Part2 Chapter 01 Revised

8/12/2019 Part2 Chapter 01 Revised

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/part2-chapter-01-revised 1/28

HAPTER 1

INTERPERSONAL TEXT

(Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D.)

(Dra. Siti Zuhriah Ariatmi, M.Hum.)

1.1. Introduction

Halliday (1!") ass#rts that languag# as a social $h#nom#non has di%%#r#nt

%unctions such as t#&tual, id#ational, and int#r$#rsonal. 'h# int#r$#rsonal %unction o%

languag# inol#s communication strat#gi#s y *hich $#o$l# maintain and+or #stalish

social r#lationshi$s, or $#o$l# us# languag# to h#l$ th#m #stalish social ord#r and

maintain good r#lations *ith oth#r $#o$l# (inocchiario, 1-). As %or maintaining a

r#lation, $#o$l# o%t#n us# languag# only as a $hatic mann#r that is only %or th# $ur$os# o%

/##$ing th# con#rsation %lo*s rath#r than %or saying anything r#l#ant. or #&am$l#, in

a $arty, $#o$l# /##$ on chatt#ring in ord#r to a$$#ar to ha# good tim#, though th#y tal/

aout incons#0u#ntial matt#rs (ida, 2331).

Sinc# int#r$#rsonal #&chang# is $rimarily conduct#d to maintain good social

r#lationshi$, it commonly inol#s $olit#n#ss and rang# o% %ormality d#t#rmin#d y th#

r#lati# $o*#r and social distanc# #t*##n th# s$#a/#r and h#ar#r. 'h# mor# distanc#

#t*##n th# s$#a/#r and h#ar#r, th# mor# %ormal and $olit# th# #&$r#ssion *ill #. I% a

maid do#s som#thing *rong, #.g. r#a/ing th# glass that is #ing us#d y a /ing, sh# *ill

not say 4Oops, sorry buddy5 #caus# it is #ry im$olit#, ut rath#r *ill us# a #ry $olit#

a$ology such as 4 please forgive me your majesty5, or 4 I do apologize your honor, I am

mistaken5.

Ind##d, high $ragmatic com$#t#nc# is crucial in int#r$#rsonal #&chang#s as it is

claim#d that $ragmatic %ailur# has mor# s#rious cons#0u#nc#s than do grammatical #rrorsas $#o$l# t#nd to tr#at $ragmatic #rrors as o%%#nsi# ('homas, 1!67-). urth#rmor#,

languag# l#arn#rs int#racting *ith s$#a/#rs o% a targ#t languag# ha# to # $ragmatically

a$$ro$riat#, oth#r*is# th#y run th# ris/ o% a$$#aring uncoo$#rati# at th# l#ast, or mor#

s#riously, rud# or insulting (8ardoi9Harlig et al., 117). 'h# conc#$t o% $ragmatic

com$#t#nc# is larg#ly dra*n %rom th# third 0u#stion o% th# languag# $aradigm $ro$os#d

1"-



y Hym#s (1-272-!) in *hich languag# us# must # a$$ro$riat# to social cont#&ts7 it is

4th# rul#s o% us# *ithout *hich th# rul#s o% grammar *ill # us#l#ss5.

As a strat#gy o% #ral communication, int#r$#rsonal con#rsations commonly

includ# th# a$$lication o% s$##ch act. It should # not#d that th# social cont#&t inol#d

in th# us# o% s$##ch acts is crucial. or #&am$l# a$ologi:ing, as discuss#d ao#,

although it is sim$l# to do, its social cont#&t is crucial %or s#l#cting a$$ro$riat#

$ragmalinguistic %orms. An a$ology is commonly con#y#d y a s$#a/#r #caus# sh# or

h# int#nds to com$#nsat# th# thr#ats on th# h#ar#r;s %ac# as th# s$#a/#r has don#

som#thing *rong to th# h#ar#r. In this r#s$#ct, th# s$#a/#r ma/#s an a$ology #caus# sh#

or h# int#nds to r#$air th# r#lation *ith th# h#ar#r and aoid damaging th#ir social

r#lationshi$. In th# #&am$l# ao#, th# s#l#ction o% th# $ragmalinguistic %orm o% th#

a$ology y th# maid, i.#. 4 please forgive me your majesty5, could m#an mor# than th#s#

%unctions.

'h# mod#l o% communicati# com$#t#nc# $ro$os#d <#lc#9Murcia, Dorny#i and

'hurn#ll (1") has ##n ado$t#d y Indon#sian national curriculum as th# %oundation

%or th# l#arning and t#aching =nglish to junior and s#nior high school stud#nts, in *hich

th# ailiti#s to conduct int#r$#rsonal and transactional communication ha# to #

d##lo$#d. As %or int#r$#rsonal %unction, th# =nglish t#aching should d##lo$ th#

ailiti#s to us# languag# %or maintaining and+or #stalishing good social r#lations.

'his cha$t#r $roid#s som# #&am$l#s o% int#r$#rsonal %unctions o% =nglish

languag#>not all languag# %unctions m#ntion#d in th# curriculum>such as introducing,

a$ologi:ing, than/ing, com$lim#nting, congratulating, *ishing good luc/, sho*ing

sym$athy, car#+conc#rn, condol#nc#, ang#r, annoyanc#, ha$$in#ss, disa$$ointm#nt, and

or#dom.

1.2. 'y$#s o% Int#r$#rsonal '#&t

1.2.1. Introducing

Introducing, #ith#r s#l%9introduction or introducing som#on# to som#on# #ls#, is r#ali:#d

*h#n $#o$l# m##t %or th# %irst tim# or th#y do not /no* #ach oth#r $r#iously. P#o$l# n##d

to /no* #ach oth#r #caus# o% som# r#asons, %or #&am$l#s %or initiating a con#rsation,

1"!



aoiding a ad imag#, %acilitating usin#ss, #tc. I% $#o$l# /no* #ach oth#r, th#y *ill uild

%urth#r con#rsation #asi#r.

'h# #&$r#ssions to introduc# on#s#l% and oth#rs may includ# rang#s o% %ormality as sho*n

y th# %ollo*ing scal#.

Introducing oneself ormal Introducing people to other(s)

Allow me to introduce myself. My name is .... I would like you to meet !title"name#

I would like to introduce myself, I$m% I$d like to introduce you to

&et me introduce myself. I'm ... please meet (

)*cuse me my name's% +ow do you do My name is .... this is (, ( this is

+ello- My name is ...

