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SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

pbqqibMbNq mobafCqflN lc AN efpqlofC MAplNov arb ql qrNNbi buCAsAqflN qAhfNd fNql ACClrNq plfi-pqorCqrob fNqboACqflN Marta pebastianelliNI Angelo Amorosi2I aaniela BoldiniPI dianmarco de celice 4I drazia ai MucciRI Marialaura MalenaS

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=As= a= conseèuence= of= tunnelling= in= urban= areasI= the= study= of= soilJstructure= interaction= is= receiving=a=growing=interestI=focusing=on=the=assessment=of=the=risk=of=damage=induced=in=existing=structures=by=excavationK=qhe=conventional=approach=used=to=evaluate=the=settlements=derives=from=empirical=rulesI=based= on= freeJfield= conditionsI= and= the= damage= level= is= assessed= by= representing= the= building= as=a=simple=beam=whose=foundations=follows=the=movements=caused=by=the=tunnel=excavation=xNI2zK=fn=the=present=paperI=a=numerical=approach=taking=into=account=the=soilJstructure=interaction=is=developed=and=implemented= in= the=cinite=blement=code=AbaèusK=qhe= structureI= representing=an=ancient= masonryI= is=schematised= as= a= 2a= homogenized= anisotropic= mediumI= whose= yield= criterion= is= derived= via=homogenizationI=starting=form=the=mechanical=and=geometrical=characteristics=of=brick=and=mortar=xPzK=qhe=tunnel=excavation=is=simulated=by=means=of=imposed=displacement=at=the=tunnel=surfaceI=while=the=soil=is=modelled=through=an=elasticJperfectly=plastic=johrJ`oulomb=modelK=qhe=numerical=analyses=are=performed=assuming=planeJstrain=and=planeJstress=conditions= for= the=soil= and= the= masonry= structureI=respectively=x4zK =As=a =case=studyI =the=undercrossing=of =the=ancient =Aèueduct =celice=in=oome=by=two=shallow=tunnels=recently=built=for=the=new=jetro=`= line=is=considered=and=the=results=obtained=by=the=numerical=analyses=are=compared=to=the=monitoring=data=acèuired=during=excavationK= heywordW poilJstructure interactionI MasonryI cinite blement AnalysisI eomogenizationI qunnelling NK fNqolarCqflN =qhe= prediction= of= settlements= induced= by= tunnelling= is= affected= by= different= factorsI= including= the=adeèuate=representation=of=tunnelling=and=excavation=seèuence=and=of=the=geotechnical=conditionsK=qhe=presence= of= existing= buildings= increases= the= complexity= of= the= problemI= since= the= settlements= also=depend=on=the=building=stiffness=and=weightI=among=other=factorsK=qhe=key=problems= in=urban=area=is=that=of=predicting=the=response=of=buildings=located=within=the=settlement=trough=and=assessing=the=risk=of= damageK= aifferent= approachesI= characterised= by= increasing= level= of= complexityI= can= be= adopted=including= empiricallyJbased= freeJfield= analytical= predictions= xNI=2I=RzI= simplified= 2a= numerical=analyses=of=settlementsI=up=to=complex=2a=xSI=Tz=or=Pa=simulations=xUz=accounting=for=the=nonJlinear=behaviour= of= the= soil=andI= more=rarelyI=of= the= structureK= fn=most=of= the=cases= the=building= is= simply=schematised=as=an=eèuivalent=beamI= whose=foundations=follow=the= tunnellingJinduced=movements=of=the=soil=as=a=conseèuence=of=a=soilJstructure=interaction=processK=

================================================N=mha=ptudentI=rniversity=ooma=qreI=aepartment=of=ptructuresI=msebastianelli]uniromaPKit=2=mrofessorI=qechnical=rniversity=of=BariI=aepartment=of=eydraulic=bngineering=and=`hemistryI=

aKamorosi]polibaKit=P=Assistant=mrofessorI=rniversity=of=BolognaI=aepartment=of=`ivilI=bnvironmental=and=jaterial=bngineeringI=

danielaKboldini]uniboKit=4=mrofessorI=rniversity=ooma=qreI=aepartment=of=ptructuresI=defelice]uniromaPKit=R=deotechnical=bngineerI=jetro=`==pKcKpKAKI=gKdimucci]metrocspaKcom=S=oesearch=AssistantI=rniversity=ooma=qreI=aepartment=of=ptructuresI=mmalena]uniromaPKit=

