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A SA RIA L SAA SESORAMIENTO EMPR ESA
AGENCY FOR INTERNAT IONAL DEVELOPHNT
CONTRACT No 511-0003-C-00-3005-01
PROJECT No 511-000001-3-33011
ADDEN DUM TO i11E CATTLE FEASIBIjLITY STUDY
INTile CHAPARE INVOLVINIG TH-E PARTICIPATiON
0F THE SIALL FARIERS OF THE REGION
MAYO 1983
CALLA 2376 LA PAZ BOLIVIA VENEZUELA No 1440TULPI 31110793541146
IDI PICIO HERMANN PIlO 1 -PLAZA
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
C 0 N T E N T S
1I INTRODUCTION
3I ASSESS=T OF CATTLE ACTIVITIES
3A Cattle Ranches
8B Small Farms
10C Conclusions lu1 Cattle Ranches 112 Small Farms
13D Recommendatioiis
131 Cattle Ranches 14
2 Small Farms
17II CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND
A Background and Justification 17
19 B General Description
20 C Cattle IHerd Development
201 Cattle
20 2 Costs
203 Program
21 D Financial Projections
21 1 Infrastructure Requirements
2 Fixed Capital Requirements 22
Operating Capital Requirements 22
3
4 Financing Reauirements 23
24 E Financial Analysis
24 1 Cash Flows
24 2 Net Present Value
3 Internal Rate of Return 25
25 F Conclusions
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C O N T E N T S (CONT)
Paco
27IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
27A Module Description 27
B Small Farmer Requirements 28
C Assumptions
D Module Program 31
E Conclusions
ANNEXES
Cattle Development Fund Herd Development 32
ANNEX A
Cattle Development Fund Capital Requirements 32
ANNEX B
ANNEX C Cattle Development Fund Cattle Flow and Repayment
34Schedule
ANNEX D Cattle Development Fund Financial Analysis 35
36Small Farmer Capital RequirementsANNX E 37Farmer Iferd DevelopmentAN1EX F Small 38
ANNEX G Sma2 I Farmer Financial Analysis
39ANNEX II Description of Modules
47 ANNEX i Bulletin CIAT Brachiaria Decumbens
ANNEX J Bulletin CIAT Pasture Management 50
ANNEX K Design for Small Corral and Shute 5 mts x 5 mts 60
mts 61ANNEX L Design for Small Corral and Shute 10 mts x 10
ANNEX M Regional Map Chapare 62
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRISARIAL SA
I INTRODUCTION
The study carried out by AESA to determine the feasibility
of undertaking cattle fattening activities in the Chapare gave
negaLive results 1 This study centered around the firm
Uni6n Agr cola Ganadera SA (UNAG) derermined that at prclnt
cattle fattening activitiesit is not profitable to undertake
in the Chapare neither at the private firm or small farm level
At the private firm level it is not advisable to invcsL in
mainly due to the high imaplemeintashya cattle fattening project
tion costs (ie land clearing pasture establishment fcncin)
At the small farmer level cattle fattening activities are not
ample supplies of cattle Beni
feasible because at present there does not exist an adequLtc
source of supply of easily handled steers Even though thcrLc arce
in the that could be transport-ed
to and fattened in the Chapare these cattle cannot be handled
by small farmers in the Ciapare this is so because the Bcni
areas and handled by cowboyscattle are used to grazing in large
This document is a complement to the cattle fattening feasi
bility study and contains a proposal to implement a double
purpose cattle program for the small farmers in the Chapare
This program is expected to be included in the Chapare Regional
is presently elabou-atinkjDevelopment Project paper that the AID
1 Feasibility study by AESA (Asesoramiento Empresarial SA)
for the establishment of a CatLle Fattening Center in the Cha
pare involving the participation of the Small Farmers of the
Region - April 1983
-2-
Section II presents an assessment of cattle activities
in the Chapare which consider both cattle ranches and sill
set of c and rucomshyonclusionscattlemen In this assessment a
mendations are derived The proposed double purpose program
for the Chapare is presented in Section III and IV
Section III (Cattle Development Fund) describes the insshy
titution that will administer the Project and Section IV
describes the Small Farmer Module
ASESORA MIEN7O EAIRESA RIA L SA
-3-
II ASSESSMENT OF CATTLE ACTIVITIES
A CATTLE RANCHES
1 Manicone
This property whose owner is Mr Nicola Manicone is
of Villa Tunari (region 7) on thelocated 55 kins west on
road to Puerto Villarroel Land clearing activities
Lhis ranch begjan in 1978 Some thirteen hectares of
have been etablished in the lastbrachiaria paLures
thee hectares were establishedthrec years Of -even condishy
using brachiaria seed imported from Brazil the
landstion of these three-year old pastures on hIilly
Another six huctaresis excellent due to good management
were planted using brachiaria seed provided by S1FO t
a total a price of $b 4500kg taee pastures were
failure inasmuch an the qermination rate was neu iibie
thireen hectares of esuabiishedIn addition to the
tre are five hccLtcs of natural pasturUspastures
has 53 head of cL t of Wiamp [chThis ranch presently
is a total of37 are adults Considerin that there
eighteen hectare of imiprovud and natural pastures
has an anima lhec tare ratio of 25 A iuppl_th is ranch
kgjs of rice branr permentary fued cattle are given 25
animal are also given sufficienthead per week The at nigh tsupplie of ilL and ire k t in a corral
head of cubu cattle were trucked froii SntaTwenty five because of inadccJuateCruz of which nine died on the way
twenty 1lolstoins weretransportation Additionally
SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESARIAL
-4shy
brought from Cochabamba of which eight died as a
consequence of tick born diseases and climate The
remaining group of twelve cebu cows from Santa Cruz
were imported two months ago but are still wild and
afraid of people The condition of Manicones cattle
in general was observed to be excellent Cattle are
mostly docile even though they are handled by an indishy
vidual with limited experience and training Technical
and veterinary assistance is provided by Dr H Mogroshy
ve3o of MACA
This breeding operation is oriented to the production
of beef this is why current milkcheese production is
to clear some additionalminimal The owner expects
30-40 hectares to increase the size of his pasturelands
and herd At present he is not interesed in participatshy
ing in a steerfattening project
2 Aurora
The owners of this property are Ing Hector Vargas and
Mathias Bentrop who also operate the Centra Agropecuashy
rio Los Andes in the city of Cochabamba As in other
cases the principal income generating activities of
these individuals do not appear to be cattl growing
Aurora is located in the Chimor6 area (reqion 8) Thu
operation wa tarLud in 1976 on a 900 huctare concu-ion
Presently Lhere arc ome 200 hectares of cleared larnd
and about 160 hectlareui with iproved pIasturus Ptue
imlnplantation co t[ have reportedlv been hiteh ciu-s1
land clearing machinery fertilizer and lime were ucl
Twenty hectares of a brachiariakuJzu association estashy
blished four years ago were found o be in good condition
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO -5-
No drainage problems were found with the exception
of the lower pastures
The operation was started with 70 head cf cross bred
cebu cattle brought froi Beni for fattening Reportedly
there was much difficulty in handling the generally
wild-Beni cattle Because of this problem fattening
activities were discontinued At present Aurora has
90 head of cattle brought from Beni for both breeding
and fattening purposes
During the last three years Aurora has not been able to
excessivesow new pastures because of lack of labor and
rainfall Some sixty hectares are reidy for sowing
when weather permits The owners of Aurora expressed that
they entered the Chapare with limited knowledqe ana
experience i pasture and cattle management However
by now they believe to have learned enough to look conshy
fidently into the future At present because of t-hir
expansion plans they are not interested in particishyown
pating in any steer fattening projects nor in selling
or renting their property
3 Olmos
a cattle breeding operation whichMr German Olinos has
(region 8)is located 7 kins north-east of Valle Ivirza
lie has twenty five two-three year old cows and onu bull
which wuer brought from Beni when they were eight 1onths
old It was noted that of the initial shipmunt from leni
died as a consequence of poor transportaLionseven head
conditions
This property consists of a 200-hectare concession of
ASESORA MlENTO EAIIRESARIAL SA
-6shy
which twenty are cleared Four hectares of stargrass
pasture in excellent condition and two hectares of nashy
tural pasture were observed A total of fourteen hecta
res of rice were harvested this year with a yield of
some 500 quintales
Reportedly Mr Olmos plans to sow twenty additional
hectares of stargrass pasture It has not been determishy
ned whether he could be interested in participating in
any steer breedincfattening projects h1owever his proshy
perty is considered to be too small and inadequately
located to be able to play a significant role in a major
cattle project for the Chapare
4 Codex
Codex a private development group which is financed by
some western European donors has a 900-hectare concesshy
sion the Valle Ivirza area At present they have
100 hecCLAi -if natural pastures and 110 head uf cattle
Both )aILur -nd cattle were observed to be in poor
condiJion AI present its executives are seeking donashy
tion ftid Lo continue their operations
Coikx At ishments in the field are raLher liimited
Its main iol t is centered around a muaicail post i-
Valle IviLZ -iich provide a valu ibl service Lo the
pjea i pop)ula lJ of the area However at presenu the
organization lack the necessary managerial and technical
expertise to operate cattle breedingfattening activities
5 Aq roscij t
In order to obtain a $b 250000 loan from BAD to purchase
barbed wire in 1978 eight peasants formed the Sociudad
ASESORAMtENITO EMIRISA RIA L SA
-7 -
Cooperativa Agro-Forestal Sajta located 11 kms southshy
east of Valle Ivirza Each one of the members of this
organization has approximately one hundred hectares
One of the members is Rc erto Fiesta who has eighty
head of adult cattle and fifteen hectares of natural
yearsgrassland iiproved pastures were sown seven ago
but due to heavy stocking have been mostly lost The
excellentcondition of the animals was observed to be
being adequately handled and fed The existing natural
in condition to overstockingpastures are good but due
they are will become useless in the near future However
Mr Fiesta reported that the cnoperative members are
planning to etblish one hundred additional hectares
of pastures This farmer showed much interest in ruceiv
ing technical assistance According to BAB Mr Flieta
has proven to be one of their best clients Because of
these reasons this farmer could be usefully employed
as a paraprofessional in cattle-related activities in
the Valle Ivirza area
Another cooperative member is N Chac6n who has 120
fifteen hectares of natural grasslandhead of cattle and
This farmer has one hectare of merkeron grass which has
not yet been grazed In general the natural gras slands
of this farmer were obs-erved to be in bad condition due
mainly to inadequate management and overs tocki ng
In a 11 the rilnchu of the coope rat ive membe r it was
machineryobserved that land was cleared without with
no treenumerous tree trunk left in the field but
left to provide hade for the cattle In all ca the
source of the animals was identified as the Cochabatiba
valley and that they had originally suffered heavy lossshy
as from tick born diseases and climate
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
5 San Mateo
This 420-hectare property located 12 kms northwest
of Ibuelo initially belonged to Franz E Mthler who
developed it gradually util it had one hundred hectares
of pasturolandn HIoaever because of his inability to
pay back a bank loan this property was taken over by
the Banco do Brasil which is the present owner Reportshy
edly the bank intends to sell the property at a price
of $b 40000ha
After a visit to this property it was seen that no
pasturelands remain all of them havi~ig been covered
with secondary foreL growth However most of the barbed
wire fences remain in place
6 flatunchaco
This propurty belongs to some of the Directors of the
Banco do Cochabaiba It is located 30 km north of the
Chipiriri experimental station (area 4) and it i 200
area some W)ortshyhectares in with 100 hectares clared
edly this group is short of capital for purchasing catshy
tle
B SMALL FARMS
1 Farm a
This farm Is located in Chimor6 - Senda A its owner
being ia mumber of the Asociaci6n do Ganaderos d Chinioshy
r6
It was observed that the farm ha 34 ha of kudzu asshy
sociated with brachiaria In excellent condition and
ASESORAMtlINIO EMPRESARIAL SA
-9 shy
two cows one 1Holstein and one Brown Swiss cebu cross
provided by the heifer project The condition of these
animals was considored to be excellent
to be Ltthered for pasturing beingCattle were seen
takea care of by female members of the family and chil
dren It was expressed by the woman in charge of the
animals that the principal constraints that limit the
the lack of barbed wire forincrease of this here is
fencing She indicated much interest in obtaining
credit for the purchase of wire
2 Farm b
some two kms west of ShinahotaThis farm is located
Its owner has both pigs and cattle The pigs are bred
and fattened in a rudimentary fashion and the cattle
are held only for short periods of time to be louqhtshy
cred and sold to restaurants in Shinahota Obviousl
bol an-i cattle as secondary activithis farm has pijs
)uld not be considered in the implementationties and si
of any of the modules
3 Farm c
from La Jota ExperimentThis farm is located across
Staton and belongs to a religious peasant who do(- not
grow any kind of stimulant (eq coca tea coffee)
he ha s eciali ted i the p)roducLion of ba nana tomashy
toos all(d WLurltwlons An ouLL(inl q two-hectaro j)105shy
tation of bnanas -ociLtd with kudzu Wa o1)---siV(d
at this farm Thu ava ilable kudzu is us d to f-ed four
in gcod conditioncows which were seen to be
SAASISORAMI-NiO JA1MIRESARIAL
- 10 -
C CONCLUSIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a All present large scale (gt 20 head) cattle activishy
ties in the Chapare are of a breedinq nature speci
fically there are no large-scale fattening activishy
ties
are from the rvjionsb The principil sourcet- of cattle
of Purists Arani and Cliza Ineothorjic valleys and
the Depirtment of Santa Cr
C The most polpular typ -f paLture in the Chapa re i
and kudzu Lill]per orlnan aSOCi LiOfl Of bt i
well with good r nt (ic fiel d rotZLion
p urinig ni(ht and rainy day
weeding etc) With proper fldfld(omeiQ U t i i8 tutishy
ma td that e8 illdLUn the Cha rC CAnl 11t f roIA
prevention of la at on-
eiyhtL Z(Ier ears
d The ue ul I ampciInll(17 for land clearin o088 arit
and adviilbh if it is perforited in accordace wi th
Wc- lh kaldtechnical criLria (ie not duri ng WkL
care not to detroy natural drainage wyiln8taking
etc)
a Wire fence are nucusiary for cattl brcudingiashy
tening activitLi in the Chapare
f Puromiel einp loyc(d to operate ratnch t v inotly
frOZl tiiiw li
g In gunwra l rincle do not have corra l or cruhe
ill the Clhai y Wtelfo i t-Iartcdh Exi tLIll(I cattt1 e r a nche t
as marginal uconldary act itiiLn by litiople wloc 0
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 13 -
D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
C 0 N T E N T S
1I INTRODUCTION
3I ASSESS=T OF CATTLE ACTIVITIES
3A Cattle Ranches
8B Small Farms
10C Conclusions lu1 Cattle Ranches 112 Small Farms
13D Recommendatioiis
131 Cattle Ranches 14
2 Small Farms
17II CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND
A Background and Justification 17
19 B General Description
20 C Cattle IHerd Development
201 Cattle
20 2 Costs
203 Program
21 D Financial Projections
21 1 Infrastructure Requirements
2 Fixed Capital Requirements 22
Operating Capital Requirements 22
3
4 Financing Reauirements 23
24 E Financial Analysis
24 1 Cash Flows
24 2 Net Present Value
3 Internal Rate of Return 25
25 F Conclusions
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C O N T E N T S (CONT)
Paco
27IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
27A Module Description 27
B Small Farmer Requirements 28
C Assumptions
D Module Program 31
E Conclusions
ANNEXES
Cattle Development Fund Herd Development 32
ANNEX A
Cattle Development Fund Capital Requirements 32
ANNEX B
ANNEX C Cattle Development Fund Cattle Flow and Repayment
34Schedule
ANNEX D Cattle Development Fund Financial Analysis 35
36Small Farmer Capital RequirementsANNX E 37Farmer Iferd DevelopmentAN1EX F Small 38
ANNEX G Sma2 I Farmer Financial Analysis
39ANNEX II Description of Modules
47 ANNEX i Bulletin CIAT Brachiaria Decumbens
ANNEX J Bulletin CIAT Pasture Management 50
ANNEX K Design for Small Corral and Shute 5 mts x 5 mts 60
mts 61ANNEX L Design for Small Corral and Shute 10 mts x 10
ANNEX M Regional Map Chapare 62
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRISARIAL SA
I INTRODUCTION
The study carried out by AESA to determine the feasibility
of undertaking cattle fattening activities in the Chapare gave
negaLive results 1 This study centered around the firm
Uni6n Agr cola Ganadera SA (UNAG) derermined that at prclnt
cattle fattening activitiesit is not profitable to undertake
in the Chapare neither at the private firm or small farm level
At the private firm level it is not advisable to invcsL in
mainly due to the high imaplemeintashya cattle fattening project
tion costs (ie land clearing pasture establishment fcncin)
At the small farmer level cattle fattening activities are not
ample supplies of cattle Beni
feasible because at present there does not exist an adequLtc
source of supply of easily handled steers Even though thcrLc arce
in the that could be transport-ed
to and fattened in the Chapare these cattle cannot be handled
by small farmers in the Ciapare this is so because the Bcni
areas and handled by cowboyscattle are used to grazing in large
This document is a complement to the cattle fattening feasi
bility study and contains a proposal to implement a double
purpose cattle program for the small farmers in the Chapare
This program is expected to be included in the Chapare Regional
is presently elabou-atinkjDevelopment Project paper that the AID
1 Feasibility study by AESA (Asesoramiento Empresarial SA)
for the establishment of a CatLle Fattening Center in the Cha
pare involving the participation of the Small Farmers of the
Region - April 1983
-2-
Section II presents an assessment of cattle activities
in the Chapare which consider both cattle ranches and sill
set of c and rucomshyonclusionscattlemen In this assessment a
mendations are derived The proposed double purpose program
for the Chapare is presented in Section III and IV
Section III (Cattle Development Fund) describes the insshy
titution that will administer the Project and Section IV
describes the Small Farmer Module
ASESORA MIEN7O EAIRESA RIA L SA
-3-
II ASSESSMENT OF CATTLE ACTIVITIES
A CATTLE RANCHES
1 Manicone
This property whose owner is Mr Nicola Manicone is
of Villa Tunari (region 7) on thelocated 55 kins west on
road to Puerto Villarroel Land clearing activities
Lhis ranch begjan in 1978 Some thirteen hectares of
have been etablished in the lastbrachiaria paLures
thee hectares were establishedthrec years Of -even condishy
using brachiaria seed imported from Brazil the
landstion of these three-year old pastures on hIilly
Another six huctaresis excellent due to good management
were planted using brachiaria seed provided by S1FO t
a total a price of $b 4500kg taee pastures were
failure inasmuch an the qermination rate was neu iibie
thireen hectares of esuabiishedIn addition to the
tre are five hccLtcs of natural pasturUspastures
has 53 head of cL t of Wiamp [chThis ranch presently
is a total of37 are adults Considerin that there
eighteen hectare of imiprovud and natural pastures
has an anima lhec tare ratio of 25 A iuppl_th is ranch
kgjs of rice branr permentary fued cattle are given 25
animal are also given sufficienthead per week The at nigh tsupplie of ilL and ire k t in a corral
head of cubu cattle were trucked froii SntaTwenty five because of inadccJuateCruz of which nine died on the way
twenty 1lolstoins weretransportation Additionally
SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESARIAL
-4shy
brought from Cochabamba of which eight died as a
consequence of tick born diseases and climate The
remaining group of twelve cebu cows from Santa Cruz
were imported two months ago but are still wild and
afraid of people The condition of Manicones cattle
in general was observed to be excellent Cattle are
mostly docile even though they are handled by an indishy
vidual with limited experience and training Technical
and veterinary assistance is provided by Dr H Mogroshy
ve3o of MACA
This breeding operation is oriented to the production
of beef this is why current milkcheese production is
to clear some additionalminimal The owner expects
30-40 hectares to increase the size of his pasturelands
and herd At present he is not interesed in participatshy
ing in a steerfattening project
2 Aurora
The owners of this property are Ing Hector Vargas and
Mathias Bentrop who also operate the Centra Agropecuashy
rio Los Andes in the city of Cochabamba As in other
cases the principal income generating activities of
these individuals do not appear to be cattl growing
Aurora is located in the Chimor6 area (reqion 8) Thu
operation wa tarLud in 1976 on a 900 huctare concu-ion
Presently Lhere arc ome 200 hectares of cleared larnd
and about 160 hectlareui with iproved pIasturus Ptue
imlnplantation co t[ have reportedlv been hiteh ciu-s1
land clearing machinery fertilizer and lime were ucl
Twenty hectares of a brachiariakuJzu association estashy
blished four years ago were found o be in good condition
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO -5-
No drainage problems were found with the exception
of the lower pastures
The operation was started with 70 head cf cross bred
cebu cattle brought froi Beni for fattening Reportedly
there was much difficulty in handling the generally
wild-Beni cattle Because of this problem fattening
activities were discontinued At present Aurora has
90 head of cattle brought from Beni for both breeding
and fattening purposes
During the last three years Aurora has not been able to
excessivesow new pastures because of lack of labor and
rainfall Some sixty hectares are reidy for sowing
when weather permits The owners of Aurora expressed that
they entered the Chapare with limited knowledqe ana
experience i pasture and cattle management However
by now they believe to have learned enough to look conshy
fidently into the future At present because of t-hir
expansion plans they are not interested in particishyown
pating in any steer fattening projects nor in selling
or renting their property
3 Olmos
a cattle breeding operation whichMr German Olinos has
(region 8)is located 7 kins north-east of Valle Ivirza
lie has twenty five two-three year old cows and onu bull
which wuer brought from Beni when they were eight 1onths
old It was noted that of the initial shipmunt from leni