I$m% ?#ss %ormal

'h# most common non9#ral cu#s inol#d in an introduction ar# sha/ing hands,

ma/ing an #y# contact, and smiling. In a *id#r communication cont#&t, *h#n introducing

on#s#l%, a$art %rom on#;s nam#, on# could consid#r oth#r as$#cts, such as his+h#r jo,

usin#ss, and $osition, a ri#% d#scri$tion o% his+h#r jo or usin#ss. P#rsonal in%ormation

is o%t#n as/#d in th# introduction, ut cultural di%%#r#nc#s should # ta/#n into account.

Aoiding as/ing th# %ollo*ing $#rsonal 0u#stions is much sa%#r *h#n you m##t $#o$l#

%or th# %irst tim#.

1. Wh#r# do you li#@ r *hat;s your addr#ss@2. What;s your :i$ cod#@

6. What;s your t#l#$hon# num#r+ar#a cod#@

. Wh#r# *#r# you orn@+*hat;s your $lac# o% irth@

". What;s your dat# o% irth@

B. Wh#n *#r# you orn@-. Ho* old ar# you@+*hat;s your ag#@

!. Ar# you marri#d or singl#@. Ho* many childr#n do you ha#@

13. Ho* much mon#y do you #arn@

1"



<on#rsation Mod#l

(Adam is $ic/ing u$ Al#rt and 8oy, his n#* coll#agu#s, at th# air$ort. 'h#y ha#

n##r m#t #%or#)

Al#rt 7 =&cus# m#. Ar# you Adam@

Adam 7 C#s, Im.

Al#rt 7 Im Al#rt and this is 8oy.

Adam 7 Ho* ar# you@ ic# to m##t you.

8oy 7 ic# to m##t you too.

Adam 7 Did you ha# a good journ#y@

Al#rt 7 C#s, it *as %in#, than/s.

Adam 7 ?#t m# h#l$ you to ring your suitcas#.

Al#rt 7 'hats #ry /ind o% you.

Adam 7 ot at all. Cou must # tir#d. Ill ta/# you to th# hot#l %irst. 'onight *# ha# a

m##ting at ! $.m., and tomorro* *# start *or/ing.

Al#rt 7 E. 'han/s, Adam. W#;ll # on tim#

rom th# con#rsation, it can # l#arnt that th# s$#a/#rs us#d l#ss %ormal #&$r#ssions

although th#y did not /no* #ach oth#r #%or#, %or #&am$l# Al#rt introduc#d his %ri#nd

using l#ss %ormal #&$r#ssion7 this is obby and hims#l%7 I$m Albert . 'h# *ay th#y

addr#ss#d #ach oth#r *ith th#ir %irst nam# also sho*s in%ormality. 'his could # that th#y

*#r# at th# sam# ag#.

=&#rcis#

P#r%orm rol# $lays as#d on th# %ollo*ing social situations7

(1) Cou ar# att#nding a m##ting o% oth#r com$any and you ha# to introduc# your

n#* oss to th# oss o% that com$any.

(2) Cour sist#r has just com# to your oarding hous# and you ha# to introduc# h#r

to your roommat#.

(6) Cou ar# att#nding an int#rnational s#minar. Cou m##t a $artici$ant %rom oth#r

country and you introduc# yours#l% to him+h#r.

1B3





B. Ac/no*l#dgm#nt o% r#s$onsiility7 It$s my fault.

-. An o%%#r o% r#$air7 Ok, I will pay for your damage.

!. A $romis# o% %or#aranc#7 I promise I$ll never do that again.

In t#rms o% %ormality, a$ologi#s can # in%ormal7

oh, I'm sorry about this.

&ook, I know I was wrong. I$m sorry.

or %ormal7

1e regret to announce the late departure of the 2orthern 3tar train. 1e regret that we are unable to come today.

'h# noun apology or th# #r apologies (or a$ologi:#) is o%t#n us#d in %ormal a$ologi#s.

Mr. 4arner sends his deepest apologies for not attending the meeting.

1e do apologize for the delay in answering your call.

/lease accept our most sincere apologies for this error.

1e deeply regret for the inconvenience, this was not our intention

Excuse me vs. I’m sorry

Sorry is us#d a%t#r som#thing has ha$$#n#d ($ost9##nt). Excuse me is us#d i% an action

might u$s#t som#on# #ls# ($r#9##nt). (In GS =nglish excuse me is also us#d to say

sorry.) Please excuse ... is a mor# %ormal *ay o% a$ologi:ing %or som#thing that is

ha$$#ning at this mom#nt. 'h# in%ormal construction is (I'm) sorry about ...For example5

/lease e*cuse the noise in our office.

I'm sorry about the noise 6 my children are at home.

1B2



Int#nsi%i#rs can # us#d so as to sound sorri#r.

I'm so sorry

I'm so very sorry.

I'm really very sorry.

An #&clamation can # us#d *h#n th# %ault is unint#ntional.

Oops- I$m sorry, the glass just slips from my hand.

Oh dear- I'm so sorry. I didn$t see you there, are you all right

Oh no- I$m so sorry. I just want to open the window, but it$s broken.

'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# #&am$l#s o% #&$r#ssions %or %orgiing and r#j#cting an a$ology7

orgiving !e"ecting

7hat$s fine0 7hat$s O8

2o problem

9orget it

:on$t worry about it

7here$s no need to apologize

Are you sorry

I don$t believe you are sorry

:on$t say you are sorry

7hat$s what I have heard many times.

Ho*##r unl#ss an a$ology is a r#al on#, it do#s not r#0uir# a r#j#ction or %orgi#n#ss as

som# a$ologi#s ar# us#d not %or as/ing %or %orgi#n#ss that is *h#n7

(1) A s$#a/#r starts an argum#nt

I'm sorry, but it it$s not my fault. I$m not at home all day. )*cuse me, but your argumentation does not make sense at all.

I'm sorry, but you are out of the topic.

(2) A s$#a/#r int#nds to say Fno; or r#j#ction

I'm sorry, we don$t accept bank note.

I'm afraid, you can't buy the product online.

(6) A s$#a/#r *ants oth#rs to r#$#at *hat th#y ha# said (raising intonation).

1B6



3orry It's noisy in here.

/ardon

() A s$#a/#r int#nds to sho* sym$athy o#r h#aring ad n#*s and giing ad n#*s.

Oh, I$m sorry about your husband. I$m sorry, you need to buy a new lens, its motor is broken and we can$t do anything

about it.

#onversation $odel

('h#r# *as a m##ting in Al#rt;s o%%ic#. Al#rt should l#ad th# m##ting #caus# th#

$roj#ct *as his r#s$onsiility, ut h# *as lat#. All $artici$ants had com# including his

oss, th# $artn#rs %rom oth#r com$ani#s, and th# sta%%s)

'h# 8oss 7 W#;# ##n *aiting %or you %or mor# than on# hour.