=

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fn=this=paperI=the=preliminary=results=of=a=research=programI=aimed=at=combining=advanced=constitutive=models= and= numerical= cb= tools= for= predicting= the=possible= damage= on= historical= masonry=buildings=caused= by= underground= constructionsI= are= presentedK= jore= preciselyI= a= procedure= based= on= 2a= cb=modelling=of=the=soil=and=the=structure=is=developedI=in=which=a=refined=nonlinear=model=of=masonry=is=adopted =for =an =accurate =prediction =of =possible =damageK =As =a =case =studyI =the =cb =simulation =of =the =undercrossing=of=the=Aèueduct=celice=in=oome=by=the=two=tunnels=of=the=new=jetro=`=line=in=oome=is=carried= outI= and= the= numerical= results= are= compared= with= the= monitoring= data= provided= by= the=contractor=jetro=`=pKcKpKAK==OK ClNpqfqrqfsb Mlabip =qhe=constitutive=models= for=both=soil=and=masonry=are=formulated=in=the=framework=of=classical=rateJindependent=plasticityK==OKNK poil model A=linear= elasticJperfectly=plastic=constitutive=model= is=selected=for= the=soilI=characterised=by=a=johrJ`oulomb= yield= criterion= and= a= null= dilatancy= angleK= Although= relatively= simpleI= this= constitutive=assumption=seems=to=be=appropriate=for=the=case=at=handK=

=OKOK Masonry model A= linear= elasticJperfectly= plastic= constitutive= model= was= considered= for= masonry= as= wellI= where=however=anisotropy=in=both=elastic=properties=and=strength=envelop=are=taken=into=accountK=qhe=model=is= formulated= in= the= framework= of= homogenization= theory= of= periodic= mediaI= referring= to= brick=masonry= made= of= elastic= bricks= with= cohesive= and= frictional= àointsK= fn= such= a= caseI= a= closedJform=approximated=expression=for=the=elastic=strain=energy=is=provided=in=xPzI=that=takes=the=formW=

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where= f α EσF= are= m= independent= planesI= intersecting= in= a= non= smooth= wayI= which= define= the= yield=surfaceK=qhe=expression=for=the=yield=surface=of=block=masonry=is=provided=in=xVz=on=the=basis=of=the=yield= design= homogenisation= methodK= fn= particularI= if= the= bricks= are= assumed= as= infinitely= resistant=

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where=μ===2aLb=is=the=aspect=ratio=heightJtoJwidth=of=the=bricksK=qhe=evolution=of=plastic=strain=εp=is=controlled=by=the=associated=flow=rule=expressed=asW=

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and=to=the=consistency=condition= ( ) Mα αγ f ºσ&& =Ethe=summation=convention=is=not=enforcedFK=qhe=assumption=of=associated=flow=rule=allowed=the=model=to=be=integrated=at=the=dauss=point=level=by=means=of=a=very=efficient=numerical=procedure=based=on=èuadratic=minimizationK=

cigK N=EaF=jasonry=structure=and=EbF=corresponding=osb=

=PK NrMbofCAi ANAivpfp

PKNK Case-studyW the Aqueduct celice qhe= Aèueduct= celice= Esee=cigK= 2F= is= an= historical= construction=built= by= mope=pisto= s= in=NRURI= made= of=a=seèuence=of=arches=having=2KP=m=span=and=VKP=m=heightK=fn=early=uu=`enturyI=some=of=the=original=arches=were=replaced=by=five=larger=arches=with=RKR=m=span=and=UKM=m=height=separated=by=rectangular=piers=with=dimensions=NKR=m=×=2KP=mK=qhe=original=structure=is=made=of=combined=tuff=and=brick=masonryI=while=the=more= recent= additions=are=made=of=brick= masonry= EcigK= PFK=qhe=Aèueduct=celice= is=built=on= the= ruins= of=`irco= sarianoI= an=ancient= structureI= dating=back=at= the= beginning= of= the= fff= `entury= aK`KI= made= of= tuff=blocksI= having= U= m= heightK= qhe= geometry= of= the= whole= structure= is= shown= in=cigK= 4I= together= with= the=position= of= the= two= tunnelsK= qhe= coordinate= system= is= defined= such= that= x= is =the =distance =from =the =left =boundary=in=the=horizontal=direction=and=z=is=the=depth=below=the=ground=surfaceK=qhe=two=tunnels=EBaJodd=lineX=BmJeven=lineFI=have=diameter=a ==SKT=mI=interJaxis=f ==22KU=m=and=are=located=at=a=depth=zM===2RKU=m=from=the=ground=surfaceK=