died as a consequence of poor transportaLionseven head
conditions
This property consists of a 200-hectare concession of
ASESORA MlENTO EAIIRESARIAL SA
-6shy
which twenty are cleared Four hectares of stargrass
pasture in excellent condition and two hectares of nashy
tural pasture were observed A total of fourteen hecta
res of rice were harvested this year with a yield of
some 500 quintales
Reportedly Mr Olmos plans to sow twenty additional
hectares of stargrass pasture It has not been determishy
ned whether he could be interested in participating in
any steer breedincfattening projects h1owever his proshy
perty is considered to be too small and inadequately
located to be able to play a significant role in a major
cattle project for the Chapare
4 Codex
Codex a private development group which is financed by
some western European donors has a 900-hectare concesshy
sion the Valle Ivirza area At present they have
100 hecCLAi -if natural pastures and 110 head uf cattle
Both )aILur -nd cattle were observed to be in poor
condiJion AI present its executives are seeking donashy
tion ftid Lo continue their operations
Coikx At ishments in the field are raLher liimited
Its main iol t is centered around a muaicail post i-
Valle IviLZ -iich provide a valu ibl service Lo the
pjea i pop)ula lJ of the area However at presenu the
organization lack the necessary managerial and technical
expertise to operate cattle breedingfattening activities
5 Aq roscij t
In order to obtain a $b 250000 loan from BAD to purchase
barbed wire in 1978 eight peasants formed the Sociudad
ASESORAMtENITO EMIRISA RIA L SA
-7 -
Cooperativa Agro-Forestal Sajta located 11 kms southshy
east of Valle Ivirza Each one of the members of this
organization has approximately one hundred hectares
One of the members is Rc erto Fiesta who has eighty
head of adult cattle and fifteen hectares of natural
yearsgrassland iiproved pastures were sown seven ago
but due to heavy stocking have been mostly lost The
excellentcondition of the animals was observed to be
being adequately handled and fed The existing natural
in condition to overstockingpastures are good but due
they are will become useless in the near future However
Mr Fiesta reported that the cnoperative members are
planning to etblish one hundred additional hectares
of pastures This farmer showed much interest in ruceiv
ing technical assistance According to BAB Mr Flieta
has proven to be one of their best clients Because of
these reasons this farmer could be usefully employed
as a paraprofessional in cattle-related activities in
the Valle Ivirza area
Another cooperative member is N Chac6n who has 120
fifteen hectares of natural grasslandhead of cattle and
This farmer has one hectare of merkeron grass which has
not yet been grazed In general the natural gras slands
of this farmer were obs-erved to be in bad condition due
mainly to inadequate management and overs tocki ng
In a 11 the rilnchu of the coope rat ive membe r it was
machineryobserved that land was cleared without with
no treenumerous tree trunk left in the field but
left to provide hade for the cattle In all ca the
source of the animals was identified as the Cochabatiba
valley and that they had originally suffered heavy lossshy
as from tick born diseases and climate
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
5 San Mateo
This 420-hectare property located 12 kms northwest
of Ibuelo initially belonged to Franz E Mthler who
developed it gradually util it had one hundred hectares
of pasturolandn HIoaever because of his inability to
pay back a bank loan this property was taken over by
the Banco do Brasil which is the present owner Reportshy
edly the bank intends to sell the property at a price
of $b 40000ha
After a visit to this property it was seen that no
pasturelands remain all of them havi~ig been covered
with secondary foreL growth However most of the barbed
wire fences remain in place
6 flatunchaco
This propurty belongs to some of the Directors of the
Banco do Cochabaiba It is located 30 km north of the
Chipiriri experimental station (area 4) and it i 200
area some W)ortshyhectares in with 100 hectares clared
edly this group is short of capital for purchasing catshy
tle
B SMALL FARMS
1 Farm a
This farm Is located in Chimor6 - Senda A its owner
being ia mumber of the Asociaci6n do Ganaderos d Chinioshy
r6
It was observed that the farm ha 34 ha of kudzu asshy
sociated with brachiaria In excellent condition and
ASESORAMtlINIO EMPRESARIAL SA
-9 shy
two cows one 1Holstein and one Brown Swiss cebu cross
provided by the heifer project The condition of these
animals was considored to be excellent
to be Ltthered for pasturing beingCattle were seen
takea care of by female members of the family and chil
dren It was expressed by the woman in charge of the
animals that the principal constraints that limit the
the lack of barbed wire forincrease of this here is
fencing She indicated much interest in obtaining
credit for the purchase of wire
2 Farm b
some two kms west of ShinahotaThis farm is located
Its owner has both pigs and cattle The pigs are bred
and fattened in a rudimentary fashion and the cattle
are held only for short periods of time to be louqhtshy
cred and sold to restaurants in Shinahota Obviousl
bol an-i cattle as secondary activithis farm has pijs
)uld not be considered in the implementationties and si
of any of the modules
3 Farm c
from La Jota ExperimentThis farm is located across
Staton and belongs to a religious peasant who do(- not
grow any kind of stimulant (eq coca tea coffee)
he ha s eciali ted i the p)roducLion of ba nana tomashy
toos all(d WLurltwlons An ouLL(inl q two-hectaro j)105shy
tation of bnanas -ociLtd with kudzu Wa o1)---siV(d
at this farm Thu ava ilable kudzu is us d to f-ed four
in gcod conditioncows which were seen to be
SAASISORAMI-NiO JA1MIRESARIAL
- 10 -
C CONCLUSIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a All present large scale (gt 20 head) cattle activishy
ties in the Chapare are of a breedinq nature speci
fically there are no large-scale fattening activishy
ties
are from the rvjionsb The principil sourcet- of cattle
of Purists Arani and Cliza Ineothorjic valleys and
the Depirtment of Santa Cr
C The most polpular typ -f paLture in the Chapa re i
and kudzu Lill]per orlnan aSOCi LiOfl Of bt i
well with good r nt (ic fiel d rotZLion
p urinig ni(ht and rainy day
weeding etc) With proper fldfld(omeiQ U t i i8 tutishy
ma td that e8 illdLUn the Cha rC CAnl 11t f roIA
prevention of la at on-
eiyhtL Z(Ier ears
d The ue ul I ampciInll(17 for land clearin o088 arit
and adviilbh if it is perforited in accordace wi th
Wc- lh kaldtechnical criLria (ie not duri ng WkL
care not to detroy natural drainage wyiln8taking
etc)
a Wire fence are nucusiary for cattl brcudingiashy
tening activitLi in the Chapare
f Puromiel einp loyc(d to operate ratnch t v inotly
frOZl tiiiw li
g In gunwra l rincle do not have corra l or cruhe
ill the Clhai y Wtelfo i t-Iartcdh Exi tLIll(I cattt1 e r a nche t
as marginal uconldary act itiiLn by litiople wloc 0
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
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D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C O N T E N T S (CONT)
Paco
27IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
27A Module Description 27
B Small Farmer Requirements 28
C Assumptions
D Module Program 31
E Conclusions
ANNEXES
Cattle Development Fund Herd Development 32
ANNEX A
Cattle Development Fund Capital Requirements 32
ANNEX B
ANNEX C Cattle Development Fund Cattle Flow and Repayment
34Schedule
ANNEX D Cattle Development Fund Financial Analysis 35
36Small Farmer Capital RequirementsANNX E 37Farmer Iferd DevelopmentAN1EX F Small 38
ANNEX G Sma2 I Farmer Financial Analysis
39ANNEX II Description of Modules
47 ANNEX i Bulletin CIAT Brachiaria Decumbens
ANNEX J Bulletin CIAT Pasture Management 50
ANNEX K Design for Small Corral and Shute 5 mts x 5 mts 60
mts 61ANNEX L Design for Small Corral and Shute 10 mts x 10
ANNEX M Regional Map Chapare 62
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRISARIAL SA
I INTRODUCTION
The study carried out by AESA to determine the feasibility
of undertaking cattle fattening activities in the Chapare gave
negaLive results 1 This study centered around the firm
Uni6n Agr cola Ganadera SA (UNAG) derermined that at prclnt
cattle fattening activitiesit is not profitable to undertake
in the Chapare neither at the private firm or small farm level
At the private firm level it is not advisable to invcsL in
mainly due to the high imaplemeintashya cattle fattening project
tion costs (ie land clearing pasture establishment fcncin)
At the small farmer level cattle fattening activities are not
ample supplies of cattle Beni
feasible because at present there does not exist an adequLtc
source of supply of easily handled steers Even though thcrLc arce
in the that could be transport-ed
to and fattened in the Chapare these cattle cannot be handled
by small farmers in the Ciapare this is so because the Bcni
areas and handled by cowboyscattle are used to grazing in large
This document is a complement to the cattle fattening feasi
bility study and contains a proposal to implement a double
purpose cattle program for the small farmers in the Chapare
This program is expected to be included in the Chapare Regional
is presently elabou-atinkjDevelopment Project paper that the AID
1 Feasibility study by AESA (Asesoramiento Empresarial SA)
for the establishment of a CatLle Fattening Center in the Cha
pare involving the participation of the Small Farmers of the
Region - April 1983
-2-
Section II presents an assessment of cattle activities
in the Chapare which consider both cattle ranches and sill
set of c and rucomshyonclusionscattlemen In this assessment a
mendations are derived The proposed double purpose program
for the Chapare is presented in Section III and IV
Section III (Cattle Development Fund) describes the insshy
titution that will administer the Project and Section IV
describes the Small Farmer Module
ASESORA MIEN7O EAIRESA RIA L SA
-3-
II ASSESSMENT OF CATTLE ACTIVITIES
A CATTLE RANCHES
1 Manicone
This property whose owner is Mr Nicola Manicone is
of Villa Tunari (region 7) on thelocated 55 kins west on
road to Puerto Villarroel Land clearing activities
Lhis ranch begjan in 1978 Some thirteen hectares of
have been etablished in the lastbrachiaria paLures
thee hectares were establishedthrec years Of -even condishy
using brachiaria seed imported from Brazil the
landstion of these three-year old pastures on hIilly
Another six huctaresis excellent due to good management
were planted using brachiaria seed provided by S1FO t
a total a price of $b 4500kg taee pastures were
failure inasmuch an the qermination rate was neu iibie
thireen hectares of esuabiishedIn addition to the
tre are five hccLtcs of natural pasturUspastures
has 53 head of cL t of Wiamp [chThis ranch presently
is a total of37 are adults Considerin that there
eighteen hectare of imiprovud and natural pastures
has an anima lhec tare ratio of 25 A iuppl_th is ranch
kgjs of rice branr permentary fued cattle are given 25
animal are also given sufficienthead per week The at nigh tsupplie of ilL and ire k t in a corral
head of cubu cattle were trucked froii SntaTwenty five because of inadccJuateCruz of which nine died on the way
twenty 1lolstoins weretransportation Additionally
SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESARIAL
-4shy
brought from Cochabamba of which eight died as a
consequence of tick born diseases and climate The
remaining group of twelve cebu cows from Santa Cruz
were imported two months ago but are still wild and
afraid of people The condition of Manicones cattle
in general was observed to be excellent Cattle are
mostly docile even though they are handled by an indishy
vidual with limited experience and training Technical
and veterinary assistance is provided by Dr H Mogroshy
ve3o of MACA
This breeding operation is oriented to the production
of beef this is why current milkcheese production is
to clear some additionalminimal The owner expects
30-40 hectares to increase the size of his pasturelands
and herd At present he is not interesed in participatshy
ing in a steerfattening project
2 Aurora
The owners of this property are Ing Hector Vargas and
Mathias Bentrop who also operate the Centra Agropecuashy
rio Los Andes in the city of Cochabamba As in other
cases the principal income generating activities of
these individuals do not appear to be cattl growing
Aurora is located in the Chimor6 area (reqion 8) Thu
operation wa tarLud in 1976 on a 900 huctare concu-ion
Presently Lhere arc ome 200 hectares of cleared larnd
and about 160 hectlareui with iproved pIasturus Ptue
imlnplantation co t[ have reportedlv been hiteh ciu-s1
land clearing machinery fertilizer and lime were ucl
Twenty hectares of a brachiariakuJzu association estashy
blished four years ago were found o be in good condition
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO -5-
No drainage problems were found with the exception
of the lower pastures
The operation was started with 70 head cf cross bred
cebu cattle brought froi Beni for fattening Reportedly
there was much difficulty in handling the generally
wild-Beni cattle Because of this problem fattening
activities were discontinued At present Aurora has
90 head of cattle brought from Beni for both breeding
and fattening purposes
During the last three years Aurora has not been able to
excessivesow new pastures because of lack of labor and
rainfall Some sixty hectares are reidy for sowing
when weather permits The owners of Aurora expressed that
they entered the Chapare with limited knowledqe ana
experience i pasture and cattle management However
by now they believe to have learned enough to look conshy
fidently into the future At present because of t-hir
expansion plans they are not interested in particishyown
pating in any steer fattening projects nor in selling
or renting their property
3 Olmos
a cattle breeding operation whichMr German Olinos has
(region 8)is located 7 kins north-east of Valle Ivirza
lie has twenty five two-three year old cows and onu bull
which wuer brought from Beni when they were eight 1onths
old It was noted that of the initial shipmunt from leni
died as a consequence of poor transportaLionseven head
conditions
This property consists of a 200-hectare concession of
ASESORA MlENTO EAIIRESARIAL SA
-6shy
which twenty are cleared Four hectares of stargrass
pasture in excellent condition and two hectares of nashy
tural pasture were observed A total of fourteen hecta
res of rice were harvested this year with a yield of
some 500 quintales
Reportedly Mr Olmos plans to sow twenty additional
hectares of stargrass pasture It has not been determishy
ned whether he could be interested in participating in
any steer breedincfattening projects h1owever his proshy
perty is considered to be too small and inadequately
located to be able to play a significant role in a major
cattle project for the Chapare
4 Codex
Codex a private development group which is financed by
some western European donors has a 900-hectare concesshy
sion the Valle Ivirza area At present they have
100 hecCLAi -if natural pastures and 110 head uf cattle
Both )aILur -nd cattle were observed to be in poor
condiJion AI present its executives are seeking donashy
tion ftid Lo continue their operations
Coikx At ishments in the field are raLher liimited
Its main iol t is centered around a muaicail post i-
Valle IviLZ -iich provide a valu ibl service Lo the
pjea i pop)ula lJ of the area However at presenu the
organization lack the necessary managerial and technical
expertise to operate cattle breedingfattening activities
5 Aq roscij t
In order to obtain a $b 250000 loan from BAD to purchase
barbed wire in 1978 eight peasants formed the Sociudad
ASESORAMtENITO EMIRISA RIA L SA
-7 -
Cooperativa Agro-Forestal Sajta located 11 kms southshy
east of Valle Ivirza Each one of the members of this
organization has approximately one hundred hectares
One of the members is Rc erto Fiesta who has eighty
head of adult cattle and fifteen hectares of natural
yearsgrassland iiproved pastures were sown seven ago
but due to heavy stocking have been mostly lost The
excellentcondition of the animals was observed to be
being adequately handled and fed The existing natural
in condition to overstockingpastures are good but due
they are will become useless in the near future However
Mr Fiesta reported that the cnoperative members are
planning to etblish one hundred additional hectares
of pastures This farmer showed much interest in ruceiv
ing technical assistance According to BAB Mr Flieta
has proven to be one of their best clients Because of
these reasons this farmer could be usefully employed
as a paraprofessional in cattle-related activities in
the Valle Ivirza area
Another cooperative member is N Chac6n who has 120
fifteen hectares of natural grasslandhead of cattle and
This farmer has one hectare of merkeron grass which has
not yet been grazed In general the natural gras slands
of this farmer were obs-erved to be in bad condition due
mainly to inadequate management and overs tocki ng
In a 11 the rilnchu of the coope rat ive membe r it was
machineryobserved that land was cleared without with
no treenumerous tree trunk left in the field but
left to provide hade for the cattle In all ca the
source of the animals was identified as the Cochabatiba
valley and that they had originally suffered heavy lossshy
as from tick born diseases and climate
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
5 San Mateo
This 420-hectare property located 12 kms northwest
of Ibuelo initially belonged to Franz E Mthler who
developed it gradually util it had one hundred hectares
of pasturolandn HIoaever because of his inability to
pay back a bank loan this property was taken over by
the Banco do Brasil which is the present owner Reportshy
edly the bank intends to sell the property at a price
of $b 40000ha
After a visit to this property it was seen that no
pasturelands remain all of them havi~ig been covered
with secondary foreL growth However most of the barbed
wire fences remain in place
6 flatunchaco
This propurty belongs to some of the Directors of the
Banco do Cochabaiba It is located 30 km north of the
Chipiriri experimental station (area 4) and it i 200
area some W)ortshyhectares in with 100 hectares clared
edly this group is short of capital for purchasing catshy
tle
B SMALL FARMS
1 Farm a
This farm Is located in Chimor6 - Senda A its owner
being ia mumber of the Asociaci6n do Ganaderos d Chinioshy
r6
It was observed that the farm ha 34 ha of kudzu asshy
sociated with brachiaria In excellent condition and
ASESORAMtlINIO EMPRESARIAL SA
-9 shy
two cows one 1Holstein and one Brown Swiss cebu cross
provided by the heifer project The condition of these
animals was considored to be excellent
to be Ltthered for pasturing beingCattle were seen
takea care of by female members of the family and chil
dren It was expressed by the woman in charge of the
animals that the principal constraints that limit the
the lack of barbed wire forincrease of this here is
fencing She indicated much interest in obtaining
credit for the purchase of wire
2 Farm b
some two kms west of ShinahotaThis farm is located
Its owner has both pigs and cattle The pigs are bred
and fattened in a rudimentary fashion and the cattle
are held only for short periods of time to be louqhtshy
cred and sold to restaurants in Shinahota Obviousl
bol an-i cattle as secondary activithis farm has pijs
)uld not be considered in the implementationties and si
of any of the modules
3 Farm c
from La Jota ExperimentThis farm is located across
Staton and belongs to a religious peasant who do(- not
grow any kind of stimulant (eq coca tea coffee)
he ha s eciali ted i the p)roducLion of ba nana tomashy
toos all(d WLurltwlons An ouLL(inl q two-hectaro j)105shy
tation of bnanas -ociLtd with kudzu Wa o1)---siV(d
at this farm Thu ava ilable kudzu is us d to f-ed four
in gcod conditioncows which were seen to be
SAASISORAMI-NiO JA1MIRESARIAL
- 10 -
C CONCLUSIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a All present large scale (gt 20 head) cattle activishy
ties in the Chapare are of a breedinq nature speci
fically there are no large-scale fattening activishy
ties
are from the rvjionsb The principil sourcet- of cattle
of Purists Arani and Cliza Ineothorjic valleys and
the Depirtment of Santa Cr
C The most polpular typ -f paLture in the Chapa re i
and kudzu Lill]per orlnan aSOCi LiOfl Of bt i
well with good r nt (ic fiel d rotZLion
p urinig ni(ht and rainy day
weeding etc) With proper fldfld(omeiQ U t i i8 tutishy
ma td that e8 illdLUn the Cha rC CAnl 11t f roIA
prevention of la at on-
eiyhtL Z(Ier ears
d The ue ul I ampciInll(17 for land clearin o088 arit
and adviilbh if it is perforited in accordace wi th
Wc- lh kaldtechnical criLria (ie not duri ng WkL
care not to detroy natural drainage wyiln8taking
etc)
a Wire fence are nucusiary for cattl brcudingiashy
tening activitLi in the Chapare
f Puromiel einp loyc(d to operate ratnch t v inotly
frOZl tiiiw li
g In gunwra l rincle do not have corra l or cruhe
ill the Clhai y Wtelfo i t-Iartcdh Exi tLIll(I cattt1 e r a nche t
as marginal uconldary act itiiLn by litiople wloc 0
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
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D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRISARIAL SA
I INTRODUCTION
The study carried out by AESA to determine the feasibility
of undertaking cattle fattening activities in the Chapare gave
negaLive results 1 This study centered around the firm
Uni6n Agr cola Ganadera SA (UNAG) derermined that at prclnt
cattle fattening activitiesit is not profitable to undertake
in the Chapare neither at the private firm or small farm level
At the private firm level it is not advisable to invcsL in
mainly due to the high imaplemeintashya cattle fattening project
tion costs (ie land clearing pasture establishment fcncin)
At the small farmer level cattle fattening activities are not
ample supplies of cattle Beni
feasible because at present there does not exist an adequLtc
source of supply of easily handled steers Even though thcrLc arce
in the that could be transport-ed
to and fattened in the Chapare these cattle cannot be handled
by small farmers in the Ciapare this is so because the Bcni
areas and handled by cowboyscattle are used to grazing in large
This document is a complement to the cattle fattening feasi
bility study and contains a proposal to implement a double
purpose cattle program for the small farmers in the Chapare
This program is expected to be included in the Chapare Regional
is presently elabou-atinkjDevelopment Project paper that the AID
1 Feasibility study by AESA (Asesoramiento Empresarial SA)
for the establishment of a CatLle Fattening Center in the Cha
pare involving the participation of the Small Farmers of the
Region - April 1983
-2-
Section II presents an assessment of cattle activities
in the Chapare which consider both cattle ranches and sill
set of c and rucomshyonclusionscattlemen In this assessment a