Al#rt 7 Please forgive me sir. 'h# str##t *as so usy.

'h# 8oss 7 Str##ts ar# al*ays usy. ?#t;s start th# m##ting

Al#rt 7 W#ll, ladi#s and g#ntl#m#n. I’m so sorry %or this incon#ni#nc#.

?#t;s %ocus on our mar/#ting $lan. =tc

In th# con#rsation ao#, Al#rt us#d #ry %ormal and $olit# a$ologi:ing #&$r#ssions

#caus# o% som# r#asons, such as (1) s#tting o% situation (in a %ormal m##ting), (2) social

distanc# (*ith his oss and oth#r $#o$l# %rom oth#r com$any), and (6) unacc#$tal#

#&cus# (th# str##t *as usy).

Exercise

1. P#r%orm con#rsations inoling #&$r#ssions o% a$ology %or th# %ollo*ing

situations7

a. Cou um$#d into som#on# y accid#nt in a $arty, and your drin/ has mad#h#r dr#ss dirty.

. Sn##:ing or coughing in %ront o% som#on#.

c. Cou ar# lat# sumitting your assignm#nts to your t#ach#r.

d. Cou ar# staining your %ri#nd;s n#* oo/.

2. What ar# you going to say *h#n you ar#7

1B



a. missing an a$$ointm#nt.

b. ta/ing so long to *rit# ac/.

c. r#a/ing your %ri#nd;s cam#ra.

d. s$illing co%%## on your aunt;s car$#t y accid#nt.

1.2.6. 'han/ing

'han/ing is r#ali:#d *h#n th# s$#a/#r %##ls that th# h#ar#r (or som#on# #ls#) has don#

som#thing good, alual#, and h#l$%ul %or th# s$#a/#r. 'han/ing #&$r#ssions ari#s in

rang# o% %ormality and $olit#n#ss d#$#nding on th# social distanc# o% th# s$#a/#rs. Most

languag#s ha# ari#ti#s o% r#s$ons#s to than/s, %or #&am$l# you$re welcome sounds

Am#rican and 2o problem !at all# is common in 8ritain. #s$ons#s also ary in t#rms o%

linguistic %orms d#$#nding on th#ir %ormaliti#s.

'h# #&$r#ssion o% gratitud# can # modi%i#d int#rnally and #&t#rnally. Int#rnal

modi%ication g#n#rally inol#s adverb";uantifier (#.g. so much, #ry much). 7hanks

cheers, and th# 0uanti%i#r a lot ar# g#n#rally %or in%ormal usag#, #.g. thanks a lot . Int#rnal

and #&t#rnal modi%ication can also # a$$li#d simultan#ously, #.g. thank you so much, I

really appreciate your help. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# common strat#gi#s to #&$r#ss

gratitud#.

(1) 'han/ J com$lim#nting int#rlocutors or com$lim#ntingKthan/ (*ithout

than/ing)

7hank you, that$s so sweet of you

7hank you, that$s lovely0very good of you

7hat's so nice of you.

7hat$s very kind of you.

7hat$s really generous.

(ou are so considerate

It was very nice of you to help me.

(2) 'han/ J a$$r#ciation or A$$r#ciation J than/

7hank you, I appreciate your help.

7hank you so much, you have been so helpful.

I really appreciate your help, thank you.

1B"



(6) 'han/ J r#ason

7hanks for your coming.

7hank you for inviting me.

7hank you for calling

() <on%orming int#rlocutor;s commitm#nt J'han/ (to sho* h#sitation)

hi buddy, are you sure about this, thanks.

Are you sure Ok, thanks

(") 'han/ J stating int#nt to r#$ay+r#ci$rocat# or #$aym#nt K than/ (*ithout than/)

7hanks for the great dinner. I will take you out ne*t time.

7hanks for the lunch. 2e*t time is my treat.

I owe you one.

2e*t time it$s my treat

(B) 'han/J r#j#cting addr#ss##;s oligation %or th# s$#a/#r.

Oh thank you so much, you don$t need to do that.

7hanks, but it$s my job.

#s$ons#s to an expression of gratitude typically include%

(ou$re welcome. !<3#

2ot at all. !<8#

:on$t mention it.

!It$s# my pleasure.

It was nothing07hat$s nothing

9orget it.

7hat$s alright0O8.

My pleasure

2o problem.

Any time.

#onversation $odel

1BB



(udy arri#d at Llasgo* air$ort. H# n##d#d to uy som# so%t9drin/ %rom a #nding

machin#, ut h# did not ha# small chang#. H# as/#d a *oman h# m#t in th# air$ort

to %ind out *h#th#r sh# might ha# som# coins)

udy 7 =&cus# m#, I n##d som# coins to uy so%t drin/, ut un%ortunat#ly I

only ha# not#s, so could you l#t m# ha# small chang#@

Woman 7 ust a minut#, l#t m# ch#c/. h, h#r# it is, I ha# som#. Ho* much do

you n##d@

udy 7 just t*o dollars.

Woman 7 h#r# you ar#.

udy 7 'han/ you #ry much.

Woman 7 Cou;r# *#lcom#.

Exercise

P#r%orm con#rsations inoling th# us# o% than/ing #&$r#ssions as#d on th#

%ollo*ing situations.

(1) Cour oss had gi#n you a rid# hom# *h#n you *#r# ill.

(2) A girl o% si&t##n has %ound your missing child in a su$#rmar/#t.

(6) A %ri#nd init#d you %or his irthday $arty.

() A %ri#nd o$#n#d a door %or you.

(") A strang#r on th# us ga# u$ his s#at %or you.

(B) Cour clos# %ri#nd $aid %or your lunch.

(-) Cour %ri#nd l#nt you som# mon#y.

1.2.. Sho*ing Sym$athy

'h# $sychological stat# o% sym$athy is clos#ly lin/#d *ith that o% #m$athy, though it is

not 0uit# id#ntical. =#n i% #m$athy and sym$athy ar# commonly us#d int#rchang#aly,

th#y s#mantically co#r di%%#r#nt m#anings. =m$athy is th# %##lings or a s$#ci%ic

#motional stat# o% on# $#rson l#ads to similar %##lings in anoth#r. In most cas#s, #m$athy

m#ans th# sharing o% unha$$in#ss or su%%#r, ut it can also m#an sharing oth#r ($ositi#)

#motions, *hilst sym$athy r#%#rs to sharing conc#rn %or th# *#ll9#ing o% oth#rs *hich

do#s not n#c#ssarily inol# th# sharing o% th# sam# #motional stat#. In a road#r s#ns#, it

1B-



can r#%#r to th# sharing o% $olitical or id#ological s#ntim#nts. 'h# %ollo*ing ar#

#&$r#ssions to o%%#r, r#j#ct, and acc#$t sym$athy as *#ll as to sho* no sym$athy as#d

on Matr#y#/ (1!6).