=

RTM=

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= cigK P=aetails=of=the=Aèueduct=celice==

=qhe=soil=stratigraphy=is=made=of=six=layersI=as=reported=in=table=NW==jade=dround=EoFX=silla=penni=tuff=EspFX= Alternate= levels= of= lithoid= EqNLq2F= and= uncemented= EqAF= tuffsX= stiff= pilt= and= `lay= EpqLAoFK=A=number=of= in=situ= and=laboratory=tests=were=performed=to=characterise=the=different= soil= strataK=qhe=tunnels= are= excavated= in= the=alternate= layers= of= lithoid= Eq2F= and=uncemented= EqAF= tuffK=qhe=ground=water=is=fund=at=a=depth=of=N2KR=m=from=the=ground=surfaceX=the=pore=pressure=distribution=is=affected=by=the=presence=of=a=gravel=layerI=according=to=the=profile=reported=in=cigK=4K==

zMsp=J=mk

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qhe=tunnel=excavation=under=the=Acèueduct=celice=was=carried=in=April=2MNNI=as=shown=in=cigK=RI=where=the=advancement=of=the=excavation=face=is=plotted=in=terms=of=relative=distance=to=the=considered=sectionK=

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17/1/11 S/2/11 2S/2/11 18/P/11 7/4/11 27/4/11 17/5/11 S/S/11 2S/S/11 1S/7/11 5/8/11

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mosition of Ba face

mosition of Bm face

=cigK R=Advancement=of=the=excavation=face==

PKOK Mechanical parameters for soils and masonry qhe= mechanical= parameters= adopted= in= the= numerical= analyses= for= the= different= soil= layers= and= for= the=masonry=structure=are=reported=in=qabK=N=and=qabK=2I=respectivelyK===

qable N=jechanical=parameters=of=soils=

iAvbop= γ=EkkLmPF= kM= b’=EkkLm2F= ν’= c’=EkkLm2F= φ’=E°F=jade=dround=EoF= NT= MKR= 4MMMM= MKP= NM= PN=silla=penni=tuff=EspF= NTKR= MK4= UP2MM= MKP= N2KR= PT=

iithoid=tuff=levels=EqN=and=q2F= NS= MK4= PMMMMM= MKP= 4M= PR=

rncemented=tuff=levels=EqAF= NS= MKS= 2MMMMM= MKP= 2T= 2R=pilt=and=`lay=EpqJAoF= NVKR= MKS= N4RMMM= MKP= NR= 2R=

qable O=jechanical=parameters=of=masonry=

iAvbop= γ=EkkLmPF= a=

EcmF=b=EcmF=

t=EcmF= bb=EjmaF= bm=EjmaF =νb νm= c=EkmaF= φ=E°F=

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qrcc= NU= 4= 2R= NM= NRMM= PMM= MK2P= MKP= NM= PN=

=

PKPK aiscretization and simulation of excavation process qhe=whole=system=consisting=of=the=Acèueduct=celiceI=the=`irco=sariano=and=the=soil=layers=reported=in=cigK=4=was= incorporated=into=a=2a=cinite=blement=model=using=the=program=AbaèusK=jore=preciselyI=the= cb= mesh= is= composed= by= UJnode= èuadrangular= plane= strain= elements= for= the= soil= and= 4Jnode=èuadrangular=plane=stress=elements=for=the=masonryK==qhe=tunnel=excavation=was=reproduced=as=followsW=once=gravity=was=assignedI=the=soil=elements=inside=the=tunnel=section=were=deactivated=and=replaced=by=a=constraint=on=the=displacements=at=the=boundary=of= the= tunnel= sectionX= the= excavation= process= was= then= simulated= by= increasing= progressively= the=ovalisation= of= the= upper= section= of= the= tunnelI= controlling= the= displacement= parameter= d = until= the=reèuested=subsidence=volume=at=the=surface=was=reached=xNMz=EcigK=SFK=qhis=procedure=was=adopted=in=seèuence=for=Ba=and=Bm=tunnelsK=qhe=simulation=of=the=excavation=process=was=performed=in=drained=conditionsK=qhe=subsidence=volumesI=considered=in=the=numerical=analysis=and=corresponding=to=those=suggested=by= the= monitoring= systemI= are= ss = =MK4V =B =and =ss = =MK4U =B =for =the =Ba =and =Bm =tunnelI =respectivelyK=

