PCAG 2005 Program

PCAG 2005 NEW ROLE OF GEOGRAPHY IN A CHANGING LANDSCAPE

Annual Meeting of the Prairie Division of the

Canadian Association of Geographers

PROGRAM WITH ABSTRACTS

Hosted by: Department of Environment and Geography,

Clayton H. Riddell, Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba,

Winnipeg, Manitoba

September 23-35, 2005 Inn at the Forks

PCAG 2005 Program

PCAG 2005 Program

PCAG 2005 - SCHEDULE FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 2005

7:00 – 11:00 pm Registration, Mixer & Forks Ballroom West Executive Meeting

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2005

7:55 – 9:40 am Presentation Session 1 Forks Ballroom West Poster Session

7:55 – 9:40 am Presentation Session 2 Forks Ballroom East International Issues

8:00 – 9:40 am Presentation Session 3 River Salon Paleo-Geography

8:00 – 9:40 am Presentation Session 4 Prairie Salon Urban Geography: Prairies

9:40 – 10:00 am Coffee Break

10:00 – 12:00 pm Presentation Session 5 Forks Ballroom West Physical Geography and the Environment

10:00 – 12:00 pm Presentation Session 6 Forks Ballroom East Geomatics in Geography

10:00 – 12:15 pm Presentation Session 7 River Salon Urban Geography: International

10:00 – 12:15 pm Presentation Session 8 Prairie Salon Issues in Human Geography

12:30 – 4:30 pm Field Trip: Bus Tour of Rural Manitoba Host: Dr. L. Sawatsky

1:00 – 4:30 pm Field Trip: Winnipeg Zoo Hosts: Dr. M. Benbow and

Dr. B. Hallman

1:00 – 4:30 pm Field Trip: Downtown Winnipeg Host: Muddy Waters Tours

6:00 – 6:30 pm Cocktails Bergman’s on Lombard

6:30 – 8:00 pm Banquet Bergman’s on Lombard followed by Photo Contest

8:00 – 8:30 pm Guest Speaker: Dr. D. Sachyn Bergman’s on Lombard

Topic: What If? What Then? What Now? SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 25, 2005

9:00 – 11:00 am PCAG Annual General Meeting River Salon

PCAG 2005 Program

Inn at the Forks would like to thank the University of Manitoba and there Faculties for there patronage during our first year of business.

Welcome to all participants of the PCAG Conference. We wish you an enjoyable stay and

conference.

PCAG 2005 Program

EARLY MORNING Poster Session Forks Ballroom West Chair: Bonnie Hallman 7:55 – 8:35 am J. Byrne: Water Under Fire 8:40 – 9:40 am Poster Presentation

Sponsored by the Forks Market, Winnipeg, MB.

International Issues Forks Ballroom East Chair: Chris Malcolm 7:55 – 8:35 am J. Byrne: Water Under Fire 8:40 – 9:00 am J. Stewart: Cultural Uses of Bamboos in Northwestern Yunnan, China 9:00 – 9:20 am D. Medeiros and E. Haque: Integrating Conservation with Livelihood Improvement:

Lessons Learned from the Cananeia Oysters Produces Cooperative in Southeast Brazil

9:20 – 9:40 am L. Tirkey and J. Gardner: The Geo-ecological and Socio-economic Implications of

Tea Plantations in Darjeeling, Indian Himalaya Sponsored by the Clayton H. Riddell, Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB.

PCAG 2005 Program

Paleo-Geography River Salon Chair: Danny Blair 8:00 – 8:20 am R. McGinn, D. Wiseman and K. Zaniewski: Preliminary Results of a Surficial

Sediment Coring Program in the Glacial Lake Proven Basin, Riding Mountain, Manitoba

8:20 – 8:40 am W. Rannie: Déjà vu All Over Again: Miserable Wet Summers of the 19th Century 8:40 – 9:00 am S. Mamet and P. Kershaw: Reconstructing Historical Climatic Conditions within

Wapusk National Park as Inferred from Tree Rings 9:00 – 9:20 am M. Blade and P. Kershaw: Picea glauca Annual Growth Characteristics in the Forest-

Tundra of Churchill, Manitoba 9:20 – 9:40 am J. Axelson: Preliminary Results of a Dendrohydrological Study in Southwestern

Alberta

Sponsored by the Inn at the Forks, Winnipeg, MB.

PCAG 2005 Program

Urban Geography: Prairies Prairie Salon Chair: Emdad Haque 8:00 – 8:20 am W.R. Horne: Provincial Dominance: The Unique Case of Winnipeg 8:20 – 8:40 am A. Moss and D. Ramsey: Resident Perceptions of Changing Services and Quality of

Life in Rural Prairies 8:40 – 9:00 am B. Lorch and R. Wheeler: The Casino as a Downtown Redevelopement Tool: A Case

Study of Thunder Bay 9:00 – 9:20 am S. Mills: The Meaning of Job Security: How Aboriginal and White Women Experience

Industry Restructuring in the Forest Processing Sector of Saskatchewan 9:20 – 9:40 am T. Randall and J. Nichols: What is the Publics’ Response to Neighbourhood

Intensification and Diversity?

Sponsored by Pepsi-cola Canada Ltd.

PCAG 2005 Program

MID MORNING Physical Geography and Forks Ballroom West Chair: Ron McGinn the Environment 10:00 – 10:20 am C. Malcolm: Whale-watching Management in Churchill, MB and Victoria, BC:

Accounting for Regional Differences in Developing Sustainable Whale-watching Practices

10:20 – 10:40 am P. Fitzpatrick: Strengthening Public Involvement in Environmental Assessment: A

Manitoba Case Study 10:40 – 11:00 am C. O’Brien-Moran and C. Malcolm: An Investigation of Beluga Responses to Whale

Watching Vessels as a Basis for Recommendation of Whale Watching Guidelines in Churchill, Manitoba

11:00 – 11:20 am E. Edye and P. Kershaw: Overwinter Survival of Planted White Spruce (Picea glauca

[Moench] Voss) Seedlings in Different Environments at the Treeline, Churchill, Manitoba

11:20 – 11:40 am P. Kershaw: Polygonal peat plateau ice wedges and polygon center

temperature characteristics, Churchill MB 11:40 – 12:00 am N. Sampson and W. Wilson: The Biogeography of a Reintroduced Population of

vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) in the Chimborazo Faunal Reserve, Ecuador

Sponsored by the Forks Market, Winnipeg, MB.

PCAG 2005 Program

Geomatics in Geography Forks Ballroom East Chair: Derrek Eberts 10:00 – 10:20 am Y. He and X. Guo: Leaf Area Index Estimation Using Remotely Sensed Data in a

Mixed Grassland Ecosystem 10:20 – 10:40 am C. Geraci: Remote Sensing Assessment of Widespread Saltcedar Infestation and

Biological Control in Northwest Nevada 10:40 – 11:00 am M. Luo and J. Piwowar: Applying GIS for Assessing Wildlife Risks to Climate Change

in Saskatchewan 11:00 – 11:20 am A. Martin and J. McKinnon: GIS as a Tool for Leafy Spurge Management: Bringing

Together Stakeholders from Across Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta 11:20 – 11:40 am M. Snyder: The Use of Spatial and Non-Spatial Analysis for Evaluating Renewable

Urban Development in Winnipeg 11:40 – 12:00 am J. Lukovich: On the Spatiotemporal Statistical Analysis of SIC Anomalies in the

Southern Beaufort Sea Sponsored by the Clayton H. Riddell, Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB.

PCAG 2005 Program

Urban Geography: International River Salon Chair: Richard Foster 10:00 – 10:20 am A. Feidler, T. Gibson, D.A. Hansen, V. Regorrah and L. Watne: Unqualified

Employees and Optimism in the Grand Forks Community and the State of North Dakota

10:20 – 10:40 am D. Munski: Informal Field Trips for Improving Campus Connectivity to Statewide

Constituencies in North Dakota 10:40 – 11:00 am V. Regorrah, A. Feidler, T. Gibson, D. Hansen and L. Watne: Prairie Promises and

Railroad Robber-Barons Reconsidered: Transportation’s Changing Role in the Growth of Greater Grand Forks

11:00 – 11:20 am J. Selwood: Second Homes Russian/Ukrainian Style 11:20 – 11:40 am L. Sawatzky: International Seasonal Labor Migration in Agriculture 11:40 – 12:00 pm J. Pratte: Bicycle Tourism: On the Trail to Economic Prosperity? 12:00 – 12:20 pm S.-L. Kaktins: Globalization of Food Production Systems: Is There a Role for

Sustainable Local Food Systems?

Sponsored by the Inn at the Forks, Winnipeg, MB.

PCAG 2005 Program

Issues in Human Geography Prairie Salon Chair: Ken Beesley 10:00 – 10:20 am R. Dilley: Wind, Rain and Too Much Sun: Weather in the Lake District Novels of

Arthur Ransome 10:20 – 10:40 am S. Cipko and J. Lehr: Ukrainian Settlement in Paraguay 10:40 – 11:00 am T. Carter: AIDS in Uganda: Looking Beyond the Medical Circumstances 11:00 – 11:20 am J. Ji: Neighborhood Level Analysis of Admission to Cardiology in Saskatoon,

Saskatchewan 11:20 – 11:40 am J. Lehr and N. Aponiuk: “Do You Know the Ukrainian Night?”: Literature, Identity and

Commemoration of Gogol in Contemporary Ukraine 11:40 – 12:00 pm K. Zubrycki: Literary Utopias: Literary Hells? 12:00 – 12:20 pm M. Brayshay: Touring the Canadian Arctic with Patrick Ashley Cooper, Governor of

the Hudson’s Bay Company, 1934 12:20 – 12:40 pm J. Stewart: Identification and Application of the Components of Meaningful Public

Participation in Forest Management Sponsored by the Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB.