&ffering Sympathy Shoing no Sympathy

7hat$s too bad

7hat$s a shame

1hat a pity-

7ough break.

etter lunch ne*t time.

1hat a terrible thing to have happened.

I$m sorry to hear that.

It must be pretty rough on you.

I can imagine you feel bad.

I sympathize with you

I know how you must feel

I know what you mean.

7hat$s the way it goes.

7hat$s life.

7hat$s the way the cookie crumbles.

(ou got what you deserved.

I have no sympathy for you.

ccepting Sympathy !e"ecting Sympathy

7hank you

7hat$s very kind of you.

It is a pity, isn$t it

Oh, well, such is life.

3o it goes, I guess.

etter luck ne*t time.

:on$t feel sorry for me.

(ou don$t need to feel sorry for me.

:on$t give me your sympathy.

Oh, leave me alone.

I don$t want your pity.

I don$t need your sympathy.

<on#rsation Mod#l

1. (A *oman is tal/ing *ith a %ri#nd in a small r#staurant7 0uot#d %rom Matr#y#/,

1!6).

A7 What;s th# matt#r, Doris@ Ha# you ##n crying@

87 h, o# and I just s$lit u$.A7 o, #ally@ I;m sorry to h#ar that.

87 H# said h# *as tir#d o% my al*ays critici:ing him. H# said h# didn;t *ant to h#ar

anymor#.

1B!



A7 I /no* ho* you must %##l. I *as sha/#n *h#n 8o and I ro/# u$.

87 I hat# m#n. Why do th#y al*ays do this to us@

2. ('*o o%%ic# *or/#rs ar# tal/ing at lunch7 0uot#d %rom Matr#y#/, 1!6)

A7 Ho* did your rac0u#tall gam# go this morning@

87 I lost. 21 to and 21 to 1.

A7 that;s too ad. 8#tt#r luc/ n#&t tim#. Who did you $lay@87 Malcolm. What;s mor#, I ro/# a tooth *hil# $laying.

A7 ?#t m# s##...'hat loo/s li/# it hurts. Do#s it@

87 ot as much as #%or#...

=&#rcis#

1. P#r%orm con#rsations inoling #&$r#ssions o% sym$athy %or th# %ollo*ing

situations7

a. Cour son did not $ass on# o% his suj#cts.

. Cour %ri#nd;s a$$lication %or a scholarshi$ *as d#clin#d.

c. 'h# isa a$$lication o% your coll#agu# *as r#j#ct#d.

d. Cour %ri#nd g#ts a ro/#n l#g in an accid#nt.

#. Cour uncl# has ##n ro#d. H# lost his la$to$s and digital cam#ra.

2. Writ# th# r#asons *hy $#o$l# us# th# #&$r#ssions #lo*.

a. too ad

b. I /no* th# %##ling

c. 8 l#ss him+h#r+th#m

d. C ou can;t *in th#m all+(you) *in som#, (you) los# som# .

1.2.". <om$lim#nting and #s$onding <om$lim#nt

Austin (1B2) classi%i#d com$lim#nt und#r th# ty$#s o% #haiti#s act that is th# on#

*hich sho*s s$#a/#r;s attitud#s to addr#ss##;s #haior, a$$#aranc#, conduct, 0ualiti#s

and good %ortun#s. In th# classi%ication o% s$##ch act y S#arl# (1B), com$lim#nt may

1B

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus/american/bad#too-bad_1

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus/american/feeling#I-know-the-feeling_1

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus/american/bless#bless-him-her-them_2

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus/american/win#you-can-t-win-them-all-you-win-some-you-lose-some_1

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus/american/bad#too-bad_1

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus/american/feeling#I-know-the-feeling_1

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus/american/bless#bless-him-her-them_2

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus/american/win#you-can-t-win-them-all-you-win-some-you-lose-some_1



%all und#r th# cat#gory o% #&$r#ssi# or ##n ass#rti# sinc# th# s$#a/#rs #&$r#ss th#ir

#li#% in a $ro$osition. or #&am$l#, 4your %ri#d chic/#n;s r#ally ..r#ally.. d#liciousN5

<om$lim#nt is a r#lati#ly #asy act to $#r%orm. It commonly $roid#s cr#dit to th#

addr#ss##s %or th#ir $oss#ssion, 0ualiti#s, charact#ristic, s/ills, *#alth, #tc. In

int#r$#rsonal communication, com$lim#nt is commonly int#nd#d to ma/# th# addr#ss##s

F%##l good; or it is us#d as Fsocial luricant;. <om$lim#nts commonly inol# $ositi#

#aluati# adj#cti#s such as lovely, great, wonderful, nice, fantastic, e*cellent, and th#

li/#.

'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# #&am$l#s o% com$lim#nts7

(1) #ompliments on possessions.

7hat$s lovely shoes-

1ow terrific car-

(our house$s a heaven-

(ou really have good taste in clothes-

(2) #ompliments on appearance

I love your hair style-

+ow gorgeous you look tonight-

(6) #ompliments on sills

I$ve never seen someone playing a guitar so skillful like you-

7hat$s beautiful voice- (ou$re singing like 1hitney +ouston-

'h# most common and $olit# r#s$ons# to com$lim#nt is to agr## *ith th# com$lim#nt#r

and acc#$t th# com$lim#nt. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# strat#gi#s %or acc#$ting com$lim#nts

classi%i#d y Pom#rant: (1-!).

o A$$r#ciation (4'han/s,5 4'han/ you5)

o <omm#nt acc#$tanc# (4C#ah, it;s my %aorit# too5).

o Prais# u$grad# (4#ally rings out th# lu# in my #y#s, do#sn;t it@5)

o <omm#nt history (4*#ll, I ought it %or th# tri$ to Ari:ona5)

o #assignm#nt (4My roth#r ga# it to m#,5 4It r#ally /nitt#d its#l%5).

o #turn (4So is yours5)

1-3



o Scal# do*n (4It;s r#ally 0uit# old5)

o Ou#stion (4Do you r#ally thin/ so@5)

o Ouali%ication (4It;s alright, ut ?#n;s is nic#r5)

It is o%t#n that $#o$l# *ill r#j#ct a com$lim#nt. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# #&$r#ssions to

r#j#ct a com$lim#nt7

Oh, don$t flatter me-

(ou$re just flattering me-

9lattery will get you nowhere-

7hat$s nonsense-

<on#rsation Mod#l

(Ann# and 8rita ar# good %ri#nds. 'h#y ha# not s##n #ach oth#r lat#ly)

A7 hi luN

87 oh hi, ho* ar# you@

A7 I;m E

87 *o*.. you loo/ di%%#r#nt. I r#ally lo# your n#* hair styl#N

A7 than/s, do you li/# it@

87 y#ah, loo/s so lo#lyN, anduhmyou loo/ slimm#r too.

