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V. Observations and Analysis of Funk Music Process Thousands of bands have added tremendously to the now seemingly infinite funk vocabulary. Some have sought to preserve the tradition more rigidly than others. Those who expand funk possibilities and therefore its definition, embody the notion of funk as a feel that transcends any direct musical culture. 1 Then there are bands, like Brooklyn New York’s Lettuce and the artists who comprise the Royal Family Record Label that have been a catalyst for a funk revival in the current decade. Producing one funk classic after another, Lettuce has captured the essence of the funk sound. A defining example of their style would be “Reunion” from the Live at Blue Note Tokyo recording 2 . I have chosen several excerpts from the song to deconstruct the dense structure of the funk ensemble and demonstrate what ingredients are needed to make funk music. 1. [STAFF 1, RHYTHM GUITAR] Reunion begins with the ostinato provided by the rhythm guitar. An ostinato in music is a short musical idea cycled repeatedly throughout the song or section of 1 “George Clinton Foreward”, Rickey Vincent, Funk: The Music, The People, and The Rhythm of the One, 2 Lettuce, Live At Blue Note Tokyo, Kufala Recordings, 2003.

Part VObservations of Individual Performances in Reunion · PDF filerhythm)guitar.He)accents)asixteenthnote)before)andafter)beat)4.) By)playing)just)ahead)and)behind)beat)4,theostinatohasmore)

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Page 1: Part VObservations of Individual Performances in Reunion · PDF filerhythm)guitar.He)accents)asixteenthnote)before)andafter)beat)4.) By)playing)just)ahead)and)behind)beat)4,theostinatohasmore)

V.    Observations  and  Analysis  of  Funk  Music  Process  

Thousands  of  bands  have  added  tremendously  to  the  now  

seemingly  infinite  funk  vocabulary.  Some  have  sought  to  preserve  the  

tradition  more  rigidly  than  others.  Those  who  expand  funk  possibilities  

and  therefore  its  definition,  embody  the  notion  of  funk  as  a  feel  that  

transcends  any  direct  musical  culture.1  Then  there  are  bands,  like  

Brooklyn  New  York’s  Lettuce  and  the  artists  who  comprise  the  Royal  

Family  Record  Label  that  have  been  a  catalyst  for  a  funk  revival  in  the  

current  decade.  Producing  one  funk  classic  after  another,  Lettuce  has  

captured  the  essence  of  the  funk  sound.  A  defining  example  of  their  style  

would  be  “Reunion”  from  the  Live  at  Blue  Note  Tokyo  recording2.  I  have  

chosen  several  excerpts  from  the  song  to  deconstruct  the  dense  

structure  of  the  funk  ensemble  and  demonstrate  what  ingredients  are  

needed  to  make  funk  music.  

   

1. [STAFF  1,  RHYTHM  GUITAR]  Reunion  begins  with  the  ostinato  

provided  by  the  rhythm  guitar.  An  ostinato  in  music  is  a  short  

musical  idea  cycled  repeatedly  throughout  the  song  or  section  of                                                                                                                  1  “George  Clinton  Foreward”,  Rickey  Vincent,  Funk:  The  Music,  The  People,  and  The  Rhythm  of  the  One,    2  Lettuce,  Live  At  Blue  Note  Tokyo,  Kufala  Recordings,  2003.  

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it.3    The  idea  of  a  rhythm  guitar  may  seem  redundant  by  the  fact  

that  rhythm  is  integral  to  making  all  music,  but  the  term  is  reserved  

for  guitarists  who  emphasize  repeated  cycles  of  rhythm  rather  then  

technical  virtuosity.    He  rarely  deviates  from  this  pattern  and  when  

he  does  its  subtle,  in  fact  in  this  excerpt  of  the  song  he  exercises  no  

deviation.  The  rhythm  guitar  part  is  the  most  rhythmically  dense  in  

“Reunion”,  in  that  he  fills  in  the  most  space  during  the  cycle.    

A  critical  rhythm  is  heard  happening  around  beat  four  of  the  

rhythm  guitar.  He  accents  a  sixteenth  note  before  and  after  beat  4.  

By  playing  just  ahead  and  behind  beat  4,  the  ostinato  has  more  

rhythmic  intensity  and  contrast.    

