PART 5: REFERENCES

PART 5: REFERENCES

ACIERNO L.J. Adolph Fick: Mathematician, physicist, physiologist. Clin. Cardiol. 2000, 23, 390–

391.

ALEXANDER R.S. The peripheral venous system. In: Hamilton W.F., Dow P. (Eds.), Handbook of

Physiology. Section: Circulation,Vol II. American Physiology Society: Washington, DC, 1963,

1075–1135.

ALLEN D.G., NYMEYER D. A preliminary investigation on the use of thermodilution and echo-

cardiography as an assessment of cardiac function in the cat. Can. J. Comp. Med.., 1983, 47,

112–117.

AMEND J.F., ROSS J.N., GARNER H.E., ROSBOROUGH J.P., HOFF H.E. Systolic time intervals

in domestic ponies: alterations in a case of coarctation of the aorta. Can. J. Comp. Med., 197, 39,

62-66.

AMORY H., BRIHOUM M., DEBRUE M., DELGUSTE C., SANDERSEN C., ART T., DE

MOFFARTS B. Exercise stress echocardiography in healthy horses. In Proceedings: 41st Annual

Congress of the British Equine Veterinary Association (BEVA): Glasgow, 2002, 75.

AMORY H., MCENTEE K., LINDEN A.S., DESMECHT D.J., BEDUIN J.M., D'ORIO V.,

LEKEUX P.M. Comparison of the cardiac pumping capability and cardiac pumping reserve in

double-muscled and conventional calves. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1993, 71, 946-951.

ANDERSON M.G. The effect of exercise on the lactic dehydrogenase and creatine kinase isoenzyme

composition of horse serum. Res. Vet. Sci., 1976, 20, 191-196.

ANREP G.V., HAUSLER H. The coronary circulation: I. The effect of changes of the blood-pressure

and of the output of the heart. J. Physiol. 1928, 65, 357-373.

APPLE F.S. Tissue specificity of cardiac troponin I, cardiac troponin T and creatinine kinase- MB.

Clin. Chem. Acta, 1999, 284, 151–159.

ARMSTRONG W.F., ZOGHBI W.A. Stress echocardiography. J. Am. Coll Cardiol., 2005, 45, 1739-

1747.

ATKINS C. E. Snyder P. S. Systolic time intervals and their derivatives for evaluation of cardiac

function. J. Vet. Int. Med. 2002, 6, 55-63.

ATKINS C.E., CURTIS M.B., MC GUIRK S.M., KITTLESON M.D., SATO T., SNYDER P.S. The

use of echocardiography in determining cardiac output in dogs with normal, low, and high

output states: comparison to thermodilution. Vet. Rad. Ultrasound. 1992, 33, 297-304.

AUTENRIETH G., ANGERMANN C., GOSS F., BOLTE H.D. Stress echocardiography in patients

with coronary heart disease. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Inn. Med., 1977, 83, 231-236.

BADRUDDIN S.M., AHMAD A., MICKELSON J. Supine bicycle versus post-treadmill exercise

echocardiography in the detection of myocardial ischemia: a randomized single-blind cross-over

trial. J. Am .Coll. Cardiol. 1999, 33, 1485–1490.

BAKOS Z., VOROS K., JARVINEN T., REICZIGEL J. Two-dimensional and M-mode

echocardiographic measurements of cardiac dimensions in healthy standardbred trotters. Acta

Vet. Hung.., 2002, 50, 273-282.

BANISTER E.W, PURVIS A.D. Exercise electrocardiography in the horse by radiotelemetry. J. Am.

Vet. Med. Assoc. 1968, 152, 1004-1008.

BANISTER E.W., PURVIS A.D. Exercise electrocardiography in the horse by radiometry. J. Am. Vet.

Med. Ass. 1968, 152, 1004-1008.

BASSAN L., OTT W. Radiotelemetric studies of the HR in race horses at rest and in all paces (walk,

trot, gallop). Arch. Exp. Veterinarmed., 1968, 22, 57-75.

BELESLIN B.D., OSTOJIC M., STEPANOVIC J. Stress echocardiography in the detection of

myocardial ischemia: head-to-head comparison of exercise, dobutamine, and dipyridamole tests.

Circulation 1994, 90, 1168–76.

BENYA R., QUINTANA J., BRUNDAGE B. Adverse reactions to indocyanine green: A case report

and a review of the literature. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn., 1989, 17, 231–233.

BERGSTEN G. Blood pressure, cardiac output, and blood-gas tension in the horse at rest and during

exercise. Acta Vet. Scand. Suppl., 1974, 48, 1–88.

BERNE R.M., LEVY M.N. Control of Cardiac Output: Coupling of heart and blood vessels. In Berne

R.M., Levy M.N (Eds.), Physiology. Mosby. Co: St. Louis, 1988, 525-539.

BERTHE C., PIERARD L.A., HIERNAUX M., TROTTEUR G., LEMPEREUR P., CARLIER J.,

KULBERTUS H.E. Predicting the extent of location of coronary artery disease acute myocardial

infarction by echocardiography during dobutamine infusion. Am. J. Cardiol., 1986, 58, 1167-

1172.

BERTONE J.J., PAULL K.S., WINGFIELD W.E., BOON J.A. M-mode echocardiographs of

endurance horses in the recovery phase of long-distance competition. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1987, 48,

1708-1712.

BETROS C.L., MCKEEVER K.H., KEARNS C.F., MALINOWSKI K. Effects of ageing and training

on maximal HR and VJmax. Equine Vet. J. Suppl., 2002, 34, 100–105.

BIANCANIELLO T. Innocent murmurs. Circulation. 2005, 111, 20-22.

BIANCHI C., DIAZ R., GONZALES C., BEREGOVICH J. Effects of dobutamine on atrioventricular

conduction. Am. Heart J. 1975, 90, 474-478.

BILCHICK KC. DUNCAN J.G. RAVI R., TAKIMOTO E., CHAMPION E., CHAMPION H.C.,

GAO W.D., KASS D.A., STULL L.B., MURPHY A.M. Heart failure-associated alterations in

troponin I phosphorylation impair ventricular relaxation-afterload and force-frequency responses

and systolic function. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2006, 25, 1-34.

BLISSITT K.J., BONAGURA J.D. Pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography in normal horses. Equine

Vet. J. Suppl., 1995, 19, 38–46.

BLISSITT K.J., YOUNG L.E., JONES R.S., DARKE P.G., UTTING J. Measurement of cardiac

output in standing horses by Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution. Equine Vet J., 1997,

29, 18-25.

BLISSITT K.J., YOUNG L.E., JONES R.S., DARKE P.G., UTTING J. Measurement of cardiac

output in standing horses by Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution. Equine Vet J. 1997,

29, 18-25.

BOMBARDINI T. Myocardial contractility in the echo lab: molecular, cellular and pathophysiological

basis. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2005, 8, 27-48.

BONAGURA J.D., REEF V.B. Disorders of the cardiovascular system. In: Reed S.M., Bayly W.,

Sellon D. (Eds), Equine Internal Medicine, Saunders : St. Louis, 2004, 355-460.

BONAGURA J.D, MUIR W.W. The cardiovascular system. In: Muir W.W., Hubbell J.A.E. (Eds.),

Equine anesthesia: monitoring and emergency therapy. Mosby: St. Louis, 1991, 39–104.

BONAGURA J.D, PIPERS F.S. Echocardiographic features of aortic valve endocarditis in a dog, a

cow, and a horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1983, 182, 595-599.

BONAGURA J.D. Equine heart disease. An overview. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract., 1985, 1,

267-274.

BONAGURA J.D., BLISSITT K.J. Echocardiography. Equine Vet. J. Suppl., 1995, 19, 5–17.

BOON J.A. Manual of Veterinary Echocardiography. Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore, Maryland,

1998, 478 p.

BOWDITCH H.P. Über die Eigenthümlichkeiten der Reizbarkeit, welche die Muskelfasern des

Herzens zeigen. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Königlich Sächsischen Gesellschaft zu

Leipzig. Mathematisch-Physische Classe 1871, 23, 652–689.

BRANTHWAITE M.A., BRADLEY R.D. Measurement of cardiac output by thermal dilution in man.

J. Appl. Physiol. 1968, 24, 434–438.

BRAUNWALD E., SONNENBLICK E.H., ROSS J.R. Mechanism of cardiac contraction and

relaxation. In: Braunwald E. (Ed.), Heart disease. A Textbook of cardiovascular medicine.

W.B.Saunders Co: Philadelphia 1988, 383-448

BREMER F., SCHIELE A., TSCHAIKOWSKY K. Cardiac output measurement by pulse dye

densitometry: A comparison with Fick’s principle and thermodilution method. Intensive Care

Med., 2002, 28, 399– 405.

BRODDE O.E., ZERKOWSKI H.R. Do human cardiac beta-2 adrenoceptors play a (patho)

physiological role in regulation of HR and/or contractility? Basic Res. Cardiol. Suppl., 1989,

84, 135-44.

BROWN C.M. Acquired cardiovascular disease. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract., 1985, 1, 371-

382.

BROWN C.M., HOLMES J.R. Phonocardiography in the horse: 1. The intracardiac phonocardiogram.

Equine Vet. J., 1979a, 11, 11-18.

BROWN C.M., HOLMES J.R. Phonocardiography in the horse: 2. The relationship of the external

phonocardiogram to intracardiac pressure and sound. Equine Vet. J., 1979b, 11, 183-186.

BROWN J.M. Use of echocardiography for hemodynamic monitoring. Crit. Care Med., 2002, 30,

1361–1364.

BROWN L., LORENZ B., ERDMANN E. Reduced positive inotropic effects in diseased human

ventricular myocardium. Cardiovasc. Res., 1986, 20, 516-520.