A7 a* r#ally@.. *#ll uhml#t;s go to th# stud#nt hu and gra som# nil#s.

=&#rcis#

P#r%orm con#rsations inoling com$lim#nt and com$lim#nt r#s$ons#s as#d on

th# %ollo*ing situations.

(1) Cou m##t your coll#agu# at th# $ar/ing lot. Sh# is driing a n#* car today.

(2) Cou ar# isiting your %ri#nd. H# has #auti%ul ig gard#n.

(6) Cou and your son ar# $laying t#nnis. Cou /no* that your son $lays t#nnis 0uit#

*#ll.

() Cou ar# init#d y your aunt %or dinn#r. Cou ha# d#licious m#als.

1-1



(") Cou m##t a %ri#nd at a *#dding c#r#mony. Cour %ri#nd is dr#ssing u$ and loo/s

#ry nic#.

1.2.B. <ongratulating

<ongratulating is #ss#ntially $olit# as it is an agr##m#nt or a$$roal *hich addr#ss#s th#

h#ar#r;s *ant to # li/#d or it satis%i#s th# h#ar#r;s $ositi# %ac#. ?i/# th# s$##ch act o%

com$lim#nt, congratulating is classi%i#d y Austin (1B2) und#r th# cat#gory o%

F#haiti#s;. In th# classi%ication o% s$##ch y S#arl# (1B), it is includ#d in th#

cat#gory o% #&$r#ssi#. 8#haiti#s r#%#r to #&$r#ssions o% attitud#s or r#actions to*ard

th# conduct, %ortun#s or attitud#s o% oth#rs. =&$r#ssi# r#%#rs to th# #&$r#ssions o%

%##lings and $sychological stat#s. 'h# %ollo*ing is th# %ormulation o% S#arl#;s (1B)

constituti# rul#s %or congratulating7

Pro$ositional <ont#nt rul#7 som# ##nt, act, #tc. (or )# r#lat#d to h#ar#r (or +#.

Pr#$aratory rul#7 ) is in + ;s int#r#st. S$#a/#r (or S) #li##s that ) is in +$s

int#r#st.

Sinc#rity rul#7 S is $l#as#d at ) .

=ss#ntial rul#7 counts as an #&$r#ssion o% $l#asur# at ) . (congratulating is

$#r%orm#d)

<ongratulating is #ry common in ##ryday communications in *hich s$#a/#rs

#&$r#ss $l#asur# and ac/no*l#dg# oth#r $#o$l#;s succ#ss, %or #&am$l#, in $assing #&ams,

g#tting a jo, *inning a com$#tition, and oth#rs. Such occasions ar# mutually r#cogni:#d

y th# s$#a/#r and h#ar#r and th# ac/no*l#dg#m#nts y th# s$#a/#r o% thos# occasions

ar# o%t#n, ut not al*ays, #&$#ct#d y th# h#ar#r. Although it is 0uit# o%t#n that

congratulating is conduct#d insinc#r#ly or th# s$#a/#rs do not ha# tru# %##lings aout

th# occasions, it *ill not und#rmin# th#ir good int#r$#rsonal r#lationshi$.

1-2



It should # not#d that th# occasions associat#d *ith congratulation may #

cultur#9s$#ci%ic *hich m#ans that di%%#r#nt cultur#s might ha# di%%#r#nt i#*s to an

achi##m#nt or succ#ss *orth congratulating. In g#n#ral it addr#ss#s $#rsonal or

indiidual achi##m#nt and socially ori#nt#d achi##m#nt. 'h# %ollo*ing ar# som#

#&am$l#s o% congratulating #&$r#ssions7

=ongratulations-, that$s an awesome achievement.

=ongratulation for you promotion-

=ongratulation for your new position- (ou deserve it.

I am so proud of you, congratulation-

=ongratulations, I'm so happy for you.

Mor# $#rsonal congratulation is commonly gi#n to a clos# %ri#nd, oy+girl %ri#nd, and

%amily m#m#rs, %or #&am$l#7

=ongratulation sweet heart-

+oney, that$s an awesome achievement, congratulation-

7his is the best news for this year. 1ell done honey-

=ongratulation mate- (ou deserve every bit of it.

I'm e*tremely happy you finally got what you wish for. (our success is all I want.

(ou have worked so hard and this promotion proves me right. =ongratulations

buddy-

L#tting a $romotion or gaining achi##m#nt is not th# only oj#ct *orth congratulating,

th#r# ar# som# oth#rs such haing a n#* ay, #ngag#m#nt, *#dding, $r#gnancy, #tc.

'h# most common ans*#r to congratulation is than/ing.

<on#rsation Mod#l

1. (L#org# and ?arry ar# coll#agu#s th#y ar# *or/ing in =dinurgh Gni#rsity at

th# Int#rnational o%%ic#)

L7 h#y, I h#ard %rom Susan your *i%# had a ay.

?7 y#ah, a littl# $rinc#ss.

L7 ?#t m# say congratulation L#org#N

?7 than/s ?arry.

1-6



2. (Al#& is Qiian;s good %ri#nd th#y ha# not s##n #ach oth#r %or long tim#. 'h#y

ar# tal/ing on th# $hon#).

A7 hi Qiian, th# last tim# I s#nt you an #mail I %orgot to as/ you aout your $lan

to study in <amridg# Gni#rsity.Q7 *#ll, actually this is my %irst y#ar in <amridg#.

A7 *o*N r#ally@ 'hat;s gr#at n#*sN <ongratulationN

Q7 than/s Al#&.

=&#rcis#

P#r%orm con#rsations inoling congratulating as#d on th# %ollo*ing situations.

(1) Cour %ri#nd has just ##n $romot#d as a manag#r.

(2) Cour son has $ass#d his th#sis #&amination.

(6) Cour h#admast#r has just r#c#i#d a l#tt#r o% acc#$tanc# to study aroad.