=

RT2=

=cigK S=bxcavation=simulation=

= =4K NrMbofCAi obpriqp ANa ClMmAofplN =fn= this= section= a= comparison= between= the= numerical= results= and= the= monitoring= data= collected= by= the=contractor=during=the=construction=of=the=tunnel=are=presentedK=qhe=eèuipment=used=for=the=monitoring= is=formed=by=datum=points=EcigK=T=–=pection=aF=and=prisms=Epection=AJBJ`FK=qhe=vertical=displacements=at=the=four=sections=from=top=of=the=structure=down=to=the=ground=surface=EAJaF==are=reported=in=cigK=UK=ft=is=worth=noting=thatI=despite=some=little=differences=and=localised=phenomenaI=the=numerical=outcomes=compare=well=with=the=monitoring=dataK==

`pNN`pN2`pNP`pN4`pNR`pNS`pNT

MP14CMP15CMP1SCMP17CMP18CMP19CMP2MCMP21C

MP12A MP11A MP1MA MPM9A MPM8A MPM7A MPMSA

MP28B MP2SB MP2PB MP2MB MP17B MP14B

MP27B MP25B MP24B MP22B MP21B MP19B MP18B MP1SB MP15B MP1PB

MP12B

Sec. A

Sec. B

Sec. C

Sec. D

=cigK T=jonitoring=system=of=the=Aèueduct=celice=

=fn=particularI=a=reduction=of=both=the=extent=of=the=settlement=trough=and=the=maximum=settlement=value=is=observed=from=the=base=Esection=aF=to=the=top=of=the=Acèueduct=Esection=AF=together=with=a=slight=increase=in=the=lateral=upliftK=qhe=reduction=of=settlements=should=mainly=be=related=to=the=role=of=the=stiffness=of=the=Acèueduct=itselfI=while=the=resulting=upliftI=which=is=also=observed=in=the=monitoring=dataI=might=be=àustified=by=the=dilatant=behaviour=of=the=masonryK==cigure=V=shows=the=contours=of=the=principal=tensile=plastic=strain=resulting=from=the=numerical=analysis=of=the=excavation=of=the=two=tunnelsK=ft=is=worth=observing=that=no=plastic=strains=take=place=in=the=Aèueduct=celiceI=while=small=tensile=ones=only=occur=in=the=upper=portion=of=the=̀ irco=sarianoI=being=characterised=by==an=order=of=magnitude=of=NMJ4K==qhe=inelastic=strainsI=characterised=by=an=inclination=of=about=4R°I=concentrate=at=the=base=of=the=aèueduct=central=piersI=through=the=small=openings=of=`irco=sarianoX=their=positions=can=be=related=to=the=zones=of=maximum=deflection=of=the=predicted=subsidence=curveK==Assuming= a= simple= analogy= between= the= structure=under= study= and= a= corresponding= beam= subàected= to=imposed= deflections= x2zI= a= prevalence= of= shear= responseI= rather= than= bending= oneI= is= observed= in= the=analysesK=qhe=interpretation=of=the=numerical=results= indicates=clearly=that=the=`irco=sarianoI=thanks= to=its=massive=structureI= plays= a= key= role= in= the= overall= response= of= the= AèueductI= preserving= it= by= experiencing= any=excavationJrelated=damageK==RK ClNCirpflNp =

qhe=paper= describes= the= results= of= an= onJgoing= research= focusing= on= the= analysis= of= the= interaction=between=the=excavation=of=shallow=tunnels=in=urban=areas=and=existing=ancient=masonry=constructionsK==An=ancient= masonry= structureI= the=Aèueduct= celice= in= oomeI= interested=by= the=undercrossing= of= the=new =jetro =` =line =in =oomeI =has =been =consideredK =fts =continuum =behaviour =at =the =macroJscale =was =