BUERGELT C.D., COOLEY A.J., HINES S.A., PIPERS F.S. Endocarditis in six horses. Vet. Pathol.

1985, 22, 333-337.

BUNTENKOTTER S., DEEGEN E. Behaviour of the HR ofhorses with auricular fibrillation during

exercise and aftertreatment. Equine Vet. J. 1976, 8, 26–29.

BUSS D.D., RWALINGS C.A., BISGARD G.E. The normal electrocardiogram of the domestic pony.

J. Electrocardiol., 1975, 8, 167-172.

CAMAROZANO A.C., RESENDE P. JR., SIQUEIRA-FILHO A.G., WEITZEL L.H., NOE R. The

effects of beta-blockers on dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: early protocol versus

standard protocol. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound, 2006, 6, 30 epub

CAPEK J.M., ROY R.J. Noninvasive measurement of cardiac output using partial CO2 rebreathing.

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1988, 35, 653– 661.

CARROLL G.L., HOOPER R.N., RAINS C.B., MARTINEZ E.A., MATTHEWS N.S.,

HARTSFIELD S.M., BELEAU M.H. Maintenance of anaesthesia with sevoflurane and oxygen

in mechanically-ventilated horses subjected to exploratory laparotomy treated with intra- and

post operative anaesthetic adjuncts. Equine Vet. J., 1998, 30, 402-407.

CARSTENSEN S., ALI S.M., STENSGAARD-HANSEN F.V. Dobutamine-atropine stress echo-

cardiography in asymptomatic healthy individuals: The relativity of stress-induced

hyperkinesias. Circulation 1995, 92, 3453–3463.

CARSTENSEN S., ALI S.M., STENSGAARD-HANSEN F.V., TOFT J., HAUNSO S., KELBAEK

H., SAUNAMAKI K. Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in asymptomatic healthy

individuals. Circulation, 1995, 92, 3453-3463.

CERQUEIRA M.D., WEISSMANN M.J., DILZISIAN V., JACOBS A.K., KAUL S., LASKEY W.K.,

PENNEL D.J., RUMBERGER J.A., RYAN T., VERANI M.S. Standardized Myocardial

segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart. Circulation, 2002, 105,

539-542.

CHAFFIN M.K., MATTHEWS N.S., COHEN N.D., CARTER G.K. Evaluation of pulse oximetry in

anaesthetised foals using multiple combinations of transducer type and transducer attachment

site. Equine Vet. J., 1996, 28, 437–445.

CHAFFIN M.K., MILLER M.W., MORRIS E.L. Double outlet right ventricle and other associated

congenital cardiac anomalies in an American miniature horse foal. Equine Vet. J., 1992, 24, 402-

406.

CHANTLER P.D., CLEMENTS R.E., SHARP L., GEORGE K.P., TAN L.B., GOLDSPINK D.F. The

influence of body size o, measurements of overall cardiac function. Am. J. Physiol. Heart 2005,

289, 2059-2065

CLARK E.S., REEF V.B., SWEENEY C.R., LICHTENSTEIGER C. Aortic valve insufficiency in a

one year-old colt. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1987, 191, 841–844.

CNOTA J.F., MAYES W.A., KNECHT S.K., KOPSER E.C., MICHELFELDER E.C., KNILANS

T.K., CLAYTOR R.P., KIMBALL T.R. (2003) Cardiovascular physiology during supine cycle

ergometry and dobutamine stress. Med. Sci. sports Exerc. 2003, 35, 1503-1510.

COHEN J.L., GREENE T.O., OTTENWELLER J., BINENBAUM S.Z., WILCHFORT S.D., KIM

C.S. Dobutamine digital echocardiography for detecting coronary artery disease. Am. J.

Cardiol., 1991, 67, 1311-1318.

COKKINOS D.V., HEIMONAS E.T., DEMOPOULOS J.N., HARRALAMBAKIS A., TSARTSALIS

G. Influence of HR increase on uncorrected pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time

(PEP/LVET) ratio in normal individuals. Br. Heart J. 1976, 38, 683-688.

COLAN S.D., BOROW K.M., NEUMANN A. Left ventricular end-systolic wall stress-velocity of

fiber shortening relation: a load-independent index of myocardial contractility. J. Am. Coll.

Cardiol., 1984, 4, 715-724.

COLUCCI W.S., DENNISS, A.R., LEATHERMAN G.F., QUIGG R.J., LUDMER P.J., MARSH

J.D., GAUTHIER D.F. Intracoronary infusion of dobutamine to patients with and without severe

congestive heart failure. J. Clin. Invest. 1988, 81, 1103-1110.

COMA-CANELLA I. Changes in plasma potassium during the dobutamine stress test. Int. J. Cardiol.

1991, 33, 55-59.

CONNORS A.F., SPEROFF T., DAWSON N.V., THOMAS C., HARRELL F.E. JR., WAGNER D.,

DESBIENS N., GOLDMAN L., WU A.W., CALIFF R.M., FULKERSON W.J. JR.,

VIDAILLET H., BROSTE S., BELLAMY P., LYNN J., KNAUS W.A. The effectiveness of

right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1996,

276, 889–897.

CONSTABLE P.D., MUIR W., SISSON D. Clinical assessment of left ventricular relaxation. J. Vet .

Int. Med. 1999, 13, 5-13

CORLEY K.T. Inotropes and vasopressors in adults and foals. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract.,

2004, 20, 77-106.

CORLEY K.T. Monitoring and treating haemodynamic disturbances in critically ill neonatal foals.

Part 1: haemodynamic monitoring. Equine Vet. Educ., 2002, 14, 270–279.

CORLEY K.T., DONALDSON L.L., DURANDO M.M., BIRKS E.K. Cardiac output technologies

with special reference to the horse. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2003, 17, 262-272.

CORLEY K.T., DONALDSON L.L., FURR M.O. Comparison of lithium dilution and thermodilution

cardiac output measurements in anaesthetised neonatal foals. Equine Vet. J., 2002, 34, 598-601.

CORNELISSE C.J., SCHOTT H.C. 2ND, OLIVIER N.B., MULLANEY T.P., KOLLER A.,

WILSON D.V., DERKSEN F.J. Concentration of cardiac troponin I in a horse with a ruptured

aortic regurgitation jet lesion and ventricular tachycardia. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2000, 217,

231-235.

DAAKA Y., LUTTRELL L.M., LEFKOWITZ R.J. Switching of the coupling of the beta2-adrenergic

receptor to different G proteins by protein kinase A. Nature, 1997, 390, 88-91.

CROUSE L.J., HARBRECHT J.J., VACEK J.L., ROSAMOND T.L., KRAMER P.H. Exercise echo-

cardiography as a screening test for coronary artery disease and correlation with coronary

arterio- graphy. Am. J. Cardiol. 1991, 67, 1213– 1218.

CRUZ A.M., KERR C.L., BOURE L.P., SEARS W.C. Cardiovascular effects of insufflation of the

abdomen with carbon dioxide in standing horses sedated with detomidine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2004,

65, 357-362.

DAHL M., KIVELA A., MERIKANTO J., HIRVONEN L. Phonocardiogram on mammals of various

sizes. Ann. Med. Exp. Biol. Fenn., 1967, 45, 326-329.

DAILY E.K., SCHROEDER J.S. Pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery wedge pressure monitoring.

In: Daily E.K., Schroeder J.S. (Eds.), Techniques in Bedside Hemodynami Monitoring, Mosby:

St Louis, MO, 1994, 99–141.

DAVILA-ROMAN V.G., WAGGONER A.D., SICARD G.A., GELTMAN E.M., SCHECHTMAN

K.B., PEREZ J.E. Dobutamine stress echocardiography predicts surgical outcome in patients

with an aortic aneurysm and peripheral vascular disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1993, 21, 957-

963.

DE BACKER D., ZHANG H., MANIKIS P., VINCENT J.L. Regional effects of dobutamine in

endotoxic shock. J Surg Res., 1996, 65, 93-100.

DEDRICK P., REEF V.B., SWEENEY R.W., MORRIS D.D. Treatment of bacterial endocarditis in a

horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1988, 193, 339-342.

DEEGEN E. Diagnosis and significance of arrhythmias in horses. I. ECG diagnosis of arrhythmias.

Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr., 1976, 83, 361-367.

DEEGEN E., LIESKE R., SCHOON H. Clinical and cardiological findings in 3 stallions with aortic

valve insufficiency. Tierarztl. Prax.., 1980, 8, 211-222.

DEEM D.A., FREGIN G.F. Atrial fibrillation in horses: a review of 106 clinical cases, with

consideration of prevalence, clinical signs, and prognosis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1982, 180,

261-265.

DERUMEAUX G., OVIZE M., LOUFOUA J., ANDRE-FOUET X., MINAIRE Y., CRIBIER A.,

LETAC B. “Doppler tissue imaging quantitates regional wall motion during myocardial

ischemia and reperfusion,” Circulation, 1998, 97, 1970-1977.

DIANA A., GUGLIELMINI C., CANDINI D., PIETRA M., CIPONE M. Cardiac arrhythmias

associated with piroplasmosis in the horse: A case report. Vet. J., 2006, 8, 168-186.

DONALDSON L.L. Retrospective assessment of dobutamine therapy for hypotension in anesthetized

horses.Vet. Surg. 1988, 17, 53-57

DONOVAN C. L., ARMSTRONG W. F., BACH D. S. Quantitative Doppler tissue imaging of the left

ventricular myocardium: validation in normal subjects. Am. Heart J., 1995, 130, 100-104.

DOPPLER C. Ueber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels.

Abhandlungen der königlichen böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 1843. 2.

DOUGLAS P.S., BERMAN G.O., O’TOOLE M.L., HILLER W.D. & REICHEK N. (1989).

Prevalence of multivalvular regurgitation in athletes. Am. J. Card., 1989, 64, 209–212.

