PC Maintenance: Preparing for A+ Certification

PC Maintenance: PC Maintenance: Preparing for A+ Preparing for A+

CertificationCertificationChapter 26: Selecting and Chapter 26: Selecting and

Installing an Operating SystemInstalling an Operating System

Chapter 26 ObjectivesChapter 26 Objectives

Define functions of an OSDefine functions of an OS Identify major system files and features of Identify major system files and features of

DOS, Windows 3.1, 9x, NT, 2000, XPDOS, Windows 3.1, 9x, NT, 2000, XP Install the above operating systemsInstall the above operating systems Troubleshoot installation problemsTroubleshoot installation problems

Functions of an OSFunctions of an OS

Communicates Communicates between between applications and applications and BIOS/hardwareBIOS/hardware

Provides a user Provides a user interface to the interface to the useruser

Enables user Enables user interface and interface and applications to applications to interactinteract

Checking the Current OS VersionChecking the Current OS Version

Command prompt: VER commandCommand prompt: VER command In Windows: Choose Help > About In Windows: Choose Help > About

Windows from any file management Windows from any file management windowwindow

MS-DOSMS-DOS

Command Command prompt prompt interfaceinterface

No GUINo GUI Single-Single-

user, user, single-single-taskingtasking

MS-DOS CommandsMS-DOS Commands

Internal commandsInternal commands Built into COMMAND.COM, the command Built into COMMAND.COM, the command

interpreter applicationinterpreter application External commandsExternal commands

Exist as separate applications in the C:\DOS Exist as separate applications in the C:\DOS folderfolder

MS-DOS Major System FilesMS-DOS Major System Files

COMMAND.COMCOMMAND.COM Command interpreterCommand interpreter Present in top-level folder of boot drivePresent in top-level folder of boot drive

MSDOS.SYS and IO.SYSMSDOS.SYS and IO.SYS Hidden, system files in top level folder of boot Hidden, system files in top level folder of boot

drivedrive AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYSAUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS

Optional configuration filesOptional configuration files Store settings that load at bootStore settings that load at boot

MS-DOS Major System FilesMS-DOS Major System Files

HIMEM.SYSHIMEM.SYS Extended memory manager, to access Extended memory manager, to access

memory above 1MBmemory above 1MB EMM386.EXEEMM386.EXE

Expanded memory managerExpanded memory manager SMARTDRVSMARTDRV

Disk caching utility, for better performanceDisk caching utility, for better performance

Windows 3.xWindows 3.x

First commercially successful version of First commercially successful version of WindowsWindows

3.x refers to Windows 3.0, Windows 3.1, 3.x refers to Windows 3.0, Windows 3.1, and Windows 3.11 for Workgroupsand Windows 3.11 for Workgroups

16-bit application16-bit application Runs on top of MS-DOS (DOS is required)Runs on top of MS-DOS (DOS is required)

Windows 3.1Windows 3.1

Windows 3.1 Major System FilesWindows 3.1 Major System Files

Basic set from MS-DOSBasic set from MS-DOS IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, COMMAND.COM, IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, COMMAND.COM,

HIMEM.SYSHIMEM.SYS WIN.COMWIN.COM

Executable file that starts WindowsExecutable file that starts Windows Windows System filesWindows System files

GDI.EXE: Graphical interfaceGDI.EXE: Graphical interface KRNL386.EXE: Memory managementKRNL386.EXE: Memory management USER.EXE: User input and outputUSER.EXE: User input and output

Introducing DLLsIntroducing DLLs

DLL: Dynamic Link LibraryDLL: Dynamic Link Library Libraries of programming routines that Libraries of programming routines that

applications can call uponapplications can call upon Execute standard functionsExecute standard functions Some come with WindowsSome come with Windows Others come with specific applicationsOthers come with specific applications Still the cornerstone of Windows Still the cornerstone of Windows

applications todayapplications today

Windows 3.1 ConfigurationWindows 3.1 Configuration

Precursor to the Precursor to the Windows Windows RegistryRegistry

SYSTEM.INI for SYSTEM.INI for system settingssystem settings

WIN.INI for WIN.INI for application application settingssettings

Introducing INI FilesIntroducing INI Files

Initialization filesInitialization files Run when the Run when the

corresponding corresponding application is startedapplication is started

Contain startup Contain startup settings for that settings for that applicationapplication