 

 

Fig.  5  Analysis  of  Rhythm  Guitar  Ostinato,  Section  A  

2.  [STAFF  2,  Trumpet,  Alto/Tenor  Sax]  

                                                                                                                 

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Horn  arrangements  in  funk  utilize  a  more  percussive  dictation  of  

rhythm  that  in  their  original  orchestral  context.4  The  two  phrases  

shared  by  trumpet,  alto  saxophone,  and  tenor  saxophone  are  

examples  is  remarkably  angular  and  sparse.  The  two  bar  theme  

produced  receives  no  variation  in  this  excerpt.  Key  off  beat  accents  

occur  in  the  1st  bar  where  the  horns  begin  the  theme  a  sixteenth  

note  before  beat  3.  2nd  bar  of  the  theme  repeats  this  idea  when  the  

descending  line  begins  a  sixteenth  note  before  beat  3.    This  is  one  

of  the  many  ways  in  which  funk  musicians  play  around  the  beat.  

The  horns  give  weight  to  a  rhythm  right  before  the  beginning  of  the  

next  beat,  which  creates  a  counter-­‐pulse  that  pulls  against  the  

organizing  rhythm  or  original  pulse.  

 

 

 

Fig  6.    Analysis  of  Horn  Motif,  Section  A  m.1  

                                                                                                               4  Rickey  Vincent,  Funk:  The  Music,  It’s  People,  and  The  Rhythm  of  The  One  

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Fig  6.  Analysis  of  Horn  Motif,  Section  A  m.2  

 

3. The  bass’s  purpose,  as  in  many  styles  of  music,  gives  the  

song  ground  with  which  to  work  on.  Linking  the  harmony  and  

rhythm,  the  bass’s  role  is  pivotal  in  a  funk  groove.  

   

Fig  7.  Analysis  of  Bass  Line,  Section  A  M.  1-­‐2  

The  bass  line,  an  eight  note  chromatic  line  lasting  two  beats  [see  

figure  7]  is  given  considerable  variation  in  measures  3-­‐8  One  could  

argue  that  the  bass  line  not  provide  enough  repetition  to  be  

considered  a  definitive  musical  idea.  Despite  variation,  he  always  

retains  the  call  and  response  structure.  In  all  8  measures,  the  bass  

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line  leads  into  the  horn  melody,  allowing  them  to  make  a  musical  

statement,  and  subsequently  fills  in  beat  4  where  the  horns  lay  out.  

A  number  of  his  fills  play  around  the  beat,  in  particular  the  first  

beat.  Sometimes  the  bass  will  be  right  on  one,  other  times  as  in  

measures  3  and  7  he  works  around  it,  implying  it’s  presence  (see  

figure  8).  

                                                                                                                                                         

Fig.  8  Rhythmic  Analysis  of  Bass  Line  (m.2  beat  4  –  m.3  beat  1)  

Fig.  9  Rhythmic  Analysis  of  Bass  Line  (m.6  beat  4  –  m.7  beat  1)  

4. [2nd  Guitar]  provides  a  contrasting  guitar  part  in  the  Reunion  

groove.  In  this  excerpt  of  the  song,  the  lead  guitar  role  is  stunningly  

reserved,  he  lays  out  a  considerable  duration  of  the  section  (m.  1-­‐

4),  but  measures  5-­‐8  are  unique  for  the  space  he  utilizes.  Much  like  

the  horns,  his  rhythmic  accents  are  short,  punctual,  and  are  place  

on  the  off  beats.  In  this  short  span  of  musical  duration,  he  provides  

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an  example  of  how  funk  musicians  create  a  unified  dialogue  in  

motion.5    

Fig  10.  

 

Eric  Krasno  Communicating  Musically  in  the  performance  of  

“Reunion”  

He  introduces  a  two-­‐note  phrase  that  hits  the  upbeats  on  the  

one  of  measure  7,  sharing  the  rhythm  simultaneously  with  the  bass.  

Then  preceding  measure  8,  he  adds  a  third  note  of  the  phrase  after  

the  downbeat  of  4,  extending  the  pattern  by  one.  In  this  minute  

example,  Krasno  is  reflecting  and  building  on  a  previous  musical                                                                                                                  5  “Funk  thrives  on  rhythm,  and  the  art  of  it  depends  of  the  level  of  togetherness  between  the  performers,  it  is,  in  essence,  togetherness  in  motion”  Howard  C.  Harris,  cited  by  Vincent  in  Funk:  The  Music,  Rhythm,  and  People  of  The  One,  15.    

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idea.  This  technique  can  be  utilized  on  any  level  within  the  music  

and  it  could  be  argued  that  a  universal  component  of  the  music  

process  is  the  musician’s  ability  to  reflect  and  interpret  what  he  

hears  around  him.      

5. Keyboard  

Pianists  performing  funk  music  have  come  to  adopt  a  particularly  

family  of  analog,  acoustic,  and  digital  instruments.  Therefore  funk  

bands  found  themselves  at  a  disposal  of  textures  depending  on  

what  type  of  keyboard  is  used.  Neal  Evans  utilizes  Fender  Rhodes,  

Hammond  Organ,  and  Hohner  Clavinet.  In  the  excerpt  I  transcribed,  

he  exclusively  plays  Rhodes  because  it  is  the  most  suitable  for  

lighter  accompaniment.  In  listening  to  Evans’  performance,  he  

organizes  his  phrases  around  the  melody  provided  by  the  horns.  