=

RTP=

derived=by=means=of=a=homogenisation=procedure=based=on=relatively=simple=assumption=at= the= local=scaleK=qhe=resulting=model= is=characterised=by=a=nonJlinear=anisotropic=mechanical=responseK=qhe=soil=was= modelled= as= a= simple= elastoJplastic= mediumK= qhe= analysisI= carried= out= with= the= cinite= blement=code=AbaèusI=was=performed=in=plane=strain=and=plane=stress=conditions=for=the=soil=and=the=structureI=respectivelyK===

Section A

-7.ME-MP

-5.5E-MP

-4.ME-MP

-2.5E-MP

-1.ME-MP

5.ME-M4

M 2M 4M SM 8M 1MM 12M 14M 1SM

x (m)

ρ (m

)

Numerical Analysis

Monitoring S/NM/2MNN

Section. C

-7.ME-MP

-5.5E-MP

-4.ME-MP

-2.5E-MP

-1.ME-MP

5.ME-M4

M 2M 4M SM 8M 1MM 12M 14M 1SM

x (m)

ρ (m

)

Numerical Analysis

Monitoring S/NM/2MNN

Section B

-7.ME-MP

-5.5E-MP

-4.ME-MP

-2.5E-MP

-1.ME-MP

5.ME-M4

M 2M 4M SM 8M 1MM 12M 14M 1SM

x (m)

ρ (m

)

Numerical analysis

Monitoring S/NM/2MNN

Section a

-7.ME-MP

-5.5E-MP

-4.ME-MP

-2.5E-MP

-1.ME-MP

5.ME-M4

M 2M 4M SM 8M 1MM 12M 14M 1SM

x (m)

ρ (m

)

Numerical Analysis

Monitoring 4/NM/2MNN

=

cigK U=pettlement=curvesW=comparison=between=numerical=results=and=monitoring=data=

=

RT4=

cigK V=mlastic=strain=distribution=

=qhe=expected=strain=distribution=in=the=structure=was=obtained=form=the=analysisW=the=comparison=with=the=data=gathered=during=the=structural=monitoring=are=in=good=agreement=with=numerical=predictionsI=in=terms=of=both=subsidence=curve=and=structural=deformationK=qhe=proposed=approachI=which=takes=into=account=the=interaction=between=the=soil=and=the=structureI=including=the=weight=and=the=stiffness=of=this=latterI=seems=to=be=a=promising=tool=for=a=refined=evaluation=of=settlements=and=damage=of=historic=masonry=structures=due=to=tunnel=excavationK===AChNltibadbMbNqp =qhe= financial= support= provided= by= the= research= programsW= “aipartimento= di= mrotezione= `ivile= –=`onsorzio= obirfpI= qhematic= Area= NI= oesearch= iine= NI= qask= N= signed= on= 2MMVJMVJ24”= and=“jinistero= dell’fstruzione= dell’rniversità= e= della= oicerca= mofk= 2MMV= mroàectW= jetodologie= di=Analisi= e=jodellazione= di= jurature= jultistrato= per= la= `onservazione= del= `ostruito= ptorico”= is=gratefully=acknowledgedK====obcbobNCbp =xNz= Burland=gKBKI= ENVVRFI=Assessment=of=risk=damage=to=buildings=due=to=tunnelling=and=excavationK=

mroceedings of Nst fnternational Conference on barthquake and deotechnical bngineeringI=qokyoK=NNUVJN2MNK=

x2z= Burland=gKBKI=troth=`mKI= ENVT4FI=pettlements=on=buildings=and=associated=damvageK=mroceedings of Conference on pettlement of structuresK=`ambridgeW=BqpK=pK=SNNJR4K=

xPz= de=celiceI=dKI=AmorosiI=AKI=jalenaI=jKI=E2MNMFK=blastoJplastic=analysis=of=block=structures=through=a=homogeneization= methodI= fnternational gournal for kumerical and Analytical Methods in deomechanics; P4W=22NJ24TK=

x4z= AmorosiI=AKI=BoldiniI=aKI=de=celiceI=dKI=jalenaI=jKI=E2MNNFK=“qunnellingJinduced=deformation=in=a=masonry= structureW= a= numerical= approach”I= Tth fnternational pymposium on deotechnical Aspects of rnderground Construction in poft droundI=oomeI=NSJNU=jay=2MNMK=

xRz= Boone= pK= gKI= E2MM2FK= droundJjovementJoelated= Building= aamageK= gournal of deotechnical bngineering / kovember NVVSW=UUSJUVSK==

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