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1.Describe the purpose of editing The purpose of editing is to show four different aspects of a film/clip that can emphasize the characters, the information the audience receives engaging them into the film in several different ways that include how much the audience should know about the narrative, characters and events at any given time.

For example in relation to genre specifically horror the camera may role much longer and there will most likely be very low tempo sound where as in an action film there will be a lot of quick clips of explosions and loud music playing in the background as the suspense builds.

Also another example that falls under propaganda film is football highlights, by that I mean that if Arsenal played against West Ham and Arsenal dominated the game and had a lot more possession and shots, the football highlights may show the game and make it look like it was an even match by putting even chances for both teams, however really it was no where near an even match.

How is this a propaganda film?(editing transitions, how are they put together to create propaganda).

1. Music sets the mood of happiness while it shows the opening title

2. Text is shown first with how Germans were treated harshly and their suffering. This is an attempt to further extend the harsh punishments of the Germans to the viewers to the audience.

3. Up lifting music played, sometimes the type of patriotism, showing peoples cheerful faces through close-ups.

4. They show high angle shots of the crowd to emphasize how they are ants beneath Hitler's feat, also they use low angle shots to accentuate Hitler’s dominance above them.

5. Parallel editing switches between Hitler and the crowd which symbolizes Hitler as the superior leader as he is shown the majority of the time.

Triumph of the will – 1930 directed by Leni Riefensenstahl

City Of God opening shots and what they show the audience

In the opening clip of City Of God you can see the different use of shots and editing techniques that provide the audience with different information about specific characters and what they may like later on in the film. For example a specific shot shows the antagonist at a canted angle while he is laughing with a gun in his hand, this shows the audience that he may be crazy and people around him should be careful.

Different shots and editing techniques can show the audience different things about a character for example in this shot you can tell that the protagonist is in a bad situation. From this shot I can tell that the focus was on him, but also of the group of gangsters In the background and by the positioning of the character you can tell this as you can see a lot.

2-3. Early Filmmakers Use Of Editing

David Llewelyn Wark "D. W." Griffith (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was a premier pioneering American film director, best known as the director of the epic 1915

film “The Birth Of A Nation” and the subsequent film “Intolerance” (1916) But Griffiths films were extremely controversial for the positive depiction of racism & segregation. In Griffiths films he used advanced camera and narrative techniques, and its immense popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film

in the United States.

D.W.Griffiths

Lev Kuleshov Kuleshov may well be the very first film “theorist” as

he was a leader in Soviet montage theory — developing his theories of editing.

He created what has come to be known as the Kuleshov Experiment. In this now-famous editing exercise, shots of an actor were intercut with various meaningful images a casket, a bowl of soup, and so on…

He also demonstrated the technical, aesthetic, and ideological potentials of montage.

Here in kuleshov experiment he showed that the manipulation of a clip through editing could allow the audience to believe that editing changes viewers' interpretations of images.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-s7aJHnS7gE

Sergei Eisenstein Eisenstein is possibly noted as the

“father of montage” Eisenstein was a pioneer in the use

of montage, a specific use of film editing.

Eisenstein believed that editing could be used for more than just expounding a scene or moment, through a "linkage" of related images.

Believing that an idea should be derived from the juxtaposition of two independent shots, bringing an element of collage into film. He developed what he called "methods of montage“.

Eisenstein felt the "collision" of shots could be used to manipulate the emotions of the audience and create film metaphors

Early Filmmakers Use Of Editing

•Arthur Marvin a famous filmmaker for leading many technical and narrative developments in the earliest days of cinema. It occurs when an object is filmed, then while the camera is off, the object is moved out of sight of the camera, then the camera is turned back on. The film is watched, it seems to the viewer that the object disappears.

•nephew Daniel Marvin, perished in the sinking of the Titanic 1912 .

•the earliest known film to feature Arthur Conan Doyle's detective character Sherlock Holmeshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-eO3EbFG0ak

Jump-Cutting

RESIDENT EVIL AFTERLIFE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycXgJ2lDT7s

Through this technique he manipulates and transforms reality through cinematography.

An adaption of an all time thrilling survival game series called Resident Evil or Biohazard better known in Japan. (Shawn Roberts)

Early Filmmakers Use Of Editing

Also known as cross cutting, parallel editing gained prominence with Edwin S. Porter in his acclaimed movie The Great Train Robbery (1903). In this early picture, cross cutting is used to show what occurs in two different places but not much else. Though Porter didn't use the technique to its full potential, he was responsible for introducing the concept to the American film industry, allowing others to build upon it. ( commence clip at 1.42)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bc7wWOmEGGY

To add interest and excitement to an otherwise boring scene. Parallel editing is often applied to create suspense. 

Parallel Editing

INCEPTIOND:Christopher Nolan produced by Emma Thomas & edited by Lee Smithhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6XkEEzjVFA

Why Use It?Think of visual interest. The first version is only exciting at its conclusion. This second version is suspenseful throughout, especially with the music.

4.