mendations are derived The proposed double purpose program
for the Chapare is presented in Section III and IV
Section III (Cattle Development Fund) describes the insshy
titution that will administer the Project and Section IV
describes the Small Farmer Module
ASESORA MIEN7O EAIRESA RIA L SA
-3-
II ASSESSMENT OF CATTLE ACTIVITIES
A CATTLE RANCHES
1 Manicone
This property whose owner is Mr Nicola Manicone is
of Villa Tunari (region 7) on thelocated 55 kins west on
road to Puerto Villarroel Land clearing activities
Lhis ranch begjan in 1978 Some thirteen hectares of
have been etablished in the lastbrachiaria paLures
thee hectares were establishedthrec years Of -even condishy
using brachiaria seed imported from Brazil the
landstion of these three-year old pastures on hIilly
Another six huctaresis excellent due to good management
were planted using brachiaria seed provided by S1FO t
a total a price of $b 4500kg taee pastures were
failure inasmuch an the qermination rate was neu iibie
thireen hectares of esuabiishedIn addition to the
tre are five hccLtcs of natural pasturUspastures
has 53 head of cL t of Wiamp [chThis ranch presently
is a total of37 are adults Considerin that there
eighteen hectare of imiprovud and natural pastures
has an anima lhec tare ratio of 25 A iuppl_th is ranch
kgjs of rice branr permentary fued cattle are given 25
animal are also given sufficienthead per week The at nigh tsupplie of ilL and ire k t in a corral
head of cubu cattle were trucked froii SntaTwenty five because of inadccJuateCruz of which nine died on the way
twenty 1lolstoins weretransportation Additionally
SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESARIAL
-4shy
brought from Cochabamba of which eight died as a
consequence of tick born diseases and climate The
remaining group of twelve cebu cows from Santa Cruz
were imported two months ago but are still wild and
afraid of people The condition of Manicones cattle
in general was observed to be excellent Cattle are
mostly docile even though they are handled by an indishy
vidual with limited experience and training Technical
and veterinary assistance is provided by Dr H Mogroshy
ve3o of MACA
This breeding operation is oriented to the production
of beef this is why current milkcheese production is
to clear some additionalminimal The owner expects
30-40 hectares to increase the size of his pasturelands
and herd At present he is not interesed in participatshy
ing in a steerfattening project
2 Aurora
The owners of this property are Ing Hector Vargas and
Mathias Bentrop who also operate the Centra Agropecuashy
rio Los Andes in the city of Cochabamba As in other
cases the principal income generating activities of
these individuals do not appear to be cattl growing
Aurora is located in the Chimor6 area (reqion 8) Thu
operation wa tarLud in 1976 on a 900 huctare concu-ion
Presently Lhere arc ome 200 hectares of cleared larnd
and about 160 hectlareui with iproved pIasturus Ptue
imlnplantation co t[ have reportedlv been hiteh ciu-s1
land clearing machinery fertilizer and lime were ucl
Twenty hectares of a brachiariakuJzu association estashy
blished four years ago were found o be in good condition
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO -5-
No drainage problems were found with the exception
of the lower pastures
The operation was started with 70 head cf cross bred
cebu cattle brought froi Beni for fattening Reportedly
there was much difficulty in handling the generally
wild-Beni cattle Because of this problem fattening
activities were discontinued At present Aurora has
90 head of cattle brought from Beni for both breeding
and fattening purposes
During the last three years Aurora has not been able to
excessivesow new pastures because of lack of labor and
rainfall Some sixty hectares are reidy for sowing
when weather permits The owners of Aurora expressed that
they entered the Chapare with limited knowledqe ana
experience i pasture and cattle management However
by now they believe to have learned enough to look conshy
fidently into the future At present because of t-hir
expansion plans they are not interested in particishyown
pating in any steer fattening projects nor in selling
or renting their property
3 Olmos
a cattle breeding operation whichMr German Olinos has
(region 8)is located 7 kins north-east of Valle Ivirza
lie has twenty five two-three year old cows and onu bull
which wuer brought from Beni when they were eight 1onths
old It was noted that of the initial shipmunt from leni
died as a consequence of poor transportaLionseven head
conditions
This property consists of a 200-hectare concession of
ASESORA MlENTO EAIIRESARIAL SA
-6shy
which twenty are cleared Four hectares of stargrass
pasture in excellent condition and two hectares of nashy
tural pasture were observed A total of fourteen hecta
res of rice were harvested this year with a yield of
some 500 quintales
Reportedly Mr Olmos plans to sow twenty additional
hectares of stargrass pasture It has not been determishy
ned whether he could be interested in participating in
any steer breedincfattening projects h1owever his proshy
perty is considered to be too small and inadequately
located to be able to play a significant role in a major
cattle project for the Chapare
4 Codex
Codex a private development group which is financed by
some western European donors has a 900-hectare concesshy
sion the Valle Ivirza area At present they have
100 hecCLAi -if natural pastures and 110 head uf cattle
Both )aILur -nd cattle were observed to be in poor
condiJion AI present its executives are seeking donashy
tion ftid Lo continue their operations
Coikx At ishments in the field are raLher liimited
Its main iol t is centered around a muaicail post i-
Valle IviLZ -iich provide a valu ibl service Lo the
pjea i pop)ula lJ of the area However at presenu the
organization lack the necessary managerial and technical
expertise to operate cattle breedingfattening activities
5 Aq roscij t
In order to obtain a $b 250000 loan from BAD to purchase
barbed wire in 1978 eight peasants formed the Sociudad
ASESORAMtENITO EMIRISA RIA L SA
-7 -
Cooperativa Agro-Forestal Sajta located 11 kms southshy
east of Valle Ivirza Each one of the members of this
organization has approximately one hundred hectares
One of the members is Rc erto Fiesta who has eighty
head of adult cattle and fifteen hectares of natural
yearsgrassland iiproved pastures were sown seven ago
but due to heavy stocking have been mostly lost The
excellentcondition of the animals was observed to be
being adequately handled and fed The existing natural
in condition to overstockingpastures are good but due
they are will become useless in the near future However
Mr Fiesta reported that the cnoperative members are
planning to etblish one hundred additional hectares
of pastures This farmer showed much interest in ruceiv
ing technical assistance According to BAB Mr Flieta
has proven to be one of their best clients Because of
these reasons this farmer could be usefully employed
as a paraprofessional in cattle-related activities in
the Valle Ivirza area
Another cooperative member is N Chac6n who has 120
fifteen hectares of natural grasslandhead of cattle and
This farmer has one hectare of merkeron grass which has
not yet been grazed In general the natural gras slands
of this farmer were obs-erved to be in bad condition due
mainly to inadequate management and overs tocki ng
In a 11 the rilnchu of the coope rat ive membe r it was
machineryobserved that land was cleared without with
no treenumerous tree trunk left in the field but
left to provide hade for the cattle In all ca the
source of the animals was identified as the Cochabatiba
valley and that they had originally suffered heavy lossshy
as from tick born diseases and climate
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
5 San Mateo
This 420-hectare property located 12 kms northwest
of Ibuelo initially belonged to Franz E Mthler who
developed it gradually util it had one hundred hectares
of pasturolandn HIoaever because of his inability to
pay back a bank loan this property was taken over by
the Banco do Brasil which is the present owner Reportshy
edly the bank intends to sell the property at a price
of $b 40000ha
After a visit to this property it was seen that no
pasturelands remain all of them havi~ig been covered
with secondary foreL growth However most of the barbed
wire fences remain in place
6 flatunchaco
This propurty belongs to some of the Directors of the
Banco do Cochabaiba It is located 30 km north of the
Chipiriri experimental station (area 4) and it i 200
area some W)ortshyhectares in with 100 hectares clared
edly this group is short of capital for purchasing catshy
tle
B SMALL FARMS
1 Farm a
This farm Is located in Chimor6 - Senda A its owner
being ia mumber of the Asociaci6n do Ganaderos d Chinioshy
r6
It was observed that the farm ha 34 ha of kudzu asshy
sociated with brachiaria In excellent condition and
ASESORAMtlINIO EMPRESARIAL SA
-9 shy
two cows one 1Holstein and one Brown Swiss cebu cross
provided by the heifer project The condition of these
animals was considored to be excellent
to be Ltthered for pasturing beingCattle were seen
takea care of by female members of the family and chil
dren It was expressed by the woman in charge of the
animals that the principal constraints that limit the
the lack of barbed wire forincrease of this here is
fencing She indicated much interest in obtaining
credit for the purchase of wire
2 Farm b
some two kms west of ShinahotaThis farm is located
Its owner has both pigs and cattle The pigs are bred
and fattened in a rudimentary fashion and the cattle
are held only for short periods of time to be louqhtshy
cred and sold to restaurants in Shinahota Obviousl
bol an-i cattle as secondary activithis farm has pijs
)uld not be considered in the implementationties and si
of any of the modules
3 Farm c
from La Jota ExperimentThis farm is located across
Staton and belongs to a religious peasant who do(- not
grow any kind of stimulant (eq coca tea coffee)
he ha s eciali ted i the p)roducLion of ba nana tomashy
toos all(d WLurltwlons An ouLL(inl q two-hectaro j)105shy
tation of bnanas -ociLtd with kudzu Wa o1)---siV(d
at this farm Thu ava ilable kudzu is us d to f-ed four
in gcod conditioncows which were seen to be
SAASISORAMI-NiO JA1MIRESARIAL
- 10 -
C CONCLUSIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a All present large scale (gt 20 head) cattle activishy
ties in the Chapare are of a breedinq nature speci
fically there are no large-scale fattening activishy
ties
are from the rvjionsb The principil sourcet- of cattle
of Purists Arani and Cliza Ineothorjic valleys and
the Depirtment of Santa Cr
C The most polpular typ -f paLture in the Chapa re i
and kudzu Lill]per orlnan aSOCi LiOfl Of bt i
well with good r nt (ic fiel d rotZLion
p urinig ni(ht and rainy day
weeding etc) With proper fldfld(omeiQ U t i i8 tutishy
ma td that e8 illdLUn the Cha rC CAnl 11t f roIA
prevention of la at on-
eiyhtL Z(Ier ears
d The ue ul I ampciInll(17 for land clearin o088 arit
and adviilbh if it is perforited in accordace wi th
Wc- lh kaldtechnical criLria (ie not duri ng WkL
care not to detroy natural drainage wyiln8taking
etc)
a Wire fence are nucusiary for cattl brcudingiashy
tening activitLi in the Chapare
f Puromiel einp loyc(d to operate ratnch t v inotly
frOZl tiiiw li
g In gunwra l rincle do not have corra l or cruhe
ill the Clhai y Wtelfo i t-Iartcdh Exi tLIll(I cattt1 e r a nche t
as marginal uconldary act itiiLn by litiople wloc 0
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 13 -
D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
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(UflLo 51)
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+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
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] - 44 S elo ent
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1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
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ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
-2-
Section II presents an assessment of cattle activities
in the Chapare which consider both cattle ranches and sill
set of c and rucomshyonclusionscattlemen In this assessment a
mendations are derived The proposed double purpose program
for the Chapare is presented in Section III and IV
Section III (Cattle Development Fund) describes the insshy
titution that will administer the Project and Section IV
describes the Small Farmer Module
ASESORA MIEN7O EAIRESA RIA L SA
-3-
II ASSESSMENT OF CATTLE ACTIVITIES
A CATTLE RANCHES
1 Manicone
This property whose owner is Mr Nicola Manicone is
of Villa Tunari (region 7) on thelocated 55 kins west on
road to Puerto Villarroel Land clearing activities
Lhis ranch begjan in 1978 Some thirteen hectares of
have been etablished in the lastbrachiaria paLures
thee hectares were establishedthrec years Of -even condishy
using brachiaria seed imported from Brazil the
landstion of these three-year old pastures on hIilly
Another six huctaresis excellent due to good management
were planted using brachiaria seed provided by S1FO t
a total a price of $b 4500kg taee pastures were
failure inasmuch an the qermination rate was neu iibie
thireen hectares of esuabiishedIn addition to the
tre are five hccLtcs of natural pasturUspastures
has 53 head of cL t of Wiamp [chThis ranch presently
is a total of37 are adults Considerin that there
eighteen hectare of imiprovud and natural pastures
has an anima lhec tare ratio of 25 A iuppl_th is ranch
kgjs of rice branr permentary fued cattle are given 25
animal are also given sufficienthead per week The at nigh tsupplie of ilL and ire k t in a corral
head of cubu cattle were trucked froii SntaTwenty five because of inadccJuateCruz of which nine died on the way
twenty 1lolstoins weretransportation Additionally
SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESARIAL
-4shy
brought from Cochabamba of which eight died as a
consequence of tick born diseases and climate The
remaining group of twelve cebu cows from Santa Cruz
were imported two months ago but are still wild and
afraid of people The condition of Manicones cattle
in general was observed to be excellent Cattle are
mostly docile even though they are handled by an indishy
vidual with limited experience and training Technical
and veterinary assistance is provided by Dr H Mogroshy
ve3o of MACA
This breeding operation is oriented to the production
of beef this is why current milkcheese production is
to clear some additionalminimal The owner expects
30-40 hectares to increase the size of his pasturelands
and herd At present he is not interesed in participatshy
ing in a steerfattening project
2 Aurora
The owners of this property are Ing Hector Vargas and
Mathias Bentrop who also operate the Centra Agropecuashy
rio Los Andes in the city of Cochabamba As in other
cases the principal income generating activities of
these individuals do not appear to be cattl growing
Aurora is located in the Chimor6 area (reqion 8) Thu
operation wa tarLud in 1976 on a 900 huctare concu-ion
Presently Lhere arc ome 200 hectares of cleared larnd
and about 160 hectlareui with iproved pIasturus Ptue
imlnplantation co t[ have reportedlv been hiteh ciu-s1
land clearing machinery fertilizer and lime were ucl
Twenty hectares of a brachiariakuJzu association estashy
blished four years ago were found o be in good condition
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO -5-
No drainage problems were found with the exception
of the lower pastures
The operation was started with 70 head cf cross bred
cebu cattle brought froi Beni for fattening Reportedly
there was much difficulty in handling the generally
wild-Beni cattle Because of this problem fattening
activities were discontinued At present Aurora has
90 head of cattle brought from Beni for both breeding
and fattening purposes
During the last three years Aurora has not been able to
excessivesow new pastures because of lack of labor and
rainfall Some sixty hectares are reidy for sowing
when weather permits The owners of Aurora expressed that
they entered the Chapare with limited knowledqe ana
experience i pasture and cattle management However
by now they believe to have learned enough to look conshy
fidently into the future At present because of t-hir
expansion plans they are not interested in particishyown
pating in any steer fattening projects nor in selling
or renting their property
3 Olmos
a cattle breeding operation whichMr German Olinos has
(region 8)is located 7 kins north-east of Valle Ivirza
lie has twenty five two-three year old cows and onu bull
which wuer brought from Beni when they were eight 1onths
old It was noted that of the initial shipmunt from leni
died as a consequence of poor transportaLionseven head
conditions
This property consists of a 200-hectare concession of
ASESORA MlENTO EAIIRESARIAL SA
-6shy
which twenty are cleared Four hectares of stargrass
pasture in excellent condition and two hectares of nashy
tural pasture were observed A total of fourteen hecta
res of rice were harvested this year with a yield of
some 500 quintales
Reportedly Mr Olmos plans to sow twenty additional
hectares of stargrass pasture It has not been determishy
ned whether he could be interested in participating in
any steer breedincfattening projects h1owever his proshy
perty is considered to be too small and inadequately
located to be able to play a significant role in a major
cattle project for the Chapare
4 Codex
Codex a private development group which is financed by
some western European donors has a 900-hectare concesshy
sion the Valle Ivirza area At present they have
100 hecCLAi -if natural pastures and 110 head uf cattle
Both )aILur -nd cattle were observed to be in poor
condiJion AI present its executives are seeking donashy
tion ftid Lo continue their operations
Coikx At ishments in the field are raLher liimited
Its main iol t is centered around a muaicail post i-
Valle IviLZ -iich provide a valu ibl service Lo the
pjea i pop)ula lJ of the area However at presenu the
organization lack the necessary managerial and technical
expertise to operate cattle breedingfattening activities
5 Aq roscij t
In order to obtain a $b 250000 loan from BAD to purchase
barbed wire in 1978 eight peasants formed the Sociudad
ASESORAMtENITO EMIRISA RIA L SA
-7 -
Cooperativa Agro-Forestal Sajta located 11 kms southshy
east of Valle Ivirza Each one of the members of this
organization has approximately one hundred hectares
One of the members is Rc erto Fiesta who has eighty
head of adult cattle and fifteen hectares of natural
yearsgrassland iiproved pastures were sown seven ago
but due to heavy stocking have been mostly lost The
excellentcondition of the animals was observed to be
being adequately handled and fed The existing natural
in condition to overstockingpastures are good but due
they are will become useless in the near future However
Mr Fiesta reported that the cnoperative members are
planning to etblish one hundred additional hectares
of pastures This farmer showed much interest in ruceiv
ing technical assistance According to BAB Mr Flieta
has proven to be one of their best clients Because of
these reasons this farmer could be usefully employed
as a paraprofessional in cattle-related activities in
the Valle Ivirza area
Another cooperative member is N Chac6n who has 120
fifteen hectares of natural grasslandhead of cattle and
This farmer has one hectare of merkeron grass which has
not yet been grazed In general the natural gras slands
of this farmer were obs-erved to be in bad condition due
mainly to inadequate management and overs tocki ng
In a 11 the rilnchu of the coope rat ive membe r it was
machineryobserved that land was cleared without with
no treenumerous tree trunk left in the field but
left to provide hade for the cattle In all ca the
source of the animals was identified as the Cochabatiba
valley and that they had originally suffered heavy lossshy
as from tick born diseases and climate
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
5 San Mateo
This 420-hectare property located 12 kms northwest
of Ibuelo initially belonged to Franz E Mthler who
developed it gradually util it had one hundred hectares
of pasturolandn HIoaever because of his inability to
pay back a bank loan this property was taken over by
the Banco do Brasil which is the present owner Reportshy
edly the bank intends to sell the property at a price
of $b 40000ha
After a visit to this property it was seen that no
pasturelands remain all of them havi~ig been covered
with secondary foreL growth However most of the barbed
wire fences remain in place
6 flatunchaco
This propurty belongs to some of the Directors of the
Banco do Cochabaiba It is located 30 km north of the
Chipiriri experimental station (area 4) and it i 200
area some W)ortshyhectares in with 100 hectares clared
edly this group is short of capital for purchasing catshy
tle
B SMALL FARMS
1 Farm a
This farm Is located in Chimor6 - Senda A its owner
being ia mumber of the Asociaci6n do Ganaderos d Chinioshy
r6
It was observed that the farm ha 34 ha of kudzu asshy
sociated with brachiaria In excellent condition and
ASESORAMtlINIO EMPRESARIAL SA
-9 shy
two cows one 1Holstein and one Brown Swiss cebu cross
provided by the heifer project The condition of these
animals was considored to be excellent
to be Ltthered for pasturing beingCattle were seen
takea care of by female members of the family and chil
dren It was expressed by the woman in charge of the
animals that the principal constraints that limit the
the lack of barbed wire forincrease of this here is
fencing She indicated much interest in obtaining
credit for the purchase of wire
2 Farm b
some two kms west of ShinahotaThis farm is located
Its owner has both pigs and cattle The pigs are bred
and fattened in a rudimentary fashion and the cattle
are held only for short periods of time to be louqhtshy
cred and sold to restaurants in Shinahota Obviousl
bol an-i cattle as secondary activithis farm has pijs
)uld not be considered in the implementationties and si
of any of the modules
3 Farm c
from La Jota ExperimentThis farm is located across
Staton and belongs to a religious peasant who do(- not
grow any kind of stimulant (eq coca tea coffee)
he ha s eciali ted i the p)roducLion of ba nana tomashy
toos all(d WLurltwlons An ouLL(inl q two-hectaro j)105shy
tation of bnanas -ociLtd with kudzu Wa o1)---siV(d
at this farm Thu ava ilable kudzu is us d to f-ed four
in gcod conditioncows which were seen to be
SAASISORAMI-NiO JA1MIRESARIAL
- 10 -
C CONCLUSIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a All present large scale (gt 20 head) cattle activishy
ties in the Chapare are of a breedinq nature speci
fically there are no large-scale fattening activishy
ties
are from the rvjionsb The principil sourcet- of cattle
of Purists Arani and Cliza Ineothorjic valleys and
the Depirtment of Santa Cr
C The most polpular typ -f paLture in the Chapa re i
and kudzu Lill]per orlnan aSOCi LiOfl Of bt i
well with good r nt (ic fiel d rotZLion
p urinig ni(ht and rainy day
weeding etc) With proper fldfld(omeiQ U t i i8 tutishy