DUCHARME N.G., FUBINI S.L. Gastrointestinal complications associated with the use of atropine in

horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1983, 182, 229-231.

DUNLOP C.I., HODGSON D.S., CHAPMAN P.L., GRANDY J.L., WALDRON R.D.

Thermodilution estimation of cardiac output at high flows in anesthetized horses. Am. J. Vet.

Res., 1991, 52, 1893-1897.

DURANDO M.M., REEF V.B., BIRKS E.K. Correlation of echocardiographic stress-tests with left

ventricular pressure dynamics. Am. Coll. Vet. Int. Med. 2001, 19, 851.

DURANDO M.M., REEF V.B., BIRKS E.K. Right ventricular pressur dynamics during exercise:

relationship to echocardiography. Equine Vet. J. Suppl., 2002, 34, 472-477.

DURONGPHONGTORN S., MCDONELL W.N., KERR C.L., NETO F.J., MIRAKHUR K.K.

Comparison of hemodynamic, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal motility effects and

recovery characteristics of anesthesia with isoflurane and halothane in horses undergoing

arthroscopic surgery. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2006, 67, 32-42.

EATON M.D. Energetics and performance. In: Hodgson D.R., Rose R.J. (Eds.), The Athletic Horse.

WB Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, 1994, 49– 61.

EDWARDS J.D., MAYALL R.M. Importance of the sampling site for measurement of mixed venous

oxygen saturation in shock. Crit. Care Med., 1998, 26, 1356–1360.

EICHELBERGER J.P., SCHWARZ K.Q., BLACK E.R., GREEN R.M., OURIEL K. Predictive value

of dobutamine echocardiography just before noncardiac vascular surgery. Am. J. Cardiol. 1993,

72, 602-607.

ELLIOTT C.G., ZIMMERMAN G.A., CLEMMER T.P. Complications of pulmonary artery

catheterization in the care of critically ill patients. A prospective study. Chest, 1979,76, 647–

652.

ELSE R.W., HOLMES J.R. Cardiac pathology in the horse. (1) Gross pathology. 1972, 4, 1–7.

ELSE R.W., HOLMES J.R. Pathological changes in atrialfibrillation in the horse. Equine Vet. J.,

1971, 3, 56–64.

EPSTEIN V. Relationship between potassium administration, hyperkalaemia and the electro-

cardiogram: an experimental study. Equine Vet. J., 1984, 16, 453-456.

ERICKSON B.K., ERICKSON H.H., COFFMAN J.R. Pulmonary artery and aortic pressure changes

during high intensity treadmill exercise in the horse: effect of frusemide and phentolamine.

Equine Vet. J., 1992, 24, 215-219.

ERICKSON B.K., ERICKSON H.H., COFFMAN J.R. Pulmonary artery, aortic and oesophageal

pressure changes during high intensity treadmill exercise in the horse: a possible relation to

exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Equine Vet. J. Suppl., 1990, 9, 47–52.

EVANS D.L, POLGLAZE K.E. Relationships between electrocardiographic findings, racing

performance and training in standardbred horses. Aust. Vet. J., 1994, 71, 375-378.

FEDAK M.A., ROME L., SEEHERMAN H.J. One-step N2-dilution technique for calibrating open-

circuit VO2 measuring systems. J. Appl, Physiol., 1981, 51, 772–776.

FEGLER G. Measurement of cardiac output in anaesthetised animals by a thermodilution method. Q.

J. Exp. Physiol., 1954, 39, 153–164.

FEIGENBAUM H. Echocardiography, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger; 1985. p686

FICK A. Ueber die Messung des Blutquantums in den Herzventrikeln. Sitzber Physik Med. Ges.

Würzburg, 1870, 2, 16.

FOLLAND E.D., PARISI A.F., MOYNIHAN P.F. Assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and

volumes by real-time, two-dimensional echocardiography. A comparison of cineangiographic

and radionuclide techniques. Circulation, 1979, 60, 760–766.

FRANCO R.M., OUSEY J.C., CASH R.S, ROSSDALE P.D., SILVER M. Study of arterial blood

pressure in newborn foals using an electronic sphygmomanometer. Equine Vet. J., 1986, 18,

475–478.

FREGIN G.F. The cardiovascular system. In: Mansmann R.A., McAllister E.S. (Eds.), Equine

medicine and surgery. America Veterinary Publications: Santa Barbara, CA, 1982, 645–701.

FRYE M.A., BRIGHT J.M., DARGATZ D.A., FETTMANN M.J., FRISBIE D.D., BAKER D.C.,

TRAUB-CARGATZ J.L. A comparision of dobutamine infusion to exercise as a cardiac stress

test in healthy horses. J. Vet. Intern. Medicine, 2003, 17, 58-64.

FUSE M., AOYAGI T., XIE C.T. Dye dilution curve measurement with principle of the pulse

oximeter. Jpn. J. Med. Electron. Biol. Eng., 1992, 30, 249.

FYE W.B. Profiles in Cardiology: Ernest Henry Starling. Clin. Cardiol., 2006, 29, 181–182.

GANZ W., DONOSO R., MARCUS H.S., FORRESTER J.S., SWAN H.J. A new technique for

measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution in man. Am. J. Cardiol., 1971, 27, 392–396.

GEHLEN H., BUBECK K., ROHN K., STADLER P. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure during

treadmill exercise in warmblood horses with atrial fibrillation. Res. Vet. Sci., 2006, 81, 134-139.

GEHLEN H., BUBECK K., STADLER P. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure measurement in

healthy warmblood horses and in warmblood horses with mitral valve insufficiencies of

various degrees during standardised treadmill exercise. Res. Vet. Sci., 2004, 77, 257-264.

Gehlen H., Marnette S., Stadler P.Stressechokardiographie beim Warmblutpferd: aktive

Stressinduktion durch Laufband- und Longenbelastung. Pferdeheilkunde 2005b, 21,

303-310.

GELEIJNSE M.L., ELHENDY A., KASPRZAK J.D., RAMBALDI R., VAN DOMBURG R.T.,

CORNEL J.H., KLOOTWIJK A.P., FIORETTI P.M., ROELANDT J.R., SIMOONS M.L.

Safety and prognostic value of early dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in patients

with spontaneous chest pain and a non-diagnostic electrocardiogram. Eur. Heart J., 2000, 21,

397-406.

GIGUÈRE S., BUCKI E, ADIN D.B., VALVERDE A., ESTRADA A.H, YOUNG L. Cardiac Output

Measurement by Partial Carbon Dioxide Rebreathing, 2-Dimensional Echocardiography, and

Lithium-Dilution Method in Anesthetized Neonatal Foals. J. Vet. Intern Med., 2005, 19, 737–

743.

GLAZIER D.B., LITTLEDIKE E.T., EVANS R.D. Electrocardiographic changes in induced

hyperkalemia in ponies. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1982, 43, 1934-1937.

GLIGOROVA S., AGRUSTA M. Pacing stress echocardiography. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound, 2005, 9,

36.

GOLDENBERG I..F., OLIVARI M.T., LEVINE T.B., COHN J.N. (1989) Effect of dobutamine on

plasma potassium in congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic or ischemic

cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Cardiol. 1989, 63, 843-846.

GORCSAN J., STRUM D.P., MANDARINO W.A., VGULATI. K., PINSKY M.R. Quantitative

assessment of alterations in regional left ventricular contractility with color-coded tissue

Doppler echocardiography. Comparison with sonomicrometry and pressure-volume relations.

Circulation, 1997, 95, 2423-2433.

GOULD K.L., LIPSCOMB K., HAMILTON G.W., KENNEDY J.W. Relation of left ventricular

shape, function and wall stress in man. Am. J. Cardiol. 1974, 34, 627-634.

GROSSMANN W., MCLAURIN L.P. Clinical measurement of systemic vascular resistance and

assessment of vasodilator drugs. In Grossman W (ed): Cardiac catherization and angiography.

ed 2. Philadelphia, Lea Feibinger. 1980. p. 116-123.

GROSSMANN W., JONES D., MCLAURIN L.P. Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the

humzn heart. J. Clin. Invest. 1975, 56, 56-64.

GRUBB T.L., CONSTABLE P.D., BENSON G.J., FOREMAN J.H., OLSON W.O., THURMON

J.C., TANQUILLI W.J., DAVIS L.E. Techniques for evaluation of right ventricular relaxation

rate in horses and effects of inhalant anaesthetics with and without intravenous administration

of calcium gluconate. Am . J. Vet. Res. 1999, 60, 872-879.

GRUBB T.L., FOREMAN J.H., BENSON G.J., THURMON J.C., TRANQUILLI W.J.,

CONSTABLE P.D., OLSON W.O., DAVIS L.E. Hemodynamic effects of calcium gluconate

administered to conscious horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 1996, 10, 401-404.

GUERET P., MEERBAUM S., ZWEHL W. Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of left

ventricular stroke volume: Experimental correlation with thermodilution and cineangiography in

normal and ischemic states. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn., 1981, 7, 247–258.

GUNN H.M. Heart weight and running ability. J. Anatomy, 1989, 167, 225–233.

GUYTON A.C. The circulation. In: Guyton A.C. (Ed.), Textbook of Medical Physiology. W.B.

Saunders: Philadelphia. 1991, 149-177.

GUYTON AC. Textbook of medical physiology. Elsevevier Saunders. 2006. p. 1104

HABIB D.M., PADBURY J.F., ANAS N.G., PERKIN R.M., MINEGAR C. Dobutamine

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in pediatric intensive care patients. Crit. Care Med.,

1992, 20, 601-608.

HACKETT R.P., DUCHARME N.G., GLEED R.D., MITCHELL L., SODERHOLM L.V.,

ERICKSON B.K., ERB H.N. Do Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses have similar increases

in pulmonary vascular pressures during exertion? Can. J. Vet. Res., 2003, 67, 291-296.