Better to have a Better to have a separate file than to try separate file than to try to store setting for all to store setting for all installed applications in installed applications in WIN.INIWIN.INI

Features of Windows 3.xFeatures of Windows 3.x

Memory allocationMemory allocation Protected-mode applicationProtected-mode application Able to access extended memory and make it Able to access extended memory and make it

available to the applicationsavailable to the applications Common device driversCommon device drivers

One driver for each piece of hardware, One driver for each piece of hardware, regardless of the applications that use itregardless of the applications that use it


TrueType fonts (3.1)TrueType fonts (3.1) Scaleable outline fonts that work with any Scaleable outline fonts that work with any

printerprinter Virtual memoryVirtual memory

Extra RAM can be simulated by using part of Extra RAM can be simulated by using part of hard diskhard disk

Virtual machinesVirtual machines More than one program can run at once in its More than one program can run at once in its

own address spaceown address space


Data sharing:Data sharing: Windows clipboardWindows clipboard Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), precursor to Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), precursor to

the more modern OLE we use todaythe more modern OLE we use today Cooperative multitaskingCooperative multitasking

Applications share CPU timeApplications share CPU time Each application voluntarily pauses to allow Each application voluntarily pauses to allow

others to runothers to run

Windows 95, 98, and MeWindows 95, 98, and Me

Collectively referred to as Windows 9xCollectively referred to as Windows 9x Includes:Includes:

Windows 95 (several service pack versions)Windows 95 (several service pack versions) Windows 98Windows 98 Windows 98 Second EditionWindows 98 Second Edition Windows Millennium Edition (Me)Windows Millennium Edition (Me)

Windows 95, 98, and MeWindows 95, 98, and Me

A real operating systemA real operating system Does not rely on MS-DOS (well, not much)Does not rely on MS-DOS (well, not much) Still uses some DOS underpinnings, but Still uses some DOS underpinnings, but

they are transparent to most usersthey are transparent to most users

Windows 9x User InterfaceWindows 9x User Interface

Windows 9x Major System FilesWindows 9x Major System Files

IO.SYS: The main startup fileIO.SYS: The main startup file MSDOS.SYS: Now just a configuration fileMSDOS.SYS: Now just a configuration file COMMAND.COM: Required for command COMMAND.COM: Required for command

line interfaceline interface HIMEM.SYS: Extended memory managerHIMEM.SYS: Extended memory manager


Carryovers from Windows 3.1 (not Carryovers from Windows 3.1 (not required, but used if they are present)required, but used if they are present) AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYSAUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS WIN.INI and SYSTEM.INIWIN.INI and SYSTEM.INI

16-bit system files (for backward 16-bit system files (for backward compatibilitycompatibility GDI.EXE: Graphical interfaceGDI.EXE: Graphical interface KRNL386.EXE: Memory managementKRNL386.EXE: Memory management USER.EXE: User input and outputUSER.EXE: User input and output


WIN.COMWIN.COM The main Windows programThe main Windows program

32-bit program files:32-bit program files: KERNEL32.DLL: Memory managerKERNEL32.DLL: Memory manager USER32.DLL: User input and outputUSER32.DLL: User input and output GDI32.DLL: Graphical interfaceGDI32.DLL: Graphical interface

VMM386.VXDVMM386.VXD Loads the 32-bit device driversLoads the 32-bit device drivers

Windows 9x FeaturesWindows 9x Features

Application compatibilityApplication compatibility Can run both 16-bit (Windows 3.x) and 32-bit Can run both 16-bit (Windows 3.x) and 32-bit

applicationsapplications Plug and Play hardware detectionPlug and Play hardware detection Preemptive multitaskingPreemptive multitasking

Uses time slices to prevent rogue programs Uses time slices to prevent rogue programs from locking up the systemfrom locking up the system