ma td that e8 illdLUn the Cha rC CAnl 11t f roIA
prevention of la at on-
eiyhtL Z(Ier ears
d The ue ul I ampciInll(17 for land clearin o088 arit
and adviilbh if it is perforited in accordace wi th
Wc- lh kaldtechnical criLria (ie not duri ng WkL
care not to detroy natural drainage wyiln8taking
etc)
a Wire fence are nucusiary for cattl brcudingiashy
tening activitLi in the Chapare
f Puromiel einp loyc(d to operate ratnch t v inotly
frOZl tiiiw li
g In gunwra l rincle do not have corra l or cruhe
ill the Clhai y Wtelfo i t-Iartcdh Exi tLIll(I cattt1 e r a nche t
as marginal uconldary act itiiLn by litiople wloc 0
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 13 -
D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORA MIEN7O EAIRESA RIA L SA
-3-
II ASSESSMENT OF CATTLE ACTIVITIES
A CATTLE RANCHES
1 Manicone
This property whose owner is Mr Nicola Manicone is
of Villa Tunari (region 7) on thelocated 55 kins west on
road to Puerto Villarroel Land clearing activities
Lhis ranch begjan in 1978 Some thirteen hectares of
have been etablished in the lastbrachiaria paLures
thee hectares were establishedthrec years Of -even condishy
using brachiaria seed imported from Brazil the
landstion of these three-year old pastures on hIilly
Another six huctaresis excellent due to good management
were planted using brachiaria seed provided by S1FO t
a total a price of $b 4500kg taee pastures were
failure inasmuch an the qermination rate was neu iibie
thireen hectares of esuabiishedIn addition to the
tre are five hccLtcs of natural pasturUspastures
has 53 head of cL t of Wiamp [chThis ranch presently
is a total of37 are adults Considerin that there
eighteen hectare of imiprovud and natural pastures
has an anima lhec tare ratio of 25 A iuppl_th is ranch
kgjs of rice branr permentary fued cattle are given 25
animal are also given sufficienthead per week The at nigh tsupplie of ilL and ire k t in a corral
head of cubu cattle were trucked froii SntaTwenty five because of inadccJuateCruz of which nine died on the way
twenty 1lolstoins weretransportation Additionally
SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESARIAL
-4shy
brought from Cochabamba of which eight died as a
consequence of tick born diseases and climate The
remaining group of twelve cebu cows from Santa Cruz
were imported two months ago but are still wild and
afraid of people The condition of Manicones cattle
in general was observed to be excellent Cattle are
mostly docile even though they are handled by an indishy
vidual with limited experience and training Technical
and veterinary assistance is provided by Dr H Mogroshy
ve3o of MACA
This breeding operation is oriented to the production
of beef this is why current milkcheese production is
to clear some additionalminimal The owner expects
30-40 hectares to increase the size of his pasturelands
and herd At present he is not interesed in participatshy
ing in a steerfattening project
2 Aurora
The owners of this property are Ing Hector Vargas and
Mathias Bentrop who also operate the Centra Agropecuashy
rio Los Andes in the city of Cochabamba As in other
cases the principal income generating activities of
these individuals do not appear to be cattl growing
Aurora is located in the Chimor6 area (reqion 8) Thu
operation wa tarLud in 1976 on a 900 huctare concu-ion
Presently Lhere arc ome 200 hectares of cleared larnd
and about 160 hectlareui with iproved pIasturus Ptue
imlnplantation co t[ have reportedlv been hiteh ciu-s1
land clearing machinery fertilizer and lime were ucl
Twenty hectares of a brachiariakuJzu association estashy
blished four years ago were found o be in good condition
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO -5-
No drainage problems were found with the exception
of the lower pastures
The operation was started with 70 head cf cross bred
cebu cattle brought froi Beni for fattening Reportedly
there was much difficulty in handling the generally
wild-Beni cattle Because of this problem fattening
activities were discontinued At present Aurora has
90 head of cattle brought from Beni for both breeding
and fattening purposes
During the last three years Aurora has not been able to
excessivesow new pastures because of lack of labor and
rainfall Some sixty hectares are reidy for sowing
when weather permits The owners of Aurora expressed that
they entered the Chapare with limited knowledqe ana
experience i pasture and cattle management However
by now they believe to have learned enough to look conshy
fidently into the future At present because of t-hir
expansion plans they are not interested in particishyown
pating in any steer fattening projects nor in selling
or renting their property
3 Olmos
a cattle breeding operation whichMr German Olinos has
(region 8)is located 7 kins north-east of Valle Ivirza
lie has twenty five two-three year old cows and onu bull
which wuer brought from Beni when they were eight 1onths
old It was noted that of the initial shipmunt from leni
died as a consequence of poor transportaLionseven head
conditions
This property consists of a 200-hectare concession of
ASESORA MlENTO EAIIRESARIAL SA
-6shy
which twenty are cleared Four hectares of stargrass
pasture in excellent condition and two hectares of nashy
tural pasture were observed A total of fourteen hecta
res of rice were harvested this year with a yield of
some 500 quintales
Reportedly Mr Olmos plans to sow twenty additional
hectares of stargrass pasture It has not been determishy
ned whether he could be interested in participating in
any steer breedincfattening projects h1owever his proshy
perty is considered to be too small and inadequately
located to be able to play a significant role in a major
cattle project for the Chapare
4 Codex
Codex a private development group which is financed by
some western European donors has a 900-hectare concesshy
sion the Valle Ivirza area At present they have
100 hecCLAi -if natural pastures and 110 head uf cattle
Both )aILur -nd cattle were observed to be in poor
condiJion AI present its executives are seeking donashy
tion ftid Lo continue their operations
Coikx At ishments in the field are raLher liimited
Its main iol t is centered around a muaicail post i-
Valle IviLZ -iich provide a valu ibl service Lo the
pjea i pop)ula lJ of the area However at presenu the
organization lack the necessary managerial and technical
expertise to operate cattle breedingfattening activities
5 Aq roscij t
In order to obtain a $b 250000 loan from BAD to purchase
barbed wire in 1978 eight peasants formed the Sociudad
ASESORAMtENITO EMIRISA RIA L SA
-7 -
Cooperativa Agro-Forestal Sajta located 11 kms southshy
east of Valle Ivirza Each one of the members of this
organization has approximately one hundred hectares
One of the members is Rc erto Fiesta who has eighty
head of adult cattle and fifteen hectares of natural
yearsgrassland iiproved pastures were sown seven ago
but due to heavy stocking have been mostly lost The
excellentcondition of the animals was observed to be
being adequately handled and fed The existing natural
in condition to overstockingpastures are good but due
they are will become useless in the near future However
Mr Fiesta reported that the cnoperative members are
planning to etblish one hundred additional hectares
of pastures This farmer showed much interest in ruceiv
ing technical assistance According to BAB Mr Flieta
has proven to be one of their best clients Because of
these reasons this farmer could be usefully employed
as a paraprofessional in cattle-related activities in
the Valle Ivirza area
Another cooperative member is N Chac6n who has 120
fifteen hectares of natural grasslandhead of cattle and
This farmer has one hectare of merkeron grass which has
not yet been grazed In general the natural gras slands
of this farmer were obs-erved to be in bad condition due
mainly to inadequate management and overs tocki ng
In a 11 the rilnchu of the coope rat ive membe r it was
machineryobserved that land was cleared without with
no treenumerous tree trunk left in the field but
left to provide hade for the cattle In all ca the
source of the animals was identified as the Cochabatiba
valley and that they had originally suffered heavy lossshy
as from tick born diseases and climate
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
5 San Mateo
This 420-hectare property located 12 kms northwest
of Ibuelo initially belonged to Franz E Mthler who
developed it gradually util it had one hundred hectares
of pasturolandn HIoaever because of his inability to
pay back a bank loan this property was taken over by
the Banco do Brasil which is the present owner Reportshy
edly the bank intends to sell the property at a price
of $b 40000ha
After a visit to this property it was seen that no
pasturelands remain all of them havi~ig been covered
with secondary foreL growth However most of the barbed
wire fences remain in place
6 flatunchaco
This propurty belongs to some of the Directors of the
Banco do Cochabaiba It is located 30 km north of the
Chipiriri experimental station (area 4) and it i 200
area some W)ortshyhectares in with 100 hectares clared
edly this group is short of capital for purchasing catshy
tle
B SMALL FARMS
1 Farm a
This farm Is located in Chimor6 - Senda A its owner
being ia mumber of the Asociaci6n do Ganaderos d Chinioshy
r6
It was observed that the farm ha 34 ha of kudzu asshy
sociated with brachiaria In excellent condition and
ASESORAMtlINIO EMPRESARIAL SA
-9 shy
two cows one 1Holstein and one Brown Swiss cebu cross
provided by the heifer project The condition of these
animals was considored to be excellent
to be Ltthered for pasturing beingCattle were seen
takea care of by female members of the family and chil
dren It was expressed by the woman in charge of the
animals that the principal constraints that limit the
the lack of barbed wire forincrease of this here is
fencing She indicated much interest in obtaining
credit for the purchase of wire
2 Farm b
some two kms west of ShinahotaThis farm is located
Its owner has both pigs and cattle The pigs are bred
and fattened in a rudimentary fashion and the cattle
are held only for short periods of time to be louqhtshy
cred and sold to restaurants in Shinahota Obviousl
bol an-i cattle as secondary activithis farm has pijs
)uld not be considered in the implementationties and si
of any of the modules
3 Farm c
from La Jota ExperimentThis farm is located across
Staton and belongs to a religious peasant who do(- not
grow any kind of stimulant (eq coca tea coffee)
he ha s eciali ted i the p)roducLion of ba nana tomashy
toos all(d WLurltwlons An ouLL(inl q two-hectaro j)105shy
tation of bnanas -ociLtd with kudzu Wa o1)---siV(d
at this farm Thu ava ilable kudzu is us d to f-ed four
in gcod conditioncows which were seen to be
SAASISORAMI-NiO JA1MIRESARIAL
- 10 -
C CONCLUSIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a All present large scale (gt 20 head) cattle activishy
ties in the Chapare are of a breedinq nature speci
fically there are no large-scale fattening activishy
ties
are from the rvjionsb The principil sourcet- of cattle
of Purists Arani and Cliza Ineothorjic valleys and
the Depirtment of Santa Cr
C The most polpular typ -f paLture in the Chapa re i
and kudzu Lill]per orlnan aSOCi LiOfl Of bt i
well with good r nt (ic fiel d rotZLion
p urinig ni(ht and rainy day
weeding etc) With proper fldfld(omeiQ U t i i8 tutishy
ma td that e8 illdLUn the Cha rC CAnl 11t f roIA
prevention of la at on-
eiyhtL Z(Ier ears
d The ue ul I ampciInll(17 for land clearin o088 arit
and adviilbh if it is perforited in accordace wi th
Wc- lh kaldtechnical criLria (ie not duri ng WkL
care not to detroy natural drainage wyiln8taking
etc)
a Wire fence are nucusiary for cattl brcudingiashy
tening activitLi in the Chapare
f Puromiel einp loyc(d to operate ratnch t v inotly
frOZl tiiiw li
g In gunwra l rincle do not have corra l or cruhe
ill the Clhai y Wtelfo i t-Iartcdh Exi tLIll(I cattt1 e r a nche t
as marginal uconldary act itiiLn by litiople wloc 0
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 13 -
D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESARIAL
-4shy
brought from Cochabamba of which eight died as a
consequence of tick born diseases and climate The
remaining group of twelve cebu cows from Santa Cruz
were imported two months ago but are still wild and
afraid of people The condition of Manicones cattle
in general was observed to be excellent Cattle are
mostly docile even though they are handled by an indishy
vidual with limited experience and training Technical
and veterinary assistance is provided by Dr H Mogroshy
ve3o of MACA
This breeding operation is oriented to the production
of beef this is why current milkcheese production is
to clear some additionalminimal The owner expects
30-40 hectares to increase the size of his pasturelands
and herd At present he is not interesed in participatshy
ing in a steerfattening project
2 Aurora
The owners of this property are Ing Hector Vargas and
Mathias Bentrop who also operate the Centra Agropecuashy
rio Los Andes in the city of Cochabamba As in other
cases the principal income generating activities of
these individuals do not appear to be cattl growing
Aurora is located in the Chimor6 area (reqion 8) Thu
operation wa tarLud in 1976 on a 900 huctare concu-ion
Presently Lhere arc ome 200 hectares of cleared larnd
and about 160 hectlareui with iproved pIasturus Ptue
imlnplantation co t[ have reportedlv been hiteh ciu-s1
land clearing machinery fertilizer and lime were ucl
Twenty hectares of a brachiariakuJzu association estashy
blished four years ago were found o be in good condition
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO -5-
No drainage problems were found with the exception
of the lower pastures
The operation was started with 70 head cf cross bred
cebu cattle brought froi Beni for fattening Reportedly
there was much difficulty in handling the generally
wild-Beni cattle Because of this problem fattening
activities were discontinued At present Aurora has
90 head of cattle brought from Beni for both breeding
and fattening purposes
During the last three years Aurora has not been able to
excessivesow new pastures because of lack of labor and
rainfall Some sixty hectares are reidy for sowing
when weather permits The owners of Aurora expressed that
they entered the Chapare with limited knowledqe ana
experience i pasture and cattle management However
by now they believe to have learned enough to look conshy
fidently into the future At present because of t-hir
expansion plans they are not interested in particishyown
pating in any steer fattening projects nor in selling
or renting their property
3 Olmos
a cattle breeding operation whichMr German Olinos has
(region 8)is located 7 kins north-east of Valle Ivirza
lie has twenty five two-three year old cows and onu bull
which wuer brought from Beni when they were eight 1onths
old It was noted that of the initial shipmunt from leni
died as a consequence of poor transportaLionseven head
conditions
This property consists of a 200-hectare concession of
ASESORA MlENTO EAIIRESARIAL SA
-6shy
which twenty are cleared Four hectares of stargrass
pasture in excellent condition and two hectares of nashy
tural pasture were observed A total of fourteen hecta
res of rice were harvested this year with a yield of
some 500 quintales
Reportedly Mr Olmos plans to sow twenty additional
hectares of stargrass pasture It has not been determishy
ned whether he could be interested in participating in
any steer breedincfattening projects h1owever his proshy
perty is considered to be too small and inadequately
located to be able to play a significant role in a major
cattle project for the Chapare
4 Codex
Codex a private development group which is financed by
some western European donors has a 900-hectare concesshy
sion the Valle Ivirza area At present they have
100 hecCLAi -if natural pastures and 110 head uf cattle
Both )aILur -nd cattle were observed to be in poor
condiJion AI present its executives are seeking donashy
tion ftid Lo continue their operations
Coikx At ishments in the field are raLher liimited
Its main iol t is centered around a muaicail post i-
Valle IviLZ -iich provide a valu ibl service Lo the
pjea i pop)ula lJ of the area However at presenu the
organization lack the necessary managerial and technical
expertise to operate cattle breedingfattening activities
5 Aq roscij t
In order to obtain a $b 250000 loan from BAD to purchase
barbed wire in 1978 eight peasants formed the Sociudad
ASESORAMtENITO EMIRISA RIA L SA
-7 -
Cooperativa Agro-Forestal Sajta located 11 kms southshy
east of Valle Ivirza Each one of the members of this
organization has approximately one hundred hectares
One of the members is Rc erto Fiesta who has eighty
head of adult cattle and fifteen hectares of natural
yearsgrassland iiproved pastures were sown seven ago
but due to heavy stocking have been mostly lost The
excellentcondition of the animals was observed to be
being adequately handled and fed The existing natural
in condition to overstockingpastures are good but due
they are will become useless in the near future However
Mr Fiesta reported that the cnoperative members are
planning to etblish one hundred additional hectares
of pastures This farmer showed much interest in ruceiv
ing technical assistance According to BAB Mr Flieta
has proven to be one of their best clients Because of
these reasons this farmer could be usefully employed
as a paraprofessional in cattle-related activities in
the Valle Ivirza area
Another cooperative member is N Chac6n who has 120
fifteen hectares of natural grasslandhead of cattle and
This farmer has one hectare of merkeron grass which has
not yet been grazed In general the natural gras slands
of this farmer were obs-erved to be in bad condition due
mainly to inadequate management and overs tocki ng
In a 11 the rilnchu of the coope rat ive membe r it was
machineryobserved that land was cleared without with
no treenumerous tree trunk left in the field but
left to provide hade for the cattle In all ca the
source of the animals was identified as the Cochabatiba
valley and that they had originally suffered heavy lossshy
as from tick born diseases and climate
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
5 San Mateo
This 420-hectare property located 12 kms northwest
of Ibuelo initially belonged to Franz E Mthler who
developed it gradually util it had one hundred hectares
of pasturolandn HIoaever because of his inability to
pay back a bank loan this property was taken over by
the Banco do Brasil which is the present owner Reportshy
edly the bank intends to sell the property at a price
of $b 40000ha
After a visit to this property it was seen that no
pasturelands remain all of them havi~ig been covered
with secondary foreL growth However most of the barbed
wire fences remain in place
6 flatunchaco
This propurty belongs to some of the Directors of the
Banco do Cochabaiba It is located 30 km north of the
Chipiriri experimental station (area 4) and it i 200
area some W)ortshyhectares in with 100 hectares clared
edly this group is short of capital for purchasing catshy
tle
B SMALL FARMS
1 Farm a
This farm Is located in Chimor6 - Senda A its owner
being ia mumber of the Asociaci6n do Ganaderos d Chinioshy
r6
It was observed that the farm ha 34 ha of kudzu asshy
sociated with brachiaria In excellent condition and
ASESORAMtlINIO EMPRESARIAL SA
-9 shy
two cows one 1Holstein and one Brown Swiss cebu cross
provided by the heifer project The condition of these
animals was considored to be excellent
to be Ltthered for pasturing beingCattle were seen
takea care of by female members of the family and chil
dren It was expressed by the woman in charge of the
animals that the principal constraints that limit the
the lack of barbed wire forincrease of this here is
fencing She indicated much interest in obtaining
credit for the purchase of wire
2 Farm b
some two kms west of ShinahotaThis farm is located
Its owner has both pigs and cattle The pigs are bred
and fattened in a rudimentary fashion and the cattle
are held only for short periods of time to be louqhtshy
cred and sold to restaurants in Shinahota Obviousl
bol an-i cattle as secondary activithis farm has pijs
)uld not be considered in the implementationties and si
of any of the modules
3 Farm c
from La Jota ExperimentThis farm is located across
Staton and belongs to a religious peasant who do(- not
grow any kind of stimulant (eq coca tea coffee)
he ha s eciali ted i the p)roducLion of ba nana tomashy
toos all(d WLurltwlons An ouLL(inl q two-hectaro j)105shy
tation of bnanas -ociLtd with kudzu Wa o1)---siV(d
at this farm Thu ava ilable kudzu is us d to f-ed four
in gcod conditioncows which were seen to be
SAASISORAMI-NiO JA1MIRESARIAL
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C CONCLUSIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a All present large scale (gt 20 head) cattle activishy
ties in the Chapare are of a breedinq nature speci
fically there are no large-scale fattening activishy
ties
are from the rvjionsb The principil sourcet- of cattle
of Purists Arani and Cliza Ineothorjic valleys and
the Depirtment of Santa Cr
C The most polpular typ -f paLture in the Chapa re i
and kudzu Lill]per orlnan aSOCi LiOfl Of bt i
well with good r nt (ic fiel d rotZLion
p urinig ni(ht and rainy day
weeding etc) With proper fldfld(omeiQ U t i i8 tutishy
ma td that e8 illdLUn the Cha rC CAnl 11t f roIA
prevention of la at on-
eiyhtL Z(Ier ears
d The ue ul I ampciInll(17 for land clearin o088 arit
and adviilbh if it is perforited in accordace wi th
Wc- lh kaldtechnical criLria (ie not duri ng WkL
care not to detroy natural drainage wyiln8taking
etc)
a Wire fence are nucusiary for cattl brcudingiashy
tening activitLi in the Chapare
f Puromiel einp loyc(d to operate ratnch t v inotly
frOZl tiiiw li
g In gunwra l rincle do not have corra l or cruhe
ill the Clhai y Wtelfo i t-Iartcdh Exi tLIll(I cattt1 e r a nche t
as marginal uconldary act itiiLn by litiople wloc 0
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
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D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO -5-
No drainage problems were found with the exception
of the lower pastures
The operation was started with 70 head cf cross bred
cebu cattle brought froi Beni for fattening Reportedly
there was much difficulty in handling the generally
wild-Beni cattle Because of this problem fattening
activities were discontinued At present Aurora has
90 head of cattle brought from Beni for both breeding
and fattening purposes
During the last three years Aurora has not been able to
excessivesow new pastures because of lack of labor and
rainfall Some sixty hectares are reidy for sowing
when weather permits The owners of Aurora expressed that
they entered the Chapare with limited knowledqe ana
experience i pasture and cattle management However
by now they believe to have learned enough to look conshy
fidently into the future At present because of t-hir
expansion plans they are not interested in particishyown
pating in any steer fattening projects nor in selling
or renting their property
3 Olmos