HALL M.C., STEEL J.D., STEWART G.A. Cardiac monitoring during exercise tests in horses. 2. HR

responses to exercise. Aust. Vet. J., 1976, 52, 1-5.

HAMLIN R.L., KLEPINGER W.L., GILPIN K.W., SMITH C.R. Autonomic control of HR in the

horse. Am. J. Physiol. 1972, 222, 976–978.

HAMLIN R.L., SMITH C.R. Categorization of common domestic mammals based upon their

ventricular activation process. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1965, 127, 195-203.

HARGREAVES M., JENNINGS G. Evaluation of the CO2 rebreathing method for the non-invasive

measurement of resting cardiac output in man. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 1983, 10, 609–

614.

HARYADI D.G., ORR J.A., KUCK K., MC JAMES S., WESTENSKOW D.R. Evaluation of a partial

CO2 rebreathing Fick technique for measurement of cardiac output. Anesthesiology, 1998, 89,

A534.

HASSAN S., TURNER P. Systolic time intervals: a review of the method in the non-invasive

investigation of cardiac function in health, disease and clinical pharmacology. Postgrad. Med. J.

1983, 59, 423-434.

HATZIPANAGIOTOU A., LINDNER A., SOMMER H. LDH and CK isoenzyme patterns in the

blood plasma of horses with elevated CK, LDH and AST activities. Dtsch. Tierarztl.

Wochenschr., 1991, 98, 284-286.

HECHT H.S., DEBORD L., SHAW R. Digital supine bicycle stress echocardiography: a new

technique for evaluating coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1993, 21, 950–956.

HEES P.S., FLEG J.L., MIRZA Z.A., AHMED S., SIU C.O., SHAPIRO E.P. Effects of normal aging

on left ventricular lusitropic, inotropic, and chronotropic responses to dobutamine. J. Am. Coll.

Cardiol. 2006, 47, 1440-1447.

HELLEMS H.K., HAYNES F.W., DEXTER L. Pulmonary 'capillary' pressure in man. J. Applied

Physiol., 1949, 2, 23.

HENDERSON J. Ernest Starling and ‘Hormones’: an historical commentary. Journal of

Endocrinology, 2005, 184, 5-10

HENRIQUES V. Über die Verteilung des Blutes vom Herzen zwischen dem Herzen und dem übrigen

Organismus. Biochem Z., 1913, 56, 230–248.

HILWIG R.W. Cardiac Arrhythmias in the horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1977, 170, 153-163.

HINCHCLIFF K.W. MCKEEVER K.H., MUIR W.W., SAMS R.A. Pharmacological interactions of

furosemide and phenylbutazone in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1995, 56, 1206-1212.

HINCHCLIFF K.W., ADAMS W.M. Critical pulmonary stenosis in a newborn foal. Equine Vet J.,

1991, 23, 318-320.

HINCHCLIFF K.W., MCKEEVER K.H., MUIR W.W. Hemodynamic effects of atropine,

dobutamine, nitroprusside, phenylephrine, and propranolol in conscious horses. J.Vet. Intern.

Med. 1991, 5, 80-86.

HOFFMAN B.B., LEFKOWITZ R.J. Catecholamines, sympathomimetic drugs, and adrenergic

receptor antagonists. In: Hardman J.G., Limbird L.E., Molinoff P.B., Ruddon R.W., Gilman

A.G. (Eds.) Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. The McGraw-

Hill Co. Inc.: New York. 1996, pp 199-248.

HOFMEISTER E.H., KEENAN K., EGGER CM. Dobutamine-induced bradycardia in a dog. Vet

Anaesth. Analg. 2005, 32, 107-111

HOLDSTOCK N.B., OUSEY J.C., ROSSDALE P.D. Glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma

flow, blood pressure and pulse rate in the equine neonate during the first 10 days post partum.

Equine Vet. J., 1998, 30, 335–343.

HOLMES J.R. Equine phonocardiography. Med. Biol. Illus., 1966, 16, 16-25.

HOLMES J.R. Prognosis of equine cardiac conditions. Equine Vet. J., 1977, 9, 181-182.

HOLMES J.R., HENIGAN M., WILLIAMS R.B., WITHERINGTON D.H. Paroxysmal atrial

fibrillation in racehorses. Equine Vet. J., 1986, 18, 37–42.

HOLMES J.R., MILLER P.J. Three cases of ruptured mitral valve chordae in the horse. Equine Vet J.,

1984, 16, 125-135.

HOLMES J.R., REZAKHANI A. Observations on the T wave of the equine electrocardiogram.

Equine Vet. J., 1975, 7, 55-62.

HORN J., BAILEY S., BERHANE Y., MARR C.M., ELLIOTT J. Density and binding characteristics

of beta-adrenoceptors in the normal and failing equine myocardium. Equine Vet. J., 2002, 34,

411-416.

HORNICKE H., VON ENGELHARDT W., EHRLEIN H.J. Effect of exercise on systemic blood

pressure and HR in horses. Pflugers Arch. 1977, 372, 95-99.

HUNG K.C., LIN F.C., CHERN M.S., CHANG H.J., HSIEH I.C., WU D. Mechanisms and clinical

significance of transient atrioventricular block during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Am.

Coll. Cardiol. 1999, 34, 998-1004.

HUONKER M. HALLA M. KEUL J. Structural and functional adaptations of the cardiovascular

system by training. Int. J. Sports Med. Suppl., 1996, 3, S164-S172

IMAI T, TAKAHASHI K, GOTO F, MORISHITA Y. Measurement of blood concentration of

indocyanine green by pulse dye densitometry. Comparison with the conventional

spectrophotometric method. J. Clin. Monit., 1998, 14, 477–484.

IMAI T., TAKAHASHI K., FUKURA H., MORISHITA Y. Measurement of cardiac output by pulse

dye densitometry using indocyanine green: A comparison with the thermodilution method.

Anesthesiology, 1997, 87, 816–822.

JOHNSON J.H., GARNER H.E., HUTCHESON D.P. Ultrasonic measurement of arterial blood

pressure in conditioned Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet. J., 1976, 8, 55–57.

KAMBAYASHI M., MIURA T., OH B.H., ROCKMAN H.A., MURATA K., ROSS J.

JR.Enhancement of the force-frequency effect on myocardial contractility by adrenergic

stimulation in conscious dogs. Circulation, 1992, 86, 572-580.

KANTELIP J.P., ALATIENNE M., GUEORGUIEV G., DUCHENE-MARULLAZ P. Chronotropic

and dromotropic effects of atropine and hyoscine methobromide in unanaesthetized dogs. Br. J.

Anaesth., 1985, 57, 214-219.

KASS D.A., MIDEI M., GRAVES W., BRINKER J.A., MAUGHAN W.L. Use of a conductance

(volume) catheter and transient inferior vena caval occlusion for rapid determination of

pressure-volume relationships in man. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 1988, 15, 192-202

KATES R.E., LEIER C.V. Dobutamine pharmacokinetics in severe heart failure. Clin. Pharmacol.

Ther. 1978, 24, 537-541.

KATZ A.M. Heart failure: a hemodynamic disorder complicated by maladaptive proliferative

responses. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2003, 7, 1-10.

KAUMANN A.J. Some aspects of heart beta adrenoceptor function. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 1991,

5, 549-560.

KELBAEK H., MARVING J., HVID-JACOBSEN K., NIELSEN S.L. Effects of atropine on left

ventricular volumes and ejection and filling rates at rest and during exercise. Br. J. Clin.

Pharmacol., 1991, 32, 585-589.

KINSMAN J.M., MOORE J.W., HAMILTON WF. Studies on the circulation. 1. Injection method:

Physical and mathematical considerations. Am. J. Physiol., 1932, 89, 332.

KLABUNDE R.E. Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins:

Philadelphia, USA. 2004, 256 p.

KOBLIK P.D., HORNOF W.J. Diagnostic radiology and nuclear cardiology. Their use in assessment

of equine cardiovascular disease. Vet.Clin. North Am. Equine Pract., 1985, 1, 289-309.

KRAUNZ R.F., KENNEDY J.W. Ultrasonic determination of left ventricular wall motion in normal

man. Studies at rest and after exercise. Am. Heart J., 1970, 79, 36-43

KRIZ N.G., HODGSON D.R., ROSE R.J. Prevalence an clinical importance of heart murmurs in

racehorses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2000a, 216, 1441-1445

KRIZ N.G., HODGSON D.R., ROSE R.J. Changes in cardiac dimensions and indices of cardiac

function during deconditioning in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2000b, 61, 1553-1560.

KRIZ N.G., ROSE R.J. Repeatability of standard transthoracic echocardiographic measurements in

horses. Aust. Vet. J., 2002, 80, 362-370.

KUBO K., SENTA T., SUGIMOTO O. Relationship betweentraining and heart in the Thoroughbred

racehorse. Exp. Rep. Equine Health. Lab., 1974, 11, 87–93.

KUHLMANN W.D., HODGONS D.S., FEDDE M.R. Respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic

adjustments to exercise in the Hereford calf. J. Appl. Physiol. 1985, 58, 1273-1280

KURODA T., SEWARD J.B., RUMBERGER J.A. Left ventricular volume and mass: Comparative

study of two-dimensional echocardiography and ultrafast computed tomography.

Echocardiography., 1994, 11, 1–9.

KVART C., CARLSTEN J., JEFFCOTT L.B., NILSFORS L. Diagnostic value of contrast

echocardiography in the horse. Equine Vet. J., 1985, 17, 357-360.

LANCELLOTTI P., TROISFONTAINES P., TOUSSAINT A.C., PIERARD L. Prognostic

importance of exercise induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with chronic ischemic

left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 2003, 108, 1713-1717.