Windows 9x RegistryWindows 9x Registry

System settings for startupSystem settings for startup SYSTEM.DAT and USER.DAT filesSYSTEM.DAT and USER.DAT files From the Registry Editor, they appear to From the Registry Editor, they appear to

be a single databasebe a single database

Windows 9x FeaturesWindows 9x Features

Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) Data transfer between applicationsData transfer between applications Superior to the earlier DDESuperior to the earlier DDE

Safe ModeSafe Mode Allows startup when PC cannot start Windows Allows startup when PC cannot start Windows

normallynormally Long file namesLong file names

Up to 255 characters, including spacesUp to 255 characters, including spaces

Windows 9x VersionsWindows 9x VersionsVersionVersion NumberNumber DistributionDistribution FeaturesFeatures

Windows 95Windows 95 4.00.9504.00.950 Retail, OEMRetail, OEM

Windows 95 SP1Windows 95 SP1 4.00.950A4.00.950A Retail, OEM, PatchRetail, OEM, Patch Bug fixBug fix

Windows 95 SR2Windows 95 SR2 4.00.11114.00.1111 OEM onlyOEM only FAT32, IE, NetMeeting, FAT32, IE, NetMeeting, DirectXDirectX

Windows 95 SR2.1Windows 95 SR2.1 4.03.1212.12144.03.1212.1214 OEM onlyOEM only USBUSB

Windows 95 SR2.5Windows 95 SR2.5 4.03.12144.03.1214 OEM onlyOEM only OE, Internet Connection OE, Internet Connection WizardWizard

Windows 98Windows 98 4.10.19984.10.1998 Retail, OEMRetail, OEM Disk Cleanup, System Disk Cleanup, System Information, Drive Information, Drive Converter, Maintenance Converter, Maintenance WizardWizard

Windows 98 Second Windows 98 Second EditionEdition

4.10.2222A4.10.2222A Retail, OEMRetail, OEM Internet Connection Internet Connection SharingSharing

Windows MeWindows Me 4.90.30004.90.3000 Retail, OEMRetail, OEM System Restore, Home System Restore, Home Networking Wizard, Networking Wizard, Windows Movie MakerWindows Movie Maker

Windows NT, 2000, and XPWindows NT, 2000, and XP

““The NT Platform”The NT Platform” For business useFor business use 32-bit OS32-bit OS GUI and OS built together, no DOS GUI and OS built together, no DOS

underpinningsunderpinnings Cannot boot OS to a command prompt Cannot boot OS to a command prompt

from a floppy (as with Win9x)from a floppy (as with Win9x)

Windows NT 4.0 User InterfaceWindows NT 4.0 User Interface

Windows 2000 User InterfaceWindows 2000 User Interface

Windows XP User InterfaceWindows XP User Interface

NT Platform Major System FilesNT Platform Major System Files

NTLDR (NT Loader)NTLDR (NT Loader) Equivalent to IO.SYS in Win9xEquivalent to IO.SYS in Win9x Loads the operating systemLoads the operating system

NTDETECTNTDETECT Checks the hardwareChecks the hardware

BOOT.INIBOOT.INI Initialization file similar to MSDOS.SYSInitialization file similar to MSDOS.SYS


WINNT32.EXEWINNT32.EXE Main program file for WindowsMain program file for Windows

NTOSKRNL.EXE (NT OS Kernel)NTOSKRNL.EXE (NT OS Kernel) The equivalent of Krnl386.exe in earlier The equivalent of Krnl386.exe in earlier

versionsversions HAL.DLL (Hardware Abstraction Layer)HAL.DLL (Hardware Abstraction Layer)

A dynamic link library that helps communicate A dynamic link library that helps communicate between the hardware and the OSbetween the hardware and the OS


NTUSER.DATNTUSER.DAT User information for each user (separate)User information for each user (separate) Windows NT/2000: Stored in \Winnt\Profiles\Windows NT/2000: Stored in \Winnt\Profiles\

usernameusername Windows XP: Stored in \Windows\Profiles\Windows XP: Stored in \Windows\Profiles\

usernameusername

NT Platform RegistryNT Platform Registry

Windows NT/2000:Windows NT/2000: Stored in \Winnt\System32\ConfigStored in \Winnt\System32\Config