Repeatedly,  he  provides  an  attack  on  the  beginning  of  the  horn  

phrase  in  the  2nd  measure  (see  fig  11).  In  between  moments    of  

unity,  he  adds  improvised  responses  when  the  horn’s  lay  out    

 

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Fig.  11  Neal  Evans’  Repeated  Accent  of  Horn  Melody,  m.  2-­‐4  

 

Fig.  12  Neal  Evans’  Responds  where  the  Horns  Rest  

The  keyboards  harmonic  capability  lends  itself  to  an  important  in  

the  texture  of  the  funk  band.  The  keys  player  can  add  staccato  

phrases  in  between  the  beats  and  ideas  of  others,  as  Evans  does  in  

the  case  of  Reunion,  or  he  can  provide  drawn  out  chords  that  will  

add  more  harmonic  movement.6    

Drums  

Drums  are  often  solely  responsible  for  leading  the  rhythmic  

organization  of  a  funk  song.  They  are  inherently,  the  timekeepers  

of  a  funk  band.  In  continuous  motion,  a  drummer  is  required  to  

focus  on  multiple  cycles  of  rhythms.  Drums  alone  provide  an  

example  of  multi-­‐linear  rhythm  and  I  will  deconstruct  Adam  

Deitch’s  drum  part  to  examine  his  musical  process  

Fig.  13  Anaylsis  of  Adam  Deitch’s  Drum  Beat,  Section  A  

                                                                                                               6    

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Deitch  provides  a  continuous  eight  note  pattern  on  the  hi-­‐

hat  cymbal,  a  piece  of  the  drum  kit  that  is  subtle  and  used  in  a  

repetitive  manner.  The  understatement  of  the  hi-­‐hat  symbolizes  

the  rhythmic  organization  of  funk  as  explained  before.  The  

organizing  pulse  is  understated  so  the  musicians  have  freedom  to  

accent  in  between  the  beats.  The  off  beat  accents  are  in  the  bass  

drum  and  snare.  Two  important  off  beat  accents  are  performed  by  

the  bass  drum  a  sixteenth  note  before  beat  3  and  beat  1  of  the  

subsequent  cycle,  reinforcing  the  horn  melody  and  providing  a  

counter-­‐pulse  against  these  parts  of  the  measure.  

      Because  of  the  infinite  division  of  rhythms,  off  beats  can  

appear  in  a  different  levels  or  durations  of  rhythm.  If  a  4/4  bar  is  

divided  into  the  half  note  value,  then  beats  2  and  4  are  considered  

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off  beat.  (see  fig.  14)  Multi-­‐linear  organizations  of  rhythm  occur  at  

all  levels  and  duration  of  rhythm.  

 

Fig.  14  Beats  2  and  4  as  Off  Beat  Accents  

Summary  

 

From  the  collection  of  observations  made,  it  is  conclusive  that  

funk  music  rests  on  a  high  level  of  group  interplay.  The  analysis  

indicates  numerous  examples  of  funk  as  having  a  “participatory  nature”,  

because  the  musicians  are  required  to  maintain  an  active  and  constant  

dialogue  amongst  each  other.  Each  member  must  listen  to  where  the  

others  leave  space  and  understanding  the  moment  to  enact  a  new  

musical  phrase.  In  patterns  of  multi-­‐linear  rhythm  present  as  in  

Reunion,  the  musicians  must  be  aware  of  the  density  in  the  musical  

phrases  they  present  otherwise  the  music  falls  into  a  state  that  is  

stagnant  and  convoluted.  When  funk  is  successfully  performed,  the  band  

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creates  a  polyphonic  texture  based  on  a  careful  balance  of  orchestration  

and  improvisation,  giving  weight  to  defined  themes  that  were  pre-­‐

composed  but  also  employing  a  considerable  degree  of  variation  and  

artistic  freedom.    

Funk  is  a  musical  style  that  rests  on  many  precarious  balances  in  

order  to  be  successfully  performed.  We  have  seen  in  an  example  of  funk  

how  musicians  hold  ground  with  the  original  pulse  while  

simultaneously  pulling  in  new  rhythmic  directions  with  extensive  use  of  

off  beat  accents.  The  precarious  balance  therefore  observed  is  a  result  of  

funk’s  musical  heritage.  The  next  chapter  is  devoted  to  discussing  the  

technique  funk  has  embodied  from  the  musical  past  to  develop  its  

unique  statement  within  the  modern  world.