PCAG 2005 Program

Pepsi Cola Canada Ltd Proud Sponsors of PCAG 2005

The Department of Environment & Geography at the University of Manitoba

Is Proud to Host and Sponsor The 29th Annual PCAG Conference

We Would Like to Welcome all of the Participants to

Winnipeg and the PCAG 2005 Conference and wish you all a Very Enjoyable Conference

PCAG 2005 Program

PCAG 2005 - ABSTRACTS

Poster Session Forks Ballroom West Chair: Bonnie Hallman James Byrne, Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4 Water Under Fire

WATER UNDER FIRE is a 7-part television series exposing Canada’s water crises. Host BOB MCDONALD challenges our comfort level, as we do take water for granted, and calls us to take action by presenting potential solutions. Through a progression of interviews with top water scientists, this series explores the issues, the science, and the human impacts on water. This project is spearheaded by Dr. James Byrne and Dr. Richard Mrazek (University of Lethbridge), who have, for decades, been advocates of better water management. They are joined by internationally renowned aquatic ecologist DR. DAVID SCHINDLER, Killam Memorial Professor of Ecology, University of Alberta, and Gallant Productions, Lethbridge. The first six programs in the series explore regional concerns: Rocky Mountains, Prairie Waters, Northern Waters, Great Lakes Basin, Atlantic Canada, and Quebec. The 7th program covers national and international perspectives.

Copies of Water Under Fire are now available on DVD or VHS to educational institutions. if you would like to make use of Water Under Fire in your classroom, please visit our distributor, Film West Distribution. You can also contact info@filmwest.com

International Issues Forks Ballroom East Chair: Chris Malcolm James Byrne, Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4 Water Under Fire See above Jarin Stewart, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1 Cultural uses of bamboos in northwestern Yunnan, China.

Bamboo is a non-timber forest product (NTFP) that has gain attention in past years for its usefulness and versatility, yet many local groups within China, and the northwest region of Yunnan province, view bamboo as a simple weed. The goal of this report was to perform a brief and large-scale survey of the particular uses of bamboo by local people, in the northwest region of Yunnan, China. An examination of bamboo uses took place between the villages of Nanyao and Wenhai, as well as around the village of Liming. Bamboo production was often observed in daily life and was found to a supplementary income for Yi herders. The bamboo forests from which they harvest their raw material were very rare throughout the countryside, with sparse patches found generally within small stream valleys where soil moistures tended to be higher. In the area of Liming bamboo seemed to be more abundant but the lack of knowledgeable guides and the ability to communicate with local people were major problems. It was found that few people, other then the observed Yi herders, had knowledge of where large forests of bamboo existed. Also very little was known about the specific bamboo species that exist within the northwest region. Some believe that this region may hold endemic species of bamboo that have not yet been identified and it is for this reason that the conservation bamboo as well as a greater understanding of its uses is required.

PCAG 2005 Program

Dean Medeiros and C. Emdad Haque, Natural Resources Institute, Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba Dynamics of knowledge transfer for livelihood improvement: the role of institutions in Cananeia Oyster Producers’ Cooperative of southeast Brazil

The southeast region of Brazil faces serious challenges in terms of socio-economic pressures and emerging threats to its remaining mangrove and Atlantic forest ecosystems. In recent decades, both governmental and non-governmental initiatives have attempted to address this issue with mixed results. The designation and enforcement of protected areas has not been solely sufficient for attaining a reconciliation between conservation and development goals. Conservation measures need to link with livelihood improvement to be well received and widely implemented. The challenge stems from the lack of local capacity in terms of organization, management, and application of new interventions. Local capacity therefore needs to be nurtured by responsible, external institutions. Access of local communities to diverse, cross-scale institutions could act as a safety web in environments like Brazil, in which there are great socio-economic and political uncertainties. However, with links to such a diverse array of institutions, a principal consortium of institutions is necessary to maintain tight links among the resource base, resource users, and all involved institutions. Diverse institutional support resulted in the development of the Cananeia Oyster Producers’ Cooperative in southeast Brazil. We investigated the genesis of the Cooperative’s formation, institutional structures and linkages, and their effects upon improvements in livelihood security and biodiversity conservation in Cananeia, Sao Paulo, Brazil. We employed qualitative research methods including a variety of Rapid Rural Appraisal tools, archival investigations, and interviews with key informants. We observed that innovative interventions that encourage simultaneous reductions in conservation threats and increased capital generation, were widely adopted and successfully implemented. Awareness and acceptance by local leadership also played a key role for successful implementation of innovative solutions to adequately address mangrove conservation and livelihood issues. In the case of small-scale community enterprises, supporting institutions need to consider increasing commitment to result-oriented projects to reduce bureaucratic costs and enhance local capacity development. Lalit Tirkey and James S. Gardner, Natural Resources Institute, Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, sjlatit@hotmail.com, gardner@cc.umanitoba.ca The Geo-ecological and Socio-economic Implications of Tea Plantations in Darjeeling, Indian Himalaya

The Darjeeling District is known as the source of some of the finest teas. Situated in the Himalayan front ranges in the Indian state of West Bengal, the area was transformed in the 19th Century from a sparsely populated forested landscape to one dominated by extensive tea plantations, numerous linked roads, a narrow gauge railroad, a major town and many plantation-based villages populated by migrant workers. In addition, Darjeeling town became a focal point for sanitoria and a summer hill retreat for colonial administrators and business people and their families. Unprecedented pressure was placed on the natural resources and manifest by deforestation, depletion and contamination of surface water, and damaging episodes of landslides and accelerated erosion. By the mid-20th Century, the tea industry itself had begun to decline for a variety of economic, political and ecological reasons. The geo-ecological and socio-economic consequences of the decline since 1947 are described via two case studies. Negative geo-ecological consequences have most often been associated with livelihoods collapse, sudden landuse/landcover changes, road construction and unusually heavy rainfall events. Through acquisition of landownership rights after plantation closure and a halting move to subsistence and cash cropping, plus off-land employment, Mineral Spring has sustained itself and its immediate environment. Singell Tea Estate has survived marginally through a more participatory management approach but the dependent population is left with questionable livelihood sustainability.

PCAG 2005 Program

Paleo-Geography River Salon Chair: Danny Blair R.A. McGinn and D.J. Wiseman, Department of Geography, Brandon University and K. Zaniewski, Department of Geography, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1. Preliminary Results of a Surficial Sediment Coring Program in the Glacial Lake Proven Basin, Riding Mountain, Manitoba.

McGinn (2002) has identified four sub-stages in the history of Glacial Lake Proven, based on depositional units, correlation of outlets and associated lake levels. Early Glacial Lake Proven deposits (Stages 1 and 2) occur at elevations above 625m in the region to the west and southwest of the topographic basin. These rhythmite deposits represent a supraglacial lacustrine facies. The deposits of the later phases of Glacial Lake Proven (Stages 3 and 4), are found at lower elevations and are believed to represent a topographically controlled terminoglacial lacustrine facies, perhaps supraglacial, but with only a thin ice base.

The 2005 core-sampling program was designed to provide subsurface sedimentological data to the base map data and provide estimates of terminoglacial lacustrine sediment thickness in Glacial Lake Proven. Approximately 3.5-7.5 metres of terminoglacial lacustrine deposits have been logged above the local Zelena Formation (diamict). These sediments may be representative of three types of glaciolacustrine deposits: lacustrine complexes, lake-margin deposits and lacustrine bottomsets. Two lake cores, extracted near the outlet of Glacial Lake Proven into the Upper Rolling River spillway, were found to contain a sequence of relatively course grained current lain deposits. These deposits may be representative of a backflooding event into terminoglacial Glacial Lake Proven.

