“Pavement Marking – Types & How they Supplement Road Safety” 

Abhishek Pathak

Agenda

Why Road Marking ?

Basics of Retro reflective TechnologyBasics of Retro-reflective Technology

Current Scenario

Types of Material for Road Marking

Performance Assesment ,Monitoring & Evaluation Process

Warranty & Testing Inspection

Classification of Pavement Marking

Page No. 2

Classification of Pavement Marking

Why Road Marking ?

Bare roads will lead to total vehicular confusion

Marking helps on the road to Direct, Guide and Regulatethe road user

Road Markings include all lines patterns, words & colourapplied on or attached to the road surface or kerb.

Road Marking sometime are used to supplementmessageof road signs & other devicesof road signs & other devices

Marking promote road safety & ensure smooth flow oftraffic

Page No. 3

traffic

How Retro reflection guides us on dark How Retro reflection guides us on dark roads…..

Page No. 2

Definition & Feature of Road Marking

Definition :

Road Marking is defined as lines, patterns, words except road signs which are

applied or attached to the carriageway or kerbs or to objects within or adjacent toapplied or attached to the carriageway or kerbs or to objects within or adjacent to

the carriageway for Controlling, Warning, Guiding and Informing the road users.

Features of Road Marking :

Guides & Controls traffic on a highway

f ff f ffDelineation of Traffic path and its lateral clearance from traffic hazards

facilitating safe movement

Channelize the pedestrians & cyclistsmovement into safe locationChanneli e the pedestrians & cyclistsmovement into safe location

Road markings normally include longitudinal markings, transverse markings,

text and symbols etc. on the road surfaces

Page No.5 

Applicable to all categories of roads even on Rural roads as well

Basics of Retro‐reflective Technology

Page No. 6

Luminance

LuminanceLuminance

What What Driver Driver SeesSees

Page No. 7

Units of Measurement

Intensity of a Light Source : Candela ( cd )

Illuminance : Light falling on a surface ( lux )

Luminance : Light coming from a surface via diffuse fl ti i d ti t fl ti t i htreflection in daytime or retro- reflection at night

Intensity / unit area ( cd / m2 )

Coefficient of Retro reflection RA

L i / Ill i ( d / l / 2 )

Page No. 8

Luminance / Illminance ( cd / lux / m2 )

Types of Reflection

Page No. 9

Cone of Retro-reflection

Pattern of Retro‐reflected Light Returned To Driver from aReturned To Driver from a 

Headlamp

Page No. 10

Glass Bead Technology

Glass Beads

Page No. 11

Current  Scenario

Page No. 12

Road Marking – Issues & Effect

IssuesIssues

Poor Night VisibilityAnd Road Presence

Effect

Accident danger at critical spots

Page No. 13

Reference Manual & Codes

Recipe Based Specification in Road & Bridge Works

S.N Components White Yellow

1 Binder 18.0 min. 18.0 min.

2 Glass Beads 30-30 30-30

3 Titanium Dioxide 10.0min

4 Calcium Carbonate & Inert Fillers 42.0 max

5 Yellow Pigments

P f B d S ifi ti i C d

5 Yellow Pigments

Performance Based Specification in Code          of Practice For Road Markings (IRC‐35 :2014)

Page No. 14

Types of Materials for Road Markings

Page No. 15

Type of Material for Road Markings  Type of Material for Road Markings

Thermoplastic Markings (Hot applied thermoplastic compound)Thermoplastic Markings (Hot applied thermoplastic compound)

Solvent borne and Waterborne Road Marking PaintSolvent borne and Waterborne Road Marking Paint

Cold Applied Plastics

Preformed Adhesive Tapes

Page No. 16

Thermoplastic Markings

Most commonly used pavement marking material roadways

It is a Mixture of plasticizer & resins that serves to hold all of the otherd h h h l h l d lingredients together. The thermoplastics hot applied in molten state

adheres to pavement and get solidified immediately at the ambienttemperature.

Thermoplastic markings possess fast drying time and are highly durable

It has better retro reflective performance than that of ordinary roadmarking paint.

The service life of one application of thermoplastic generally ranges from2 to 3 years depending on traffic volumes

Page No. 16

Solvent Borne & Waterborne Road Marking Paints

Road marking paints are oldest form of pavement marking materials.

Application in temporary work zone markings and for very shorter

period and can be removed thereafter easily.