a cattle breeding operation whichMr German Olinos has
(region 8)is located 7 kins north-east of Valle Ivirza
lie has twenty five two-three year old cows and onu bull
which wuer brought from Beni when they were eight 1onths
old It was noted that of the initial shipmunt from leni
died as a consequence of poor transportaLionseven head
conditions
This property consists of a 200-hectare concession of
ASESORA MlENTO EAIIRESARIAL SA
-6shy
which twenty are cleared Four hectares of stargrass
pasture in excellent condition and two hectares of nashy
tural pasture were observed A total of fourteen hecta
res of rice were harvested this year with a yield of
some 500 quintales
Reportedly Mr Olmos plans to sow twenty additional
hectares of stargrass pasture It has not been determishy
ned whether he could be interested in participating in
any steer breedincfattening projects h1owever his proshy
perty is considered to be too small and inadequately
located to be able to play a significant role in a major
cattle project for the Chapare
4 Codex
Codex a private development group which is financed by
some western European donors has a 900-hectare concesshy
sion the Valle Ivirza area At present they have
100 hecCLAi -if natural pastures and 110 head uf cattle
Both )aILur -nd cattle were observed to be in poor
condiJion AI present its executives are seeking donashy
tion ftid Lo continue their operations
Coikx At ishments in the field are raLher liimited
Its main iol t is centered around a muaicail post i-
Valle IviLZ -iich provide a valu ibl service Lo the
pjea i pop)ula lJ of the area However at presenu the
organization lack the necessary managerial and technical
expertise to operate cattle breedingfattening activities
5 Aq roscij t
In order to obtain a $b 250000 loan from BAD to purchase
barbed wire in 1978 eight peasants formed the Sociudad
ASESORAMtENITO EMIRISA RIA L SA
-7 -
Cooperativa Agro-Forestal Sajta located 11 kms southshy
east of Valle Ivirza Each one of the members of this
organization has approximately one hundred hectares
One of the members is Rc erto Fiesta who has eighty
head of adult cattle and fifteen hectares of natural
yearsgrassland iiproved pastures were sown seven ago
but due to heavy stocking have been mostly lost The
excellentcondition of the animals was observed to be
being adequately handled and fed The existing natural
in condition to overstockingpastures are good but due
they are will become useless in the near future However
Mr Fiesta reported that the cnoperative members are
planning to etblish one hundred additional hectares
of pastures This farmer showed much interest in ruceiv
ing technical assistance According to BAB Mr Flieta
has proven to be one of their best clients Because of
these reasons this farmer could be usefully employed
as a paraprofessional in cattle-related activities in
the Valle Ivirza area
Another cooperative member is N Chac6n who has 120
fifteen hectares of natural grasslandhead of cattle and
This farmer has one hectare of merkeron grass which has
not yet been grazed In general the natural gras slands
of this farmer were obs-erved to be in bad condition due
mainly to inadequate management and overs tocki ng
In a 11 the rilnchu of the coope rat ive membe r it was
machineryobserved that land was cleared without with
no treenumerous tree trunk left in the field but
left to provide hade for the cattle In all ca the
source of the animals was identified as the Cochabatiba
valley and that they had originally suffered heavy lossshy
as from tick born diseases and climate
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
5 San Mateo
This 420-hectare property located 12 kms northwest
of Ibuelo initially belonged to Franz E Mthler who
developed it gradually util it had one hundred hectares
of pasturolandn HIoaever because of his inability to
pay back a bank loan this property was taken over by
the Banco do Brasil which is the present owner Reportshy
edly the bank intends to sell the property at a price
of $b 40000ha
After a visit to this property it was seen that no
pasturelands remain all of them havi~ig been covered
with secondary foreL growth However most of the barbed
wire fences remain in place
6 flatunchaco
This propurty belongs to some of the Directors of the
Banco do Cochabaiba It is located 30 km north of the
Chipiriri experimental station (area 4) and it i 200
area some W)ortshyhectares in with 100 hectares clared
edly this group is short of capital for purchasing catshy
tle
B SMALL FARMS
1 Farm a
This farm Is located in Chimor6 - Senda A its owner
being ia mumber of the Asociaci6n do Ganaderos d Chinioshy
r6
It was observed that the farm ha 34 ha of kudzu asshy
sociated with brachiaria In excellent condition and
ASESORAMtlINIO EMPRESARIAL SA
-9 shy
two cows one 1Holstein and one Brown Swiss cebu cross
provided by the heifer project The condition of these
animals was considored to be excellent
to be Ltthered for pasturing beingCattle were seen
takea care of by female members of the family and chil
dren It was expressed by the woman in charge of the
animals that the principal constraints that limit the
the lack of barbed wire forincrease of this here is
fencing She indicated much interest in obtaining
credit for the purchase of wire
2 Farm b
some two kms west of ShinahotaThis farm is located
Its owner has both pigs and cattle The pigs are bred
and fattened in a rudimentary fashion and the cattle
are held only for short periods of time to be louqhtshy
cred and sold to restaurants in Shinahota Obviousl
bol an-i cattle as secondary activithis farm has pijs
)uld not be considered in the implementationties and si
of any of the modules
3 Farm c
from La Jota ExperimentThis farm is located across
Staton and belongs to a religious peasant who do(- not
grow any kind of stimulant (eq coca tea coffee)
he ha s eciali ted i the p)roducLion of ba nana tomashy
toos all(d WLurltwlons An ouLL(inl q two-hectaro j)105shy
tation of bnanas -ociLtd with kudzu Wa o1)---siV(d
at this farm Thu ava ilable kudzu is us d to f-ed four
in gcod conditioncows which were seen to be
SAASISORAMI-NiO JA1MIRESARIAL
- 10 -
C CONCLUSIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a All present large scale (gt 20 head) cattle activishy
ties in the Chapare are of a breedinq nature speci
fically there are no large-scale fattening activishy
ties
are from the rvjionsb The principil sourcet- of cattle
of Purists Arani and Cliza Ineothorjic valleys and
the Depirtment of Santa Cr
C The most polpular typ -f paLture in the Chapa re i
and kudzu Lill]per orlnan aSOCi LiOfl Of bt i
well with good r nt (ic fiel d rotZLion
p urinig ni(ht and rainy day
weeding etc) With proper fldfld(omeiQ U t i i8 tutishy
ma td that e8 illdLUn the Cha rC CAnl 11t f roIA
prevention of la at on-
eiyhtL Z(Ier ears
d The ue ul I ampciInll(17 for land clearin o088 arit
and adviilbh if it is perforited in accordace wi th
Wc- lh kaldtechnical criLria (ie not duri ng WkL
care not to detroy natural drainage wyiln8taking
etc)
a Wire fence are nucusiary for cattl brcudingiashy
tening activitLi in the Chapare
f Puromiel einp loyc(d to operate ratnch t v inotly
frOZl tiiiw li
g In gunwra l rincle do not have corra l or cruhe
ill the Clhai y Wtelfo i t-Iartcdh Exi tLIll(I cattt1 e r a nche t
as marginal uconldary act itiiLn by litiople wloc 0
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 13 -
D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORA MlENTO EAIIRESARIAL SA
-6shy
which twenty are cleared Four hectares of stargrass
pasture in excellent condition and two hectares of nashy
tural pasture were observed A total of fourteen hecta
res of rice were harvested this year with a yield of
some 500 quintales
Reportedly Mr Olmos plans to sow twenty additional
hectares of stargrass pasture It has not been determishy
ned whether he could be interested in participating in
any steer breedincfattening projects h1owever his proshy
perty is considered to be too small and inadequately
located to be able to play a significant role in a major
cattle project for the Chapare
4 Codex
Codex a private development group which is financed by
some western European donors has a 900-hectare concesshy
sion the Valle Ivirza area At present they have
100 hecCLAi -if natural pastures and 110 head uf cattle
Both )aILur -nd cattle were observed to be in poor
condiJion AI present its executives are seeking donashy
tion ftid Lo continue their operations
Coikx At ishments in the field are raLher liimited
Its main iol t is centered around a muaicail post i-
Valle IviLZ -iich provide a valu ibl service Lo the
pjea i pop)ula lJ of the area However at presenu the
organization lack the necessary managerial and technical
expertise to operate cattle breedingfattening activities
5 Aq roscij t
In order to obtain a $b 250000 loan from BAD to purchase
barbed wire in 1978 eight peasants formed the Sociudad
ASESORAMtENITO EMIRISA RIA L SA
-7 -
Cooperativa Agro-Forestal Sajta located 11 kms southshy
east of Valle Ivirza Each one of the members of this
organization has approximately one hundred hectares
One of the members is Rc erto Fiesta who has eighty
head of adult cattle and fifteen hectares of natural
yearsgrassland iiproved pastures were sown seven ago
but due to heavy stocking have been mostly lost The
excellentcondition of the animals was observed to be
being adequately handled and fed The existing natural
in condition to overstockingpastures are good but due
they are will become useless in the near future However
Mr Fiesta reported that the cnoperative members are
planning to etblish one hundred additional hectares
of pastures This farmer showed much interest in ruceiv
ing technical assistance According to BAB Mr Flieta
has proven to be one of their best clients Because of
these reasons this farmer could be usefully employed
as a paraprofessional in cattle-related activities in
the Valle Ivirza area
Another cooperative member is N Chac6n who has 120
fifteen hectares of natural grasslandhead of cattle and
This farmer has one hectare of merkeron grass which has
not yet been grazed In general the natural gras slands
of this farmer were obs-erved to be in bad condition due
mainly to inadequate management and overs tocki ng
In a 11 the rilnchu of the coope rat ive membe r it was
machineryobserved that land was cleared without with
no treenumerous tree trunk left in the field but
left to provide hade for the cattle In all ca the
source of the animals was identified as the Cochabatiba
valley and that they had originally suffered heavy lossshy
as from tick born diseases and climate
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
5 San Mateo
This 420-hectare property located 12 kms northwest
of Ibuelo initially belonged to Franz E Mthler who
developed it gradually util it had one hundred hectares
of pasturolandn HIoaever because of his inability to
pay back a bank loan this property was taken over by
the Banco do Brasil which is the present owner Reportshy
edly the bank intends to sell the property at a price
of $b 40000ha
After a visit to this property it was seen that no
pasturelands remain all of them havi~ig been covered
with secondary foreL growth However most of the barbed
wire fences remain in place
6 flatunchaco
This propurty belongs to some of the Directors of the
Banco do Cochabaiba It is located 30 km north of the
Chipiriri experimental station (area 4) and it i 200
area some W)ortshyhectares in with 100 hectares clared
edly this group is short of capital for purchasing catshy
tle
B SMALL FARMS
1 Farm a
This farm Is located in Chimor6 - Senda A its owner
being ia mumber of the Asociaci6n do Ganaderos d Chinioshy
r6
It was observed that the farm ha 34 ha of kudzu asshy
sociated with brachiaria In excellent condition and
ASESORAMtlINIO EMPRESARIAL SA
-9 shy
two cows one 1Holstein and one Brown Swiss cebu cross
provided by the heifer project The condition of these
animals was considored to be excellent
to be Ltthered for pasturing beingCattle were seen
takea care of by female members of the family and chil
dren It was expressed by the woman in charge of the
animals that the principal constraints that limit the
the lack of barbed wire forincrease of this here is
fencing She indicated much interest in obtaining
credit for the purchase of wire
2 Farm b
some two kms west of ShinahotaThis farm is located
Its owner has both pigs and cattle The pigs are bred
and fattened in a rudimentary fashion and the cattle
are held only for short periods of time to be louqhtshy
cred and sold to restaurants in Shinahota Obviousl
bol an-i cattle as secondary activithis farm has pijs
)uld not be considered in the implementationties and si
of any of the modules
3 Farm c
from La Jota ExperimentThis farm is located across
Staton and belongs to a religious peasant who do(- not
grow any kind of stimulant (eq coca tea coffee)
he ha s eciali ted i the p)roducLion of ba nana tomashy
toos all(d WLurltwlons An ouLL(inl q two-hectaro j)105shy
tation of bnanas -ociLtd with kudzu Wa o1)---siV(d
at this farm Thu ava ilable kudzu is us d to f-ed four
in gcod conditioncows which were seen to be
SAASISORAMI-NiO JA1MIRESARIAL
- 10 -
C CONCLUSIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a All present large scale (gt 20 head) cattle activishy
ties in the Chapare are of a breedinq nature speci
fically there are no large-scale fattening activishy
ties
are from the rvjionsb The principil sourcet- of cattle
of Purists Arani and Cliza Ineothorjic valleys and
the Depirtment of Santa Cr
C The most polpular typ -f paLture in the Chapa re i
and kudzu Lill]per orlnan aSOCi LiOfl Of bt i
well with good r nt (ic fiel d rotZLion
p urinig ni(ht and rainy day
weeding etc) With proper fldfld(omeiQ U t i i8 tutishy
ma td that e8 illdLUn the Cha rC CAnl 11t f roIA
prevention of la at on-
eiyhtL Z(Ier ears
d The ue ul I ampciInll(17 for land clearin o088 arit
and adviilbh if it is perforited in accordace wi th
Wc- lh kaldtechnical criLria (ie not duri ng WkL
care not to detroy natural drainage wyiln8taking
etc)
a Wire fence are nucusiary for cattl brcudingiashy
tening activitLi in the Chapare
f Puromiel einp loyc(d to operate ratnch t v inotly
frOZl tiiiw li
g In gunwra l rincle do not have corra l or cruhe
ill the Clhai y Wtelfo i t-Iartcdh Exi tLIll(I cattt1 e r a nche t
as marginal uconldary act itiiLn by litiople wloc 0
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 13 -
D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMtENITO EMIRISA RIA L SA
-7 -
Cooperativa Agro-Forestal Sajta located 11 kms southshy
east of Valle Ivirza Each one of the members of this
organization has approximately one hundred hectares
One of the members is Rc erto Fiesta who has eighty
head of adult cattle and fifteen hectares of natural
yearsgrassland iiproved pastures were sown seven ago
but due to heavy stocking have been mostly lost The
excellentcondition of the animals was observed to be
being adequately handled and fed The existing natural
in condition to overstockingpastures are good but due
they are will become useless in the near future However
Mr Fiesta reported that the cnoperative members are
planning to etblish one hundred additional hectares
of pastures This farmer showed much interest in ruceiv
ing technical assistance According to BAB Mr Flieta
has proven to be one of their best clients Because of
these reasons this farmer could be usefully employed
as a paraprofessional in cattle-related activities in
the Valle Ivirza area
Another cooperative member is N Chac6n who has 120
fifteen hectares of natural grasslandhead of cattle and
This farmer has one hectare of merkeron grass which has
not yet been grazed In general the natural gras slands
of this farmer were obs-erved to be in bad condition due
mainly to inadequate management and overs tocki ng
In a 11 the rilnchu of the coope rat ive membe r it was
machineryobserved that land was cleared without with
no treenumerous tree trunk left in the field but
left to provide hade for the cattle In all ca the
source of the animals was identified as the Cochabatiba
valley and that they had originally suffered heavy lossshy
as from tick born diseases and climate
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
5 San Mateo
This 420-hectare property located 12 kms northwest
of Ibuelo initially belonged to Franz E Mthler who
developed it gradually util it had one hundred hectares
of pasturolandn HIoaever because of his inability to
pay back a bank loan this property was taken over by
the Banco do Brasil which is the present owner Reportshy
edly the bank intends to sell the property at a price
of $b 40000ha
After a visit to this property it was seen that no
pasturelands remain all of them havi~ig been covered
with secondary foreL growth However most of the barbed
wire fences remain in place
6 flatunchaco
This propurty belongs to some of the Directors of the
Banco do Cochabaiba It is located 30 km north of the
Chipiriri experimental station (area 4) and it i 200
area some W)ortshyhectares in with 100 hectares clared
edly this group is short of capital for purchasing catshy
tle
B SMALL FARMS
1 Farm a
This farm Is located in Chimor6 - Senda A its owner
being ia mumber of the Asociaci6n do Ganaderos d Chinioshy
r6
It was observed that the farm ha 34 ha of kudzu asshy
sociated with brachiaria In excellent condition and
ASESORAMtlINIO EMPRESARIAL SA
-9 shy
two cows one 1Holstein and one Brown Swiss cebu cross
provided by the heifer project The condition of these
animals was considored to be excellent
to be Ltthered for pasturing beingCattle were seen
takea care of by female members of the family and chil
dren It was expressed by the woman in charge of the
animals that the principal constraints that limit the
the lack of barbed wire forincrease of this here is
fencing She indicated much interest in obtaining
credit for the purchase of wire
2 Farm b
some two kms west of ShinahotaThis farm is located
Its owner has both pigs and cattle The pigs are bred
and fattened in a rudimentary fashion and the cattle
are held only for short periods of time to be louqhtshy
cred and sold to restaurants in Shinahota Obviousl
bol an-i cattle as secondary activithis farm has pijs
)uld not be considered in the implementationties and si
of any of the modules
3 Farm c
from La Jota ExperimentThis farm is located across
Staton and belongs to a religious peasant who do(- not
grow any kind of stimulant (eq coca tea coffee)
he ha s eciali ted i the p)roducLion of ba nana tomashy
toos all(d WLurltwlons An ouLL(inl q two-hectaro j)105shy
tation of bnanas -ociLtd with kudzu Wa o1)---siV(d
at this farm Thu ava ilable kudzu is us d to f-ed four
in gcod conditioncows which were seen to be
SAASISORAMI-NiO JA1MIRESARIAL
- 10 -
C CONCLUSIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a All present large scale (gt 20 head) cattle activishy
ties in the Chapare are of a breedinq nature speci
fically there are no large-scale fattening activishy
ties
are from the rvjionsb The principil sourcet- of cattle
of Purists Arani and Cliza Ineothorjic valleys and
the Depirtment of Santa Cr
C The most polpular typ -f paLture in the Chapa re i
and kudzu Lill]per orlnan aSOCi LiOfl Of bt i
well with good r nt (ic fiel d rotZLion
p urinig ni(ht and rainy day
weeding etc) With proper fldfld(omeiQ U t i i8 tutishy
ma td that e8 illdLUn the Cha rC CAnl 11t f roIA
prevention of la at on-
eiyhtL Z(Ier ears
d The ue ul I ampciInll(17 for land clearin o088 arit
and adviilbh if it is perforited in accordace wi th
Wc- lh kaldtechnical criLria (ie not duri ng WkL
care not to detroy natural drainage wyiln8taking
etc)
a Wire fence are nucusiary for cattl brcudingiashy
tening activitLi in the Chapare
f Puromiel einp loyc(d to operate ratnch t v inotly
frOZl tiiiw li
g In gunwra l rincle do not have corra l or cruhe
ill the Clhai y Wtelfo i t-Iartcdh Exi tLIll(I cattt1 e r a nche t
as marginal uconldary act itiiLn by litiople wloc 0
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 13 -
D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
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1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
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tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
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(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
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tl7
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4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
5 San Mateo
This 420-hectare property located 12 kms northwest
of Ibuelo initially belonged to Franz E Mthler who
developed it gradually util it had one hundred hectares
of pasturolandn HIoaever because of his inability to
pay back a bank loan this property was taken over by
the Banco do Brasil which is the present owner Reportshy
edly the bank intends to sell the property at a price
of $b 40000ha
After a visit to this property it was seen that no
pasturelands remain all of them havi~ig been covered
with secondary foreL growth However most of the barbed
wire fences remain in place
6 flatunchaco
This propurty belongs to some of the Directors of the
Banco do Cochabaiba It is located 30 km north of the
Chipiriri experimental station (area 4) and it i 200
area some W)ortshyhectares in with 100 hectares clared
edly this group is short of capital for purchasing catshy
tle
B SMALL FARMS
1 Farm a
This farm Is located in Chimor6 - Senda A its owner
being ia mumber of the Asociaci6n do Ganaderos d Chinioshy
r6
It was observed that the farm ha 34 ha of kudzu asshy
sociated with brachiaria In excellent condition and
ASESORAMtlINIO EMPRESARIAL SA
-9 shy
two cows one 1Holstein and one Brown Swiss cebu cross
provided by the heifer project The condition of these
animals was considored to be excellent
to be Ltthered for pasturing beingCattle were seen
takea care of by female members of the family and chil
dren It was expressed by the woman in charge of the
animals that the principal constraints that limit the
the lack of barbed wire forincrease of this here is
fencing She indicated much interest in obtaining
credit for the purchase of wire
2 Farm b
some two kms west of ShinahotaThis farm is located
Its owner has both pigs and cattle The pigs are bred
and fattened in a rudimentary fashion and the cattle
are held only for short periods of time to be louqhtshy
cred and sold to restaurants in Shinahota Obviousl
bol an-i cattle as secondary activithis farm has pijs
)uld not be considered in the implementationties and si
of any of the modules
3 Farm c
from La Jota ExperimentThis farm is located across
Staton and belongs to a religious peasant who do(- not
grow any kind of stimulant (eq coca tea coffee)
he ha s eciali ted i the p)roducLion of ba nana tomashy
toos all(d WLurltwlons An ouLL(inl q two-hectaro j)105shy
tation of bnanas -ociLtd with kudzu Wa o1)---siV(d
at this farm Thu ava ilable kudzu is us d to f-ed four
in gcod conditioncows which were seen to be
SAASISORAMI-NiO JA1MIRESARIAL
- 10 -
C CONCLUSIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a All present large scale (gt 20 head) cattle activishy
ties in the Chapare are of a breedinq nature speci