Windows XP:Windows XP: Stored in \Windows\System32\ConfigStored in \Windows\System32\Config

NT Platform RegistryNT Platform Registry

Registry HivesRegistry Hives SamSam SecuritySecurity SystemSystem SoftwareSoftware DefaultDefault

Log files (*.log) for eachLog files (*.log) for each Backup files (*.sav) for eachBackup files (*.sav) for each

Windows NT 4 FeaturesWindows NT 4 Features

NTFS file system (NTFS 4)NTFS file system (NTFS 4) Improved networkingImproved networking Better securityBetter security Server versionServer version Multiple CPU supportMultiple CPU support Support for non-PC hardware (ex. DEC Support for non-PC hardware (ex. DEC

Alpha workstation)Alpha workstation)

Windows 2000 FeaturesWindows 2000 Features

Plug and PlayPlug and Play NTFS 5 and support for FAT32NTFS 5 and support for FAT32 Dynamic disksDynamic disks Active DirectoryActive Directory Internet Printing protocolInternet Printing protocol Microsoft Management ConsoleMicrosoft Management Console Administrative toolsAdministrative tools

Windows XP FeaturesWindows XP Features

Utilities from Windows MeUtilities from Windows Me Windows Media PlayerWindows Media Player Windows Movie MakerWindows Movie Maker System RestoreSystem Restore Scanner and Camera WizardScanner and Camera Wizard

Friendlier logon (Welcome screen)Friendlier logon (Welcome screen) Fast User SwitchingFast User Switching Driver signing and roll-backDriver signing and roll-back

Windows XP FeaturesWindows XP Features

Internet Connection FirewallInternet Connection Firewall Wireless networkingWireless networking Remote desktopRemote desktop

Window XP Home vs. Window XP Home vs. ProfessionalProfessional

Multiple CPU supportMultiple CPU support 64-bit CPU support64-bit CPU support Advanced security featuresAdvanced security features File encryption (EFS)File encryption (EFS) Personal Web serverPersonal Web server Remote desktop connectionRemote desktop connection Membership in a domainMembership in a domain Dynamic disksDynamic disks Microsoft Backup and ASRMicrosoft Backup and ASR

Preparing to Install an OSPreparing to Install an OS

Check system requirementsCheck system requirements Plan how you will start the Setup programPlan how you will start the Setup program Decide whether you will upgrade or do a Decide whether you will upgrade or do a

clean installclean install Plan for multi-bootingPlan for multi-booting

OS System RequirementsOS System Requirements

Starting the Setup ProgramStarting the Setup Program

Start from a startup floppyStart from a startup floppy Possible only if existing OS is MS-DOS or Possible only if existing OS is MS-DOS or

Windows 9xWindows 9x Desirable only if installing Windows 9x/MeDesirable only if installing Windows 9x/Me

Boot from the Windows CDBoot from the Windows CD Possible on all existing OS systemsPossible on all existing OS systems Possible only if installing Windows Possible only if installing Windows

NT/2000/XPNT/2000/XP

Starting the Setup ProgramStarting the Setup Program

Copy Setup files to hard disk and install Copy Setup files to hard disk and install from therefrom there Keeps OS files handy so CD will not be Keeps OS files handy so CD will not be

needed in the futureneeded in the future Takes up space on the hard diskTakes up space on the hard disk

Install from NetworkInstall from Network Existing network connection must be present, Existing network connection must be present,

or must set up real-mode boot disk with or must set up real-mode boot disk with network driversnetwork drivers

Planning an OS UpgradePlanning an OS Upgrade

HardwareHardware Is all the hardware on the Hardware Compatibility List Is all the hardware on the Hardware Compatibility List

(HCL)?(HCL)? Does the system meet the minimum requirements?Does the system meet the minimum requirements?

Existing OSExisting OS Is the existing OS upgradeable to the desired new Is the existing OS upgradeable to the desired new

version?version? SoftwareSoftware

Are all existing applications able to run under new OS Are all existing applications able to run under new OS version?version?

Clean Install?Clean Install?

Is it necessary to preserve existing Is it necessary to preserve existing application installations?application installations?