Two cores extracted from distal reaches of the Upper Rolling River Valley indicate that Glacial Lake Otter, a contemporaneous and contiguous supraglacial lake covered an area significantly larger than previously described. W. F. Rannie, Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9 “Deja Vu All Over Again”: “Miserable Wet Summers” of the 19th Century

The extraordinary rain and violent storms of June and July in southern Manitoba were national news events which produced unusually severe conditions on a number of fronts: widespread standing water on fields which ruined crops, water levels on rivers and lakes which were extreme for the season, dramatic displays of lightening, and swarms of mosquitoes. Although such conditions have occurred in some other years within the instrumental period (eg. 1958, 1993, 2000), they are unusual. Written records from the pre-instrumental period, however, contain numerous descriptions of similar or even more severe summer conditions. This paper summarizes the historical evidence for remarkably wet summers on the eastern prairies and northwestern Ontario and suggests that “wet” summers were more common in the 19th Century than during the instrumental period. Steven D. Mamet and G. Peter Kershaw , Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3 smamet@ualberta.ca, peter.kershaw@ualberta.ca Reconstructing Historical Climatic Conditions within Wapusk National Park as Inferred from Tree rings

A longitudinal transect in Wapusk National Park was initiated in 2004 and completed in 2005. At 5 (2004) and 10-km (2005) intervals along the 190-km-long transect, accessible stands of spruce were examined. A further 24 sites were sampled along the coastal side of the transect. The presentation will focus on analysis of the 2004 samples. At least two trees were bored at each site for a total of 33. Two cores were taken from each tree. A total of 20 trees had useable cores that could be analyzed (e.g. no heart rot). The oldest tree was a Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. at 221 years, followed by a Picea glauca (Moench) Voss at 218 years. Preliminary ring

PCAG 2005 Program

width analysis using the VELMEX measuring system and softwares COFECHA and ARSTAN was completed on 13 P. glauca, 6 P. mariana and 1 Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. There was diminished growth (cooler temperatures) between ~1793 and 1822 and 4 consecutive 20-year periods of alternating enhanced (warmer temperatures) and suppressed growth starting with enhanced growth from 1823 to 1843 and ending with suppressed growth from 1884 to 1904. Enhanced growth was observed for the majority of the 20th century until ~1985 when a return to below average growth was registered for the remainder of the chronology. Future work includes incorporating the 2005 samples into the chronology to extend the geographical area of the study and produce a larger sample size. The relationship between tree ring characteristics and the instrumental climate record will also be investigated. M.K. Blade, and G. Peter Kershaw, Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, mblade@ualberta.ca Picea glauca annual growth characteristics in the forest-tundra of Churchill, MB

As the limiting factors of a forest species are approached, the forest breaks up into tree islands in the forest-tundra ecotone which eventually become treeless tundra. The climatic factors in this zone that can limit tree growth include temperature, precipitation, and wind speed and direction. Measuring annual growth ring width response to these climatic factors can establish a high-resolution climatic record that exceeds the modern instrumental record. Fieldwork was conducted near Churchill in a Picea glauca tree island located at the treeline where the systematic climate record extends to 1842. Only single stems >1m above the skirt of branches were sampled and their locations mapped. Based on cores removed from the stems, a tree-ring chronology and stem age map were constructed for the tree island. Variations of annual growth response within the stand were compared to microclimate data collected by an automated station. The tree-ring indices were compared to climatic factors to assess climate-limiting factors on establishment and growth. Jodi Axelson and Dave Sauchyn, Department of Geography, University of Regina, Regina SK, S4S 0A2 Preliminary results of a dendrohydrological study in southwestern Alberta

Tree-ring chronologies have been identified as reliable proxy records that can be used to reconstruct a number of climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, and streamflow. Precipitation and streamflow will be reconstructed in the South Saskatchewan River Basin (SSRB). The SSRB encompasses a number of sub-basins covering a diverse geographical area, thus a dense network of tree-ring chronologies paired with a nested scale approach to dendrohydrological reconstructions will be used for this study. Tree-ring chronologies collected within the SSRB, primarily in the southern foothills, will be discussed in terms of ecology and climate response. A preliminary reconstruction of streamflow at the watershed scale will also be presented and discussed.

Urban Geography: Prairies Prairie Salon Chair: Emdad Haque William R. Horne, Geography Department, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SA Provincial dominance: the unique case of Winnipeg

When one thinks of the most powerful cities in Canada: Toronto, Calgary, Montreal and Vancouver quickly come to mind. At the provincial scale however, there is another city that appears to have more influence on its province than any other Canadian city. The city is Winnipeg. This paper will present evidence of this and discuss some of the reasons why Winnipeg has this unique position in its province.

PCAG 2005 Program

Alison Moss and Doug Ramsey, Department of Rural Development, Brandon University, Brandon Manitoba, R7A 6A9. Resident Perceptions of Changing Services and Quality of Life in the Rural Prairies.

Providing services, whether health, education, protection, social or infrastructural, in rural communities can be difficult. The issue is exacerbated in those communities facing declining population brought about by economic restructuring. In fact, a reduction in service delivery itself can lead to depopulation. This paper reports on the results of three community surveys: Carnduff, Saskatchewan and Benito and Manitou, Manitoba. Three aspects of the survey are addressed: resident perceptions of the quality of service provision, the positive and negative changes in their community, and the most important issues facing their community. The paper concludes by suggested that while communities face many pressures in the new rural economy, the resilience of its residents should not be underestimated. Brian Lorch and Ryan Wheeler, Department of Geography, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, brian.lorch@lakeheadu.ca The Casino as a Downtown Rededevelopment Tool: A Case Study of Thunder Bay, Ontario

In 1998, the Government of Ontario announced its intention to build four additional charity casinos, one of which would be located in Thunder Bay. For Thunder Bay, the announcement was fortuitous because it came on the heals of the closure of its Eaton’s department store in the fall of 1997. In an effort to shore up its faltering northward downtown, the city lobbied the province to construct the casino in that central business district. In this paper, we examine the impact of that decision through an analysis of the evolution of the functional mix of the downtown business activity in the years leading up to closure of Eaton’s and the years following the opening of the Casino in the Summer of 2000. Overall, the analysis shows a conspicuous shift toward entertainment activities and a decline in retail shopping opportunities. Our study also explores the perceived spin off benefits of the casino on the downtown from the perspective of a small sample of downtown business owners. Results indicate cross-over shopping and interaction with other business activity by traffic generated by the casino to be very limited. Suzanne Mills, Geography Department, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SA The meaning of job security: how Aboriginal and white women experience industry restructuring in the forest processing sector of Saskatchewan.

In this paper I examine how female white and Aboriginal mill workers experience the organization of labour in forestry relating to job security and industry restructuring. While the industry trends of increasing productive flexibility and increasing average mill size have impacted all workers, white and Aboriginal women have experienced these trends in ways that reflect the gendered and racialised structure of the labour market. Using an institutional ethnography approach, I explore how women’s experiences within the workplace are affected by the larger power structures. Drawing on interviews with 30 women (12 Aboriginal), I show how white and Aboriginal women have been particularly vulnerable to the introduction of productive flexibility and downsizing within the forest sector. Further, I question what decreasing job security within primary sector mills has meant for women who are recent entrants into the primary labour market from less stable forms of employment such as the service sector of forest services work. I argue that these intersections of identity and broader economic change are connected to and constitutive of women’s experiences in the workplace.

PCAG 2005 Program

Todd Randall and Jamie Nichols, Department of Geography, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, randall@lakeheadu.ca What is the Publics’ Response to Neighbourhood Intensification and Diversity?

Current neighbourhood designs in Canada are – with exceptions – clones of the postwar automobile dependent suburb. These are low density, largely single use areas growing on the perimeter of urban areas, which perpetuate reliance on the car. Recent initiatives by the Ontario government (e.g., Places To Grow legislation) are part of a small but growing trend towards urban intensification and sustainable community design in North America. These initiatives are intended to address diminishing land for suburban growth and increased connections between our physical urban environment and health problems (e.g., obesity & asthma rates). This research is designed to measure the publics’ attitudes towards higher density housing types and integrated land uses within a residential neighbourhood (i.e., not dissimilar from neighbourhoods constructed in the early 20th Century). Attitudes were assessed through a Visual Preference Survey (VPS). The VPS consists of a two-part process: 1) an interview showing respondents a series of photographs of varying densities; and 2) a mail-back portion from which information to explain photo choices and neighbourhood preferences could be obtained. The paper will present preliminary results collected during the summer of 2005 from a 1960’s residential neighbourhood in Thunder Bay. The analysis will explore various architectural and socio-economic factors that control density and housing preferences, particularly how the responses from residents of single family detached housing differ from those of residents in multi-family housing types.

Physical Geography and Forks Ballroom West Chair: Ron McGinn the Environment C.D. Malcolm, Department of Geography, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, R7A 6A9, malcolmc@brandonu.ca. Whale-watching Management in Churchill, MB, and Victoria, BC: Accounting for Regional Differences in Developing Sustainable Whale-watching Practices

Effective management of whale-watching requires sustainable use of an open-access, commons resource. While the whale-watching industry developed in Canada during the late 1980s and 1990s, a hands-off approach by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) left management development predominantly in the hands of whale-watching companies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). DFO is now proposing amendments to the Marine Mammal Regulations of the federal Fisheries Act, to include regulation of whale-watching activities. The introduction of federal legislation to regulate regional activities poses interesting problems, particularly against the backdrop of continued growth, localized grassroots development of the industries, incomplete ecological knowledge, and largely unenforceable, pseudo-precautionary viewing protocols with no scientific basis. Whale-watching in Victoria, BC, and Churchill, MB, exemplify these regional differences and the difficulties inherent in developing federal legislation that is regionally practical to both the local industries and focal whale populations. Whale-watching in Victoria takes place in an urbanized seascape with deep-water channels and many vessels, both commercial and private. Conversely, whale-watching in Churchill takes place in a relatively remote location in shallow, estuarine waters, with only a few commercial vessels. In Victoria, the main whales watched are a small population of killer whales under pressure from marine pollution and commercial fishing; these pressures have been reported frequently by the media. In Churchill, a portion of approximately 57,000 beluga whales, a population subject to aboriginal subsistence hunting, readily approaches and interacts with whale-watching vessels. These two disparate locations are discussed with respect to the proposed amendment changes.