fically there are no large-scale fattening activishy
ties
are from the rvjionsb The principil sourcet- of cattle
of Purists Arani and Cliza Ineothorjic valleys and
the Depirtment of Santa Cr
C The most polpular typ -f paLture in the Chapa re i
and kudzu Lill]per orlnan aSOCi LiOfl Of bt i
well with good r nt (ic fiel d rotZLion
p urinig ni(ht and rainy day
weeding etc) With proper fldfld(omeiQ U t i i8 tutishy
ma td that e8 illdLUn the Cha rC CAnl 11t f roIA
prevention of la at on-
eiyhtL Z(Ier ears
d The ue ul I ampciInll(17 for land clearin o088 arit
and adviilbh if it is perforited in accordace wi th
Wc- lh kaldtechnical criLria (ie not duri ng WkL
care not to detroy natural drainage wyiln8taking
etc)
a Wire fence are nucusiary for cattl brcudingiashy
tening activitLi in the Chapare
f Puromiel einp loyc(d to operate ratnch t v inotly
frOZl tiiiw li
g In gunwra l rincle do not have corra l or cruhe
ill the Clhai y Wtelfo i t-Iartcdh Exi tLIll(I cattt1 e r a nche t
as marginal uconldary act itiiLn by litiople wloc 0
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 13 -
D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMtlINIO EMPRESARIAL SA
-9 shy
two cows one 1Holstein and one Brown Swiss cebu cross
provided by the heifer project The condition of these
animals was considored to be excellent
to be Ltthered for pasturing beingCattle were seen
takea care of by female members of the family and chil
dren It was expressed by the woman in charge of the
animals that the principal constraints that limit the
the lack of barbed wire forincrease of this here is
fencing She indicated much interest in obtaining
credit for the purchase of wire
2 Farm b
some two kms west of ShinahotaThis farm is located
Its owner has both pigs and cattle The pigs are bred
and fattened in a rudimentary fashion and the cattle
are held only for short periods of time to be louqhtshy
cred and sold to restaurants in Shinahota Obviousl
bol an-i cattle as secondary activithis farm has pijs
)uld not be considered in the implementationties and si
of any of the modules
3 Farm c
from La Jota ExperimentThis farm is located across
Staton and belongs to a religious peasant who do(- not
grow any kind of stimulant (eq coca tea coffee)
he ha s eciali ted i the p)roducLion of ba nana tomashy
toos all(d WLurltwlons An ouLL(inl q two-hectaro j)105shy
tation of bnanas -ociLtd with kudzu Wa o1)---siV(d
at this farm Thu ava ilable kudzu is us d to f-ed four
in gcod conditioncows which were seen to be
SAASISORAMI-NiO JA1MIRESARIAL
- 10 -
C CONCLUSIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a All present large scale (gt 20 head) cattle activishy
ties in the Chapare are of a breedinq nature speci
fically there are no large-scale fattening activishy
ties
are from the rvjionsb The principil sourcet- of cattle
of Purists Arani and Cliza Ineothorjic valleys and
the Depirtment of Santa Cr
C The most polpular typ -f paLture in the Chapa re i
and kudzu Lill]per orlnan aSOCi LiOfl Of bt i
well with good r nt (ic fiel d rotZLion
p urinig ni(ht and rainy day
weeding etc) With proper fldfld(omeiQ U t i i8 tutishy
ma td that e8 illdLUn the Cha rC CAnl 11t f roIA
prevention of la at on-
eiyhtL Z(Ier ears
d The ue ul I ampciInll(17 for land clearin o088 arit
and adviilbh if it is perforited in accordace wi th
Wc- lh kaldtechnical criLria (ie not duri ng WkL
care not to detroy natural drainage wyiln8taking
etc)
a Wire fence are nucusiary for cattl brcudingiashy
tening activitLi in the Chapare
f Puromiel einp loyc(d to operate ratnch t v inotly
frOZl tiiiw li
g In gunwra l rincle do not have corra l or cruhe
ill the Clhai y Wtelfo i t-Iartcdh Exi tLIll(I cattt1 e r a nche t
as marginal uconldary act itiiLn by litiople wloc 0
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 13 -
D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASISORAMI-NiO JA1MIRESARIAL
- 10 -
C CONCLUSIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a All present large scale (gt 20 head) cattle activishy
ties in the Chapare are of a breedinq nature speci
fically there are no large-scale fattening activishy
ties
are from the rvjionsb The principil sourcet- of cattle
of Purists Arani and Cliza Ineothorjic valleys and
the Depirtment of Santa Cr
C The most polpular typ -f paLture in the Chapa re i
and kudzu Lill]per orlnan aSOCi LiOfl Of bt i
well with good r nt (ic fiel d rotZLion
p urinig ni(ht and rainy day
weeding etc) With proper fldfld(omeiQ U t i i8 tutishy
ma td that e8 illdLUn the Cha rC CAnl 11t f roIA
prevention of la at on-
eiyhtL Z(Ier ears
d The ue ul I ampciInll(17 for land clearin o088 arit
and adviilbh if it is perforited in accordace wi th
Wc- lh kaldtechnical criLria (ie not duri ng WkL
care not to detroy natural drainage wyiln8taking
etc)
a Wire fence are nucusiary for cattl brcudingiashy
tening activitLi in the Chapare
f Puromiel einp loyc(d to operate ratnch t v inotly
frOZl tiiiw li
g In gunwra l rincle do not have corra l or cruhe
ill the Clhai y Wtelfo i t-Iartcdh Exi tLIll(I cattt1 e r a nche t
as marginal uconldary act itiiLn by litiople wloc 0
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 13 -
D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
__
IEORA4M1VNTO AUPRESBid L $-As4~~ MX
deg r
main sources of income are in other areas and who have generally speaking lacked sufficient technical expertise and financing These existing ranches are not profitable
i At present no large-scale cattle growingfattening operation in the Chapare can be profitable because of the high investment costs i6 land clearing pasture establishment and the construction of tho
necessary infrastructure
2 Small Farms
a Cattle in the Chapare are predominantly crosses of
Holstein and criollo breeds bought in the Cochabam
ba valleys There are also some head of Brown Swiss
oebu cattle brought from Santa Crux these are doing
extremely well In the Chapare
b Mortality rates among pure Holstains are high (S0)
especially among those animals which are brought
Into the Chapare without being previously Immunized
Some cattle brought from the Msothermic valleys
were observed to be resistant to tick related disa
goe
a The association of brachiaria and kudzu is predomi-ss
nant in the region With proper management these
pastures can be kept In excellent condition for up
to ton years In general small farmers keep their
pastures In better condition than the larger cattle ranches
d Pastures do not have an enough largo trees left to
provide shade for cattle
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 13 -
D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 12 shy
e Pastures generally have adequate supplies of water
for cattle
f Cattle are tended by the female members of the fashy
mily as well as by children
g In general farmers do not have corrals crushes
or fencing because of this cattle breedingfattenshy
ing activities require increased time and effort
from peasant families
h Sanitary care for small cattle growers is provided
by Dr 11 Mogrovejo and Mr Rom6n sxllca a peasant
from the ChimorC area This care involves monthly
spraying against tick and yearly vaccinations
against foot and mouth disease rabies and anthrax
Adult cows are vaccinated against brucelosis Anishy
mals are no treated for parasites nor are they
castrated
i Small farmc s prefer to purchase breeding heifers
rather than steers for fattening or oxen for animal
traction
j The average size of pastures is estimated to range
between 12 to 2 12 hectares while the stocking
rate is estimated to be two head per hectare of
pasture
k rhe principal limiting constraints to the developshy
ment of cattle breedingfattening activities in the
Chaparu are the lack of efficient channels for the
provision of fencing wire animals and grass seeds
of poor animal quality and inadequate pastu1 Because
ros milk production is minimal
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 13 -
D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 13 -
D RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Cattle Ranches
a These ranches should modify their current opera
tions moving to steer fattening rather than breedshy
ing By doing this they would make better prcGits
this is so because these operations already have
cleared lands fences and established pastures
Appropiate steers for fattening can be obtained
in the Department of Beni
b With reference to pastures with proper management
there are few problems For ranches with more than
20 hectares of pastures it is recommended that
weed control be done with tractors It is also
recommended that brachiaria associated with kudzu
pastures are best suited to the area
c If cattle are brought from the Beni to start with
they should be handled by personnel with horses
d Adequate corrals with crushes should be constructshy
ed in all ranches to facilitate sanitary control
and vaccinations Likewise pastures should be
properly divided by fences to make rotation posshy
sible
e Steers brought from Beni should be castrated one
month after arrivil vaccinated against foot and mouth
a yeardisease three times a year against rabies once
and against hematic carbuncle once a year sprayed
against tick when considered necessary treacd for
parasites and provided with adequate supplies of
mineral salts
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
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SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
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SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
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+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
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DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
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R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
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ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
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ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 14 shy
f It will be necessary to register cattle brands
g In relation to breeds it is recommended that crossshy
bred cebu cattle be employed they are better adapted
to the region
h With refererence to land clearing activities for
pasture establishment on a large scale it is esshy
sential that appropriate technology be used Due to
the lack of labor and the relative short period of
time in which there is adequate weather conditions
for operations in the Chapare it is necessary to use
machinery However it is doubtful that major land
clearing efforts could be economically justified It
could prove to be economic that pasture establishshy
ment activities be carried out together with rice
production For the establishment of pasture in conshy
junction with rice it is recommended that two kgs of
brachiaria and two kgs of kudzu seed be employed per
hectare assuming a germination rate of at least 85
ppr cent
i For the provision of veterinary assistance it is
important that each farm or a group of them hire its
own veterinarian
2 Small Farms
a It is recommended that rather than steer fattening
cattle breeding for the production of beef and milk
be undertaken by small farmers in the Chapare This
recommendation is based on the following arguments
1) If only steer fattening activities aru undertaken
the regions cattle population will not increase
being always dependent on supplies from Beni
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
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2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
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Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
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B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
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C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
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Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
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WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
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ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
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A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
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The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
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ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
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Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 15 shy
2) It is appreciated that peasants will have greater
interest in participating in a program in which
they can breed their own cattle
3) Cattle breeding activities will tend to improve
the nutritional condition of the families milk
will be produced as well as income from the
sale of fattened steers Eventually a cheese inshy
dustry will develop
4) The main source of significant numbers of steers
for fattening is the Beni the problem with these
animals is their wildness this makes them unsuit
able for handling by horseless small farmers
(women and children) Before these animals can
be handled by peasants it is necessary that they
be tamed At present ft is not feasible to estabshy
lish a large-size ranch for taming of these anishy
mals
b These is a need to implement 12 to 2 12 hectare
modules with one to five head of cattle depending
on the individual capacity of the farmer This capashy
city will be determined in accordance with the avaishy
lability of labor economic capacity and the avaishy
lability of infrastructure (fencing corrals ctc)
c It is essential that appropriate pasture management
practices be adopted It is recommended that an asshy
sociation of brachiaria and kudzu be used to estabshy
lish any new pastures
d It is recommended that pasture establishment activi
ties be linked with and clearing and rice producshy
tion activities Specifically brachiaria should be
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
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Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
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B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASl SORA MfINTO EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 16 shy
interplanted with rice after the last hoeing when
the rice is about 30 cms high kudzu can be planted
vegetatively after the rice has been harvested Vegshy
etative planting of kudzu will save time in pasture
establishment Figure 1 shows the recommended process
for pasture establishment
FIGURE 1
PASTURE ESTABLISIIMENT PROCESS FOR SMALL FARMSTshy1 Aprximae citeApril1 to
D cem r Dlirch Ihrch AugustAproximate date Septei~ber Novc bcr
Plant rice sw Harves Plant Land RoadActivity Clear land Brachiaria rice Kudzu Gr
e A maximum stocking rate of two animal units per hectare
of improved pastures is recommended
The cut and carry method of cattle feeding should notf
be considered for the modules This recommendation is
based on the following
1) This feeding method is not practiced at present by
Chapare farmers
2) Given that one adult animal consumes an avurakje of
50 kgs of grass per day the cut and carry feuding
method would require excessive amounts of labor from
women and children
g It is suggested that a Cattle Development Fund be estabshy
lished in the Chapare in the form described in Section
III
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRFSA RIA L
- 17
III CATTLE DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF)
A BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In 980 a Fondo Ganadero (FG) program was started in the Beni
with World Bank support Since then this program has
out approximatelyexperienced continuous growth having lent
12000 head of cattle and sold about 15000 rolls of barber
wire to small cattlemen at below market prices At the end
of 1982 the Beni FG showed a net profit of twenty five
million Bolivian pesos
It is important to point out that the financial positions
of the Beni FG and its borrowers have not been seriously
damaged by the devaluation of the Bolivian peso this from
the fact that loan repayments have been expressed in kiloshy
grams of meat l
(eq nastureA FG is essentially a bank that lends in kind
seeds barbed wire cattle etc) and receives interest
and capital repayments also in kind (ecr meat) The
specially suited to improve welfare conditions ofFG is
is so because it controls speculationsmall cattlemen this
by input merchants also it requlates the price of breeding
and permits the small cattlemenstock and fattening steers steers as inthe sale of finished cattle instead of youna
the past
PG prooram that was initiated in 19601 It nceds to he noted that a
in Santa Cruz has exericnc d financial difficulties l1kever these
provisions were iivi(edifficulties arose becaue in this program no
for the adoption of inc(-we generating activities durinca the initial two
years as a consecquence both the Santa Cruz G and the borrowers have
experienced financial problems
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORA MIENTO EMPRESA RIAL
- 18 -
Through a FG small farmers can
a) Obtain technical a-d financial support b) have an
entity that can obtain funds and channel these to romote
the growth of cattle activities c) increase their cattle
production efficiency d) use more efficiently their land
e) have a low cost and reliable supply source of cattle
and inputs and f) have a viable marketing channel for their
end products
It could have been suggested that a heifer type program (11P)
be implemented to promote small farm cattle activities in
the Chapare H1owever it is considered that a FG approach
a) As opposedis preferable because of the following reasons
FG programs have increased small farmer participationto liP
in ownership and administration b) while liP programs are
farmers FG proqrams aredirected mainly to the poorest
farmer population in generaldirected to serve the small
c) as opposed to FG lIP programs depend on donations of
the formulation of economically soundfunds rather than on
projects and e) FG programs offer the possibility of a
more accelerated and comprehensive development of a regions
cattle breeding fattening potential
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 19 -
B GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Basically the Cattle Development Fund (CDF) will be organshy
ized to help the small farmer (SF) to increase his producshy
tivity and to utilize the capacity of his land by loans
in kind of breeding animals and inputs Technical assist
ance will be provided to help the SF buildup the necessary
infrastructure and veterinary assistance to reduce mortality
and increase production The following items will be financed
in kin~d
1 Heifers and bulls ready for breedingof a type readily
adaptable to the humid tropical conditions of the Chashy
pare
2 Grass seed of Brachiaria decumbens a variety already
well proven in the area
3 Fencing wire (barbed) and the necessary staples
These investments and the necessary technical services will
all be paid for by the SF in kind from his own production
either with animals rice or maize
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMIENTO EMIRSARIAL SA
- 20 -
C CATTLE HERD DEVELOPMENT (See Annex A)
1 Cattle
The program contemplates the purchase of 500 Swissshy
sameBrown-cebu cross of heifers and 25 bulls of the
breed Both heifers and bulls are to be approximately
two years old
These cattle will be purchased in Santa Cruz and transshy
ported to the Chapare within a three year period The
first year105 head will be purchasedthe second and
third year 210 head will be purchased
2 C o s t s
The cost of these cattle are higher than other breeds
because of their dairy origin The heifers will cost
$b 70000 each and the bulls will cost $b 120000 each
These prices include the transport to the Chapare
3 Program
The program contemplates the delivery of two heifers
(on the average) to each selected small farmer (SF)
follow a special program as out-This SF will have to
lined in Section IV and return to the CDF one heifer
and one steer of about 2 years old in year 3 and anoshy
ther heiferalso of about 2 years old in year 4
In this manner the CDF not only maintains the original
number of 500 heifers but also increases thie number
of modules of two heifers each to every SF At the end
of year 8 the number of new participating SF or modushy
les will increase to 512 besides the original 250
modules (See Annex B)
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
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i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
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4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 21 -
With respect to the bulls these will be delivered
also to selected small farmers at the rate of one
for every 20 heifers
These SF will in turn hire for a small charge the bulls to
the other SF who have heifers but no bulls
As the CDF alse replaces the bulls every 3 years
it increases the herd continuously At the end of
year 8 the total number of steers that reached the
market will increase to 563 (See Annex C)
D FINANCIAL PROJECTIOlS
1 Infrastructure
The cost of the required infrastructure has not been
charged to the Project as it is hoped that one of the
entities already established in the Chapare such as
the Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE IBTA etc
awill provide these items or that it is treated as
separate Project that will provide services to the
various Chapare Projects
Regardless of the source the following items will be
required in year 1
A four wheeled traction vehicle for the technicians
A house for the technicians
Furniture and equipment for the house
An office for the Project
Office equipment
A storage barn for inputs
Veterinary equipment
Other items
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 22 -
Provision is to be made for approximately the same
items and cost ($b 20 millon) after four or five years
to accomodate the increase of technicians and office
personnel
2 Fixed Capital Requirements (See Annex B)
The requirement for fixed capital is for the purchase
of the 500 heifers and the 25 bulls This requirement
of which 5 is contributed by the CDF is needed in
years 12 and 3
Operating Capital Requirements (See Annex B)3
The requirement for operating capital is for inputs and
is needed only in year 0 ($b 18 millon of which 5
is contributed by the CDF)
a) Inputs Thbe requirements of operating capital for
the purchase of inputs will be $b 1778000 in year
0 for the initial 50 modules This amount will purshy
per kilo barhedchase Brachiaria seed at $b 2700
per kilo and fencing stat)les at $bwire at $b 18
will financed450 a kilo These three items be to
the SF throughout the life of the Project
b) Animal ealth The requirement of operatingJ capital
for animal health items consists of the purchae of
mineral alts amounting tovaccines medicines and
a total of $b 900 per animal unit
upplicd toc) Mark-uL) All the above input will be