() 'h# son o% your coll#agu# has just %ound a n#* jo.

(") Cour daught#r $ass#d a driing t#st and got a driing lic#ns#.

(B) Cour oss *as chos#n as th# most industrious man o% th# y#ar.

1.2.-. Wishing Lood ?uc/

It is #li##d that wishing good luck is superstitious, just like spells which may make

something to become good and successful. In interpersonal e*changes however, wishing

good luck is the use of words or phrases for motivating or encouraging other people who

are doing some undertakings or trying to solve problems, and hence the main function of

the wishing is to show care for others. 1ishing good luck , o% cours# d#$#nds on ho*

*#ll on# /no*s th# situation or cont#&t and occasion. 'he following are some e*amples

of e*pressions for whishing good luck.

I hope everything will be O8

4ood luck-

+ave fun-

1ish you all the best-

I wish you luck-

1-



:on$t stop trying-

1ish you well

<on#rsation Mod#l

1. (Al#& *as Dr. Larn#r;s stud#nt. Al#& has just graduat#d last month. H# m#t Dr.

Larn#r to say goody# as he was leaving for Indonesia the ne*t day#

Al#& 7 Lood morning Dr. Larn#r.

Larn#r 7 +i Ale*, c$mon in. 1hat can I do for you

Al#& 7 I;d li/# to say than/ you %or ##rything. Cou ha# ##n #ry h#l$%ul

during my study here.

4arner 5 1ell I just did my job. 1hat is your ne*t plan

Al#& 7 uhm.. I$ve just applied a job as a lecturer in my home country.

Larn#r 7 I know you$re my best student. I wish you luck with that.

Al#& 7 'han/ you #ry much. W#ll... I am l#aing %or Indon#sia tomorro*morning. I$d like to say goodbye for the last time.

Larn#r 7 h it$s sad to see you leave. 4oodbye Ale*.

2. (Al#& is Adrian;s classmat#. Adrian is haing his th#sis #&amination n#&t *##/).

Al#& 7 I h#ard %rom Dr. Larn#r you;r# haing a th#sis d#%#ns# n#&t *##/.

Adrian 5 well..yes, but I am so nervous whenever I$m thinking about it.

Ale* 5 yeah I know how you feel. 4ood luck buddy, everything will be fine.

Adrian 5 thanks.

=&#rcis#

P#r%orm con#rsations inoling *ishing good luc/ as#d on th# %ollo*ing

situations.

1-"



(1) Cour classmat# is going to ha# a jo int#ri#* n#&t *##/.

(2) Cour coll#agu# is a$$lying %or a scholarshi$.

(6) Cour hous# mat# is %inali:ing his th#sis *riting.

() 'oday is th# %irst day your son go#s to his n#* jo.

(") Cour %ath#r is joining a t#nnis com$#tition today.

1.2.!. =&$r#ssing <ondol#nc#

<ondol#nc# is an #&$r#ssion o% sym$athy *ith som#on# in gri#%. It is commonly to

#&$r#ss car# and conc#rn %or som#on# *hos# %amily m#m#rs, %ri#nd, #tc. $ass#d a*ay.

'h# %ollo*ing ar# som# #&$r#ssions commonly us#d to o%%#r and r#s$ond to condol#nc#s.

&ffering condolences !esponding to condolences

I$m sorry

I$m so sorry to hear that.

I am so sorry to hear about your loss.

&et me offer my condolence for your%

1e are deeply sorry to hear about %.

1e are saddened to hear of your sudden loss. /lease accept our condolences on the loss of

your loved one.

7hank you

7hank you very much for your condolence.

7hank you, I really appreciate your

sympathy.

7here is nothing we can do about it.

<on#rsation Mod#l

1. (A %ri#nd is tal/ing *ith a d#c#as#d $#rson;s *i%# at th# %un#ral s#ric#)

7 I am so sorry to h#ar aout your husand. It must # $r#tty hard on you.

W7 H# *as such a good husand and %ath#r.

7 y#ah I /no* ho* you must %##l.

W7 'han/ you, I r#ally a$$r#ciat# your sym$athy

2. (Som#on# m##ts Mary;s moth#r at a su$#rmar/#t y accid#nt, sh# did not /no*

that Mary has just $ass#d a*ay)

S 7 ho* is Mary at th# mom#nt@

M7 *#ll h#r canc#r *as so ad. Sh# had h#r o$#ration, ut th# doctor couldn;t

1-B



h#l$ h#r.

S 7 h, I;m so sorry to h#ar that.

M7 y#ah, *# ha# tri#d, ut th#r#;s nothing can # don# aout it.

=&#rcis#

P#r%orm con#rsations inoling condol#nc#s as#d on th# %ollo*ing situations.

(1) Cou ar# att#nding a %ri#nd;s %ath#r %un#ral c#r#mony. Wh#n you arri# you

s## your %ri#nd th#r#.

(2) A %ri#nd o% yours lost his moth#r. Cou /no* his moth#r #ry *#ll. Cou go to

isit him in his hous#.

(6) 'h# son o% your %ri#nd $ass#d a*ay in a car accid#nt. Cou go to isit him in

his hous#.

() Cou r#c#i# a t#&t t#lling that your oss has just $ass#d a*ay. As you ar#

going aroad *ith your %amily %or holiday, you can;t go to his %un#ral. #*

days a%t#r th# %un#ral you m##t his *i%# to o%%#r condol#nc#s.

2.2.1. =&$r#ssing <ar#+<onc#rn

<ar# can # #&$r#ss#d through many *ays and th# *ays $#o$l# #&$r#ss car# can r#%l#ct

th# 0uality o% th#ir int#r$#rsonal r#lation. Ind##d, languag# is on# o% th# #st m#ans to

sho* car# %or oth#rs. 'h# %ollo*ing sim$l# #&$r#ssions ar# g#n#rally a$$li#d to sho*

car#+conc#rn to oth#rs.

Are you O80all6right

Is everything all6right

1hat$s the matter

I am concerned about you, are you O8

7ake care honey-

I am really worried about you.

1--



Wh#n r#$lying #&$r#ssion o% car#+conc#rn, on# o%t#n as/s oth#rs not to # conc#rn#d or

*orri#d. 'his strat#gy is o%t#n conduct#d y %r##ing th# s$#a/#r %rom any oligation

to*ards th# list#n#r, #.g.

:on$t worry about me0it

9orget it, it$s nothing.

:on$t bother

I am O8 0I am all right

Strong#r #&$r#ssions ar# commonly us#d *h#n on# is annoy#d or sh#+h# thin/s that th#

s$#a/#r has intrud#d his or h#r $riacy, #.g.

