Periodic Table

Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

These Cornell Notes are on page 23 of your INB

All images are from www.Chem4kids.com

Review of Atoms and Elements

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter• Atoms are made of protons (+), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (-)• Protons and neutron are found in the nucleus of the atom• Electrons are found outside the nucleus in the orbital shell otherwise

known as the energy level• Elements are the smallest unit of matter and are arranged by properties on

the Periodic Table of Elements• Family groups are the columns and periods are the horizontal rows • Neutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons, which cancel

each other out and give no overall charge to the atom• Isotopes of an element have a different number of neutrons

Groups

•Each column is called a “group”

•Each element in a group has the same number of electrons in their outer orbital, also known as “shells”.

Group 1 = 1 electron

Group 2 = 2 electrons

Group 8 = 8 electrons

Except for He, it has 2 electrons

•The electrons in the outer shell are called “valenceelectrons”

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Valence Electrons

• Energy levels is an orbital where electrons are found

• Energy levels are found outside the nucleus

• Electrons randomly move anywhere within the shape of the orbital

• Aufbau Principle-electrons fill the lowest energy levels first and build into the higher levels only if the energy level before is full • Learn more about valence electrons at the Jefferson Lab

Periods •Each row is called a “period”

•The elements in each period have

the same number of shells

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Determine the number of shells and the number of valence electrons for:

2nd Period = 2 shells

4th Group = 4 valence electrons

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Determine the number of shells and the number of valence electrons for:

3rd Period = 3 shells1st Group = 1 valence electron

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The Uniqueness of H and He

• Hydrogen (H)-atomic number is 1

• Helium (He)-atomic number is 2

• Notice their placement on the Periodic Table

• H has one energy level and holds one electron. To fill the energy level, H needs one more electron or it can share the one electron with another atom; sometimes missing an electron and sometimes has an extra one. This mean H can bond with many other elements.

• He is different than all other elements. It can only have two electrons in its outer shell even though He is in family group eight

If We Were to Draw a H Atom to Scale…

• We would need a screen one mile wide in order to display the electron’s orbit

• This means that an atom is made of mostlyempty space!

+

Nearest Electron½ mile away

from the nucleus!

Classification of Elements

• Elements are classified on the Periodic Table by their properties

•Metals• Shiny or metallic luster

• Good conductor of heat and electricity

• Solids at room temperature, except Mercury

• Malleable or they can be bent and pounded into various shapes

• Ductile or drawn into wires

• Found mostly on the left and middle of the Periodic table

Family Group I

• Alkali Metals• One valence electron

• Very reactive

• Are solids, malleable, ductile, and

good conductors

• Softer than other metals

• Can explode when in contact with

water

Family Group II

• Alkaline Earth Metals• Have two valence electrons

• Occur naturally in nature

• Have the properties of metals

• Second most reactive group

• Radium at the bottom of the group is radioactive

Transition Metals

•Transition Metals have slightly different rules for shells and valence electrons.

•This is something you will learn about in High School Chemistry.

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Rare Earth Metals

• Lanthanide• Found naturally on Earth

• Actinide• All radioactive

• Some are not found in nature

• Higher atomic numbers have been made in labs using particle accelerators

Classification of Elements

•Nonmetals• Usually dull

• Poor conductors of heat and electricity

• Mostly gas at room temperature except bromine a liquid

• When a solid, they are brittle or break when the shape is changed

• Essential to the chemicals of life-97% of your body is made of nonmetals

• Found on the right side of the periodic table except for H, which is on the left

Family Group VII

• Halogens• 7 valence electrons

• Frequently bond with elements in family group 1

• Form halides or salts

Family Group VIII: Noble Gases

• Very stable gases--little tendency to gain or lose electrons

• Rarely react with other elements

• 8 electrons in its valence shell

• High ionization energies

Classification of Elements

•Metalloids• Have characteristics of both

metals and nonmetals

• Found between the metals and nonmetals in a stair-step line that separates the groups

To Review

• Compare and contrast the characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

• Create a table to show the characteristics of alkai metals, alkaline Earth metals, transitional metals, halogens, and noble gases