Past Perfect/Simple PastPast Perfect/Simple Past• How do you form past perfect?

• Had + past participle ex. Rachel needed to pick Tobey up because Tobey’s car had broken down.

• Write the past perfect form for these verbs:

• Decide go think talk be sleep hope

• Had decided had gone had thought had talked had been had slept had hoped

Usage of Past PerfectUsage of Past Perfect

• Ngoc was hungry because she hadn’t eaten lunch.

• Why is past perfect used here?

• We are speaking in the past and then jump back to an earlier action also in the past.

• Past perfect past now

• Write a sentence telling about two past actions one of which happened before the other.

• Feel sick eat too much

• Borrow money lose his wallet

• Sharifa felt sick because she had eaten too much!

• Helen borrowed money from Grace because she had lost her wallet.

• 7:00 9:00am

• Past now

• 7:00 9:00 11:00

• Past perfect past now

• 7:00 9:00 11:00 5:00Past perfect past now

• Past perfect is often used with adverbial clauses that begin with:

• until before after when because although

• Write a sentence in past perfect that begins with two of these words.

• Until I taught ESL 123, I had never seen such brilliant ESL students.

• With before and after past perfect is not always used because the time is clear.

• Harwinder had grabbed her homework before she left.

• Harwinder grabbed her homework before she left.

• Write a sentence using past perfect with after and the same sentence using simple past.

• It is important to use the past perfect when “when” means before, in order to avoid confusion.

• Ex. Yone had packed his lunch when Li picked him up.

Use past perfect with these wordsUse past perfect with these words

• Just recently already scarcely barely ever never yet still

• These adverbs usually come between had and the past participle.

• Ex. Vicki had just given an “A” to Stacey.

• She had never had an “A” before.

• Write 3 sentences using the above words.

• Instead of meaning before now as with the present perfect, these words mean before then with the past perfect.

• We also used the past perfect with since and for if we know when an activity began before another past activity or how long it went on.

• Ex. Crystal realized that she hadn’t eaten a single french fry since she started her diet.

• Write a past perfect sentence using since and for.

• We use past perfect in noun clauses-frequently in indirect speech when the direct quote uses a simple past verb.

• Ex. “I met some wonderful ESL students in ESL 123”, said Vicki.

• She said, she had met some wonderful ESL students in ESL 123.

• When the main verb of sentence is in the past perfect and the action in the relative clause occurs at the same time, we use simple past for the verb in the relative clause.

• Ex. The students had been in classrooms that looked like jail cells.

Partner WorkPartner Work

• An Outing p. 76-77

• Rap it Up p. 77

HomeworkHomework

• Finish Rap It Up p. 77

• Rap in the Real World p. 78

• Make a timeline about your own life modeled after the timeline on page 78.