Two types of Road Marking Paints :

(i) Solvent based

(ii) Water based

Water‐based paint is environmentally friendly and is easier to handle

compared to solvent‐based paints and pose less safety hazards to workers.

Th d f i d i h b d i b dThe road surface painted with water‐based paints can be opened to

traffic quicker than the road surface painted with solvent‐based paints.

Page No. 17

For coloured pavement marking, the cold applied plastic is a better

Cold Applied Plastics

choice than road marking paints & thermoplastic materials.

Cold applied plastics are the best means to provide audible raised

pavement marking for edge lines.

Cold applied plastic is more durable than thermoplastic markings in

retaining the original colour and luminance values.

It can be applied to the surface in a variety of ways with a superior

finishing and has no need of large application equipment and can be

easily carried in a medium sized van and a trailer

Page No. 18

Preformed tapes are available in continuous rolls of various lengths and

Pre-formed Adhesive Tapes

widths.

Unlike road marking with sprayed or extruded materials, the preformed

tapes do not require application equipment or experienced operators for

applications and do not require drying or curing period.

The provision of preformed tapes would entail high initial cost than the

other forms of road marking application, but would offer more service life in

locations with high traffic volumes and are suitable for those locations that

i f t l t f t kirequire frequent replacement of pavement markings.

Application : They are used for object markings and transverse lines in

Page No. 19

Application : They are used for object markings and transverse lines in

high‐traffic areas

Pre‐formed Adhesive Tapes 

© 3M 2008.  All Rights Reserved.

Pre-formed Adhesive Tapes : Application

PRE-MARKING TAPE APPLICATION FINAL COMPACTING

Page No. 20

Pre - formed Patterned TapesPre - formed Patterned Tapes

© 3M 2008.  All Rights Reserved.Critical Spots – Pedestrian Crossings

Construction Work Zone : Road Marking 

© 3M 2008.  All Rights Reserved.

White : It is the most widely used colour for road marking because of

Colour Markings

its visibility and good contrast against the road surface.

Y ll Y ll l i l d h ki i iYellow : Yellow colour is also used to show parking restrictions.

Blue : Blue is the colour of public transportation including threeBlue : Blue is the colour of public transportation including threewheelers scooter rickshaws (TSR) and dedicated bus lanes.

Green : Green colour is used to depict bicycle lane and non motorisedtransportation and is marked at the intersection and gives priority to thecyclists crossing the road.y g

Red/Purple : Red color marking is recommended on hazardous

Page No.23 

intersections and place where pedestrians meet motorized traffic.

Performance Assessment andPerformance Assessment  and  Monitoring

Page No. 24

Visibility related to speed (Drivers needs to detect guidance markings at a distance

Visibility, Reflectivity & External Factors

Visibility related to speed (Drivers needs to detect guidance markings at a distanceequivalent to a minimum of two seconds of travel time)

Minimum Preview Distance for a driver to React

d (k h)Speed (kmph) 30 40 50 65 70 80 90 100 110 120

Preview Distance (m)  

2 seconds of travel time17 22 28 36 39 44 50 56 61 67

Retro Reflectivity

External Factors that Influence Marking PerformanceMaterial compositionApplication procedureApplication machines

Page No. 25

Application machinesRoadway surface Presence of immediate traffic

Assessment of the degree of wear is measured as a percentage of the

Wear Durability

Assessment of the degree of wear is measured as a percentage of the

area remaining intact of the high performance pavement marking

As wear may be more apparent on left‐hand edge lines or side roadAs wear may be more apparent on left hand edge lines or side road

entries, the overall performance of the marking system needs to be taken

into account

Above 95% of area intact Below 70% of area intact

Performance Parameter of Wear Durability  is to ensure that at least 70% of the 

Page No.26 

marking remains intact for the service life of the marking

Reflection in day light or under road lighting is measured based on the

Day Visibility

Reflection in day light or under road lighting is measured based on the

luminance coefficient exhibited under the diffuse illumination i.e. Qf measured

in accordance with EN 1436 and expressed in (mcd/m²/lux).

Qd corresponds to how drivers can view the marking from distance

Performance Parameter of Day time Visibility :

Cement Road (Qd), shall be minimum of 130 mcd/m2/lux during the expected life service time

Page No. 27 

Asphalt road (Qd), shall be minimum of 100 mcd/m2/lux during  the expected life service time

Retro‐reflectivity (night time line visibility) is a result from vehicle headlamps being

Night Time Visibility : Dry Retro-reflection

Retro‐reflectivity (night time line visibility) is a result from vehicle headlamps being

retro‐reflected back to the source (the driver) at a very narrow observation angle.