LANDZBERG J.S., PARKER J.D., GAUTHIER D.F., COLUCCI W.S. Effects of intracoronary

acetylcholine and atropine on basal and dobutamine-stimulated left ventricular contractility.

Circulation., 1994, 89, 164-168.

LANG R.M., BOROW K.M., NEUMANN A., JANZEN D. (1986) Systemic vascular resistance: an

unreliable index of left ventricular afterload. Circulation. 1986, 74, 1114- 1123.

LEADON D.P., CUNNINGHAM E.P., MAHON G.A., TODD A.J. Heart score and performance

ability in the United Kingdom. Equine Vet. J., 1982, 14, 89-90.

LEAVITT J.I., COATS M.H., FALK R.H. Effect of exercise on transmitral gradient and pulmonary

artery pressure in patients with mitral stenosis or a prothetic mitral valve. J. Am.Coll. Cardiol.,

1991, 17, 1520-1526.

LEBRUN F., LANCELLOTTI P., PIERARD L.A. Quantitation of functional mitral regurgitation

during bicycle exercise in patients with heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2001, 38, 1685-1692.

LEFRANT J.Y., BRUELLE P., AYA A.G, SAISSI G., DAUZAT M., DE LA COUSSAYE J.E.,

ELEDJAM J.J. Training is required to improve the reliability of esophageal Doppler to measure

cardiac output in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 1998, 24, 347–352.

LEIER C.V., HEBAN P.T., HUSS P., BUSH C.A., LEWIS R.P. Comparative systemic and regional

hemodynamic effects of dopamine and dobutamine in patients with cardiomyopathic heart

failure. Circulation. 1978, 58, 466-475.

LEIER C.V., UNVERFERTH D.V., KATES R.E. The relationship between plasma dobutamine

concentrations and cardiovascular responses in cardiac failure. Am. J. Med. 1979, 66; 238-242.

LESURE F., TAMZALI Y. Reffering values in echocardiography TM in sports-horse. Revue Med.

Vet. 1984, 135, 405-418.

LEWIS T. Auricular fibrillation: a common clinical condition. Brit. Med. J., 1909, 42, 1528.

LEWIS R.P., RITTGERS S.E., FORESTER W.F. A critical review of the systolic time intervals.

Circulation. 1977, 56, 146-158.

LIANG C.S., HOOD W.B. Dobutamine infusion in conscious dogs with and without autonomic

nervous system inhibition: effects on systemic hemodynamics, regional blood flows and cardiac

metabolism. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1979, 211, 698-705.

LIGHT L.H., CROSS G. Possibility of Doppler measurement of cardiac output. Biomed. Eng., 1972,

7, 195.

LIGHTOWLER C., PICCIONE G. GIUCIDE E., ROMEI DEL OLMO G., CATTANEO M.

Echocardiography and electrocardiography as means to evaluate potential performance in

horses. J.Vet. Sci., 2004, 5, 259-262.

LIGHTOWLER C., PICCIONE G., FAZIO F. Systolic time intervals assessed by 2-D

echocardiography and spectral Doppler in the horse. Anim. Science J. 2003, 74, 505-510.

LINDSTEDT S.L., HOKANSON J.F., WELLS D.J., SWAIN S.D., HOPPELER H., NAVARRO V.

Running energetics in the pronghorn antelope. Nature, 1991, 353, 748–750.

LINTON R., BAND D., O’BRIEN T., JONAS M., LEACH R. Lithium dilution cardiac output

measurement: A comparison with thermodilution. Crit. Care Med., 1997, 25, 1796–1800.

LINTON R.A, JONAS M.M., TIBBY S.M., MURDOCH I.A., O'BRIEN T.K., LINTON N.W.,

BAND D.M. Cardiac output measured by lithium dilution and transpulmonary thermodilution in

patients in a paediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med.., 2000, 26, 1507–1511.

LINTON R.A., BAND D.M., HAIRE K.M. A new method of measuring cardiac output in man using

lithium dilution. Br. J. Anaesth., 1993, 71, 262–266.

LINTON R.A., YOUNG L.E., MARLIN D.J., BLISSITT K.J., BREARLEY J.C., JONAS M.M.,

O'BRIEN T.K. LINTON N.W., BAND D.M., HOLLINGWORTH C., JONES R.S. Cardiac

output measured by lithium dilution, thermodilution, and transesophageal Doppler

echocardiography in anesthetized horses. Am. J. Vet. Res., 2000, 61, 731-737.

LITTLEWORT M.C. Cardiological problems in equine medicine. Equine Vet. J., 1977, 9, 173-175.

LOMBARD C.W., EVANS M., MARTIN L., TEHRANI J. Blood pressure, electrocardiogram and

echocardiogram measurements in the growing pony foal. Equine Vet. J., 1984, 16, 342-347.

LONG K.J., BONAGURA J.D., DARKE P.G. Standardised imaging technique for guided M-mode

and Doppler echocardiography in the horse. Equine Vet. J., 1992, 24, 226-235.

LONG K.J., BONAGURA J.D., DARKE P.G.G. Standardised imaging technique for guided M-mode

and Doppler echocardiography in the horse. Equine Vet. J., 1992, 24, 226-235.

LONG K.J., YOUNG L.E., JONES R.S. Determination of cardiac output in the standing horse by

thermodilution and Doppler echocardiography. Br. J. Anaesth., 1992, 68, 447.

LORD P.F., CROFT M.A. Accuracy of formulae for calculating left ventricular volumes of the equine

heart. Equine Vet. J. Suppl., 1990, 9, 53-56.

LÖSCHER W. Pharmakologie des autonomen (vegetativen) Nervensystems. In: Frey H.H., Löscher

W. (Eds), Lehrbuch der Pharmakologie und Toxikologie für die Veterinärmedizin. Enke

Verlag: Stuttgart, 2002, 609 p.

LOTT J.A., STANG J.M. Serum enzymes and isoenzymes in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis

of myocardial ischemia and necrosis. Clin.Chem., 1980, 26, 1241-1250.

LUND-JOHANSEN P. The dye dilution method for measurement of cardiac output. Eur. Heart J.

Suppl I., 1990, 11, 6–12.

LUOTOLAHTI T.H., TORELLI J., HARTIALA J. Exercise echocardiography in the diagnosis of

coronary artery disease. Ann. Med. 1996, 28, 73–77.

MAIER-BOCK H., EHRLEIN H.J. HR during a definedexercise test in horses with heart and lung

diseases. Equine Vet. J., 1978, 10, 235–242.

MANOHAR M. Pulmonary artery wedge pressure increases with high-intensity exercise in horses.

Am. J. Vet. Res., 1993, 54, 142-146.

MANOHAR M. Right heart pressures and blood-gas tensions in ponies during exercise and laryngeal

hemiplegia. Am. J. Physiol., 1986, 251, H121-146.

MANOHAR M., HUTCHENS E., CONEY E. Frusemide attenuates the exercise-induced rise in

pulmonary capillary blood pressure in horses. Equine Vet. J., 1994, 26, 51-54.

MARCASSA C., GALLI M., CAMPINI R., MARZULLO P., GIANNUZZI P. Differential systolic

and diastolic effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation in patients with severe left ventricular

dysfunction: a radionuclide ventriculographic study. J Nucl. Cardiol. 2003, 10, 46-50.

MARCOVITZ P.A., ARMSTRONG W.F. Accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography in

detecting coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 1992, 69, 1269 –1273.

MARR C.M. Cardiac Murmurs: acquired valvular disease. In: Marr C.M. Cardiology of the horse.

WB. saunders. London. 1999. 233-255

MARR C.M. Cardiac murmurs: why worry? http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/Geneva/2005/toc.asp.

(on-line) consulted 07/11/2006

MARR C.M., BRIGHT J.M., MARLIN D.J., HARRIS P.A., ROBERTS C.A. Pre- and post exercise

echocardiography in horses performing treadmill exercise in cool and hot/humid conditions.

Equine Vet. J. Suppl., 1999, 30, 131-136.

MARR C.M., LOVE S., PIRIE H.M., NORTHRIDGE D.B. Confirmation by Doppler

echocardiography of valvular regurgitation in a horse with a ruptured chorda tendinea of the

mitral valve. Vet. Rec., 1990, 127, 376-379.

MARR C.M., REEF V.B. Physiological valvular regurgitation in clinically normal young

thoroughbreds: prevalence and two-dimensional characteristics. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 1995, 19,

56-62.

MARR C.M., REEF V.B., REIMER J.M., SWEENEY R.W., REID S.W. An echocardiographic study

of atrial fibrillation in horses: before and after conversion to sinus rhythm. J. Vet. Intern. Med.,

1995, 9, 336-340.

MARTIN B.B., REEF V.B., PARENTE E.J. SAGE A.D. Causes of poor performance in horses during

racing, training or showing: 348 cases (1992-1996). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 2002, 216, 554-

558.

MARWICK T., D’HONDT A.M., BAUDHUIN T. Optimal use of dobutamine stress for the detection

and evaluation of coronary artery disease: combination with echocardiography or scintigraphy,

or both? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1993, 22, 159–167.

MARWICK T.H., ANDERSON T., WILLIAMS M.J. Exercise echocardiography is an accurate and

cost-efficient technique for detection of coronary artery disease in women. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.

1995a, 26, 335– 341.

MARWICK T.H., TORELLI J., HARJAI K. Influence of left ventricular hypertrophy on detection of

coronary artery disease using exercise echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1995b, 26, 1180–

1186.

MARWICK T.H., NEMEC J.J., PASHKOW F.J., STEWART W.J., SALCEDO E.E. Accuracy and

limitations of exercise echocardiography in a routine clinical setting. J. Am. Coll Cardiol. 1992,

19, 74–81.

MATSUDA J.J., LEE H., SHIBATA E.F. Enhancement of rabbit cardiac sodium channels by beta-

adrenergic stimulation. Circ. Res., 1992, 70, 199-207.

