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Partnership for Environmental Education and Rural Health (PEER)
http://peer.tamu.edu
Supported by the National Institutes of Health ORIP
Anatomy & PhysiologyLarry Johnson, PhD
Veterinary Integrative BiosciencesTexas A & M University
College Station, TX
Anatomy & Physiology Defined
Anatomy
Physiology
The study of the structure of living things.
The study of the function (mechanical, physical, or biochemical function) of living things.
Anatomy - Physiology Analogy
Anatomy of a horse:Is composed of its parts.
Physiology of the horse :
Is what the horse can do with its anatomy.
Fields of Anatomy
Macroscopic Anatomy (Gross anatomy)
The study of anatomical structures that can be seen with the naked eye.
Studies the human or animal body by dissection.
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of tiny anatomical structures that must be viewed with a microscope.
Cytology: the study of cells
Histology: the study of the organization of the four basic types of tissues
ORGAN – Two or more types of tissues; larger functional unite.g., skin, kidney, intestine, blood vessels
Introduction to HISTOLOGY
TISSUE – Groups of cells with same general function and texture (texture = tissue)e.g., muscle, nerve
CELL – Smallest unit of protoplasm Simplest animals consist of a single cell
ORGAN SYSTEM - Several organs e.g., respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
SYSTEM
PROTOPLASM – Living Substance
Epithelia: Specialized for FunctionsAbsorption - IntestineSecretion - PancreasTransport - Eye, Endothelium in vesselsExcretion - KidneyProtection – Against Mechanical Damage and
DehydrationSensory Reception –
Pain To Avoid Injury, Taste Buds,
Olfactory, etc.Contraction – Myoepithelium
The HISTOLOGICAL GLUE which binds the other tissues together to form
organs, specializations include blood, cartilage, and bone.
Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue: Blood Cells
Red CellsCarry oxygen to and carbon dioxide
from the body’s tissues.
White CellsTransient inhabitants of the blood
Manufactured in bone marrow
Pass through the blood to connective tissue where they participate in defense against biological and chemical invaders!
PlateletsBlood clotting
BLOOD - DIAGNOSTIC VALUE - MOST EXAMINED
TYPES OF INFORMATION:
IDENTIFY NATURE OF DISEASEVIRAL – T LYMPHOCYTES
BACTERIAL – NEUTROPHILS
PARASITIC – EOSINOPHILS
FOLLOWS THE COURSE OF DISEASE
ALLOWS METHOD TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT
FunctionGeneration of contractile force
Distinguishing FeaturesHigh concentration of contractile proteins
actin and myosin arranged either diffusely in the cytoplasm or in regular repeating units called sarcomeres
Muscular Tissue
MUSCLE – Introduction
Contractivity is one of the fundamental properties of protoplasm and is exhibited in varing degree by nearly all cell types. In the cells of muscle, the ability to convert chemical energy into mechanical work has become highly developed. Locomotion of multicellular animals, beating of their hearts, and movement of their internal organs depends on muscles of different types.
MUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE – VERY LONG CYLINDRICAL STRIATED MUSCLE CELLS WITH MULTIPLE PERIPHERAL NUCLEI
CARDIAC MUSCLE – SHORT
BRANCHING STRIATED
MUSCLE CELLS WITH
CENTRALLY LOCATED NUCLEI
SMOOTH MUSCLE – CLOSELY
PACKED SPINDLE-SHAPED
CELLS WITH A SINGLE
CENTRALLY PLACED NUCLEUS
AND CYTOPLASM THAT
APPEARS HOMOGENEOUS
BY LIGHT MICROSCOPY
Myoepithelial cells
Nervous Tissue
FunctionsSpecialized for the
transmission, reception, and integration of electrical impulses
Distinguishing Features
Neurons: very large excitable cells with long processes called axons and dendrites.
The axons make contact with other neurons or muscle cells at a synapse where the impulses are either electrically or chemically transmitted to other neurons or various target cells (e.g., Muscle).
Communication:Function of the Nervous System
Dependent upon special signaling properties of
neuron
Long processes of neurons (e.g., 1 meter
motor neuroaxon)
EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM
EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
MUSCULAR TISSUE
EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
NERVOUS TISSUE
Gross Anatomy of Four Basic Types of Tissue
EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
Fields of Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
The study of body structures as they appear on the surface of the body.