PCAG 2005 Program

Patricia Fitzpatrick, Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Fitzpat3@cc.umanitoba.ca Strengthening public involvement in environmental assessment: A Manitoba case study

Scholars and practitioners have written about the benefits of public involvement in environmental decision making, particularly as it relates to environmental assessment (EA). This research adds a recent case study from Manitoba to the discussion. The Wuskwatim generation station and transmission lines projects involve the construction of a low head dam and three 230 kV transmission line segments in Northern Manitoba. The review process included multiple opportunities for public engagement, including public meetings surrounding the scope of the review, written information requests, and 32 days of public hearings. Primary data collection included participant observation, semi-structured interviews with EA participants, and documentation generated through the course of the review.

The research revealed a number of strengths and weaknesses associated with the hearings process. Three areas of note necessitate consideration for future EA processes in Manitoba. First, EA participants’ satisfaction with the EA process decreased in instances of procedural uncertainty. Second, information must be managed to both allow timely access without overwhelming participants. Finally, access to financial resources by participants is necessary, but not sufficient for effective engagement in EA. These findings suggest that although the Manitoba hearings process, as implemented in the EA of the Wuskwatim projects, was able to better engage the public, additional procedural changes will strengthen the review process. C.V.M. O’Brien-Moran and C.D. Malcolm, Department of Geography, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, R7A 6A9, (204) 727-9770, courtenay@westman.wave.ca. An Investigation of Beluga Responses to Whale Watching Vessels as a Basis for Recommendation of Whale Watching Guidelines in Churchill, Manitoba.

Fisheries and Oceans Canada is proposing to amend the Marine Mammal Regulations of the Fisheries Act to include whale watching. Within these regulations there is an allowance for regional schedules specific to the environments and species in the various areas where whale watching occurs. The Churchill River estuary is one location where a regional schedule would be beneficial. During the summer beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) spend a significant amount of time in the estuary, numbering in the thousands. A behaviourial study of beluga – vessel interaction to facilitate the construction of the regional schedule for Churchill was carried out from July 19th to August 5th, 2005. The study included observations from a commercial whale watching vessel in which we recorded changes in type and frequency of behavior, fluidity and direction, all in relation to the distance the whale(s) was from the vessel. Observations were carried out for three minutes per group. Control observations were carried out from the Port of Churchill gallery. Preliminary analysis suggests that the behavior of the whales does not differ greatly in the presence of a vessel. GPS track logs of whale-watching vessel travel were also recorded to identify focal whale-watching areas. Using these results, we recommend the implementation of vessel operation zones within the estuary.

PCAG 2005 Program

Eleanor Edye and G. Peter Kershaw, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB. Overwinter survival of planted white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) seedlings in different environments at the treeline, Churchill, Manitoba.

As part of a larger monitoring study determining the environmental controls limiting expainsion of white spruce into the tundra, approximately 250 white spruce seedlings from local seed stock were planted in the Churchill area. Seedlings (x-weeks-old) were planted in mid-October 2004, in five environments: tundra, tree island, shrub, white spruce forest, and burned forest. Overwinter mortality was variable among the different environments, with the tundra site having the highest mortality (76%) and the tree island the lowest (2%), with a total mortality of 30% for all sites. The high mortality at the tundra site was due to a combination of harsh environmental conditions and animal disturbance, while the relatively sheltered tree island site provided a good overwintering habitat for seedlings. While mortality was high at the tundra site, the survivorship confirms that white spruce seedlings have the potential to survive once established.

Seedlings will be monitored during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons to assess their survival and vigour and will also be used in artificial warming experiments to be conducted during 2005 and 2006. G. Peter Kershaw, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, peter.kershaw@ualberta.ca Polygonal Peat Plateau Ice Wedges and Polygon Center Temperature Characteristics, Churchill MB

Polygonal peat plateaus are a common landform in the Hudson Bay Lowlands and are commonly a sign of continuous permafrost. The polygons are formed by ice wedge troughs that have different surface water and plant cover characteristics. The dark lines that define the polygons overly the ice wedges. In most cases the raised polygon centers are dominated by light-coloured lichens while the depressed troughs have a higher moss and vascular plant cover. In winter the low troughs accumulate more snow than the wind-deflated centers. This difference in snowpack drives temperature differences that can be dramatic. In settings where the ice wedges are melting the snow accumulation is greater and the difference between air and polygon center temperatures increases. The temperature beneath the snow is warmer and the potential for a positive feedback occurs where thaw of the ice wedge increases trough depth and its ability to trap more of the insulating snow. A continuous 3-yr record of winter temperatures will be used to illustrate these relationships. N. Sampson and W. Wilson The Biogeography of a Reintroduced Population of vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) in the Chimborazo Faunal Reserve, Ecuador This paper explores the biogeographical and cultural aspects of the reintroduction of vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) in the Chimborazo Faunal Reserve in central Ecuador. Although there is as yet no definitive proof as to a pre-Incan existence of vicuna in central Ecuador, the Reserve, ranging in altitude from 3800m to over 6000m and supporting the only extensive example of puna vegetation in the country, was chosen as a site for (re-)introducing a herd of vicuña composed on animals from Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, as part of an overall plan to provide sustainable development opportunities to local communities through fiber production and tourism. It has also been argued that vicuna have a much less destructive impact on local high altitude vegetation than introduced sheep, cattle, and horses. Our initial data suggest that the introduction, conducted in two phases in 1988 and 1994, has been a success in that 1) the number of vicuna has increased, and 2) the local communities have been vocally supportive of the reintroduction, have not poached, and have reduced the number of sheep being grazed on the high altitude pastures. We have also gathered data on existing vegetation of the puna, which will be compared to data gathered in following years to determine what impact, if any, the vicuña are having on this delicate vegetation community.

PCAG 2005 Program

Geomatics in Geography Forks Ballroom East Chair: Derrek Eberts Yuhong He and Xulin Guo, Department of Geography, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SA S7N 5A5 Leaf Area Index Estimation Using Remotely Sensed Data in a Mixed Grassland Ecosystem

Leaf area index (LAI) is one of the surface parameters that have importance in ecological studies. There has been a great deal of interest in estimating LAI and its spatial and temporal variation using remote sensing measurements. Currently, the major limitations of mapping LAI from satellite imagery exist in three aspects: (1) LAI maps were commonly produced using low resolution satellite image such as AVHRR, which suffered from a low accuracy; (2) NDVI as a commonly used vegetation indices (VI) to estimate LAI has limitations in semiarid environment because of the low vegetation cover; (3) a primary approach to estimating LAI is to built an empirical relationship between LAI and VI derived from satellite image. However, there is no single LAI-VI equation that can be applied to remote-sensing images of different surface types, especially for the mixed grassland in semiarid area. To address these gaps and improve the accuracy of LAI maps, the objectives of this study are, (1) to investigate the relationships between VI and LAI in the mixed grassland ecosystem of Saskatchewan, Canada, (2) to develop algorithms for mapping LAI to high resolution satellite image, and (3) to provide a LAI map after an assessment of its accuracy using ground measurements. This study is based on LAI measurements acquired during the summer of 2005 and a SPOT-4 scene at 20-m resolution acquired simultaneous. The developed method can be used for studying other biophysical variables and LAI map will be used for grassland fire fuel model development. This study would provide the grassland management with the ability to continuously monitor grassland biophysical properties over time. Charles Geraci, Department of Geography, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202. Remote Sensing Assessment of Widespread Saltcedar Infestation and Biological Control in Northwest Nevada

Saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima), a highly aggressive invasive species of plant found throughout western North America, has been designated a ‘Noxious Weed’ by the North Dakota Department of Agriculture and counterparts in other states. A need for maps quantifying the presence and spread of saltcedar throughout Nevada has been identified by agencies involved in the direct control of Saltcedar, including the Natural Resource and Conservation Service (NRCS) and State of Nevada. Recent biological control of saltcedar infestation in northwest Nevada conducted by the University of Nevada Reno has involved the use of Diorhabda elongata, a species of saltcedar leaf-eating beetle, and resulted in widespread defoliation of monoculture saltcedar communities. GPS utilizing fieldwork conducted in northwest Nevada during July and October of 2004, and August 2005 identified locations of saltcedar stands of varying density, extent, and health. Supervised classifications were then performed upon Landsat TM imagery from October 1991, 1997, and 2003 for a temporal study attempting the measure of saltcedar spread over twelve years; and June 2004 for differentiation between healthy and defoliated saltcedar. Ongoing supervised classifications and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis demonstrate substantial capability of Landsat imagery to produce moderate-scale maps of widespread saltcedar infestation, quantify change in Tamarisk cover over time, and assess biological control efforts of saltcedar infestation that utilize herbivores such as D. elongata. All remote sensing analysis for this project was conducted using ERDAS IMAGINE 8.7.