Performance Parameter of Night Time Visibility : Dry Retro reflection

S.NDesign 

(RL) Retro‐reflectivity (mcd/m²/lx)

Performance Parameter of Night Time Visibility : Dry Retro‐reflection

S.NSpeed Initial  ( 7 days )     Minimum Threshold Level  (TL) and 

warranty period required up to 2 years       1 Up to 65 200 802 65 ‐ 100 250 120

Page No. 28 

2 65  100 250 1203 above 100 350 150

A film of water coating the glass beads in wet condition reduces retro‐reflective

Night Time Visibility : Wet Retro-reflection

A film of water coating the glass beads in wet condition reduces retro reflectiveperformance of the pavement markings

DAY VISIBILITY

NIGHT VISIBILITY

Performance Parameter of Night Time Visibility : Wet Retro reflection

S.N(Rw) Retro ‐ reflectivity (mcd/m2/lx)

Initial ( 7 days )                   Minimum Threshold Level

Performance Parameter of Night Time Visibility : Wet Retro‐reflection

Page No. 29 

1 100 50

For Cyclists & Motorcyclists skid resistance is most important factor.

Skid Resistance

Skid resistance is improved after inclusion of surface applied angular particles

to the marking.

The angular particles may create shadowing of the retro‐reflective elements

(glass beads) and as a consequence the measure of retro‐reflectivity (night time

visibility of the markings) may be reduced.visibility of the markings) may be reduced.

Skid Resistance ( BPN )

Type of Road Initial ( 7 days ) Minimum Threshold Level

Performance Parameter

Page No. 30 

Type of Road Initial   ( 7 days ) Minimum Threshold  Level 

Urban / City 55 45

Road Marking : Performance EvaluationRoad Marking : Performance Evaluation Process

Page No. 31

Road Marking Evaluation Process

For Pavement Marking Lines (3km or less)

Measurements shall be made on one randomly located sectionSample size shall be set of at least 20Average of 20 measurements to determine the retro‐reflectivity

Page No. 32

Average of 20 measurements to determine the retro reflectivity

Road Marking Evaluation Process

For Pavement Marking Lines (3 to 16 km or more)

Measurements shall be made on at least three randomly located sectionsMeasurements within each evaluation section shall be made with a samplesize of 20 and the average retro‐reflectivity for each evaluation sectionshall be calculated.Average of the above measurements from each evaluation section

Page No. 33

Average of the above measurements from each evaluation section.

Road Marking Evaluation Process

Legends• Each letter is considered as an evaluation section• Three measurements shall be made in each letter in the direction of travel • The average value shall be calculated for each letter and the average value of each• The average value shall be calculated for each letter and the average value of each 

measurement section can be used to compute the grand/overall average

Symbols or Transverse LinesE h b l t li i id d t l ti ti• Each symbol or transverse line is considered a separate evaluation section 

• Six measurements shall be made on symbols or transverse lines that are 2.4 m tall               or wide &  three measurements  if it is smaller than 2.4 m

• Average value shall be calculated for each symbol or transverse marking & averagevalue of each measurement section can be used to compute the grand average

Pedestrian Crossings• Three random stripes shall be selected as an evaluation section & six p

measurements  shall be made in each of the selected stripes.

• Average value of each stripe shall be calculated and the average value of each measurement section can be used to compute the grand average

Page No. 34

measurement section can be used to compute the grand average.

Warranty & Testing Inspection

Page No. 35

Testing Methods – Hand Held device

Portable handheld retro‐reflectometer fordetermination of night visibility (RL) and dayvisibility (Qd) of road markings.y ( ) g

One instrument for all types of road markings

Retro reflectometer works in accordance withRetro‐reflectometer works in accordance withEN 1436 , ASTM E 1710 (RL) ,ASTM E 2302 (Qd)and ASTM E 2177 (RL wet)

Page No. 36

Testing Methods – High Speed Monitor ( HSM )

Efficient and safe continuous measurement ofnight visibility of all types of road markings at normal

ffi d i h b i h ffitraffic speed without obstructing the traffic.

All important data are recorded at the same time:All important data are recorded at the same time:day contrast ratio, GPS coordinates, ambienttemperature (°C/°F), relative humidity (rH %), speed,picture, voice recording, as well as date and timepicture, voice recording, as well as date and time

Work in accordance with EN 1436 (RL), ASTM E( L)1710 (RL), ASTM E 2177 (RL wet) as well as ASTM E2176 stationary (RL under continuous wetting).