MATTHEWS N.S., HARTSFIELD S.M., SANDERS E.A., LIGHT G.S., SLATER M.S. Evaluation

of pulse oximetry in horses surgically treated for colic. Equine Vet. J., 1994, 26, 114–116.

MAURER G., NANDA N.C. Two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of exercise-induced left

and right ventricular asynergy: correlation with thallium scanning. Am. J. Cardiol. 1921, 48,

720-727.

MAURIN E. AMORY H. SANDERSEN C. Etude retrospective de quarante et un cas d'insuffisance

mitrale chez le cheval (1995-2001). Pratique Vét. Equine 2003, 35, 13-19.

MAXSON A.D., REEF V.B. Bacterial endocarditis in horses: ten cases (1984-1995). Equine Vet. J.,

1997, 29, 394-399.

MCENTEE K., CLERCX C., PYPENDOP B., PEETERS D., BALLIGAND M., D’ORIO V.,

HENROTEAUX M. Cardiac Performance in conscious healthy dogs during dobutamine

infusion. Res. Vet. Sci. 1996, 61, 234-239.

MCGUIRK S.M., MUIR W.W. Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Vet. Clin. North Am.

Equine Pract. 1985, 1, 353-370.

MCKEEVER K.H., HINCHCLIFF K.W., REED S.M., ROBERTSON J.T. Role of decreased plasma

volume in hematocrit alterations duringincremental treadmill exercise in horses. Am. J. Physiol.,

1993, 265, R404–408.

MCLUCKIE A., MURDOCH I.A., MARSH M.J., ANDERSON D. A comparison of pulmonary and

femoral artery thermodilution cardiac indices in paediatric intensive care patients. Acta

Paediatr., 1996, 85, 336– 338.

MCNEILL A.J., FIORETTI P.M., EL-SAID S.M. Enhanced sensitivity for detection of coronary

artery disease by addition of atropine to dobutamine stress echocardiography. Am. J. Cardiol.

1992, 70, 41– 46.

MERCIER J.C., DISESSA T.G., JARMAKANI J.M. Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment

of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction in children. Circulation, 1982, 65, 962–969.

MERTES H., SAWADA S.G., RYAN T., SEGAR D.S., KOVACS R., FOLTZ J., FEIGENBAUM H.

Symptoms, adverse effects, and complications associated with dobutamine stress

echocardiography. Experience in 1118 patients. Circulation. 1993, 88, 15-19.

MEYLING H.A., TERBORG H. The conducting system of the heart in hoofed animals. Cornell Vet.,

1957, 47, 419-447.

MILLER M.W., BONAGURA J.D. ECG of the month. Atrial premature complexes and paroxysmal

atrial tachycardia. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1989, 194, 906-907.

MILLER P.J., HOLMES J.R. Observations on seven cases of mitral insufficiency in the horse.

Equine Vet. J. 1985, 17, 181-190.

MITTEN L.A. Cardiovascular causes of exercise intolerance. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract.

1996, 12, 473-494.

MIYATAKE K., YAMAGISHI M., TANAKA N., UEMATSU M., Y AMAZAKI N., MINE Y.,

SANO A., HIRAMA M. New method for evaluating left ventricular wall motion by color-coded

tissue Doppler imaging: in vitro and in vivo studies. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1995, 25, 717-724.

MIZUNO Y., AIDA H., HARA H., FUJINAGA T., HAGIO M. Comparison of methods of cardiac

output measurements determined by dye dilution, pulsed Doppler echocardiography and

thermodilution in horses. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 1994, 56, 1-5.

MOHAN J.C., KUMAR P. Cross-sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of a congenital aneurysm of

the muscular interventricular septum. Int. J. Cardiol., 1992, 35, 415–416.

MORADY F., BRUNDAGE B.H., GELBERG H.J. Rapid method for determination of shunt ratio

using a thermodilution technique. Am. Heart J., 1983, 106, 369–373.

MORRIS E.A., SEEHERMAN H.J. Clinical evaluation of poor performance in the racehorse: the

results of 275 evaluations. Equine Vet. J. 1991, 23, 169-174.

MUIR J. Progress in myocardial damage detection: new biochemical markers for clinicians. Crit. Rev.

Clin. Lab. Sci., 1997, 34, 1–66.

MUIR W.W. The haemodynamic effects of milrinone HCl in halothane anaesthetised horses. Equine

Vet. J. Suppl., 1995, 19, 108–113.

MUIR W.W., MCGUIRK S.M. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of drugs used to treat cardiac

disease in horses. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 1985, 1, 335-352.

MUIR W.W., SKARDA R.T., MILNE D.W. Estimation of cardiac output in the horse by

thermodilution techniques. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1976, 37, 697-700.

MURDOCH S.D., COHEN A.T., BELLAMY M.C. Pulmonary artery catheterization and mortality in

critically ill patients. Br. J. Anaesth., 2000, 85, 611–615.

MUYLLE E., OYAERT W. Excitation of the ventricular epicardium in the horse. Zentralbl.

Veterinarmed. A., 1975a, 22, 463-473.

MUYLLE E., OYAERT W. Atrial activation pathways and the P wave in the horse. Zentralbl.

Veterinarmed. A., 1975b, 22, 474-484.

NEVIERE R., MATHIEU D., CHAGNON J.L., LEBLEU N., WATTEL F. The contrasting effects of

dobutamine and dopamine on gastric mucosal perfusion in septic patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit.

Care Med., 1996, 154, 684-1688.

NICHOLS W.W., PEPINE C.J. Left ventricular afterload and aortic input impedance: implications of

pulsatile blood flow. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1982, 24, 293-306.

NIELSEN K., VIBE-PETERSEN G. Relationship between QRS-duration (heart score) and racing

performance in trotters. Equine Vet. J., 1980, 12, 81-84.

NILSFORS L., LOMBARD C.W., WECKNER D., KVART C. Diagnosis of pulmonary valve

endocarditis in a horse. Equine Vet. J. 1991, 23, 479-482.

NISHIKAWA K., YABE M., MORI T., TERAI T., YUKIOKA H., FUJIMORI M. The effects of

dobutamine and phenylephrine on atrioventricular conduction during combined use of halothane

and thoracic epidural lidocaine. Anesth. Analg. 1996, 82, 551-557.

NISHIMURA R.A., TAJIK A.J. Quantitative hemodynamics by Doppler echocardiography: a

noninvasive alternative to cardiac catheterization. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis., 1994, 36, 309-342.

NOLLET H., VAN LOON G., DEPREZ P., SUSTRONCK B., MUYLLE E. Use of right ventricular

pressure increase rate to evaluate cardiac contractility in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1999, 60,

1508-1512.

NOMURA S. Adaptation of radiotelemetry to equestrian games and horse racing. Nippon Juigaku

Zasshi. 1966, 28, 191-203.

O'BRIEN P.J., LANDT Y., LADENSON J.H. Differential reactivity of cardiac and skeletal muscle

from various species in a cardiac troponin I immunoassay. Clin. Chem., 1997, 43, 2333-2338.

OHMURA H., HIRAGA A., TAKAHASHI T., KAI M., JONES J.H. Risk factors for atrial fibrillation

during racing in slow finishing horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 2003, 223, 84-88.

ORR J.A., BISGARD G.E., FORSTER H.V., RAWLINGS C.A., BUSS D.D., WILL J.A.

Cardiopulmonary measurements in nonanesthetized, resting normal ponies. Am. J. Vet. Res.,

1975, 36, 1667–1670.

OTT W. Determination of the heart frequency (hf) of moving horses by means of telemetric

examination. Monatsh. Veterinarmed., 1966, 21, 378-382.

OYAERT W. Equine electrocardiography. The genesis of the different configurations of the "QRS"

complex. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. A., 1977, 24, 762-771.

PARKER J.D., LANDZBERG J.S., BITTL J.A., MIRSKY I., COLUCCI W.S. Effects of beta-

adrenergic stimulation with dobutamine on isovolumic relaxation in the normal and failing

human left ventricle. Circulation. 1991, 84, 1040-1048.

PATTESON M. Equine Cardiology. Blackwell Science. Oxford, England. 1996, 254 p.

PATTESON M.W., CRIPPS P.J. (1993). A survey of cardiac auscultatory findings in horses. Equine

Vet. J. , 25, 409–415.

PELLIKKA P.A., ROGER V.L., MCCULLY R.B., MAHONEY D.W., BAILY K.R., SEWARD J.B.,

TAJIK A.J. Normal stroke volume cardiac output responses during stress echocardiography in

subjects without left ventricular wall motion abnormalities. Am. J. Cardiol. 1995, 76, 881-886

PHILLIPS W., GIGUERE S., FRANKLIN R.P., HERNANDEZ J., ADIN D., PELOSO J.G. Cardiac

troponin I in pastured and race-training Thoroughbred horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2003, 17,

597-599.

PICANO E. Dipyridamole-echocardiopgraphy test: the historical background and the physiological

basis. Eur. Heart J., 1989, 10, 365-376.

PICANO E. From pathophysiological toy to diagnostic tool. A point of view. Circulation, 1992, 85,

1604-1612.

PICANO E. Stress echocardiography. Expert. Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther., 2004, 2, 77-88.

PICANO E. Stress echocardiography. Springer Verlag: Heidelberg, 2003, 306 p.

PICANO E., BEDETTI G., VARGA A., CSEH E. The comparable diagnostic accuracies of

dobutamine stresss and dipiridamole stress. Coron. Artery Dis., 2000, 11, 151-159.

PICANO E., LATTANZI F., ORLANDI A., MARINI C., L’ABBATE A. Stress echocardiography

and the human factor : the importance of being an expert. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1991, 17, 666-

669.