PCAG 2005 Program

Mei Luo and Joe Piwowar, Department of Geography, University of Regina, Regina SK Canada S4S 0A2, luome111@uregina.ca Applying GIS for assessing wildfire risks to climate change in Saskatchewan

Unprecedented challenges are being placed on Saskatchewan's forest fire management program through expanding forest uses, increasing northern populations, and escalating costs of fire suppression. Previous studies have found a correlation between wildfire frequency and available moisture levels, suggesting that climate plays a significant role in wildfire characteristics. Since the moisture regime of many forested regions has been changing due to global warming it is important to try and understand how climate change could impact the distribution, occurrence, and intensity of wildfires in different regions in the province. Assessing wildfire risks to climate change impacts is a complex and challenging issue, however, since the occurrence and intensity of wildfires are influenced not only by climate, but also by other factors such as vegetation type, topography, and soil condition.

In this article we present a rational index to examine the potential climate-induced forest wildfire risk changes in northern Saskatchewan. The index is based on three indicators including the density of lightning-caused wildfire in current climate, and expected changes in temperature and precipitation under future climate scenarios. June wildfire data from 1959 to 1999 were used to plot the spatial distribution of fire occurrence under current and future climate scenarios. We found significant shifts in the high wildfire risk regions in northern Saskatchewan. Alex G. Martin, Department of Rural Development, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada R7A 6A9 and Jennifer McKinnon, Rural Development Institute, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada R71 6A9.

GIS as a tool for leafy spurge management: Bringing together stakeholders from across Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta.

Noxious weed management is a high priority for both private and public land managers. Leafy spurge has

been identified as a high priority for land managers as it threatens plant and animal biodiversity, agricultural productivity, and land value. Contemporary weed management theory and practice stress prevention, detection, control of existing populations, and restoration of reclaimed areas. It is also recognized that noxious weed management is a problem that transcends both political and organizational boundaries. This paper will examine 1) the process by which the Rural Development Institute (RDI) is developing a regional leafy spurge GIS database for stakeholders across Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, 2) how the development of this GIS has provided a unique opportunity to develop partnerships and networks amongst stakeholders involved in the management of leafy spurge, and 3) the value of a GIS database as a noxious weed management tool within a multi-stakeholder regional context. M. Snyder, Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9 The use of spatial and non-spatial analysis for evaluating renewable urban development in Winnipeg Urban research has explored the causes and responses to urban decay in the North American city, exploring methods and potential solutions to manage decline within the urban environment. This research examines how GIS can be used as a tool to monitor and manage urban renewal strategies. Individual factors contributing to a need for renewal were assessed, using multi-criteria evaluation as the tool for analysis. Maps were created to establish an index scale by which to measure varying levels of socio-economic need, by census tract, within the study area of Winnipeg. A conceptual framework, which detailed the processes of renewal and decline in Canadian inner city neighbourhoods, was then applied to the results of the GIS analysis in order to bring together quantitative and qualitative data for analyzing urban renewal. This mixed methods approach was used to diagnose urban areas in need of renewal. The methodology used in this research can be adapted as census data is updated, and could play an important role in present and future urban renewal strategies and policymaking decisions.

PCAG 2005 Program

Jennifer V. Lukovich and David G. Barber, Centre for Earth Observation Science, Clayton H. Riddell, Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2 On a spatiotemporal statistical analysis of sea ice concentration anomalies in the Southern Beaufort Sea

The circumpolar flaw lead polynya system is a region of enhanced biological productivity and for significant portions of the annual cycle, dominates the exchange of energy and mass across the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere (OSA) interface. We investigate the nature of sea ice concentration (SIC) anomalies for spatial and temporal statistical persistence within a portion of this flaw lead system. We find such a structure in the shelf break zone between Amundsen Gulf and the Canada Basin. Recent sea ice studies of the Southern Beaufort Sea (SBS) for the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES) have also demonstrated a correspondence between positive sea ice concentration anomalies and atmospheric forcings. The present investigation seeks to quantify this correspondence through spatiotemporal autocorrelations for the total SIC anomalies in the SBS. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data is used to determine the potential roles of oceanic and atmospheric forcing in creating and maintaining this observed coherence in the SIC anomalies. Analyses of e-folding times show that SIC anomalies are characterized on average by a 4 – 7 week timescale to the west of Banks Island. Results also suggest that the coherence pattern is consistent over the instrumental record (1979 to 2000), although it changes in shape and extent between years. The forcing mechanisms creating this coherence in SIC anomalies appear to be tied to surface wind-driven upwelling in the shelf-break areas of the SBS.

Urban Geography: International River Salon Chair: Richard Foster Alex Feidler, Ted Gibson, Devon A. Hansen, Virginia Regorrah, Lowell Watne, Department of Geography, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202. Unqualified Employees and Optimism in the Grand Forks Community and the State of North Dakota

Employee quality satisfaction is typically high as a business priority because well-qualified employees seemingly contribute more successfully to businesses. The research objective was to determine employee quality satisfaction among owners/managers of three business categories (manufacturing, construction, and information/technology) in Grand Forks, ND, and East Grand Forks, MN. The methodology highlighted specific questions from two different surveys addressing employee qualification issues from the employers’ perspectives so to identify significant trends. The first survey, conducted by the research team, gathered city-level data regarding major factors impacting the study area’s manufacturing, construction, and information/technology industries. The second survey, generated by the North Dakota State Data Center, emphasized state level that provided information regarding North Dakota employers’ attitudes and perceptions about labor issues concerning the development of primary-sector businesses. Results from both surveys indicate that owners/managers in North Dakota and the study area are not satisfied with the current pool of potential employees. Forty-nine percent of owner/managers in North Dakota and seventy-one percent of those in the study area claim they cannot find qualified employees. However, the research results also reveal that the study area’s owners/managers overall feel they have done well recently and will continue despite the fact they feel future employees will lack the desired qualifications. This might reflect that although the initial applicant pool might lack either experience in a job or the skills for a job, that these employees can be trained and have other positive attributes that lead employers generally to retain an optimistic outlook for the future.

PCAG 2005 Program

Douglas C. Munski, Department of Geography, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202 Informal Field Trips for Improving Campus Connectivity to Statewide Constituencies in North Dakota

Annually since 1990, the University of North Dakota has been having the President’s Statewide Tour for New Faculty and Administrators. This three-day excursion in mid-August introduces 30-40 individuals to the state’s landscape and emphasizes these new university employees meeting alumni, business leaders, politicians, and the general public. This tour now alternates between northern and southern routes with some repeated stops each trip but also new places and different paths being incorporated appropriately. Beginning in 2001, one of this institution’s senior geography professors has been traveling with these groups and providing “color commentaries” on the premise that questions concerning North Dakota’s physical and cultural attributes are handled best by a geographer. These excursions (three northern/two southern) involving this geography professor’s services constitute informal field trips. Each successive journey has been fine-tuned and improved based upon experiences of previous motorcoach tour participants. While campus newcomers become familiar with peoples and places outside Grand Forks, the color commentator benefits from these tour guide activities. Such informal field trips have generated spinoffs including: 1) insights into various regions of the state; 2) materials for upgrading the 200-level geography of North Dakota course; and 3) connections for out-of-town intern placement. These successful tours has prompted another North Dakota University System institution to follow the Grand Forks campus’s lead with one more sister campus investigating sponsoring similar excursions. Therefore, geographers, the best candidates for being color commentators, should help make informal field trips a means to improve connecting a campus to its statewide constituencies. Virginia Regorrah, Alex Feidler, Ted Gibson, Devon A. Hansen, and Lowell Watne, Department of Geography, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202 Prairie Promises and Railroad Robber-Barons Reconsidered: Transportation’s Changing Role in the Growth of Greater Grand Forks

Historically, transportation access has played a pivotal role in the evolution of regional centers that first grew along rivers and trails, and later railroads and highways. Grand Forks, North Dakota, experienced such an economic development process because of a few transportation visionaries who capitalized upon the introduction of river, rail, and stage transportation to make Grand Forks a regional distribution center. Its identity as a North Dakota agricultural and manufacturing center was secure as long as it dominated the crossroads of the rail lines and highways in its hinterland. The slow growth of its economy in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries is directly related to limited local responses to changes in transportation modes compared to competing regional nodes. This study has two main objectives: first, to clarify the historic importance of transportation in the economic development of Grand Forks; and second, to determine the current role of transportation in the community’s ongoing growth. This research incorporates the use of data from survey questionnaires of trigger industries (manufacturing, construction, and information/technology) in Grand Forks. The results indicate that for manufacturing industries, the lack of cost-effective transportation options have restricted growth opportunities in the Grand Forks area. The same features that lured Grand Forks’ first settlers and resulted in its designation as a regional distribution center now limit the city’s development.

