.2.9 Stefan-Boltzmann LawXI.2.10 Graybody and Selective Radiators

XI.2.11 Color TemperatureXI.2.12 Atomic Structure: Electromagnetic RadiationXI.2.13 The Candela and LumenXI.2.14 Luminous IntensityXI.2.15 IlluminanceXI.2.16 Illuminance: Inverse Square LawXI.2.17 Illuminance: Lambert’s LawXI.2.18 Illuminance: Cosine-Cubed LawXI.2.19 LuminanceXI.2.20 Interaction of Light with MatterXI.2.21 ReflectionXI.2.22 RefractionXI.2.23 Index of RefractionXI.2.24 DiffractionXI.2.25 InterferenceXI.2.26 Interference from SlitsXI.2.27 Interference from Thin FilmsXI.2.28 Lighting Design MethodsXI.2.29 DaylightXI.2.30 Daylight Calculation MethodsXI.2.31 Daylight Lumen MethodXI.2.32 Daylight Factor MethodXI.2.33 Electric Lighting PrinciplesXI.2.34 Lumen Method

XI.2.35 Cavity Ratios

XI.3 Power System ManagementXI.3.1 Energy and Power UnitsXI.3.2 Energy Growth RateXI.3.3 Electric Power EconomicsXI.3.4 Energy Management SystemXI.3.5 Information Management Subsystem

XII Measurement and Instrumentation

XII.1 Measurement and InstrumentationXII.1.1 FundamentalsXII.1.2 Signal RepresentationXII.1.3 Measurement Circuit TypesXII.1.4 Permanent Magnet Moving-Coil InstrumentsXII.1.5 DC VoltmetersXII.1.6 DC AmmetersXII.1.7 Moving-Iron InstrumentsXII.1.8 Electrodynamometer InstrumentsXII.1.9 Power MeasurementsXII.1.10 Power Factor MeasurementsXII.1.11 Electronic InstrumentationXII.1.12 Insulation and Ground Testing

XIII Electrical Materials

XIII.1Electrical MaterialsXIII.1.1 Overview

XIII.1.2 Types of MaterialsXIII.1.3 Conducting MaterialsXIII.1.4 Insulating and Dielectric MaterialsXIII.1.5 Magnetic MaterialsXIII.1.6 Radiation-Emitting Materials

XIV Codes and Standards

XIV.1 Biomedical Electrical EngineeringXIV.1.1 OverviewXIV.1.2 SensorsXIV.1.3 Implantable StimulatorsXIV.1.4 MonitorsXIV.1.5 ApplicationsXIV.1.6 Shock and BurnsXIV.1.7 Shock Protection

XIV.2 National Electrical CodeXIV.2.1 History and OverviewXIV.2.2 IntroductionXIV.2.3 GeneralXIV.2.4 Wiring and ProtectionXIV.2.5 Wiring and Protection: Grounded ConductorsXIV.2.6 Wiring and Protection: Branch CircuitsXIV.2.7 Wiring and Protection: FeedersXIV.2.8 Wiring and Protection: Branch Circuit, Feeder, and Service CalculationsXIV.2.9 Wiring and Protection: Overcurrent Protection

XIV.2.10 Wiring and Protection: GroundingXIV.2.11 Wiring Methods and MaterialsXIV.2.12 Equipment for General Use

XIV.3 National Electrical Safety CodeXIV.3.1 OverviewXIV.3.2 IntroductionXIV.3.3 Special TermsXIV.3.4 ReferencesXIV.3.5 GroundingXIV.3.6 NESC Part 1XIV.3.7 NESC Part 2XIV.3.8 NESC Part 3XIV.3.9 NESC Part 4

XV Professional

XV.1 Engineering Economic AnalysisXV.1.1 Irrelevant CharacteristicsXV.1.2 Multiplicity of Solution MethodsXV.1.3 Precision and Significant DigitsXV.1.4 Nonquantifiable FactorsXV.1.5 Year-End and Other ConventionsXV.1.6 Cash Flow DiagramsXV.1.7 Types of Cash FlowsXV.1.8 Typical Problem TypesXV.1.9 Implicit Assumptions