Page No. 37

Classification of Pavement Marking

Page No. 38

Classification of Pavement Marking

( )Longitudinal Marking ( LM )

Transverse Marking ( TM )

Hazard Marking ( HM )

Bl k M ki (BM)Block Marking (BM)

Arrow Marking ( AM)

Directional Marking (DM)

Facilit Marking ( FM )

Page No. 39

Facility Marking ( FM )

Longitudinal Marking

Th l it di l ki ll id d l th t ffi t•The longitudinal marking are generally provided along the traffic movement

•The broken lines, single/double continuous lines and continuity lines areclassified under Longitudinal Markingclassified under Longitudinal Marking

• Abbreviated as LM01, LM02, LM03

Page No. 40 

Transverse Marking

• Marking across the carriageway for traffic control with broken lines,g g ysingle/double continuous lines such as Stop marking and Give way marking areclassified under Transverse Marking(TM)

• They are abbreviated as TM01, TM02, TM03

Page No. 41 

Hazard Marking (HM)

• Pavement marking that facilitating trafficmerging/diverging

• Prohibiting to cross‐over and to deflect the traffic ahead of hazardous situations

• Chevron and diagonal marking, hatch marking are classified under Hazard MarkingChevron and diagonal marking, hatch marking are classified under Hazard Marking

• They are abbreviated as HM01, HM02, HM03

Page No.42 

Facility Marking ( FM)

Th ki f ki h d f b li d di bl d•The marking for parking, the word messages for buses, cyclists and disabledones are classified under Facility Marking

• They are abbreviated as FM 01, FM 02, FM03y , ,

Page No.43 

Line Markings

Centre line

Warning lineWarning line

Edge line

N t ki liNo‐overtaking line

( It i li d t i it ti lik di id d d di id d( It is applied to various situations like undivided road, dividedcarriageway roads and one‐way street/ramp/slip roads )

Page No. 44

Centre Line Markings

(i) The centre lines should be used only on single carriageway roads to separate

the opposite streams of traffic and to facilitate their movementsthe opposite streams of traffic and to facilitate their movements

(ii) On unimportant roads with less than 5.5 metres wide carriageway, centre

lines are considered undesirable as these entail discomfort and hazard

(iii) Th li ki t th t f li d t t ill b(iii) The line marking at the centre of a ramp or slip road or one‐way street will be

traffic lane line and shall be a broken line.

(iv) On undivided carriagewaywhere 2‐lanes are available for one direction,

double centre line should be used to separate the opposite stream of traffic

Page No. 45 

Traffic Lane  & No Overtaking Lines 

Traffic Lane Lines

(i) The carriageway having two or more in one direction are divided into separate lanes

by traffic lane line marking for vehicles to move in proper lanes.y g p p

(ii) At intersections and on approaches thereto, marking of traffic lanes eliminates

confusion and facilitates through and turning movements

(iii) Traffic lanes should also be marked near pedestrian crossings and at other

dangerous locations in rural and urban area

No Overtaking Line

(i) No overtaking zones shall be established on summit curves, horizontal curves and

elsewhere on two and three lane highways where overtaking manoeuvring must be

prohibited because of restricted sight distances or other hazardous conditions

(ii) The no‐overtaking zone shall be marked by a solid line either single or double

Page No. 46 

( ) g y g

along the centre

Border or Edge Line Markings 

The border or edge lines are intended to indicate end of the carriageways

and thus help to delineate the limits up to which driver can safely venture.

The pavement edge lines are desirable at the following locations:

Where the shoulder is paved and is of similar texture & color to the main 

carriageways:

In advance of and near narrow bridges and around sharp curves;

Where obstructions on the shoulder are close enough to constitute a hazardWhere obstructions on the shoulder are close enough to constitute a hazard 

to the motorist;

On pavement width transitions;

On heavily trafficked two and three lane roads where head lamp dazzle is 

severe; 