PCAG 2005 Program

John Selwood, Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9 Second Homes Russian/Ukrainian Style

Although much has been written recently about second homes in Europe, North America and the Antipodes, there is a noticeable gap in the literature in that the second homes of Russia and Ukraine have been almost totally overlooked in geographical and closely related academic writing. This paper makes a preliminary effort to address that gap through an examination of the ‘dacha’ – the Russian equivalent of the summer second home. The paper is based on a review of what literature has been uncovered and recent field research undertaken around several cities of western Ukraine and Russia. The research reveals that there is a long history of second home usage in these areas and the dacha has a variety of distinctive styles and functions that can broaden our understanding of the second home phenomenon. H. Leonard Sawatzky, Department of Environment and Geography, Clayton H. Riddell, Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2 International Seasonal Labor Migration in Agriculture

Labor shortages at the 'skilled' end of the employment spectrum are commonplace in technically advanced, wealthy countries. That these lead to assiduous recruiting, and hence considerable long-term relocation across international boundaries, is common knowledge. This 'brain drain' flows from less powerful, less diversified economies to those which provide higher remuneration and. most likely, a more generous range of career opportunities. Resident alien status, even immigration, is facilitated for persons possessing skills which are in short supply. Expanded educational/training programs available in countries of origin have, in general, been matched or outweighed by rapid technological advances in the 'recruiting' countries, thus sustaining the process. Moreover, it is arguably advantageous to 'import' fully-trained individuals, educated at another's expense, whose socio-economic output will henceforth be captured by the 'adopting' country. There is, however, a parallel component to the movement of 'elite' members of the labor force, at the opposite, unskilled, end of the employment spectrum. This embodies the recruitment, across international boundaries, of personnel to perform vital seasonal tasks in the timely production, harvesting and processing of agricultural commodities, in the same countries which commonly are at the receiving end of the 'brain drain'. In technically advance countries, it is common for the highest rate and most persistent incidence of unemployment to be chronically lodged in the 'unskilled' segment of the labor market. Nonetheless, it has proven to generally impossible for producers of labor-intensive, timing-sensitive crops of fruits and vegetables to recruit an adequate supply of reliable labor from the domestic reservoir, however numerically adequate it may appear to be. Consequently, such employers also persistently recruit abroad and/or project inducements intended to motivate foreign nationals to offer their services to them. The fact that such, primarily seasonal, migrants characteristically remit a large portion of total earnings to their country of origin represents a significant distinction between their economic behavior and that of more permanently relocated participants in the so-called 'brain drain'. This paper addresses itself to the evaluation of this latter phenomenon, in a qualitative and comparative manner, as it manifests itself in the production of horticultural crops in Canada, Germany and the United States.

PCAG 2005 Program

Jeff Pratte, Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9 Bicycle Tourism: On the trail to economic prosperity?

Bicycle tourism represents a fast-growing and potentially lucrative market in an age where tourism is one of the world’s largest industries. Several European countries have catered to bicycle tourists for decades and have seen tens of millions of dollars in revenue spent by cyclists annually. Consequently, a bicycle infrastructure has developed in these areas consisting of route networks as well as services and lodgings that cater to cyclists. In North America, however, the potential windfalls created by bicycle tourism have remained largely unrealized. With the exception of a few regions, most notably Vermont, the Adirondacks of New York, and Quebec’s “Route Verte” network, bicycle tourism is not carried out with enough intensity to make a significant impact on the local tourism economy. Consequently, the academic literature in tourism geography has approached bicycle tourism with a strong European focus.

Various indicators suggest that a great demand for bicycle tourism does exist and that this demand is increasing. Some North American jurisdictions have attempted to attract bicycle tourists by constructing rail trails and other bicycle networks. Minnesota has constructed the largest network of paved trails in North America and has seen a high level of use. This paper will use Minnesota as a case study to examine the factors that make an area a successful destination for bicycle tourists. Sylvia-Linda Kaktins, Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9, kaktins@mts.net Globalization of Food Production Systems: Is There a Role for Sustainable Local Food Systems?

Restructuring of our modern world is rapid, complex, multifaceted, involving both space and time, and resulting in changes in the nature, scale and volume of spatial interactions. There exists a tension between globalization and localism that is clearly expressed in the food systems in the United States and Canada. The globalization of agribusiness with its accompanying concentrated vertical and horizontal development has elicited a response in the form of localism - a resistance against the homogenizing effects of globalization of our food systems. Examples of alternatives to the meta-narrative of globalization are local farmer’s markets, community supported agriculture, food policy councils, food system advocacy groups, community gardening activities and the emerging concept of community food security. There are increasing calls for sustainable community/local food system (SLFS) to reflect this localized call for sustainable food self-sufficiency. This paper examines the role that SLFS can play in this era of globalization.

PCAG 2005 Program

Issues in Human Geography Prairie Salon Chair: Ken Beesley Robert Dilley; Department of Geography, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay ON, P7B 5E1 Wind, rain and too much sun: weather in the Lake District novels of Arthur Ransome

Several writers have examined the importance of place and landscape in literature, but few have focussed specifically on the role of weather. Arthur Ransome (1884 - 1967) is one of the best-known authors of children’s books. Of the twelve classic stories he wrote, five (from “Swallows and Amazons” in 1930 to “The Picts and the Martyrs” in 1943) are set in the English Lake District: four in late summer and one in mid-winter. The Lake District is an area notorious for its weather (especially its rain) and the presence or absence of wind, rain, snow and freezing conditions become critical to the plot. This paper uses content analysis to determine what kinds of weather events are mentioned most frequently, and the context in which they are mentioned. It also takes a more literary look at the importance of weather at critical points in the books in encouraging or discouraging the children’s activities. Serge Cipko, University of Alberta and John C. Lehr, Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9 Ukrainian Settlement in Paraguay.

Ukrainian settlement in Paraguay was insignificant until the mid-1930s, when immigrants from the Second Republic of Poland began to arrive in considerable numbers. Most of the newcomers were Orthodox from Volhynia, but there emerged in Paraguay a strong Protestant movement among the settlers. A minority were Greek Catholics from Galicia. Most settled in the province of Itapuá across the Paraná River from Misiones, Argentina, where Ukrainians had settled before 1914. This paper examines the religious, economic, social and historical geography of Ukrainian settlement in Paraguay. It also considers the evolution of the cultural landscape of this Ukrainian settlement, which forms part of the South American branch of the Ukrainian Diaspora. Tom Carter, Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9, t.carter@uwinnipeg.ca Aids in Uganda: Looking beyond the medical circumstances

The HIV/AIDS pandemic has been gathering force for nearly 25 years and has become a global challenge. Sub-Saharan Africa has so far borne the brunt of the AIDS devastation as 25.4 million of the world wide total of 39.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS are in this area of the world. AIDS is an immediate threat to health, increasing mortality and reducing life expectancy while placing increasing pressure on health care spending. However, the effects of the pandemic are much more wide reaching. Drawing on information from Uganda and other countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, the paper highlights how HIV/AIDS touches every sector of society – social, educational, political, economic and cultural. Overall the HIV/AIDS pandemic has long-lasting and devastating effects on a country’s social and economic development.

PCAG 2005 Program

Ji, Jun, Scott Bell, Department of Geography, University of Saskatoon, Katie Wuschke, Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, Carvin Well, MD, Internal Medicine, RUH, Tiffany Blair, College of Medicine Neighborhood level analysis of admission to Cardiology in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Access and utilization of health services can be examined in the context of methodologies such as maximizing patients’ accessibility to health services, or reducing the uncertainty of patients travel behaviors. In order to tackle these various accessibility patterns, both quantitative and qualitative methods, along with GIS technology are used, because both of these methods have strengths and weaknesses associated with their application to academic research.

This mixed methods research approach has flourished with the development of GIS technology and its ability to integrate approaches.

Our goal is to find the appropriate metric for quantifying levels of health at the population level, or for identifying spatial patterns that indicate gaps in health service provision. We hope to facilitate understanding of health service provision by examining how neighborhood level indicators shape health through the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and quantitative, and qualitative research methods. Most of the research on health determinants in Canada remains focused on provincial or national scales of analysis. Therefore, this project will support an innovative research.

We will explore spatial questions and hypotheses in a GIS environment that will allow us the opportunity to represent and visualize the spatial patterns of health service access, theoretical accessibility to health service, health service provision and utilization. In particular, we will examine patterns of admission to the Catheterization Lab in Internal Medicine, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon. Clear scale effects are revealed through a comparison of admission rate provincially (spatially classified be Region Health Authority) and within the City of Saskatoon (classified by city neighbourhood). John C. Lehr, Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9, and Natalia Aponiuk, University of Manitoba “Do You Know the Ukrainian Night?”: Literature, Identity and Commemoration of Gogol in Contemporary Ukraine

Nikolai Gogol (1809-1852), the renowned Ukrainian-born Russian playwright and author of Taras Bulba and The Overcoat, spent his early years near Mirhorod in Poltava province, Ukraine. He spent his early years on his parents’ estate near Dikanka before he was sent to boarding school in Nizhen in northern Ukraine in 1821. After he completed his secondary education in 1828 he moved to St. Petersburg to begin an illustrious career as a writer. Although Gogol is generally considered a Russian writer, in his works he drew extensively on his experiences of rural and small-town life in early nineteenth- century Ukraine, using the Poltava area for his settings and grounding his stories in regional folklore and beliefs. Even during the Soviet era, his Ukrainian roots were celebrated within the region of his youth. This paper examines the ways in which Gogol is placed within the commemorative landscapes of contemporary Ukraine, specifically in the region in which he spent his early formative years.

PCAG 2005 Program

Karla Zubrycki, Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9 Literary Utopias: Literal Hells?