the small farmer with a minimal mark-up of 10 over
managementcost estimated to cover losses spoilage
expenses etc
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMIENT(O EMPRESA RIAL SA
- 23 shy
d) Technical Assistance Technical assistance adminisshy
tration costs will cover the veterinarians salaries It is
estimated that the veterinarians will make 12 visits
per year at a cost of $b 6000 ner SF or module
e) other items Other items cover travelling expenses
this increasesfuel and maintenance insurance etc
at the rate of 20 annually
4 Financing Requirements (See Annex B and C)
The capital contribution of the Cattle Development Fund
5 which will be provided by the membersis estimated at
of the CDP (Cattlemens Association PRODES FENACRE
IBTA etc) The Central Bank will provide 76 and Prishy
vate Banks will provide 19 Therefore the Central Bank
of 95 and the Private Banks willwill finance 80
for both fixed investof 95 Interest ratesfinance 20
ment capital and operating capital are current ie Ban
The terms for the co Central 38 Private Banks 48
fixed investment loan are for a period 8 years with 4
years grace and for the operating canital loan are for
a period of one year
Fixed capital financing will be required only for the
bulls (yearspurchase of the original 500 heifers and 25
1 to 3) Operating capital financing will be required
only for the first year (year 0)
in Annex CThe repayment schedule is presented
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMIENTO EIMPRESA RIA L SA
- 24 -
E FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (See Annex D)
1 Cash Flow
a) Inflow The cash inflow is generated by four operashy
tions The first one results when the SF pays cash
($b 70000) for one heifer (the other heifer is
financed) The second one results when some SF pay
cash for the bulls The third one results when the
SF purchases the required inputs (wire seed and
staples) and the fourth one results when the Si
pays for technical assitance and veterinary products
cash means not only moneyIt should be noted that
but also rice or maize which the CDF can in turn
into cash The CDF will deal primarilytransform
in kind
b) Outflow The cash outflow results from six operations
The first one is the purchase of inputs The second
one is the purchase of veterinary products The third
one i the veterinarians costs ( only salaries)
The fourth one is otner expenses The fifth one is
the loans and the sixth one isinterest expenses on
the amortization of capital
c) Results The cash flow generated by the ProjcCt is
positive as it can certainly maintain itself and
at the same time increase the number of animal units
of cattle in the Chapare hhe mill dficit in the 1it
year caJn 1x-P sily cover(xl with n oc)rat-ion- -nd a hin
2 Not Preent Vtlue
The net preent value of the cash flows ha been calceb
lated at 32 (current opportunity cost of money)
The capital contribution of the CI)F hts been pllaccd at
year 0 at its present value and the cas h inflow haive
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
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K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
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U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
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150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
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19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
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2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
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ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
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flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
AsrI oR4AILN I) 1MIRIIAARIs4 L SA
bull25 shy
been also placed at year 0 at its present value To
estimate the value of the cattle at year 8 it is
one year oldassumed that 500 hei fert and about 250
to t-he CDF The value of the 500animal unit belonq
each (it beef value)heifers iS eStimated at $b 50000
and for the one-year-old animal units at $b 20000
The total value of the cattle at year 8 is 5b 30
million
Based on these premises the net present value of the
Project is Sb 4293000
3 Internal Rate of Return
The internal raite of retun is I-ased on the above
premi ke and i calculated at 19 This i without the
value Of ttie ctte At year 8 if this is included the 7RR is over 1CJu
F CONCLUSIONS
1 Leavino out tile ill ra tructue roauiror en t s nd usin
current intLret IItt5 with sl-tatic PriCe1 and cots
the Projtct i vidile aind hi(IhlNv 1 i ficitl to the
developntL of C(ttl4 ICt ivit it o1the 1 r i
in the Cha xi ro It does not ent optitdi nl oroblens
financial or t lWi
2 The requAired ivti 0pjoxigntely b 363
Inillon of which h 30 rillion require- financinq in
a peric d (t 4 ytJtA1
3 A Cona id r tirl hofrd of adIpted b1oodi no aniwl will
bo built up itl I lq tht rojtct riOd of Ii yevorti (up1
it d A124 headto 2271 ldilll uoit o I dult c-Ile
includili the calvvi) with all vittAtd valtlo o1 $b
105 nillit(S
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMWENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 26 shy
4 The social and economic status of the small farmer will
increase enormously Likewise the availability of catshy
tle and milk will clearly improve his diet and the diet
of his family
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMWNIO EMIRESARIAL SA - 27 -
IV SMALL FARMER MODULE
A MODULE DESCRIPTION
The small farmer module is a cattle breeding and fattening
module tailored for the small farmers of the Chapare
Several modules have been studied ranging from 1 head of
cattle to 5 head of cattle Out of these different modules
it is assumed that the module of two heifers and one hectare
of improved pasture is the most representative
The other modules can be easily analysed as there is a
lineal relationship with the selected module (See Annex H)
B SMALL FARMER REQUIREMENTS (2 heifers and 1 hectare of pasture)
The small farmer will have to comply with some requirements
to participate in the program
These requirements are
1 That the farmer is an established resident in the Chashy
pare
2 That the farmer has a definite interest in the program
3 That the farmer has available land (at least 35 hectashy
res) for cattle breeding and fattening purposes
4 That the farmer can purchase in cash or in kind (rice
or maize) one heifer worth $b 70000
5 That the farmer agree to follow the program particulary
with res-pect to the technical assistance and animal
health practices as provided by the CDF
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
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500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
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360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
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1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
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38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
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oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
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0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
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AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
- 28 - ISESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
C ASSUMPTIONS (See Annex E)
1 That the farmer will be able to purchase from the Cattle
Development Fund one heifer with his own funds ($b 70000)
2 That the labour required for land clearing of one hectare
for the sowing of rice or maize and pasture and for the
fence and corral constructions will be provided by the
farmer and his family
3 That any additional costs required will be covered by the
result of the harvest of the extra hectare (other than
his normal sowings) estimated at $b 24500 in the case
of riceat Chapare prices
4 That one in ten farmers can afford to purchase a bull ($b
120000) and hire it for service to nine neighbours
5 That the two heifers breed in year 1 and that one of
the calves is a female
6 That as his cattle increase the farmer will increase his
pasture arcaby half an hectare a year and that the inputs
required will be paid for with the resulting harvest
After year Iou- Illy i leuiin i aluts will be paid from
incowe derived from Lhi -olt (I ciiL Le
7 lIw L bucuilu U()I I 1i iWc I a( i ll ii oi(lI i 111(1 1) 11 1r
the farrrer will wili L Cl Lt uu WLioII ILthi j ljILLd
and animal health provided by the CDF aftei lie has
amortized his loan in year 4 These two charaos are calshy
culated at $b 500 a visit once a month and $b 1000 per
aniiii imiil her year refpcctiv]y lly aiw paid iii kind
It I1II lji oI l ich y a- iL harvest tiiiiw
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
29 -
D MODULE PROGRAM (See Annex F)
As the breedingfattening module is a long term program
The following detailed year by year steps have been outshy
lined
Year 0
In this year the SF clears the required land (one hectare)
of forest regrowth and sows rice or maize He then receishy
ves from the CDF enough Brachiaria seedbarbed wire and
fencing staples to establish and fence-in the one hectare
of pasture Labour is provided by the SF and his family
The cost of these inputs is estimated at $b 39600
Year 1
As soon as his pasture is firmly established he receives
from the CDF two cross-bred cebu heifers of
approximately two years old estimated price with transport
cost to the Chapare at $b 70000 each One of these heifers
he has paid for
The financed heifer will carry the CDFs registered brand
until such a time as the farmer has paid offhis loan At
the end of the year the farmer will pay off in kind (rice
or maize) for the following technical services received
during the year These are his only expenses
a) Animal health (vaccines medicines mineral-salts etc)
estimated at $b 1000 per animal unit
b) Veterinary and technical assistance once a month at
$b 500 per visit 12 minimal visits
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 30 -
Year 2
Again his only expenses are the charges for technical
services received as in year 1 He pays in kind
Year 3
At the end of year 3 the SF hands over to the CDF one
heifer and one steer from his own production and of the
same age as the heifer originally received in year 1 With
these two animals the SF pays off the loans received from
the CDF in year 0 and 1 Again he pays technical services
received during the year
Year 4
At the end of year 4 the SF hands over to the CDF one
more steer of his own production also two years old
With this animal the SF pays off all outstanding financial
and management charges
The SF pays for technical services received during the year
Year 5 to 8
It has been assumed that because of his increasing herd
and the necessity to yearly increase the acreage of his
pastures the SF will continue to require technical assistshy
ance and to purchase the necessary inputs that the increases
for his ownwill require The SF will have steers to sell
account in years 4 7 and 8 therefore can afford tc buy
the necessary inputs and pay for the technical services
received
From year 8 onwards the SF will have animals to sell on a
yearly basis
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORAARMENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 31 -
E CONCLUSIONS (See Annex G)
1 It should be noted that the farmer contributes 100
of the working capital and 74 of the fixed investments
2 For the loan of one breeding heifer and the necessary
inputs to establish a one hectare pasture the SF pays
back two heifers and one steer
By the end of 8 years the SF has 35 to 4 hectares of
fenced-in pasture and a small breeding herd of 8 animal
units and 3 calves lie will sell a steer in year 4
Starting in year 7 he sells a steer a year and if he
wishes he can increase his breedinq herd to the capashy
city of the available land For example 10 hectares of
improved pastures will stock 20 animal units with calves
3 The internal rate of return for this module is calculashy
ted at 15
4 The value of his herd at year 8 is calculated at $b
396000 furthermore in the same year the accumulated
cash flow amounts to $b 85000
5 That the value of the cattle increases from $b 160000
in year 1 to $b 396000 in year 8 In year 4 after
paying outstanding obligations to the CDF the farmer
becomes owner of all the cattle the value of which
reaches the sum of $b 396000 by the end of year 8
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
o 3 2- 7 5 7 S 143
AtINEX A DovelomentflCUAP~~IHord
HERD DE11FLPUIT
YR 4 yR~ YR 6 YR 7 YR 8YR 0 YR1I YR 2 YR- 3
$AtA 211 25 3 0 37 45 52
213 266 32036 107 176 183FO 1Rt 213 266 320
BULTs S5T 1 YR
00 36 107 176 183ZIM 2580 0 35 104 170 177 201
ctjERS 2 Y40 170 177 207 2583 0 0 35 1043aIr TWj1S-t 2 Y S
2594 31241803 2151
1 o 1 1
0 185 621 1187 1497
TJTD 0 0 0 1
0 3 9 15 15 18 22 27 7147 59
0 8 214 39 41C A WrE 6 8 ti 1 il5 0 0 1
33
5 5 6 8 10 0I R Y 5 650 1 3 6
Dj tT 3 32YP 00 00 0 1 3 5 5 arLt3)CIRL12 YRS
106 1280 11 35 63 73 87
Tomt
5 10 10
100 200 200IFIFEu6 2 YRG 105 210 210 0 0 0 0 a
TO VAL 0
3ArF3shy231 tz
314 101 165 172 201aL1S~E~ tLLED I 6 9 0lLILLCE 1 6 a
COL Lo
0 33 )5 151 163 ill1) 0
Stli$3442SIAISIS
80 81 SO) all 8) 80 JtUI43 1)o 80l
10 11
tO 10 10 110 10 l 10
nZATr110 CAL 3 3 3 33 3DeAia AD ~
a 0
Best Available Documefli
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SSESORMENTO -MPRESA
0T4 n1D 7CR CATTLE DEMAY7H-MT -CidPARE
RO YR I
100oF 4M -2--YRS -------
5003 0j I HA 112 rFERSORIG)6OF I HAJ42 U1EIF113 (toV)
0~ 0 A1IjtL IJUITS (AU) 105
6360EPS )3 636001M XZEI1 07
O t 120
u S UIPP
0 1C 03GIES 54 QSO 1U DLT210900 0 6905TOTAtLitt
40tiKI3 CAPITAL
270 510 Z8Jl I SM 16001 1440 23841
ett 68 135 Il V0M1
1775 35$1rAEiU5 ~93AiA ktmA~ti38 900AU X-tJ30-) 3 60r0PUDJL 301)
C130) aUtL~CE0
177a 425-) 803
0 521076 FN A IV 19 rvi E)) 0 1312
101)SFoll 1 1034) 0 6905
ljr4vT CAPE Ars
7189
441~J $F~ )313
I~ ll t 141) 1
ANNEX R CDRCapital Requirements
3 YR yR8 TOTAL5 6YR2 1T yR 4 yR
500200 N0 0
250100 100 100 94 106 512
384 796 1091 1329 1558 188 227325 5 112
312720 12720
2725- 0 0 0
3 5 00
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 09ZI100 10905i5 74 11 0 04 31oi13310 13810 0 0 0
($1300N)
506 572 572 4416575 1405 605 j43 353 217b)13600 2160 315 28 2700 3053 121 142161 101 5 135
3313 3r6i 376123Ol44411 A66 3P 35 1402 16)4 16 14 81124
346 716 gal 119i 3112 193 4571 195))900 16511 2100 217
360 432 518 62 746 356 1075 495J
0 0 a 0 00 0 0 102 Mod0 96100dA546047q 5465 15-03 8145
wo
17i611 01 sI
10400 104)1 0 60
0 0 1) 31 26 11 2i2
0 013810 13510
1 l
41 11 0713 1 j)
A E J A 3Vl
Best AvallhziLo D c~in
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAiff+if gtI EPRESA SR MIET
if AL
ANNIEX C
FOR~ UD FCR CATM~E DEVrEWPtIUT-CAPAIRE Repaymnt~l Schedule and Cattle Flow 000)Z1IDDUL)E cor 34sA2 $i I Iss222tX3333828$gsIsO
YR 0 YR1 YR 2 3 YR1 YR 5 YR6 Y 7 Y 8 A+oif o ifo ififfifo
+8B lJ1 0 52468 157463 26239 26239341 26239 25189 2201 16793
BALANU CAPITAL 1050 3169 52468 52168 146946
0AYNE10s CAP~ITALif
9971 99T1 9i372 8375 558370 19946 5282 9971iTrRT sAy1=1sif
1986560 656o 6297 55100 1312 3936 6560ICPITAL3hL W 0 262 781 1312 1312 3673
CAPITAL 3119 3023 26465 176330 630 1889 31169 31469114FO432 PAXIct9r
0 0 0 (L 1351 0 0 0
4AYC A
1351 2 +0 7 P0 110 31 t t tS 10 1351lCAPITALAjytEiE 6 5 5130 0 0 0
tAL(X3V 16 AS 513 0-IMP3
8L 0 0 0 0 0 0AIAL338
310 0338 0 0 0SCAP14-Ai
0 0162 0 0 0 162 tP1PAYIxU-M
1312 31)35 6564) 6560 0056619a-i 1AUr 0 0 0
11 12515 110T) 74 111175 204 7W 1312() 1312
41F6Ti3~l
Aii AIE M~AIJ(t
of ppVE00
5 1 10 Nex10lie JUSIE oV4Ars 1UA
tUt1AL JLLtrG Mi I1U( 5t A54) 100 125 753SC-i~~~ULTZ 200 10050tso M5
L~ V~ UEL1Evj40 (CRIG) I0N 188 2QJ 1- RtAZ~ ~trRI)2 100 r~f)50 100 l2) 75 M1
ALJIJ
(UflLo 51)
ift+ i f j s a ++Nifii
+ ifshyif f i if if ifi
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
--
K ASESOfAMI7NO EMPRES4RAL SA~ V
35
it 4-4 -+ U U +
L4Ii
U00cor Financial Analyis-CH4AFARlZWITE MOR MI FOR 0ATTh DEV
2 YR5 YR-6 YR7 YR 8 7QWALYR9 YR 1I YR Yt 3 -YR 4
---- -CAOF~i PROJECTIONLOW
_fo 533535250 7875 7000 6563i4FEL ZP 7003500 7000 8750 0 0 0 0 30003 j+SL)0 0600 1200 1200 tISTPER P2SALF$ $ 10000 2400 4800 6000 3600 51400 000 27000
flUEr5 (RP 13ALE $B 12000 600P 563E 635 63680006liEUS
66 6 6 2 7(34 300 600 750 450o 672 60 53
RAWSEEM 3 3000M KIM 3000 3392 3392 277684000 21400 35814 3200BARBSED WIRE $13 2041A1600 IN0 3200)
150 141 1 91301~500K3 31K0l4 75 150 88 113 M6JTAVLE3 )3 1975 3950 4933 2963 44214 3950 3703 4197 19 3421(TOLAI 111PUTS 3935 4571 19541)2772300 900 1650 2100 3372TASO(VS) 1882 2273 gills105 3814 796 1091 1329 1558A110Atj 1Ak 1000AU 0 lilIttWT UZILOANS 0 0 0 0 321930 6560 13120 13120 0
0 0 0 16 ClUtT6 IIG 1689 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 17260 3145 691 691 0 0 01ERSC0NTl T1lVE3T IE7T 0 0 0 890 0 0IJORKING 89 0 0
19233 21966 23111 1879513753 15360 28232 31569 17665 21926t coErA
314)6905 3810 13810 0 0 0 0 0zvriIo0 3043)1778 3555 414144 2556 3D82 3555 3333 376n 3768
1WPJ 3 90 1196 140 16911 812419 16911~ll~ 3146 7Z16 98AAM~AL HEA~jTd 11hT)95 900) 150 2100 2772 3312 3915 4571
TbFODtIAL ASSISTANCE (VETrS) 300 360 432 518 62i 7115 S95 1101lt 4953
1140 R N 2 21 7672 13120 I312O3 13120) l25jj VI) 11
I rFampT 2W561639 0 0 0 1312 3936 65amp3 656 A0RTlNATlC A h u1A i 10 1138OCU 105 An 1091jji 5 8A 1 -7 1I I1 OF B
1773 13519 221453 27 145 20701 227 25907 291117 283668 922 T-0VAI E iAP2otITJR1
V3)1975 1841 57146 4423 -3036 -651 -6676 431 -51 0OALMd 71kW
1915 3816 9565 13937 10951) 103003 3621 -3857 1911PQbtlADCAS3 FLOW
-3036 -651 -6676 -71131 214563 18)lOAn~t mLw wo P ufR 1811 149j 50 3 3732
0 1615 ptm 1RILUMI0 89 3145 691 691 0 0 0 0
501-1ITVAIA 0W woP17RCO11i AT 32 P FT VA IV W CC All 32 a 793
32 a 42)3R1tI NL I 11E
AT -47 9 0 bull 6 5 2 04 T--4 CAf4 FlII P IoKI - 0 ig1AT 100I9
~f~i0 bull 0
-04
A0 MILLIONSI1r101r1rliVALfI OF aAC III
4-0 - DTcunne-la loBetAv
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
4SSOR$MI1ENTO EMPRESARIAL S14
IDIL1 7OR 61=L FARNER AN4NEX 9
2 HEIFERS 2 YFS
33MtRSI 2 yRs $8 700004131 X 2 E tAUDI $3 - 5000AKX Oi0A
t 30 114A 15 600 X 100 KA
SuWING1 WED 2 ChA 13 300010 X 100 KA LAVR 6DMI $13 600 VAY X 100 HA
y7MG i MOTS 250 P101 $5 200041 K 0110 ICI20 WIRE 14 II IG $8 20000M K 040 I
3TCAPbES 5 Q104 $B 500KO K 040 Kt160 LA2CJR 40 ICI $3 600DAY x 040104
CORRAL it CRUH 1 23133$ 600AY 2
0 1 CONIZIOOI ES (EXCLUDING PERSONAL C0UTRZ3UMiN TrAL
140000 500 -LENRIIO18000 W 600 3600
96727600
0Z)0400
AY
pound~~QALOW~la R IM POSTS CORRAL CRUSH LOCAL WVOOD-18 a F -CQWC4a1I (so 700))
WIIIUG CAPITAL 00)
i 1 I0IAL AI3lSSjCE 12 1 S 500ll600 L~k 5 DAYS A 600 $MAn320 ArLHELH2 HEX A 1000) Af_
AIUIA IIEAJCII2000
pUTE O aIZO 0 DAYS A 600 $)D--CLUM0 DAYS A 600 $sDPA
DtAIIIArI bull j-jrQ (EXjiUIIIO PE$ CCCIIR IMil IIII1
bull pttl lI eurowat)
USED
20 0
0 92
YI80 YR I YR 2
YRI YR 1 YIR5 YR 6 YRT YR 8 TOM
tl7
I ~ ~ ~ 701
2101
(FVVf ZAPITLL
+
4
_-11+Wo
310 m 10141 0 0 0 0 0
m
3)4d0
) 0d C 1ft ~ l I 1
i4 hJBest Avcdkiblo DocuLICi4 P
ilt-A
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
4
4$SOMlEQ BWRVSRIL SA
] - 44 S elo ent
dIunmE I YR 1 1 2 I I IEER6 1 YR 1nvztas a Mw
1STUARS 2 Y93-
0 4 6 7 6 6 7 10 11 miomAL ANIAL ttIZTS 0 2 4i 65 opSn
0vSF 3322222
Cow1 Ar M-13
CALMVE
R$2 YR5 I1 A
0 0MAL0
0 0 0 0 0TOMFS H 0
0 2 I 0 0NMLV~ 2
OAL 0
NO 0 0Me 0 0
4 A ~~PS A 1 3
A4 0 C
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ISESORAMI MRSR4 4
38
COMUE FOR THE S1hALL FARM a iiunanotal Anals
LOiE OF CULTIVATED PASTURE 2iS 2 YRS
CASH FLOW PROJECTION~ (6B)
YRO YR $ l2YR- 3 YRo4 YR-5 6 YR 7 Tor YAPr1c tt
dExy]4 $70000 yeni8 70000 140000
ATER5 2 YRS8 48000 48000 0 46000 W80 391000 M AIubAL 0 0 0 118000 118000 0 0 1400 3
oM1ORLWITLO 31600 7000 0 0 0 100I w10000 12000 0 0 4800 5416W+TmrAL78000 39600 148000 10000 130000 118000 0 0 480Il
xvIUDUHE
TVM3TIMTS 39600 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 140OW 0 0 0 0 0 0Pl0u 0
5000 00 00 410002000 4000 600) 5w000 4000
X 44l(tHEALTHI (AU) 0 0 0 ooAU0 0 0 0 0
1 r IfAINAE 0
60) 600 6000 00 140
FI~E E~7571)0pja(61ILTZER 0 0 (V 0 0 5 0 ) 0 O
ZOICAls A331I0TAN0E 6000 00 600 00
YR-)a 0 0 700) 0 0 0 0 7004)
flt00OOSrapUOGRA11 HANDLING 0 0 110Mo 0 0 11o80M 0 0 0 0AZ~U r CRDTI
1480 100 130000 0 0I0MT)AL EXPICURZ 36o0
0 0 37000 10000 -110WO 3513W 11400 85000)COH0 FLOW 0 0 MY)4 0 o 37000 270T 16000AC0CUUrAVD CA0P O +5MV IO I|OM 13)
361000 AWRT Wl0 O 171E0I)0 10 140)46
CONTh 0CAILI flOW woPnA3 o11 00 121M4 37004 1000 -11W0) 3500 430pm 0WI) +cR121MMilt0 0
OFR III 15$ I+ S P4$114AII15441414$1 160000 20000 26600 26000 V800 298000 396004U 17600CAvrAT~tZAV7IuU 1t 13CK 0
TvAL CF1uvOWwo l00 ) 1114000 303101 VOW0 347000 43300 64600oi O00
Pi~3~4 IAI1r1 C7W4 waPC nt S ~ 7lj3
Pllaj do YAW(I zrZh7k11IA PACIC 01 WII tOF 15
1iCtLUD93 VkLUZ OF 0-V(CK AT U 31 )
A9 3 IAV1)
Best Available Document
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
AN~NEX H
-39
1Desorintion of Modules
Five Cattle BroadingFatteninlg modules have been prepared
Module NO I - 05 hectare 1 heifer
Module NO 2 - 10 2 heifers 3 heifersModule NO 3 - 15 4 heifersModule NO 4 - 20
5 - 25 5 heifersModule N
Module N02 has been analyzed and projected for six years
to show herd development and the financial situation of
the S concerned The same parameters can be applied to
any of the other modules
a) It has been asumed that the SF will purchase one hei-shy
for
b) The second heifer plus grass seed barbed wire and feng
ing staples will be financed by the project
c) It has also been assumed that the SF will contribute
by supplaing the necessary labor for pasture establishshy
ment and the construction of fences corral and crush
d) The SF will annually pay for animal health costs and
interest charges It is estimated that these operating
costs will be covered by the rice or maize harvested
from the extra hectare sown with rice or maize before
the grass seed is sown
e) To keep pace with the increased herd size the SF will
have to increase his pastures at the some rate ie onehalf
hectare per year(See herd Projection Annex F )The year
ly harvest results will enable the 5 to pay the opershy
ating costs of each modules
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
MIENTOASESORAM EMIRESA RIi L SA
- 40 shy
f) For every twenty licifers the Project will select
one SF to receive a selected bull for service
with the other nine holders of heifers The bulls
will be sold in ctshl or in kind
The holder will make a small charge for service
to the SF that have the heifers
2 Herd Development of CDF (Annex A )
a) Thc project will purchas-e cattle for three years
only as shown below from years three onwards it
becomes self supporting with cattle produced with
in the Proje-t
Years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-10 - - -Purchase Bulls 5 10 -200 - -Purchase leifers 100 200
- 1 6 8 9Production Bulls - shy
34 101 165 172Production -teers
b) The number of borrowers will increase after the
first ten modules according to the number of cattle
available and the size of the pastures sown to accoshy
modate these cattle