Applied Anatomy
Surgical Anatomy
Radiological Anatomy
Kinesiology
Fields of Anatomy
Developmental Anatomy
The study of the formation of parts of the body.
NeuroanatomyThe study of gross and
microscopic structures of the nervous system.
Integument or Skin System
Epidermis
Outermost layer of skin
Dermis
Beneath the epidermis
Consists of connective tissue
Hypodermis
Lowest layer of skin
Mainly houses fat
Organ: 2 or more types of tissues making a larger functional unit
Functions of Skin• Protects against injury and desiccation
• Maintenance of water balance
• Excretes various substances
• Thermoregulation
• Receives stimuli– Temperature– Pain– Pressure
• Basis of recognition and yields
clues to one’s well being
• Fat metabolism in the hypodermis
Muscles: system of levers that aid muscle action
– Smooth Muscle
– Skeletal Muscle
– Cardiac Muscle
Bones: provide support and protection
– Long bones
– Short bones
– Flat bones
– Irregular bones
Musculoskeletal System
Parts of the Musculoskeletal System
Joints
Form the junction between two or more bones
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Tendons
Attach muscles to bone
Types of Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary, large and multinucleated cells, striated
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary, mononucleated and branched cells, striated
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary, mononucleated, non-striated
Functions of Muscle
Contractibility (Movement)
Running, walking, jumping.
Posture
Joint Stability
Heat Production
Flexion (close angle of joint) and Extension (open angle)
? and ?
Functions of Muscle
Contractibility (Movement)
Running, walking, jumping.
Posture
Joint Stability
Heat Production
Flexion (close angle of joint) and Extension (open angle)
Flexion and Extension
Functions of Cartilage
Flexible Support
Return to original shape (ears, nose, and respiratory)
Slides across each other easily while bearing weight (joints, articular surfaces of bones)
Cushion – cartilage has limited compressibility (joints)
No nerves, so no painduring compression
of cartilage.
Functions of Bone
Skeletal support for land animalsProtective Enclosure
Skull to protect brainLong bone to protect hemopoietic cell
Calcium RegulationParathyroid hormone (bone resorption) and calcitonin
hormone (prevents resorption) are involved in tight calcium regulation
¼ free Ca 2+ in blood is exchanged each minute
HemopoiesisBlood cell formation in the body
Function of the Immune System
Protects against foreign invaders into body
Produces / protects the body’s germ free environment
Bone marrow
Three Key Steps of Combating Infections
reak the cycle of transmission
ill the infectious agent
ncrease host resistance
e.g., increase immunity of host
LINES OF DEFENSE
FIRST LINE - PHYSICAL BARRIER
– SKIN - STRATUM CORIUM
– HCL IN STOMACH
– MUCUS IN INTESTINES
reak the cycle
of transmission
LINES OF DEFENSESECOND LINE – PHAGOCYTES work on
NEUTROPHILS to ill the infectious agent MONOCYTES - MACROPHAGE
CHARACTERISTICS OF IMMUNITY
•ACQUIRED - requires exposure to antigens
•SPECIFICITY - response is unique to exposure
•MEMORY - remembers previous exposure
ncrease host resistancethrough IMMUNITY
ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
•PRIMARY ORGANS– BONE MARROW
– THYMUS
•SECONDARY ORGANS– SPLEEN
– LYMPH NODES
– LYMPHOID TISSUE - PEYER PATCHES
Parts of the Immune System
Lymph Nodes
Filters and traps foreign particles
Contain white blood cells
Tonsils
Lymphoid tissue
Protects against bacteria
Parts of the Immune System
The Thymus
Helps with development and maintenance of immunologic cells
The Spleen
Clears out old red blood cells
Conclusion
• Anatomy (structure) and Physiology (function)
• Four Types of Tissues
• Fields of Anatomy
• Integumentary System
• Musculoskeletal System
• Immune System
Anatomy and Physiology Part 2March 19 10:00-10:45 Central Time
Anatomy and Physiology Part 2Tuesday March 1910:00-10:45 CST
Grades 6-12FREE
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