Literary works suggest that no utopia can exist without geographical barriers to isolate the given society from the rest of the world and to protect it from influences promoting change. Geographic seclusion is as important to these societies as any social, economic or political factors. Sir Thomas More’s Utopia, James Hilton’s Shangri-La of Lost Horizon, John Wyndham’s “civilized” society in The Chrysalids and Lois Lowry’s towns in The Giver exist because of geographical phenomena that isolate them: oceans, mountains, nuclear wastelands and deliberately human-manipulated landscapes. The settings of literary utopias have evolved from island locations, as in Utopia, to other non-spatial settings, such as the future, as in The Chrysalids. The four main works discussed in this paper also assert that no place is utopic for all who live in it. Each work has characters who suffer, their suffering often ensuring that the perceived utopia will continue for others. Mark Brayshay, School of Geography, University of Plymouth and John Selwood, Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9 Touring the Canadian Arctic with Patrick Ashley Cooper, Governor of the Hudson’s Bay Company, 1934

Drawing on film recordings and personal diaries deposited in the Hudson’s Bay Company archives, this paper examines an extended tour of the eastern Arctic in 1934 by Ashley Cooper, Governor of the Hudson’s Bay Company and appointee of the Bank of England. The material offers interesting insights into the use of these forms of archival material for the study of historical geography. This case study illustrates aspects of the administration of Canada’s northern territory during the inter-war period, the trappings and symbols of power, perceptions and treatment of the native population at that time and assessments of the future prospects of the region. The records evoke the late imperial encounter with the exotic and the ‘other’ during the declining years of the British Empire. Jennifer Stewart, Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Identification and Application of the Components of Meaningful Public Participation in Forest Management

Public participation is rapidly moving from a policy goal to a legal requirement in forest management in Canada. However, achieving meaningful participation continues to be a challenge. There is a growing body of research that is attempting to uncover and define what elements make public participation processes effective. This study builds upon this research by examining what makes a participation process meaningful and investigating the potential for implementing more meaningful public participation in forest management.

Structured standardized interviews were conducted with academics, practitioners, and professionals involved in the public participation field. The results of these interviews were used to develop the key components of meaningful public participation. These components were vetted and built upon during the second phase of interviews involving participants from four public participation initiatives in Manitoba’s Mountain Forest Region.

The components of meaningful public participation outlined in this study provide insight into how to run a more meaningful public participation process and show promise for use as a straightforward guideline for developing and implementing public participation processes that are more meaningful.

PCAG 2005 Program

The Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources

at the University of Manitoba Is Proud to Sponsor the 29th Annual PCAG

Conference

We Would Like to Welcome all of the Participants to Winnipeg and the PCAG 2005 Conference and

wish you all a Very Enjoyable Conference.

PCAG 2005 Program

PCAG 2005: Poster Abstracts

Poster Session Forks Ballroom West and Forks Ballroom East Chair: Bonnie Hallman & Chris Malcolm

Derrek Eberts, Department of Geography, Brandon University (ebertsd@brandonu.ca) Strategies of Neo-Localism in the Canadian Brewing Industry: A Comparison of National Brewing Companies and Microbreweries

This poster reports the results of ongoing research on the use of strategies of neo-localism in the Canadian brewing industry. It has been hypothesized that small, locally-oriented microbreweries have a much greater propensity to employ strategies of neo-localism in branding and marketing their products than the large, national brewing companies. Such strategies of neo-localism include branding to represent the place (by name), or to reflect either local (physical or environmental) geography or local history. Data collected over the summer of 2005, representing a snapshot of the brewing industry across the country, supports this hypothesis. Christina M. Canart, Department of Geography, University of Regina Litter Audit and Assessment: Methodology, Elements and Outcomes

The City of Regina conducted a Litter Audit throughout the summer of 2005 in conjunction with the University of Regina Centre for Sustainable Communities, Department of Geography and Department of Engineering. This fieldwork encompassed defining litter, establishing litter categories, assessing the amount of litter by means of tallying the number of pieces, considering possible sources, and taking into account the amount of recyclable materials. The litter reduction strategy began with considering various community impacts including environment, health, safety and aesthetics. A specific strategy outline was set in place which included establishing goals, assigning responsibility, promoting and educating the public in hopes of behavioural change, providing various services and programs, enforcing and penalizing contraveners and measuring the effectiveness of the litter reduction program. Methodology included random selection within identified locations, as well as determining an effective grid dimension. As a result, a public perception litter audit was completed including twenty-six locations from various land-use categories. Sites identified throughout the audit included educational, recreational, commercial and residential locations, as well as taking into account designated recycling locations, major intersections, minor intersections and major event locations. Accordingly, litter was identified as the discard or deposit of garbage, which created or contributed to untidiness or unsightliness, except in a proper garbage receptacle or landfill site. Prior to site assessment, templates were formulated and satellite images were obtained. Actual site assessments included collecting data, spatial referencing, and photographing. This study is on going and will contribute to the City of Regina strategies concerning sustainability and the environment. Mark Coté, Department of Geography, University of Regina, cotem@uregina.ca, W. G. Bailey, Ph.D., Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, bailey@sfu.ca and L.J. Bruce McArthur, Air Quality Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada, bruce.mcarthur@ec.gc.ca A Radiation Climatology of Bratt’s Lake BSRN Station: Preliminary Results

The Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) station at Bratt’s Lake, Saskatchewan is part of an international network of sites observing solar and terrestrial radiation at ground level. Bratt’s Lake is less than 20 km south of Regina and presents a unique and largely unhindered observational programme. It has been in operation since 1995 and a complete radiation climatology of the data collected has not yet been complied. This poster presents some initial results from this compilation and reveals the character of direct, diffuse and global solar radiation along with longwave irradiances. Temporal focus is on the entire period of record, with some trend analysis.

PCAG 2005 Program

John Everitt, Department of Geography, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, R7A 6A9, E-Mail Everitt@Brandonu.ca, Bryan H. Massam, Department of Geography, York University, Edmundo Andrade Romo, Rosa M. Chávez-Dagostino, Maria del Carmen Cortés Lara, Amilcar Cupul-Magaña, Rodrigo Espinoza Sanchez, Luis Fernando González-Guevara, Rafael García de Quevedo-Machain, Laura Gabriela Hernández Cachou, María del Carmen Navarro Rodríguez and Alma R. Raymundo-Huizar, University de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de la Costa, Campus Puerto Vallarta. Footprints on Puerto Vallarta. Social Spaces and Environmental Impacts. A study of the literature, as well as ongoing field work, indicate that tourism has many impacts upon a cultural landscape. Sometimes these impacts are “obvious” and sometimes more subtle. Sometimes they are “obvious” to the local population, but are taken at face value by the non-locals -- in the case of Puerto Vallarta, the tourists, the “snowbirds”, and the “expats”. Usually, these impacts change over time and over space. Although “impact” is (most?) often taken to have a negative connotation, the effects of tourists, snowbirds, and expats upon a cultural landscape are often seen as beneficial by both local and non-locals. For this reason we are using the term “footprint” as an attempt to introduce some value-neutral terminology. Footprints can take a variety of forms, but we will be concentrating in this presentation upon some that are of social (e.g. hotels, restaurants, and art galleries) and others that are of ecological (e.g. energy use and pollution) origin. Our selection is by no means an attempt to document all of the possible footprints, but rather to select a number of important characteristics that illustrate some of the variety of changes that have occurred in Puerto Vallarta in recent years. K. Hastings, Blair, D. Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9 Observed trends in the winter thermal climate of the Canadian Prairies, 1970-2005

The global climate has warmed considerably over the last 100 years, or so, and particularly over the last few decades. These changes have certainly been observed in Canada, including its prairie provinces, especially in the winter. Here we examine observed trends in the winter (Dec-Feb) thermal climate at several locations across the prairie provinces, for the period 1970-2005, and compare these trends to those projected by climate models. Hyunok Jung, J.C. Everitt, and D. A. Eberts, Department of Geography, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, R7A 6A9. E-Mail humanjung28@hotmail.com, Everitt@Brandonu.ca, Ebertsd@Brandonu.ca An Exploration of International Students in Brandon, Manitoba.

The purpose of this project was to explore the educational experiences of international students in Canada, as evidenced by a case study of Brandon, Manitoba. The study was based primarily on the analysis of survey data. One hundred international students enrolled at Brandon University and Assiniboine Community College participated in the study. Ten concepts relating to the place and the adaptation process of international students emerged from the data. These demonstrated that the city of Brandon had both advantages and disadvantages for these students. The major difficulties that the participants faced when studying in Brandon could be summarized into the five concepts: (1) “physical barriers”, which include the cold climate, the small city size, and transportation issues, (2) cultural barriers, which include lack of diversity, food and language differences, (3) educational adjustment, (4) prejudice or discrimination, and (5) notion of ‘outsider.’ The main advantages that city of Brandon offered to the participants were (1) “physical advantages”, which included the small classes that helped them build relationships with local students and professors, and the small city, (2) cultural factors, which included friendly residents and helpful staff, (3) economic factors, which included affordable tuition and work permits, (4) the role of social networks, and (5) “perspective transformation”. The present study confirmed that the international students in Brandon have retained diverse national origins and cultural backgrounds, contributing a multicultural environment to the social landscapes of Brandon.