Is it necessary to preserve existing data Is it necessary to preserve existing data files?files?

Does the old OS have performance Does the old OS have performance problems that might be corrected by a problems that might be corrected by a clean install of the new OS?clean install of the new OS?

Do you want to redo the partitions on the Do you want to redo the partitions on the hard disk? hard disk?

Planning for Multi-BootingPlanning for Multi-Booting

Windows NT 4, 2000, and XP are all Windows NT 4, 2000, and XP are all multi-boot aware; Windows 95, 98, and multi-boot aware; Windows 95, 98, and Me are notMe are not

1.1. Install the non-multi-boot-aware OS firstInstall the non-multi-boot-aware OS first

2.2. Install the multi-boot-aware OS afterward, Install the multi-boot-aware OS afterward, on a different logical driveon a different logical drive

Settings for multi-booting are stored in Settings for multi-booting are stored in BOOT.INI BOOT.INI

Special Upgrading IssuesSpecial Upgrading Issues

DOS to Windows 9xDOS to Windows 9x Disable any 3Disable any 3rdrd party memory management party memory management

utilities, disk caches, antivirusutilities, disk caches, antivirus NT/2000/XP to 9xNT/2000/XP to 9x

Not a directly supported upgrade pathNot a directly supported upgrade path Clean install onlyClean install only

9x to NT/2000/XP9x to NT/2000/XP Check device compatibility, driver updates Check device compatibility, driver updates

may be requiredmay be required

Installing Windows 9xInstalling Windows 9x

Start Setup Start Setup from CD or from CD or from files from files copied to copied to hard diskhard disk

Installing Windows NT, 2000, or XPInstalling Windows NT, 2000, or XP

Boot from the Windows CDBoot from the Windows CD Create setup boot disks if neededCreate setup boot disks if needed

Useful if PC does not support booting from Useful if PC does not support booting from CDCD

x:\bootdisk\makeboot a:x:\bootdisk\makeboot a:

Partitioning and FormattingPartitioning and Formatting

Setup Setup creates creates FAT or FAT or NTFS NTFS partitionspartitions

Both Both partitions partitions and and formatsformats

Computer Name and Computer Name and Administrator PasswordAdministrator Password

Very importantVery important to remember to remember the password the password you use hereyou use here

Password will Password will be required to be required to get into get into Recovery Recovery ConsoleConsole

Managing Multi-Boot SettingsManaging Multi-Boot Settings

Control Panel Control Panel method:method: System Properties, System Properties,

Advanced tab, Advanced tab, Startup and Startup and Recovery SettingsRecovery Settings

Alternate method:Alternate method: Edit BOOT.INI in Edit BOOT.INI in

NotepadNotepad

Troubleshooting Installation Troubleshooting Installation ProblemsProblems

Hardware incompatibilitiesHardware incompatibilities Check HCL (Check HCL (www.microsoft.com/hclwww.microsoft.com/hcl)) Remove all non-essential hardware for the Remove all non-essential hardware for the

installinstall Check device manufacturer’s Web site for Check device manufacturer’s Web site for

firmware or driver updatesfirmware or driver updates Cannot get past ScandiskCannot get past Scandisk

Run setup with /is switch: setup /isRun setup with /is switch: setup /is


Errors reading from CDErrors reading from CD Remove the CD, rotate it, try againRemove the CD, rotate it, try again Clean dirt and fingerprints off CD with soft dry Clean dirt and fingerprints off CD with soft dry

clothcloth Copy setup files from CD to hard disk and Copy setup files from CD to hard disk and

install from thereinstall from there Try a different CD drive if possibleTry a different CD drive if possible


File missing after installingFile missing after installing Use EXTRACT utility to copy needed file from Use EXTRACT utility to copy needed file from

CD: CD: EXTRACT EXTRACT x:\path\cabinetfilex:\path\cabinetfile x:\path\filenamex:\path\filename

Search all CAB files with the /A switch:Search all CAB files with the /A switch:EXTRACT /AEXTRACT /A x:\path\cabinetfilex:\path\cabinetfile x:\path\x:\path\filenamefilename

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PC Maintenance: Preparing for A+ Certification