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO - 41 -
MODULE No 1
Half a hectare of Pasture (Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu)
grazing for one Heifer
AI Land Clearing
It is calculated that SF (Small Farmer) can clear half a
hectare of regrowth (rain forest all cleared) in 15 workshy
ing days with his family 15 days x $b 600day = $b 9000
sown with rice or maize as is The cleared area will then be
customary
AII Infrastructure
x 70mts with barbed wireThe area will be fenced in 70 26
and posts at 4mrs intervals0 Km 65 posts at $b 20
= $b 20800 2 Kgs$b 1300 1040mts wire at $b 20
$b 1000 Total $b 23100 A simshy=staples at $b 500
ple corral and crush 5 x 5 mts will be cnstructed the
in module 2 in a high corner of the paddocksame as
Cost $b 27600
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module Ndeg2
AIV Pasture anaaement
The same as in Module N02
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 42 -
MODULE NO 2
One hectare of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu to carry
2 Breeding Heifers
AI Land Clearing
-As this is forest regrowth(the high forest has all been
cleared) it is calculated that the SF(small farmer) can
clear this in 30 days with his family 30 work days at $b
600 = $b 18000 The area will be sown to rice or maize
as customary 6 days x 600 = 3600
AIIInfrastructure
The cleared area will be fenced with live posts at 4 mts
interval with four stands of barbed wire A simple corral
and crush will be constructed in one corner of the highest
land (drainage) The corral to be 5 x 5 mrs with a total
of 23 mts including the crush It will be made with double
posts at 25 mts interlaced with timber or palms (see shy
sketch Annex K )Cost is calculated at 2 work days per mt
ie 2 x $b600 x 23 = $b 27600 - Fencing is 40 of 1 Km
= $b 2000 1600 mts ofand takes 100 posts at $b 20
$b 32000 and 3 Kgs of staples at $b 500wire at $b 20
= $b 1500 total 35500 It is estimated that this work
can all be done by the SF and his family
AIII Pasture Sowing
Brachiaria Decumbens and Kudzu are recommended because
they are the varieties that have best adapted to the Cha
pare conditions When the rice or maize is between 20-30
high and after the last hoeing around December the cms
sown between the rows Brachiaria seed is
This system is successfully practised for pasture establishment
both in the Chapare and Cobija areas
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 43 -
When the rice or maize has been harvested in March the
Kudzu is planted vegatively 2 kilos of Brachiaria are
required per hectare(germination at least 85) costing
$b 3000 per kilo The pasture should not be grazed unshy
til after the Brachiaria has seededthenonly lightly
grazed in June or July (see Annex I on Brachiaria by
CIAT)
Pasture Management
As one hectare is too small to divide for rotation it is
recommended that every care is taken to avoid damage by
over-grazing (see Annex NO J by CIAT on Pasture Manashy
gement)Also to avoid puddling cattle should be shut in
at nights and on rainy days After rains standing water
should be drained off Every five years it is recommended
that lime at the rate of 500 kilos per hectare be applied
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ISESORAMlENTO EMPRESARIAL SA - 44 -
MODULE No 3
One-and-a-half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu Grazing for three Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The SF will not be able to clear this area of regrowth
by himself and will have to hire labour which can be
paid from the proceeds of the harvest 30 days x 15 has
x 600 = $b 27000 The area is sown to rice or maize as
is customary
AII Infrastructure
Fencing of paddock 122 x 122 mts with division for rotashy
ting is 061 Km requires 153 posts at $b20 $b 3060
2440 mts wire at $b20 = $b 48000 5 Kgs staples at
$b500 = $b 2500 Total $b 54360 Simple corral and
crush as in module 2 costing $b 27600
AIII Parture Sowing
The same as in Module NO 2
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAEMPRESARIALASESORAMIENTO- 45
MODULE NO 4
Two hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria DecumbensKudzu grazing
for four Heifers
AI Land Clearing
Same as module 3 but will take 60 work days at $b600 $b
36000 Will also be paid for by the harvest results
AII Infrastructure
Area to be fenced 141 x 141 mts with division to enable ro-
Lation 070 Km 175 posts at $b 20 = $b 3500 2820 mts
wire at $b 20 $b56400 6 Kgs staples at $b 500 = $b
3000 Total $b 62900 For this module the simple corral
and crush will be 10x 10 mts total 43 mts costing $b
L )51600 (Annex N
AIIIPasture Sowing
The same as in Module N0 2
AIVPasture Management
The same as in Module N0 2
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
EMPRESARIAL SAASESORAMIENTO
- 46 -
MODULE NO 5
Two and a half hectares of Pasture(Brachiaria Decumbens
Kudzu grazing for five Heifers
AI Land Clearing
The same as in module NO 3 but will take 75 work days $b600
= $b 45000 Will also be paid for from the harvest results
AIIInfrastructure
x 158 mts with division to enable Area to be fenced in 158 = 4000 3200 mts
rotation 074 Km 200 posts at $b 20
wire at $b 20 $b 64000 7 Kgs staples at $b 500 $b
3500 Total $b 71500 A simple corral and crush 10 x 10
mts (Annex- L ) total 43 mts will be constructed costshy
ing $b 51600
AIIIPasture Sowing
Same as in Module N0 2
AIV Pasture Management
Same as in Module N0 2
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
--
ANNEX I ISESORA EIrN7O EMPRESARIAL SA
April 1980
Information Bulletin No 11
Perennial Grass
BRACHIARIA
-
ij euro 2 Il o 0 j
2 I 4
by j Prepared 4
Center of Investi atiof for Tropical Agriculture (AT)
British Tropical AGricultural Nission (MB)
Calle FNuflo de Chivez No11O Casilla 247 Santa Cruz Bolivia
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 48 -
Brachiaria decumbens cv Basilisk
BRACJIARIA GRASS
Every grass like any er cultivated planthas basic requirements to ensure s endurance and Productivity NEVTET 3ESS IT WILL NOT GIVi -OSIPIVE RESUV1TS U EFS
IT IS SOWN UNDER SUITAB3LE COLt IONF AND IN qTiIjl RTUIiD MANNER The following recommei uns nre based on seversl years experience and experiments cti out in the Demartment of Santa Cruz by the tech- ins of the CIAi Briti sh I-lission
WIEPE _1SOW Brachiarin adants well to mnny tynes of soil but it prefers lirht to medium soils s ionp frs they nre aell drained It cannot stand un to strnnnt water It is a very nfrfressive grnss with a h irh yield and for this reason it is recommended that ii be soIn in fertile soil where it cnn realize itnotential verthless it also Fives interesting results in t)e Poor soils of the plain- It cnn wi thstnd the lior 5 moniths of the dry season but it nt 800 ram nnnun rninfallneeds 8easi nnd nrodilces better with IOnn m or more ID Il NO GOOD 1-P [C -J ~OO BAD] Y DiAIMEPD LAD
l1ie LU OW As tis grinss is so anressive IT IS NOT I CoriNDED THIAT IT1 E T- WITH TOGELLTEiR Li(JU[]E alihouh the search for suitnble lefiumes for this nurnose continues 4 to 5 krha of seed is used IT I O PnAC1 TtIE NCID II TAiE GROU1D AT A I)PII OF 1to 2 ems NO 1D101ORtE
BY 1lAN) Sowinrg cn be done with a dibbler nrovided care is taken that the holes are not very deeP Noinr can be done in a maize nintch as long- an the mrze Js not highnr than 20 to 7)0 cms it the time of sowinr the rj110r It is sown between the rows of mnAe with 110 to 50 cms beteen each clutch The reed is taken between the tlmmb nnd forefinrer and thin - m5 n ti fy is n1 nced i n eleh hole (nhout 5ln seeds)
Y PACOVP NCf In 1and nl ouThed and hnrroed rowfin con be done by mchine in Purrows with 50 to ( ms between fuirrows in a continuomls 1) U( TOOstroam 1101 1]gtJ010 NCAIHR [lhe seed must be sown at n ditenth of I to P crs only
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 49 -
WHEN TO SOW Sowing is done when the rains have
set in and there is no danger of drought during the first
6 weeks after sowing Normally this would be from the
end of November until the first fortnight in February in
the Santa Cruz area although in Yapacani it is possible
to sow earlier in September or October because there is
a higher rainfall in this district A DROUGHT AT TIE
TIME OF PLANTING WOULD KILL MANY SMALL PLANTS AND THUS PREJUDICE THE ESTABLISIWENT OF YOUR PASTURE
11OW TO MANAGE TIHE PASTURE To avoid the danger of in the first stage the pasture must beover-grazing
treated with care at the beginning If it is not sown the pasture may be ]ightly graedtogether with maize
for a few days 10 to 12 weeks after sowing Alternatively
the nasture may be slashed to encourage the formation of THE PASTURE TO BE -TA-11 ORnew shoots but NEVER ALLOW
GRAZED BETWVJ A HEIGHT OF 10 to 15 cms above the ground
In the first year it is advantageous to allow the
Brnchiaria to seed down once (sown in November - December it will form flowers in March - April) to obtain coverage Normal grazing of Br3vchiaria begins once the seed formed in this first phase has fallen or 4-5 months after sowJng
Ideal management after the establishment period is
to make sure that the grass never reaches maturity beyond the formation of the first flowers and that it is never grazed below a heirf-t of 10 cms above the ground
DO NOT GRAZ 01 SLASh 3EO1 A I11 IG11T OF 10 ems
For further informnuion consult the technicians of
CIA British ission Casilla L7 Santa Cruz - Bolivia
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
- 50 -
ANNEX J ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
BOL 177
GENERAL CONCEPTS
of
PASTURE MANAGE[IENT
By
C R HORRELL
Head of the British Tropical
Agricultural Mission
Box 359
Santa Cruz - Bolivia
Technical Co-operation
to THE CENTER OF INVE3TIGAION 100R TROPICAL AGRICLrTURE
Box 247
SANTA CRUZ - BOLIVIA
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 51-
PREFACE
-In view of the variability in the production of pastures
since their yield depends on their good or bad management shy
the nresent pamphlet has been prepared in order to explain
the princinles of grass growing and the way in which grasses
are affected by their exloitation
This document is for the technicians and ranchers of our possessregion as an adjunct to the knowledge they already
Head of the BritishThe author Dr CR IHorrell at present Tronical Agricultural 1ission an authority on pasture
since 1953reduction has been working on this subject
ere in [Ianta Cruzin s Africa and Tronical America in the 1960s nd introducedhe worked for three years
Green Panic (Dwarf Ginea) Gycine Lab-Lab nnd other and feed lefumesspecies of grasses
In the name of the Center of Investigation for Tropical congratulate thankAgriculture (CIAT) and the author
for the present technical contribution to our Depnrtment
Ing Carlos Vaca Diez B
EXECUTIVE DIRECITRO CIAT
Santa Cruz Bolivia April 27th 1977
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
- 52 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF PASTURE MANAGEMENT
By
CR IIORRELL
Head of the British Trooical
Agricultural Mission
(Technical Co-operation)
Santa Cruz Bolivia
1 A FEW FACTS ABOUT PLANT GROWT11
Plants make food (carbohydrates and proteins) from the carbon dioxide in the air and the mineralswater
which they find in solutbion in the water in the soil usn sun1li[ht as a souirce of ei errgy The 1eaves are p]in ts factory the green Tl 1onts canled chloronhyl tre the nucninery which carries ol the nrocess of
tlilt n iant jth)roduction Therefore it cnn be seen all its leaves cut is not- Jn good shane for raod frowth and when the process of fgernination or re-srow h begrinsn the plannt uses Tie food stored oreviously in the seed tlie roots or runners as the case may ho
When this re-gFrowth Js hirvested by g ung or cuttirig the slant miust again cal] on its reserves Io strt the roeos of making shoots once more he constant dofoliation o-1
the p1a t hen it is in the inifiti s1ares afrro etllst s kl 1 1 hits reserves weakens ji -ind in extroele caes
In Ihie d yiminedintiely after defolJ)ion 1an ts ro very slowly (with a (ldly prodIuction on one tri -l ot- o t80 kg per hec tre nor day) Tvo or tlhree wee r
the rhythin of frrowth Fgrnd u1i y nccelerntesI i a (1111y prod uc tion o d kgs - on tle -nil lc e900 js renched
have tL-ied( to ill u tfrnle i n01iortann fact in gti re 1 Und ert ~g iheniomonon mant ~this bi olo-icl is Ver y l for nnyone who wirhes to ohf iin good nrod acti on his
tss shy2 Nalmura] y the hioloi ] lln w 7 ly o I 2 le of V10 Liva ted 1otle] 1 0 enrIiv1 as well as 1
e e i thwrof Jn 1onrif ed Inn e lI a l i cr l)l y cae 31 T P n very (di f er en T)lie Iil wva Ued I a 1 V
ne( frcaler c-ie 1min L e rIl tum]iu 1 nane
(T111no 11oe tp~ifC of feood ~Tl wimi chc~ i s w)alce( by und enirnble pltns Und er-r casos a (1 e aese in the n tri v vCVw lueno f-- m ort
seci ns
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
-53-
A V V-
VjV
Iii P
or- Ory 30 4D
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
3
iA~ 1T M Eof
- 54 - ASESOampeAHIjiNTO EMIRESARIAL SA
Bat the berinning of the dry season in certain in the woody plnntsrefgions likewise ceunes an increase
very hotTo control the forest plnnts the fire must be rind nnli ed at the time thc forest is mo t user ) tible tht jis after the new leaves have snrouted nt the od of
is s eldomthe dry season It Must Oe noted thot fire t)ninpsuccessful in e]iminatinr shrubs al-hough burhfO
can -ontrol their increase
It in sup~etod esnecinlly for nntive rnses in dry rvivng KM7rerions that one nrensire of n-he rniny
season is such thnit tile inimnls leove -_of _-the ant
uicon med On the otler haind unnr Ihe Nindi-ea dry when 1t1e nlints nre mlure -d-in a 1aitent cond itlion they can be rrnzed as inter sely aIs the Illmls ru ore
It dry roions the control o shrubs nidiuseless nlnnts
is very -nportntit Accordivy to rcnenrch shiubn use i nrapa atimes more viter from the soi] thnn
bi loss of production in iie InttLer 1evertelers some
shruhs coWtribute to tlhe nutritLi on or the h rd in ex treme
cnes a iso it is a food thini to eve trees fo~r shade
Researeers stLil dises the piroblem of continuous
Frv7i n versus rot-o wTnar-ra nr in n hynokt il s tiuat io he e tile 1)Vwoes re of or lond i a lwys
ideal for tile ned1occ jn1 eues ion the ota ion 1 system has lit tle advantere over con lnuou- rrainl ]lverlh0eens -in nracfice it s not onessii) tO an ea1dmietai 111idell
the tivre We p oio i iis n consideld(d treslie ill u Ill I- hothe ev L LIi))I Oleer ot niI) very
v n ti ies4 f Vii a~ led Li -- esnr n I i aeasl (lle v-]is tiresm n I i 3itea-iv - ol isn rel at ]vol1 y nowhere- Lao n
rnd tht ar of rl 10 nt j nritl l lt e Ueve o)ed
hhen the norods of rent hoeen rrrnzin ire o j le
5 rmniicCl IrfI11Ol-1n 0l71 i Ynri( ~r~ vi
i~~O (1n Itt~ c j1pnuu1 r i pi- ol vie r( ir lo to i i et ijVo Vi)uII n)O(I Lill 1 un il) L t i
nnblorll toIf )otIion llrti r ] it i nis ) tinn
ho0hnoon 1inin Irse vo~ li mould(le ye n wi r ie on no in L -i) to e i i I 1wc toL ocr- nete I ce n1e te ny
-- Z shy _-- - - - - shy
ni c c i o u ( 4~ii 5I t i i i I
I i ivou M 1 i- r -ev litt nepiu i ty 1 11 o (( I h - w t((
o V II i 1l i i l e li I i ~l )(dtelWho l)i 1) ii))(r~lieherdof ti (001 i (i P V I ) t () In iitr tnt
t Ct o tfl(I f Io roll) )t()o 1 Yi)n ti ill Ws i h ))I )) of I)n b~(oVoll of it)Iiry-j IM i ) rV
ill tilo euro)1o(old (
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
- 55 -SAASESORAMIENTO EMIPRESA RIAL
TABLE NO 1
REST PERIOD ON PASTURE YIELDEFFECT OF
No of Annual Yield days rest kgDry riaha
1 17800YARA2 UA (1) 28 26500(grpss)m2 - 33000
1- l 00OIRALRO (++) 28 56 2120(Io -ume)
654O AuslT-r]ia dry climate 112
(+) Pvn 1972 FAO Project SF 323
(++) Au-1iia - in a dry climate
TABLE NO 2
BEEF CATTLE
NUTRIT]ION REQUIREIMENTS -
kg Dry D6i 25Prot Mnterial ctibility Digest
TO GROW 05 kgday 32 72
ER 150 kg g12E 100k cf 86 5
57 412CY121 CALF 97
POT IIA I TALiTCE ONJ Y
8 1100 kg(- 56 57 42 58 0 28DY CO
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SEE TABLE 2
5
IAT TAE 2
ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
- 56 -
The discerning reader will easily perceive that a method his been described above of moderating the great seasonal fluctuations in the growth of the pastures which in the absence of good management can be so damaging to cattle production
INUIfITIONAL NEEDS OF THE ANIMAL
Table 2 shol that stock of different ages and states of
production tiso have different nu-titional needs Calves and hiph- oducing stock such as milk cows need high quality grass in otiher words grass in its best state of production old animals and dry cows can maintain themselves without loss on more mature grass of relatively inferior quality
asnowin[ this we can adant our management in such a way to obtain the best possible benefit from the pastures
belowdurin(7 the whole year as will be put forth
i3E3T ADVANTAGEUSING TilE PASTURES3 l]TW
The rnncher who understands well the tenets discussed so far will use his best pastures for his young calves and second
stock He must use his inferiorclass pastures for his adult oasures for his dry cows making sure that they have available mineral s-li ]ements in case of need
When there ore citivated pastures on the farm these must be used for the type of stock which have the greatest need for good nuirition (caves and milk cows) and tile pasture must be -ianaged on a rotational basis At the time when there is too much Prass the rotation must be speeded up
reducing7 tile rest period of the paddock in order to control the excessive growth and preserve the high nutritional con tent of the grass and also achieve maximum animal production
the growth of the grass is slow pratiseAt -Ite time when loner in eachslowe rolation havin the animnls remain
for a while the rate of growthPI ((Ki t iliO means sacrificing of thfe a11imnls to the advantafge of the carrying capacity
hungerof the widdocks thus avoiding the scarcity and which c Ir occur later on
the dry season and when there is a shorte of 7razing]arin his breeding cows are drythe rinchcr must make sure thait
so that triir food requirements are minimal (See Table 2 cind compare the requirements of a dry cow with a 3-month-old calf)
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
57- ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
6 PRIORITIES IN RANCH MANAGEMENT
To intensify production it is nearly always necessary to
put in more capital Before investing more money it is
advisable to find out whether the management ofthe ranch When this has been done it wid1 be easieris profitable
to determine for what nurpose the new investment is needed in order to increase future profits
ranch the mostTo increase the present profits from the important aspects of management which we must consider come under -the following headings and must be applied in the following ordershy
i) Flexibility in herd management
ii) Pasture Management
iii) Use of improved grasses
iv) Application of fertilizers if necessary and if it has
been proved economically sound
i) and ii) but to put thingsWe have already seen headings in proper perspective I wish to end my talk naming the
factors which we consider important under heading i) Flexibility in herd management when it aoplies specifically
to breeding e will enumerate them in the order in which
consider they should be applied as followsshywe
a) ineral Nutrition
It is essential to make sure that there is no mineral
deficiency A deficiency of phosphorus is very common There are places in theespecially in the native grasses
tropics where the addition ad lib of a mineral mixture
containing 120 of elemental phosphorus can increase the
calving rate by 10 - 15
b) Control of the Breedingr Season
In intensive breeding it is recommended that calving should is tenderbe at the beginning of the season when the grass
thereby the cost to the cow of suckling is reduced because the dry season and thereforethe cow suffers little in
produce calves more regularlycontinues to
c) Prclise Pregnancy Lestin
hus barren cows are eliminated In this operation ihe dry season) the heifers that are pregnant for(before
the first time -hould be seT)arated and put on better pastures
than the adult cows Ensuring good nutrition for the young
cows produces an increase in the percentage of pregnancy the
following year
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
- 58-
ASESORA MIENTO EMPRESARIA L SA
d) Early Weaning
The calves should be weaned some months before the onset
of the dry season This is for two reasons First-
The cows freed from suckling can return to the native pastures and gain a bit of weig-ht before the period of shortage of grazing In some districts we are told that
an increase of 11 - 150 in the calving rate has been gained
by the introduction of this practice
be taken toSecond- Enrly weaning allows the calves to sown pasturesa controlled area where there ace top quality
which alows them to continue growing instead of remaining at a standstill or losing weight If the necessary care is talen the female calves handled in this way can return in a few months to less juicy pastures and still reach the recired weight for breeding (251 - 500 kgs) when they
are 211- - 2 months old
SPECIAL NOTICE
It is well known that emany cultivated pastures in Santa Cruz do not last for as many years as they should This is mainly due to bad management and mostly to over-grazing Also when a pasture is grazed too intensely the plants lose vigor and end up dying and the field is invaded by undesirable plants
The author surgests as a general rule that whatever grazing system is used the grass siould not be consumed below a height of 20 cms This ensures that the plants remain vigorous and more productive and thus have a longer life
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL
- 59 shy
Til CENTEIR OF INVESTIGATION FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (dIAT) was created by Supreme Decree No 12251 on the lkth February 1975 Its objectives are to foment Agricultural Investigation increase with technical scientific and economic Foundalions the whole deve]opment -to impel and vitnlize extension and watch over the conservation of renewable natural resources for the benefit of the Department of Santa Crui CIAT is controlled by a Board of Directors formed by the iinistry of Native Jfairs and Ag[riculture the Development Corporation of Santa Cruz the Gabriel Ren6 Ioreno University the Eastern Agricultural Chamber and the Chamber of Industry and Commerce of knnta Cruz
It receives technica l assistance from the governments of the Uniited Kinfdom (13) United StaLes (CID) witzerland (COTESU) aind Republican China The research progrms include the fields of rice maize-sorghum oil-producing plants wheat fruit cotton protection of crops arrig ation pests pastures for stock animal health agricultural economy and agricultural extension
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
77
SAASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL - 60 - ANNEX K
PA 5 TURE
0t
HIamp1I-1LAND pA S TVfP i
q( C)
-- --
I
(Im1- 4eeR)5100
DE5I6N FOR SMALL CORPAL
ANO 5U11U 7FE
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk
- 61 -
ANNEX L ASESORAMIENTO EMPRESARIAL SA
PA5TLRE
ol
)
T qI6H LAND pA5TURE
DE5I6fI
1000
FOR 5MALL MAN MIUTE
(NA7tPv
COPPAL
LTI
oT
r-P
kwe
shy
Lr
kN
rA
~
pk