PCAG 2005 Program

K. Laine Mosset, Department of Rural Development, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, R7A 6A9. E-mail: lainemosset@hotmail.com The Impacts of Public Schools on Rural Communities

This poster presents the results of a research project that was designed to investigate and evaluate the impacts of public schools on rural communities in Manitoba. The research was stimulated by the recognition that public schools have an economic and social impact on rural communities, and that with limited budgets, a long-term strategy has to be developed for the use and updating of facilities and programming. Thus the main objective was to understand how the modernization of education, which involves consolidation of rural schools and school boards, larger administrative units, more professionalized teaching, and all the other paraphernalia of modern educational systems, has made an impact on local communities within Manitoba. The project was also designed to investigate how the quality of community life is affected by people’s general education. Results were compared with a similar study that took place in 1996. It was concluded that (i) education stimulates economic growth; (ii) there are dynamic changes in the behaviour of local residents due to the modernization of education, and (iii) school facilities and programmes should take account of these changes. Virginia Regorrah, Department of Geography, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202. Riverbank Slumping in the Red River Valley and the Impact on Human Habitation and Flood Control Features

In September 2003, a half-mile section of the riverbank in Crookston, Minnesota, experienced slumping. Local officials and residents sought help and resolution from a variety of State and Federal agencies. The dramatic event in Crookston focused regional attention on riverbank slumping, and on the lack of resources available to aid communities and affected residents. Results of this study indicate that it is possible to identify potential slumping sites in advance and predict events based on local conditions. It also identifies a need for better homeowners’ insurance coverage and a response plan by State and Federal agencies. M. Snyder, Timsic, S., Blair, D., Robinson, E., Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9 A GIS-based analysis of the impact of the Winnipeg urban environment on lightning activity

Many studies have shown that large urban areas have considerable influence on local weather, including the distribution, intensity and frequency of convective activity. Our study uses GIS as a tool to investigate the influence of the Winnipeg urban environment on lightning activity over and around the city during 1999-2004. S. Timsic, Buhay, W.M., Blair, D., Reynolds, J., Bailey, D., Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9 Climate and Teleconnection Signals from Slave River Delta Tree-Ring Isotopes

During the past three summers, 20 sites were visited in the Slave River Delta (SRD), Northwest Territories. From the 15-25 tree-cores and/or whole tree sections taken at each site, a White Spruce (Picea glauca) master tree-ring width chronology was constructed for the period 1657-2003 (346 years). In addition to the development of a hydroclimate model for the region, the SRD project will focus on isolating global-scale climate and teleconnection signals from the stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of cellulose extracted from annually resolved tree-rings. Teleconnection patterns that noticeably correlate with SRD climate will be closely examined and evaluated according to instrumentally-based, gridded climate data and subsequently used to reconstruct climate and teleconnective changes in the SRD prior to the instrumental period.

PCAG 2005 Program

Dion J. Wiseman, Department of Geography, Brandon University, and Mr. James Graham, FMA Heritage Resources, Calgary, AB Adoption and Implementation of Geomatics Technologies Among Professional Canadian Archaeologists

Geomatics technologies (i.e. Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing, and Global Positioning System) are becoming increasingly practical and necessary tools for researchers in a variety of disciplines concerned with location and spatial relationships between phenomena. The single largest impediment to the adoption of geomatics outside the field of geography is the relatively steep learning curve and significant investment in time and money required to become proficient with these technologies. The goal of this research was to develop a customized GIS application for conducting archaeological surveys utilizing a “user-centred” approach that takes into consideration the needs of the intended user. A survey of practicing professional archaeologists across Canada was conducted in order to determine their current use of geomatics technologies and needs. The resulting application, called ArchSurvey enables the user to record the location and associated attributes of a test site quickly and accurately using a handheld computer (PDA) with an integrated GPS flashcard or external receiver. The application prompts the user to enter specific attribute information at each test pit location using customized data entry forms and also generates a number of default data fields for recording the users identification, date, time, and location. The data can be easily uploaded to an external GIS application for analysis, reporting, and automated mapping; eliminating the need to transcribe hand written field notes and ensuring accurate and consistent data collection across all users. K. Zaniewski, Department of Geography, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario and R.A. McGinn, Department of Geography, Brandon University. A Physiographic and Sedimentologic Appraisal of a Jokulhlaup-like flow in the Upper Rolling River Spillway, Riding Mountain Manitoba.

The Upper Rolling River valley represents the eastern segment of a prominent spillway complex that initially drained Glacial Lake Proven, a large supraglacial lake located on the Riding Mountain Uplands. It is speculated that another supraglacial lake located to the northeast of the Upper Rolling River Spillway spilled over the stagnant ice to the southwest. The jokulhlaup-like flows poured into the Upper Rolling River Spillway reversing the flow, backflooding into Glacial Lake Proven and effectively shutting down the primary outlet of the supraglacial lake.

This paper examines the physiography of the Upper Rolling River Spillway and the sedimentary facies exposed in the Upper Rolling River borrow pits and the Scandinavia gravel pit in order to assess the possibility that an outburst flood reversed the late Wisconsinan supraglacial flow in the Upper Rolling River Spillway.

Physiographic, depositional and stratigraphic evidence supports the occurrence of a major late Wisconsinan flooding event in the Upper Rolling River valley. Over two metres of valley fill, an associated Hjulstrom-type delta and paleocurrent indicators suggest that the supraglacial flow was reversed in the Upper Rolling River Spillway system. Whether this event resulted in a significant backflooding into Glacial Lake Proven and the opening of a lower outlet remains speculative.

Leah Hartwig The role of the prairie wetland riparian zone in terms of wetland ecology and greenhouse gas emissions/uptake.

Bristlecone Pines of Methuselah Grove: A Dendroforensic Reconstruction of Dr. Edmund Schulman’s Recovered Map Dr. William Buhay, University of Winnipeg Weldon Hiebert, University of Winnipeg Abstract Bristlecone pines (Pinus longaeva) are the oldest known living trees on the planet. Bristlecones owe their longevity to their unique adaptation to exclusionary environmental conditions and restrictive nutrient availability. Bristlecone pines grow only in the American southwest at elevations above 3000 m. The oldest known bristlecones are found in Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest located in the White Mountains, east of the Sierra Nevada in California. The oldest stand of bristlecone pines (Methuselah Grove) was first mapped and sampled by Dr. Edmund Schulman (Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona) and his assistant, C.W. Ferguson, in 1954 and 1955. By coring a number of trees in the Grove, Schulman determined that some of these trees have been alive for more than 4000 years. In 1957, the oldest tree, dubbed Methuselah, was found to be 4723 years old. Schulman suddenly passed away in 1958 leaving his work unfinished and his notes mysteriously disappeared. The sample cores taken from Schulman’s trees were thus left untraceable. In 2005, Schulman’s nephew discovered his notes and maps in an archived box in the basement of his home in Bishop, California. The notes were given to Dr. Thomas Harlan and donated to the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona in Tucson. In July 2005, an international team of tree-ring scientists congregated in the White Mountains of California and under the direction of Dr. Thomas Harlan initiated the reconstruction of Schulman’s map in an attempt to match the archived core samples with Schulman’s mapped trees. This poster provides a partial dendroforensic reconstruction of Methuselah Grove.

PCAG 2005 Program

The PCAG 2005 Organizing Committee,

The Clayton H Riddell Faculty of Environment,

Earth, and Resources,

&

The Department of Environment & Geography

Would like to take this Opportunity to Thank all

those Volunteer Individuals and Organizations Who

Came together to make this Conference a Reality.

We hope you enjoy not only the Conference but

also The Forks and the City of Winnipeg

PCAG 2005 Program

The PCAG 2005 Organizing Committee Would like to take this Opportunity to Thank all of our

Corporate and Silent Auction Sponsors, and Prize Suppliers whose Contributions were

Instrumental in Making this Conference a Reality and a Success.

Gold Corporate Sponsors

The Forks Market

The Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources

The Inn at the Forks

The Department of Environment and Geography

Silver Corporate Sponsors

Pepsi Cola Canada Ltd.

Silent Auction Sponsors and Prize Donations

- Earls, 2005 Pembina Ft. Garry (www.earls.ca) - Alter Ego Sports 1605 Pembina Highway (www.alterego-sports.com) - Cindy Demery - Sales Associate, Avon Canada Ltd. - Boston Pizza 2729, Pembina Hwy. Ft. Gary (www.bostonpizza.com) - The Keg, 2553 Portage Ave. Assiniboia (www.kegsteakhouse.com) - Mode Leather 2579 Portage Ave. - Fabutan (www.fabutan.com) - Canadian Tire, Winnipeg West- Assiniboia Store, 3615 Portage Avenue (www.canadiantire.ca) - Mountain Equipment Co-op, MEC Winnipeg (www.mec.ca) - Branigan's Restaurants and Bars at the Forks- (www.branigans.mb.ca) - Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources - (www.umanitoba.ca/environment)

Shoppers Drug Mart, 2211 Pembina Highway (www.shoppersdrugmart.ca) - Olympia Cycle and Ski – 1831 Portage Ave St. James (www.olympia.ca) - Canada Safeway Ltd. – 2155 Pembina, Ft. Garry - Gord's Ski and Bike, 7 Donald St. (www.gords.com) - Nav Canada, 777 Moray St. Winnipeg - (www.navcanada.ca) - Don's Photo Ltd.1839 main St. & 410 Portage Ave. – (www.donsphoto.com) Then University of Manitoba Bookstore (www.umanitoba.ca/campus/bookstore) - CEOS- www.umanitoba.ca/environment/ceos/ - Oxford University Press - John Wiley and Sons - University of Manitoba Press - Great Plains Press - Penguin Books Canada - Pearson Books