Page No. 47 

Along lengths which are prone to fog and mist

Longitudinal Marking ( LM)Longitudinal Markings 

Table 4.3: Longitudinal Marking for Undivided Roads

Description Normal Section Warning Section No overtaking Section

ReferenceRoad Category

Traffic Movement

Carriageway

Centre Line

Edge Line

Traffic lane Line

Centre Line

Edge Line

Traffic lane Line

Centre Line

Edge Line

Traffic lane 

Category Movement way Line Line lane Line Line Line lane Line Line LineLine

Single/Intermediate Lane Road

Two way < 5.5m NA LM23 NA NA LM23 NA NA LM23 NA Fig 4.4

Two Lane Road Two way5.5m to 7m

LM01 LM23 NA LM04 LM23 NA LM23 LM23 NA Fig 4.5

Two Lane Road with Paved Shoulder

Two way >7m LM02 LM24 NA LM05 LM24 NA LM23 LM24 NA Fig 4.6

Three Lane Road Two way >11mLM27/LM

30LM24 LM02

HM07/ HM08

LM24 LM12HM09/ HM10

LM24 LM23 Fig 4.7

Four Lane Road Two way >14LM27/LM

30LM24 LM02

HM07/ HM08

LM24 LM12HM09/ HM10

LM24 LM23 Fig 4.830 HM08 HM10

Note: Refer Annexure A for details of markings abbreviated in the Table and Figures above and Refer Table 5.1 for Road Studs details

Page No. 49

Appendix A : Longitudinal Marking ( LM)

Appendix A : Longitudinal Marking ( LM)

Page No. 50

Longitudinal Markings for Divided Carriageway

Page No. 52

Longitudinal Markings for Divided Carriageway

Table 4.4: Longitudinal Marking for Divided Carriageway

R dOnside C i

Normal Section Warning Section No overtaking Section

R fShoulde MediaMedi

Shoulde MedianRoad Category

Carriageway Width

Reference

Traffic Lane Line

Shoulder side Edge Line

Median side Edge Line

Traffic Lane Line

Shoulder side Edge 

Line

an side Edge Line

Traffic Lane Line

Shoulder side Edge Line

Median side Edge Line

Four Lane Road

>7.3mLM01/LM02

LM24 LM24LM11/LM12

LM24 LM24 LM23 LM24 LM24 Fig 4.9

Six Lane R d

>10.8mLM01/LM02

LM24 LM24LM11/LM12

LM24 LM24 LM23 LM24 LM24 Fig 4.10Road LM02 LM12

Four Lane Expressway

>9.5 LM02 LM25 LM25 LM12 LM25 LM25 LM24 LM25 LM25 Fig 611

Six  Lane Expressway

>12m LM02 LM25 LM25 LM12 LM25 LM25 LM24 LM25 LM25 Fig 4.12

Note: Refer Annexure A for details of markings abbreviated in the Table and Figures above and Refer Table 5.2 for Road Studs 

Page No. 53 

details

Raised Profile Edge Lines    

(i) Raised profile edge lines are for use as an alternative to the edge markings

(ii) Advantage of ribs is that the vertical edges of the raised ribs are clearly visible

above the water film in wet conditionsabove the water film in wet conditions.

(iii) It provide audible warning to drivers when vehicle pass over the ribs and

produce audible vibrations as warning

(iv) Spacing between two ribs should not exceed 500 mm and expressway the

recommended spacing between two ribs is 250 mm

(v) The width of raised profile edge should be 150 / 200 mmmaximum for all roads

Page No. 54

Object Painting

Page No. 55

Code of Practice for Road Marking

Road StudsRoad Studs 

Page No. 56

Application of Road Studs

Edge Line

Centre Line

MORT&H Specification for Road Studs  

Material of Body :  Fixed by using yPlastic & no metal

y gadhesive ‐ No Nails

Compressive Strength ‐Min 13,635 Kgs

Retro Reflective Area  ≤  13 Sqcm, g q

Height ‐ 20 mm &           Width ‐ 130mm

Marked with manufacturers’ name

Page No.58 

Road Studs : Spacing Road Studs Spacing  

Page No.59 

Road Studs : Spacing Road Studs for a Two Directional Roads   

Page No.60 

Road Studs : Spacing Road Studs  : Chevron Marking   

Road Studs for Chevron /diagonal Marking

‐Red Colour Road studs

‐ Spacing 2m / 4m /6m

‐ Road studs placed inside continuous line marking & at mid point of diagonal & chevron marking

Page No.61 

Code of Practice for Road MarkingRoad Studs : Chevron Markings

Road Studs for Chevron /diagonal Marking/diagonal Marking

‐Red Colour Road studs

‐ Spacing 2m / 4m /6m

‐ Road studs placed inside continuous line marking &continuous line marking & at mid point of diagonal & chevron marking

Page No. 62

d 9 T

Page No. 63

g{tÇ~ lÉâ

Page No. 64