The Different Types of Edit Techniques and Principles Used Today

SeamlessContinuity

Motivated

Montag

e

Jump-Cut

Parallel

editing

180o Rule

Splicing

Transitions

Cut

Dissolve

Fade

Wipe

Cutaways

Point of view shot

Shot-reverse-shot

Cross-cutting

Lip sync

EDIT TECHNIQUES

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Definition:Smooth and without seams or obvious joins. Having no awkward transitions, interruptions, or indications of disparity

Seamless

Seamless Flower Pattern Seamless Video

Sequence

MontageDefinition :A method of film editing involving the juxtaposition or partial superimposition of several shots to form a single imageThe first montage occurs during the Independence Day show, as Bing Crosby sings "Song of Freedom". The 50 second montage combines several single screen sequences of workers in an aircraft factory and various military units in motion (troops marching, planes flying, tanks driving) with multiple split screens, with up to six images in one shot.

SOURCE :www.youtube.com/watch?v=og7OGLyafhc

180° Rule:

Definition :An invisible semi circle which if you cross on set, will cause a jump shot and ruin continuity. The only way you can break this rule is if you are doing a 360 degree pan.

SOURCE:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4wX_dmh8_g

When you shoot a scene with actors imagine a line extending out between them. You can move your camera anywhere along that line, as long as you don't cross over the line to the other side.

Continuity is a big part of filmmaking. If you're shooting a short film or interview, it's important to set the scene and establish your characters in space and time in order for the viewer to follow the action. One of the most basic continuity rules is the 180 Degree Rule.

CONTINUITY

1. people jumping from a car2. the car on fire3. an explosion

1-2-3 - In the 1-2-3 sequence shown the shots suggest that people are jumping from a car seconds before it catches fire and explodes.

3-2-1 - A 3-2-1 order suggests that there is an explosion and then the car bursts into flames; and, as a result, the people have to jump out.

2-3-1 - In a 2-3-1 sequence people jump from the car after a fire causes an explosion.

2-1-3 - If the sequence is changed to 2-1-3, it appears that as a result of a fire passengers jump out of the car just in time to escape a devastating explosion.

SOURCE : www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xauSCz1mEk

Traditionally, film is edited by cutting sections of the film and rearranging or discarding them. The process is very straightforward and mechanical.

In theory a film could be edited with a pair of scissors and some splicing tape, although in reality a splicing machine is the only practical solution. A splicing machine allows film footage to be lined up and held in place while it is cut or spliced together.

FILM SPLICING

As the name suggests, Eye-line Match matches objects to the eye-line of the character. In Figure 2 we see 4 shots, in which Anna is looking at a painting. In frame 1 we see her looking towards the screen right (her left), and the next frame, frame 2, we see the painting.

These 2 shots construct the space so the audience interprets the painting to be sitting at her left. In frame 3 we see a close-up of the girl's face as she notices something in the painting in frame 4. Notice how in frame 3 she is still looking at the screen right (her left), and this is what maintains the continuity within the space.

Eye-line Match

Transitions Fade from and to BlackDescription: Fade from black: image gradually appears from a black screen. Fade to black: image gradually disappears to a black screen.Purposes: Begin and end a video, transition between segments or scenes, signify major change in time or location.

Dip to BlackDescription: Quick fade to black and then back to video. Purposes: Go to or from a commercial break, quick transition between segments or scenes, transition between footage and full screen graphics.

DissolveDescription: A transition between shots where one image is gradually mixed with another until the second image is full screen. Purposes: Enhance emotions, soften changes between shots, accentuate rhythm of pacing, enhance artistry of action, smooth jump cuts.

WipeDescription: A transition between shots that uses movement across the screen. Traditional wipes include changing the image with a move from right or left, up or down, or diagonally. Effects wipes include spins, flips, and animated moves.Purposes: Obvious transition between scenes, segments or graphics; add energy and action, increase pacing.

SuperDescription: Mixing two images together.Purposes: Show two views of subject at the same time, suggest that main subject is thinking about the other.

FreezeDescription: A single frame of video that is frozen on the screen.Purposes: End action, accentuate moment or character, background for graphics, lengthen short shot.

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5. The development of digital editing technology

and techniques.

Software

What is a ‘software’?Software means computer instructions or data.It is also described as operating information used by computers. Many digital videos use specific software's to maintain the quality.

What are ‘video editing software's?They are applications software's that handles the post-production editing of digital video sequences in a non-linear computer.

Linear Advancement Digital Technology

Linear

The process of selecting, arranging, and modifying the images and sound recorded is called linear video editing.

The moviola for instance is a device that allows a film editor to view a film while editing. It was the first machine for motion picture editing when it was invented by Iwan Serrurier in 1924.

This equipment is used in linear editing and requires the cutting and splicing the film tape.

2-inch quadruplex videotape – This is a heavy videotape that many editors carried around.

Source:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Fd_T4l2qaQ

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Non-linear – The Advancement of editing

technologyNon-linearIn digital video editing, non-linear editing is a method that allows you to

access any frame in a digital video clips regardless of sequence in the clip

The introduction of non-linear editing with computers in the early 1990s was nothing short of revolutionary.

Digital Video editing is non linear with non-Linear equipment you can:• You can reorder the footage and make changes at any time without any

major problem• You can go back and change an edit easily• You can make fine adjustments• You can create digital transitions and effects easily and quickly