Review Earth and

Environmental

Astronomy

The number of daylight varies

upon location… why?

Because Earth is tilted on its axis

Which area would have the most

constant daylight/darkness hours?

THE EQUATOR

The latitude if a region affect its climate

by determining the angle of sunlight

throughout the year.

What makes the seasons

change?

Depending on the tilt of the earth’s axis of rotation, one area may be closer to the sun making DIFFERENT SEASONS IN DIFFERENT PLACES

This is also influenced by its rotation around the earth (1 rotation = 24 hours)

Latitude of a region affects its climate by determining the angle of sunlight throughout the year

What are the different

eclipses?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JybX

E7hXpZA

What makes the tides in the

ocean?

The gravitational pull of the Moon on the

Earth.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS6Iq

nvnOak

Heat energy in the ocean

This is maintained by heat energy being

cycled by currents between the equator

and the polar regions.

Water Cycle

The cycle is

complete when

water remains in

the ground as part

of the water table.

Wells

Precipitation and runoff recharge the well

When they become depleted when there

are too many in one area

What is our main source of

electromagnetic energy?

THE SUN!!!!

Helium nuclei are combined by nuclear

fusion

Need by plants to convert solar energy to

chemical energy.

How long is a day?

24 Hours

This is how long it takes for the earth to

complete one full rotation on its AXIS at

the equator.

Greenhouse Effect and Ozone

What are the greenhouse

gases?

Water Vapor

Methane

Carbon Dioxide

Nitrous Oxide

O3

CFCs

What would happen if we

didn’t have Greenhouse

Gases?

More heat from solar radiation would

escape making it very cold on earth

What is the ozone?

Located in the Stratosphere

Removes electromagnetic radiation that

is harmful to living things.

Acid Rain

Mostly found in urban areas

Pollution causing acidity in the

precipitation

Causes weathering

Atmosphere and Pressure

Instruments used to measure

weather

Barometer – Atmospheric pressure

Anemometer – Wind Speed

Thermometer – Temperature

Psychrometer – Humidity

Layers of the atmosphere

Troposphere

Thermosphere

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

Which layer does the most

weather occur?

Troposphere

Percentage of Gases in the

Atmosphere

Nitrogen 78%

Oxygen 21%

Other 1%

Temperature Inversions

Happens in large cities due to the mass

amounts of pollution.

Prevents normal convection of air masses

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPvn

9qhVFbM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6kc

eYFOj4w

Wind Circulation

During the day – land heats faster than

water.

Uneven heating creates a pressure

gradient

Wind then blows toward the land in a

circular path

Warm Air Mass

When over the ocean will likely cause

rainfall

Air Masses

Weather

Warm Front and Cold Fronts

Cold front- cold air

advances, forcing warm

air to rise

Air Masses Moving over the US

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kmhizd4De2E

Moving from Alaska

Cool and Moist

Moving from the Gulf of

Mexico

Warm and Humid

What is the main source of

energy for all weather

patterns?

The SUN

High pressure systems

Stops air from rising into the colder regions

of the atmosphere where water can

condense.

Drought will occur if a high pressure

system remains in an area for a long time

Energy movement from a

Cold Front and Warm Front

When cold meet warm what will happen?

Water in the atmosphere will undergo a

phase change…

Rain/Sleet/Snow/Hail

Climate

Depending on the area – Inland or

Coastal

You will see a difference in humidity due

to greater precipitation depend on how

close to the coast.

Ex. The average temp in Raleigh over the

past 30 years

Weather Patterns

Hurricane Prediction

How can

climatologist predict

hurricanes?

By studying water

current and

temperature

Form when 2 air

masses meet

What happens when the

hurricane hits land?

It starts to diminish due to a decrease in

warm moist air.

What conditions are right for

tornados?

Cool dry air colliding with warm moist air.

Form when 2 air masses meet.

Temperature Inversion and

Weather

Weather conditions that are ideal for the

formation of smog

What can we reduce to

reduce depletion of ozone in

the earth’s crust?

Chloroflurocarbons

(CFCs)

Layers of the Atmosphere

Planes fly in the

stratosphere to

avoid storms

Earth’s Atmosphere

Composition

Nitrogen 78%

Oxygen 20.54%

Argon .91%

Isobars

Represent pressure over an area

Closer together they are the more

frequent the change in pressure

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EEt

CWGkmKE

Water

Mining creates waste material that can

flow into streams

How does paving effect the

land?

Increases erosion of sediment by

increasing runnoff

Geology

Rock Cycle

New rocks form from Old Rocks

Layers of the Earth

Asthenosphere – Source of lava that

erupts from volcanoes

Inner Core – Solid

Outer Core – Liquid

Lithosphere – the outer surface

Layers of the Earth

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q

9j1xGaxYzY

Weathering and Erosion

Creation of sediments which then makes

sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks form from broken up

and deposited layers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pC7

jnJ0OIk

Types of rocks

Metamorphic – formed by heat and pressure

Igneous – liquid magma cools into a solid

Sedimentary – weathering and erosion of other rocks then pressure makes them form

Bill Nye Video (20 min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Xv1DoqkARQ

What theory explains how

similar species can be found

on different continents?

Pangea/Plate Tectonics

Modern land masses were once

connected but moved apart.

Plate Tectonic Activity

Evidence that supports this is – volcanic

activity and sea-floor spreading at the

mid-ocean ridge.

Earthquakes

Waves generating from the focus move in

all directions

Tectonic motion causes tension between

plates in the Earth’s Crust.

Measured by the Richter Magnitude Scale

Parts of an earthquake

Closer to the focus

the more intense

the earthquake

Volcanoes

Gases – H2O, CO2, SO2, hydrogen sulfide,

hydrogen chloride, helium, hydrogen

fluoride.

Particles

Tephera (form of ash)

Lava

Geology Part 2

Divergent Boundaries

2 oceanic plates pulling away from each

other

Form Ocean Ridges

New crust forms

Red Sea

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQsb

T9j3P44

Mariana Trench

One plate is being forced beneath

another

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2tm

40uMhDI

Convergent Boundaries

Makes mountains

Transform Boundaries

California

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPRmI

iqGl6E

Environment

Natural Gas

Produces the least amount of solid waste.

Click the link to see how clean your

energy is…

http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-

and-you/how-clean.html

3R’s

Reduce

Reuse

Recycle

Materials: plastic, glass, paper and metal

Why do we need to reuse material?

http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/recyclin

g-plant-powered-by-the-sun/

Ecological Footprint

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRZm

GHkqQbU