It$s none of your business-

Mind your own business-

'h# o$$osit# o% sho*ing car# is #&$r#ssing unconc#rn *hich o%t#n im$li#s that th#

s$#a/#r #&$r#ss#s n#gati# %##ling such as annoyanc#, %rustration, ang#r, and indi%%#r#nc#

d#$#nding on th# cont#&ts, %or #&am$l#7

1ho cares

3o what

1ho gives a damn-

7he hell with it-

<on#rsation Mod#l

(Am#r and Marry ar# sist#rs)

A7 hi Marry, ar# you all right@

M7 I;m E

A7 *hy you loo/ so do*n. May# you could shar# it *ith m#

M7 I told you I;m E and it;s non# o% your usin#ss.

A7 Marry, I;m your sist#r, you don;t trust m#, do you@ What ha$$#n@

M7 Am#r sto$ itN

=&#rcis#

P#r%orm con#rsations as#d on th# %ollo*ing situations.

1-!



(1) Cou s## that your son do#s not loo/ so *#ll today. Sho* him that you car# %or

him.

(2) Cour moth#r loo/s $r#tty do*n this a%t#rnoon. Sho* h#r that you car# %or h#r.

(6) Ann#, your hous# mat# loo/s so sad. Cou ar# *ond#ring that som#thing must

ha$$#n to h#r.

() Cour class mat# t#lls you that h# do#s not li/# your hair styl#. '#ll him that you

don;t car# aout it.

(") Cour sist#r t#lls you that Daid call#d you almost %i# tim#s this morning.

Actually you %##l that h# is such an annoying class mat# and you don;t car# aout

him.

2.2.2. =&$r#ssing Ang#r

=&$r#ssing on#s ang#r is sho*ing that on# is angry. Wh#n som#on# g#ts angry, h# or

sh# usually us#s ausi# languag#, although ang#r can # #&$r#ss#d $olit#ly.

'h# %ollo*ing ar# th# #&am$l#s o% #&$r#ssing ang#r or dis$l#as#d and annoyanc#

*hich can # cat#gori:#d y th# situation7 in%ormal, n#utral and %ormal (8lund#ll,

Higg#ns, and Middl#miss, 1B)

=G'A? IMA? MA?

• I;m #ry annoy#d..

• h d#ar+h oN

• What a nuisanc#N

• 'his r#ally ma/#s m#

cross+angry.

• It annoys m#.

• It isn;t #ry nic#+

$l#asant.

• I r#ally hat# himN

• h, h#ll, oN

• h damnN

• h no, *hat;s n#&t@

• Sh# ma/#s m# mad.

• H# r#ally ma/#s m# s## r#d.

• What an idiotN

• I can;t stand it anymor#.

• I;m %#d u$ *ith it.

• 'hat;s th# last stra*.

• Why th# h#ll didn;t h# sto$

calling m#..@

• I;# had just aout #nough o%

this condition.

• 'his is #&tr#m#ly

irritating

• I can;t say I;m at all

$l#as#d

• I;m #&tr#m#ly

dis$l#as#d+angry+unh

a$$y.

• I must say I r#j#ct to I

*ill not $ull u$ *ith

• I ta/# gr#at #&c#$tionto

<on#rsation Mod#l

1-



(A $olic# o%%ic#r sto$s a stud#nt %or s$##ding. 'h# $olic# car roars. 'h# stud#nt $ulls

o#r Rado$t#d %rom Matr#y#/, 1!6)

Stud#nt 7 Did I do som#thing *rong, o%%ic#r@ What;s th# matt#r@

Polic# 7 W#ll, don;t you /no* that this is a 39/m :on# and you *#r# doing B2@

Stud#nt 7 h, I;m sorry. I didn;t r#ali:# I *as going so %ast.

Polic# 7 ?#t m# s## your dri#r;s lic#ns#. Ho* old ar# you@

Stud#nt 7 I I I;m just %i%t##n. And and I don;t ha# dri#r;s lic#ns#.

Polic# 7 *hat+ &h, no. I;ll gi# you th# ail notic#

Stud#nt 7 What@ h, no.

Polic# 7 'his is th# notic#, and com# to th# court.

In th# con#rsation ao#, it can # s##n that th# o%%ic#r s##ms to # angry #caus#

th# dri#r is just %i%t##n and do#s not ha# dri#r;s lic#ns#. 'h# $olic#man still can

#&$r#ss his ang#r $olit#ly y as/ing a rh#torical 0u#stion rath#r than using ausi#

languag#.

=&#rcis#

8uild con#rsations *hich inol# #&$r#ssing ang#r+annoyanc# %or th# %ollo*ing

situations.

(1) Cou l#t you %ri#nd to us# your la$to$. Wh#n sh#+h# r#turns it, you %ind that your

im$ortant %il# is not th#r#.

(2) Cou %ound your %ri#nd gossi$ing you *ith your $ar#nts.

(6) Cou classmat# orro*s your n#* digital cam#ra. Wh#n sh#+h# r#turns it you %ind

that its l#ns is ro/#n and your %ri#nd do#s not t#ll you aout it.

() Cour roth#r orro*s your motorcycl# and h# $romis#s that h# *ill r#turn it #ry

soon. Cou *ill go to your cam$us at 2 $.m., ut your roth#r r#turns your

motorcycl# at " $.m.

2.2.6. =&$r#ssing Ha$$in#ss, Disa$$ointm#nt and 8or#dom

1!3



'h#r# ar# c#rtain #&$r#ssions *hich ar# us#d to #&$r#ss ha$$in#ss, disa$$$ointm#nt, and

or#dom.

-appiness%

• I am glad to h#ar that.

• I am ha$$y to h#ar that.

• 'hat;s gr#atN

• Wond#r%ulN

• antasticN

isappointment7

•

'hat;s disa$$ointing.• 'hat;s too ad.

• 'hat;s r#al sham#.

/oredom7

• 'hat;s oring.

• I am totally not int#r#st#d.

• Ho* oring.

• Dull.

<on#rsation Mod#l

(In a cant##n, Harry m##ts his %ri#nd, Qinc#nt *ho is #njoying a o*l o% m#atall sou$)

Harry 7 Hi, ho*;s it going@

Qinc#nt 7 $r#tty good, ho*;r# you@Harry 7 *#ll, not 0uit# ha$$y today.

Qinc#nt 7 What;s th# matt#r@

Harry 7 Ghm*#ll I got a ad scor# %or my Math, and uhm.. my dadcanc#ls uying m# a la$to$.