XV.1.10 EquivalenceXV.1.11 Single-Payment EquivalenceXV.1.12 Standard Cash Flow Factors and SymbolsXV.1.13 Calculating Uniform Series EquivalenceXV.1.14 Finding Past ValuesXV.1.15 Times to Double and Triple an InvestmentXV.1.16 Varied and nonstandard Cash FlowsXV.1.17 The Meaning of Present Worth and iXV.1.18 Simple and Compound InterestXV.1.19 Extracting the Interest Rate: Rate of ReturnXV.1.20 Rate of Return versus Return on InvestmentXV.1.21 Minimum Attractive Rate of ReturnXV.1.22 Typical Alternative-Comparison Problem FormatsXV.1.23 Durations of InvestmentsXV.1.24 Choice of Alternatives: Comparing One Alternative with Another AlternativeXV.1.25 Choice of Alternatives: Comparing an Alternative with a StandardXV.1.26 Ranking Mutually Exclusive Multiple ProjectsXV.1.27 Alternatives with Different LivesXV.1.28 Opportunity CostsXV.1.29 Replacement StudiesXV.1.30 Treatment of Salvage Value in Replacement StudiesXV.1.31 Economic Life: Retirement at Minimum CostXV.1.32 Life-Cycle CostXV.1.33 Capitalized Assets versus Expenses

XV.1.34 Purpose of DepreciationXV.1.35 Depreciation Basis of an AssetXV.1.36 Depreciation MethodsXV.1.37 Accelerated Depreciation MethodsXV.1.38 Book ValueXV.1.39 AmortizationXV.1.40 DepletionXV.1.41 Basic Income Tax ConsiderationsXV.1.42 Taxation at the Times of Asset Purchase and SaleXV.1.43 Depreciation RecoveryXV.1.44 Other Interest RatesXV.1.45 Rate and Period ChangesXV.1.46 BondsXV.1.47 Probabilistic ProblemsXV.1.48 Fixed and Variable CostsXV.1.49 Accounting Costs and Expense TermsXV.1.50 Accounting PrinciplesXV.1.51 Cost AccountingXV.1.52 Cost of Goods SoldXV.1.53 Break-Even AnalysisXV.1.54 Pay-Back PeriodXV.1.55 Management GoalsXV.1.56 InflationXV.1.57 Consumer Loans

XV.1.58 ForecastingXV.1.59 Learning CurvesXV.1.60 Economic Order QuantityXV.1.61 Sensitivity AnalysisXV.1.62 Value Engineering

XV.2 Engineering LawXV.2.1 Forms of Company OwnershipXV.2.2 Sole ProprietorshipsXV.2.3 PartnershipsXV.2.4 CorporationsXV.2.5 Limited Liability EntitiesXV.2.6 Piercing the Corporate VeilXV.2.7 AgencyXV.2.8 General ContractsXV.2.9 Standard Boilerplate ClausesXV.2.10 SubcontractsXV.2.11 Parties to a Construction ContractXV.2.12 Standard Contracts for Design ProfessionalsXV.2.13 Consulting Fee StructureXV.2.14 Mechanic’s LiensXV.2.15 Discharge of a ContractXV.2.16 TortsXV.2.17 Breach of Contract, Negligence, Misrepresentation, and FraudXV.2.18 Strict Liability in Tort

XV.2.19 Manufacturing and Design LiabilityXV.2.20 DamagesXV.2.21 Insurance

XV.3 Engineering EthicsXV.3.1 Creeds, Codes, Canons, Statutes, and RulesXV.3.2 Purpose of a Code of EthicsXV.3.3 Ethical PrioritiesXV.3.4 Dealing with Clients and EmployersXV.3.5 Dealing with SuppliersXV.3.6 Dealing with Other EngineersXV.3.7 Dealing with (and Affecting) the PublicXV.3.8 Competitive Bidding

XV.4 Electrical Engineering FrontiersXV.4.1 Artificial IntelligenceXV.4.2 CAD/CAMXV.4.3 CommunicationXV.4.4 Integrated CircuitsXV.4.5 Engineering ManagementXV.4.6 SuperconductivityXV.4.7 Quantum ElectrodynamicsXV.4.8 Education

XV.5 Engineering Licensing in the United StatesXV.5.1 About LicensingXV.5.2 The U.S. Licensing ProcedureXV.5.3 National Council of Examiners for Engineering and SurveyingXV.5.4 Uniform ExaminationsXV.5.5 Reciprocity Among StatesXV.5.6 Applying for the ExaminationXV.5.7 Examination DatesXV.5.8 FE Examination FormatXV.5.9 PE Examination Format