PIERARD L.A., BERTHE C., ALBERT A., CARLIER J., KULBERTUS H.E. Haemodynamic

alterations during ischaemia induced by dobutamine stress testing. Eur Heart J., 1989, 10, 783-

790.

PIERARD L.A., DE LANDSHEERE C.M., BERTHE C., RIGO P., KULBERTUS H.E. Identification

of viable myocardium by echocardiography during dobutamine infusion in patients with

myocardial infarction after thrombolytic therapy: comparison with positron emission

tomography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1990, 15, 1021-1031.

PIPERS F.S, HAMLIN R.L. Echocardiography in the horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1977, 170, 815-

819.

PIPERS F.S., ANDRYSCO R.M., HAMLIN R.L. A totally noninvasive method for obtaining systolic

time intervals in the dog. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1978, 39, 1822-1826.

PITSCHNER H.F., SCHULTE B., NEUZNER J., WELLSTEIN A., PALM D., SCHLEPPER M.

Subtypes of muscarinic receptors. Aspects of their physiologic significance for controlling HR

in the human. Z. Kardiol. Suppl., 1994, 83, 9-20.

PLUMB D.C. Veterinary Drug Handbook. PharmaVet Publishing: White Bear Lake, USA, 1991,

853 p.

POLANCZYK C.A., ROHDE L.E., GOLDMAN L., COOK E.F., THOMAS E.J., MARCANTONIO

E.R., MANGIONE C.M., LEE T.H. Right heart catheterization and cardiac complications in

patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2001, 286, 309–314.

POLDERMANS D., ARNESE M., FIORETTI P.M., SALUSTRI A., BOERSMA E., THOMSON

I.R., ROELANDT J.R., VAN URK H. Improved cardiac risk stratification in major vascular

surgery with dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1995, 26, 648-

653.

POLDERMANS D., FIORETTI P.M., BOERSMA E., CORNEL J.H. BORST F., VERMEULEN

E.G., ARNESE M., EL-HENDY A., ROELANDT J.R. Dobutamine-atropine stress

echocardiography and clinical data for predicting late cardiac events in patients with suspected

coronary artery disease. Am. J. Med., 1994, 97, 119-125.

POLDERMANS D., FIORETTI P.M., FORSTER T., THOMSON I.R., BOERSMA E., EL-SAID

E.M., DU BOIS N.A., ROELANDT J.R., VAN URK H. Dobutamine stress echocardiography

for assessment of perioperative cardiac risk in patients undergoing major vascular surgery.

Circulation., 1993, 87, 1506-1512.

POLINER L.R., DEHMER G.J., LEWIS S.E., PARKEY R.W., BLOMQVIST C.G., WILLERSON

J.T. Left ventricular performance in normal subjects; a comparison of the responses to exercise

in upright and supine positions. Circulation. 1980, 62, 528-534.

POLLACK S.J., MCMILLAN S.A., KNOPFF W.D., WHARFF R., YOGANATHAN A.P.,

FELLNER J.M. Cardiac evaluation of women distance runners by echocardiographic colour

Doppler flow mapping. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1988, 11, 89-93.

POLLAK S.J., MCMILLAN S.A., KNOPFF W.D., WHARFF R., YOGANATHAN A.P. FELNER

J.M. (1988). Cardiac evaluation of women distance runners by echocardiographic color Doppler

flow mapping. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1988, 11, 89–93.

POMBO J.F., TROY B.L., RUSSELL R.O. Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by

echocardiography. Circulation, 1971, 43, 480–490.

POOLE D.C., ERIKSON H.H. Heart and vessels: function during exercise and response to training.

In: Hinchcliff K.W., Kaneps A.J., Goer R.J. (Eds.), Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery,

Elsevier Science: Philadelphia, PA, 2003, 1364 p.

POST S.R., HAMMOND H.K., INSEL P.A. Beta-adrenergic receptors and receptor signaling in heart

failure. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 1999, 39, 343-60.

PREVITALI M., LANZARINI L., FETIVEAU R. Comparison of dobutamine stress

echocardiography, dipyridamole stress echocardiography and exercise stress testing for

diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 1993, 72, 865-870.

PREVITALI M., POLI A., LANZARINI L., FETIVEAU R., MUSSINI A., FERRARIO M.

Dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessment of myocardial viability and ischemia in

acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis. Am. J. Cardiol., 1993, 72, 124G-130G.

QUINONES M.A., VERANI M.S., HAICHIN R.M., MAHMARIAN J.J., SUAREZ J., ZOGHBI

W.A. Exercise echocardiography versus 201Tl single-photon emission computed tomography in

evaluation of coronary artery disease: analysis of 292 patients. Circulation 1992, 85, 1026 –

1031.

REEF V. Ambulatory and Exercise Electrocardiography and Post exercise echocardiography. In: Marr

C.M. (Ed.), Cardiology of the horse. Saunders : London, 1999, 150-160.

REEF V.B. Advances in echocardiography. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract., 1991, 7, 435-450.

REEF V.B. Cardiovascular echocardiography. In: Reef V.B. (Ed.), Equine Diagnostic Ultrasound. WB

Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, 1998, 215–272.

REEF V.B. Electrocardiography and Echoc radiography in the exercising horse. In: Robinson Current

Therapy of equine Medicine. 1997. 234-240.

REEF V.B. Evaluation of the equine cardiovascular system. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract., 1985,

1, 275-288.

REEF V.B. Evaluation of ventricular septal defects in horses using two-dimensional and Doppler

echocardiography. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 1995, 19, 86-95.

REEF V.B., BAIN F.T., SPENCER P.A. Severe mitral regurgitation in horses: clinical,

echocardiographic and pathological findings.Equine Vet. J. 1998, 30, 18-27.

REEF V.B., LALEZARI K., DE BOO J., VAN DER BELT A.J., SPENCER P.A., DIK K.J. Pulsed-

wave Doppler evaluation of intracardiac blood flow in 30 clinically normal Standardbred horses.

Am. J. Vet. Res., 1989, 50, 75–83.

REEF V.B., LEVITAN C.W. SPENCER P.A. Factors affecting prognosis and conversion in equine

atrial fibrillation. J. Vet. Int. Med., 1988, 2, 1-6.

REEF V.B., MAXSON A.D., LEWIS, M. Echocardiographic and ECG changes in horses following

exercise. In: Proceedings 12 ACVIM forum. 1994, 256-257.

REEF V.B., MC GUIRK S.M. Diseases of the cardiovascular system. In: Smith B.P. (Ed.), Large

animal internal medicine.: Mosby: St. Louis, 2002, 443–478.

REEF V.B., REIMER J.M., SPENCER P.A. Treatment of atrial fibrillation in horses: new

perspectives. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 1995, 9, 57-67.

REEF V.B., SPENCER P. Echocardiographic evaluation of equine aortic insufficiency. Am. J. Vet.

Res., 1987, 48, 904-909.

REIMER J.M, REEF V.B., SOMMER M. Echocardiographic detection of pulmonic valve rupture in a

horse with right-sided heart failure. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1991, 198, 880-882.

REIMER J.M., REEF V.B., SWEENEY R.W. Ventricular arrhythmias in the horse: twenty-one cases

(1984-1989). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1992, 201, 1237-1243.

REITER M. Calcium mobilization and cardiac inotropic mechanisms. Pharmacol. Rev., 1988, 40,

189-217.

RICHIUTTI V., SHARKEY S.W., MURAKAMI M.M., VOSS E.M., APPLE F.S. Cardiac troponin I

and T alterations in dog hearts with myocardial infarctions: correlation with infarct size. Am. J.

Clin. Pathol., 1998, 110, 241-247.

RISHNIW M., KITTLESON M.D., JAFFE R.S., KASS P.H. Characterization of parasympatholytic

chronotropic responses following intravenous administration of atropine to clinically normal

dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1999, 60, 1000-1003.

RISHNIW M., SIMPSON K.W. Cloning and sequencing of equine cardiac troponin I and

confirmation of its usefulness as a target analyte for commercial troponin I analyzers. J Vet

Diagn. Invest., 2005, 17, 582-584.

ROGER V.L., PELLIKKA P.A., BELL M.R., CHOW C.W., BAILEY K.R., SEWARD J.B. Sex and

test verification bias: impact on the diagnostic value of exercise echocardiography. Circulation

1997, 95, 405-440.

ROGER V.L., PELLIKKA P.A., OH J.K., BAILEY K.R., TAJIK A.J. Identification of multivessel

coronary artery disease by exercise echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1994, 24, 109 –114.

ROGER V.L., PELLIKKA P.A., OH J.K., MILLER F.A., SEWARD J.B., TAJIK A.J. Stress

echocardiography. Part I. Exercise echocardiography: techniques, implementation, clinical

applications, and correlations. Mayo. Clin. Proc. 1995, 70, 5–15.

ROONEY J.R., FRANKS W.C. Congenital cardiac anomalies in horses. Path. Vet., 1964, 1, 454–464.

ROSE R.J., DAVIS P.E. The use of electrocardiography in the diagnosis of poor racing performance

in the horse. Aust. Vet. J., 1978, 54, 51-56.

ROSS J. JR. Adrenergic regulation of the force-frequency effect. Basic Res. Cardiol., 1998, 93, 95-

101.

RUECA F., CONTI M.B., PORCIELLO F., SPATERNA A., ANTOGNONI M.T., MANGILI V.,

FRUGANTI G., AVELLINI G. Relationship between running speed, isoenzymes of serum

creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase and left ventricular function in stallions. Equine Vet.

J. Suppl. 1999, 30, 163-165.

RUFFOLO R.R. JR. The pharmacology of dobutamine. Am. J. Med. Sci., 1987, 294, 244-248.

RUFFOLO R.R. JR., YADEN E.L. Vascular effects of the stereoisomers of dobutamine. J.

Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1983, 224, 46-50.