Qinc#nt 7 h, that;s a sham#.

Harry 7 oh I;m ho$#l#ss.

Qinc#nt 7 no.. no.. no try hard#r n#&t tim#.Harry 7 it;s oring, you /no*N.

1!1



=&#rcis#

P#r%orm con#rsations #&$r#ssing disa$$ointm#nt and or#dom %or th# %ollo*ing

situations

(1) Cou r#c#i# a ad scor# %or your #ading com$r#h#nsion t#st. Cou t#ll your

t#ach#r that you ar# disa$$oint#d.

(2) Cou ar# *or/ing in a grou$ to summari:# t#n t#&too/s during th# holidays. Cou

t#ll your %ri#nd that it is #ry oring.

(6) Cou ar# going to th# cin#ma *ith your %ri#nds. Wh#n you arri# at th# cin#mayou %ind that th# tic/#ts *#r# sold out. Cou %##l disa$$oint#d.

2.6. Summary

'his cha$t#r r#i#*s s##ral t#&ts %or int#r$#rsonal %unction including

introducing, a$ologi:ing, than/ing, com$lim#nting, congratulating, *ishing good luc/,

sho*ing sym$athy, car#+conc#rn, condol#nc#, ang#r+annoyanc#, #tc. Introducing, #ith#r

s#l%9introduction or introducing som#on# to som#on# #ls#, is #m$loy#d *h#n $#o$l# m##t

%or th# %irst tim# or th#y do not /no* #ach oth#r $r#iously. 'h# social %unction o% an

introduction is to /no* oth#r $#o$l# %or som# r#asons, %or #&am$l#s %or initiating a

con#rsation, aoiding a ad imag#, %acilitating usin#ss. pology is an #&$r#ssion o%

r#mors# or guilt o#r haing said or don# som#thing that is ac/no*l#dg#d to # hurt%ul or

damaging, and a r#0u#st %or % orgi#n#ss. A$ologi:ing can # don# in $r#9##nt and $ost9

##nt. 0haning is #&$r#ss#d *h#n th# s$#a/#r %##ls that th# h#ar#r (or som#on# #ls#)

has don# som#thing good, alual#, and h#l$%ul to th# s$#a/#r. 'han/ing #&$r#ssions

ari#s in rang# o% %ormality and $olit#n#ss. 'h# #&$r#ssion o% gratitud# can # modi%i#d

int#rnally and #&t#rnally. Sympathy is clos#ly lin/#d to th# sharing o% unha$$in#ss or

su%%#ring. #omplimenting sho*s s$#a/#r;s attitud#s to*ards th# addr#ss##;s #haior,

a$$#aranc#, conduct, 0ualiti#s and good %ortun#s, *hich is don# y $roiding cr#dit to th#

addr#ss##s %or th#ir $oss#ssion, 0ualiti#s, charact#ristic, s/ills, *#alth, #tc. In

1!2

http://www.wikihow.com/Find-Forgiveness-through-God






int#r$#rsonal communication, com$lim#nt is commonly int#nd#d to ma/# th# addr#ss##s

F%##l good; or it is us#d as Fsocial luricant;. #ongratulating is #ry common in

##ryday communications in *hich s$#a/#rs #&$r#ss $l#asur# and ac/no*l#dg# oth#r

$#o$l#;s succ#ss, %or #&am$l#, in $assing #&ams, g#tting a jo, *inning a com$#tition,

and oth#rs. Such occasions ar# mutually r#cogni:#d y th# s$#a/#r and h#ar#r and th#

ac/no*l#dg#m#nts y th# s$#a/#r o% thos# occasions ar# o%t#n, ut not al*ays, #&$#ct#d

y th# h#ar#r. *ishing good luc is the use of words or phrases for motivating or

encouraging other people who are doing some undertakings or trying to solve problems.

1ishing good luck d#$#nds on ho* *#ll on# /no*s th# situation or cont#&t and occasion.

#ondolence is an #&$r#ssion o% sym$athy *ith som#on# in gri#%. It is commonly to

#&$r#ss car# and conc#rn %or som#on# *hos# %amily m#m#rs, %ri#nd, #tc. $ass#d a*ay.

#aring is to sho* conc#rns to oth#r $#o$l# *hich can # #&$r#ss#d through many *ays.

=&$r#ssing anger is sho*ing that on# is angry. Wh#n som#on# g#ts angry, h# or sh#

usually us#s ausi# languag#, although ang#r can # #&$r#ss#d $olit#ly.

!eferences

Austin, .?. (1B2). +ow to do things with words. &%ord7 th# <lar#ndon Pr#ss.

8ardoi9Harlig, E., Hart%ord, 8. A. S., Mahan 'aylor, ., Morgan, M. ., #ynolds, D.W. (11). D##lo$ing $ragmatic a*ar#n#ss7 closing th# con#rsation. )&7 >ournal "(1)71".

<#lc#9Murcia, M., Dorny#i, Z. and 'hurr#ll, S. (1"). <ommunicati# com$#t#nc#7 A $#dagogically motiat#d mod#l *ith cont#nt s$#ci%ications. Issues in Applied

&inguistics B7 "6".

inocchiario, Mary. (1- #. )nglish as a 3econd &anguage, from 7heory to /ractice.

#* Cor/7 #g#nts $ulishing <o.

Halliday, M. A. E. (1!"). An Introduction to 9unctional 4rammar. ?ondon7 =d*ardArnold.

Hym#s, D. (1-2). n communicati# com$#t#nc#, in . 8. Prid#, T . Holm#s (=ds.).3ociolinguistics. Harmonds*orth, =ngland7 P#nguin.

on 8lund#ll onathan Higg#ns ig#l Middl#miss (1B) 9unctions in )nglish. &%ord7

&%ord uni#rsity Pr#ss.

1!6



Matr#y#/, W. (1!6). =ommunicating in )nglish5 )*amples and models situation. #*

Cor/ 7 P#rgamon Pr#ss.

ida, =ug#n# A. (2331). &anguage and =ulture5 =onte*ts in 7ranslating. Shanghai7

or#ign ?anguag# =ducation Pr#ss.

Pom#rant:, Anita. 1-!. <om$lim#nt #s$ons#7 not#s on th# co9o$#ration o% multi$l#

constraints. In Sch#n/#in, im (#d.) 3tudies in the Organisation of

=onversational Interaction. #* Cor/7 Acad#mic Pr#ss. -9112.

S#arl#, . (1B). Speech Acts5 An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. #ambridge%

#ambridge university press.

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Part2 Chapter 01 Revised