SAGE A.M. Cardiac disease in the geriatric horse. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract., 2002, 18, 575-

589

SAKKA S.G., REINHART K., MEIER HELLMANN A. Comparison of pulmonary artery and arterial

thermodilution cardiac output in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 1999, 25, 843–846.

SAMPSON S.N., TUCKER R.L. BAYLY W.M. Relationship between VO2max, heart score, and

echocardiographic measurements obtained at rest and immediately following maximal exercise

in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet. J. Suppl., 1999, 30, 190-194.

SANDERSEN C., DETILLEUX J., DELGUSTE C., PIERARD L., VAN LOON G., AMORY H.

Atropine reduces dobutamine induced side effects in ponies undergoing a pharmacological

stress protocol. Equine vet. J. 2005, 37, 128-132.

SAWADA S.G., SEGAR D.S., RYAN T., BROWN S.E., DOHAN A.M., WILLIAMS R.,

FINEBERG N.S., ARMSTRONG W.F., FEIGENBAUM H. Echocardiographic detection of

coronary artery disease during dobutamine infusion. Circulation. 1991, 83, 1605-1614.

SCHILLER N.B., SHAH P.M., CRAWFORD M. Recommendations for quantitation of the left

ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography

Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms.

J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 1989, 2, 358–367.

SCHILLER N.B., SHAH P.M., CRAWFORD M., DEMARIA A., DEVERAUX R., FEIGENBAUM

H. Recommendations for quantification of the left ventricle by two-dimensional

echocardiography. Eur. Heart. J., 1989, 10, 910-916.

SCHLIPF J.W., DUNLOP C.I., GETZY D.M. Lesions associated with cardiac catheterization and

thermodilution cardiac output determination in horses. 5th International Congress of Veterinary

Anesthesia, Guelph, ON, Canada, 1994.

SCHÜTZ W. Pharmakologie des kardiovaskulären Systems. In: Forth W. (Ed.), Das Herz: Allgemeine

und spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag: Heidelberg,

1996, 363-406.

SCHWARZWALD C.C., HARDY J., BUCCELLATO M. High cardiac troponin I serum

concentration in a horse with multiform ventricular tachycardia and myocardial necrosis. J Vet.

Intern. Med., 2003, 17, 364-368.

SECCHI A., ORTANDERL J.M., SCHMIDT W., WALTHER A., GEBHARD M.M., MARTIN E.,

SCHMIDT H. Effects of dobutamine and dopexamine on hepatic micro- and macrocirculation

during experimental endotoxemia: an intravital microscopic study in the rat. J. Crit. Care., 1997,

12, 137-141.

SECKNUS M.A., MARWICK T.H. Evolution of dobutamine echocardiography protocols and

indications: safety and side effects in 3,011 studies over 5 years. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1997, 29,

1234-1240.

SEDER J.A., VICKERY C.E., MILLER P.M. The relationship of selected two-dimensional

echocardiographic measurements to the racing performance of 5431 yearlings and 2003 two-

year-old Thoroughbred racehorses. J. Equine Vet. Science. 2003, 23, 149-167.

SEGAR D.S., BROWN S.E., SAWADA S.G., RYAN T., FEIGENBAUM H. Dobutamine stress

echocardiography: correlation with coronary lesion severity as determined by quantitative

angiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1992, 19, 1197–202.

SEPULVEDA M.F., PERKINS J.D., BOWEN I.M., MARR C.M. Demonstration of regional

differences in equine ventricular myocardial velocity in normal 2-year-old Thoroughbreds with

Doppler tissue imaging. Equine Vet. J., 2005, 37, 222-226.

SEXTON W.L., ERICKSON H.H. Effects of treadmill elevation on heart rate, blood lactate

concentration and packed cell volume during graded submaximal exercise in ponies. Equine Vet.

J. Suppl. 1990, 9, 57-60.

SILBERNAGEL S., DEPOPOLUS A. Taschenatlas der Physiologie. Georg Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart,

2001, 436 p.

SINGER M., CLARKE J., BENNETT E.D. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring by esophageal

Doppler. Crit. Care Med., 1989, 17, 447–452.

SLACK J.A., MCGUIRK S.M., ERB H.N., LIEN L., COOMBS D., SEMRAD S.D., RISEBERG A.,

MARQUES F., DARIEN B., FALLON L., BURNS P., MURAKAMI M.A., APPLE F.S.,

PEEK S.F. Biochemical markers of cardiac injury in normal, surviving septic, or nonsurviving

septic neonatal foals. J. Vet. Intern. Med., 2005, 19, 577-580.

SLEEPER M.M. Myocardial disease. In: Robinson N.E. (Ed.), Current therapy in equine medicine.

WB Saunders: Philadelphia, 2003, 620–621.

SLINKER B.K., CAMPBELL K.B., ALEXANDER J.E., KLAVANO P.A. Arterial baroreflex control

of HR in the horse, pig and calf. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1982, 43, 1926–1933.

SMALE K., ANDERSON L.S., BUTLER P.J. An algorithm to describe the oxygen equilibrium curve

for the thoroughbred racehorse. Equine Vet. J., 1994, 26, 500–502.

SMART S.C., SAWADA S., RYAN T., SEGAR D., ATHERTON L., BERKOVITZ K.,

BOURDILLON P.D., FEIGENBAUM H. Low-dose dobutamine echocardiography detects

reversible dysfunction after thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction.Circulation,

1993, 88, 405-415.

SMITH, J.J., KAMPINE, J.P. (1984) Circulatory physiology-The Essentials. Williams and Wilkins:

Baltimore. 1984, 119 p.

SONNENBLICK E.H., FRISHMAN W.H., LEJEMTEL T.H. Dobutamine: a new synthetic

cardioactive sympathetic amine. N. Engl. J. Med. 1979, 300, 17-22.

SPODICK D.H., DOI Y.L., BISHOP R.L., HASHIMOTO T. Systolic time intervals reconsidered.

Reevaluation of the preejection period: absence of relation to heart rate. Am. J. Cardiol. 1984,

53, 1667-1670.

STADLER P., KINKEL N., DEEGEN E. A comparison of cardiac stroke volume determination using

the thermodilution method and PW-Doppler echocardiography for the evaluation of systolic

heart function in the horse. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr., 1994, 101, 312-315.

STADLER P., WEINBERGER T., KINKEL N., DEEGEN E. B-mode, M-mode and Doppler

sonographic findings in mitral valve insufficiency of horses; Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. A. 1992,

39, 704-718.

STADLER P., WEINBERGER T., DEEGEN E. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography measurement in

healthy warmblood horses. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. A., 1993a, 40, 757-778

STADLER P., REWEL A., DEEGEN E. M-mode echocardiography in dressage horses, class S

jumping horses and untrained horses. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. A., 1993b, 40, 292-306.

STARKE K., FREIBURG I.B.R., Grundlagen der Pharmakologie des Nervensystems. In: Forth W.,

Henscher D., Rummel W., Starke K. (Eds). Pharmakologie und Toxikologie.

Wissenschaftsverlag: Mannheim, Leipzig, Wien. 2001, 115-143.

STEEL J.D. Studies on the electrocardiogram of the racehorse. The electrocardiogram in relation to

heart weight. Australasian Medical Publishing Company: Sydney, 1963, 48 p.

STEEL J.D., BEILHARZ R.G., STEWART G.A., GODDARD M. The inheritance of heart score in

racehorses. Aust. Vet. J., 1977, 53, 306-309.

STEFFEY E.P., DUNLOP C.I., FARVER T.B., WOLINER M.J., SCHULTZ L.J. Cardiovascular and

respiratory measurements in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1987,

48, 7–12.

STEWART G. Researches on circulation time and on the influences which affect it. IV. The output of

the heart. J. Physiol. Lond. 1897, 22, 159–183.

STEWART G. The heart score theory in the racehorse. Aust. Vet. J., 1981, 57, 422-428.

STEWART J.H., ROSE R.J., BARKO A.M. Echocardiography in foals from birth to three months old.

Equine Vet. J., 1984, 16, 332-341.

STUMP G.L., WALLACE A.A., GILBERTO D.B., GEHRET J.R., LYNCH J.J. JR. Arrhythmogenic

potential of positive inotropic agents. Basic Res. Cardiol. 2000, 95, 186-198.

SUGA H., SAGAWA K. Instantaneous pressure-volume relationships and their ratio in the excised,

supported canine left ventricle. Circ. Res. 1974, 35, 117-126.

SUGA H., SAGAWA K., SHOUKAS A.A. Load independence of the instantaneous pressure-volume

ratio of the canine left ventricle and effects of epinephrine and HR on the ratio.

Circ. Res. 1973, 32, 314-322.

SUTTON D.G., BAHR A., PRESTON T., COHEN N.D., LOVE S., ROUSSEL A.J. Quantitative

detection of atropine-delayed gastric emptying in the horse by the 13C-octanoic acid breath test.

Equine Vet. J., 2002, 34, 479-485.

SWANSON C.R., MUIR W.W. 3RD., BEDNARSKI R.M., SKARDA R.T., HUBBELL J.A.

Hemodynamic responses in halothane-anesthetized horses given infusions of dopamine or

dobutamine. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1985, 46, 365-370.

TAKEUCHI M., ARAKI M., NAKASHIMA Y., KUROIWA A. Comparison of dobutamine stress

echocardiography and stress thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography for

detecting coronary artery disease. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 1993, 6, 593– 602.

TAKEUCHI M., ARAKI M., NAKASHIMA Y., KUROIWA A. The detection of residual ischemia

and stenosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction with dobutamine stress

echocardiography. J Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 1994, 7, 242-252.

TAN L.B. Cardiac pumping capability and prognosis in heart failure. The Lancet. 1986, ii, 1360-1363

TAN L.B. Clinical and research implications of new concepts in the assessment of cardiac pumping

performance in heart failure. Cardiovasc. Res. 1987, 21, 615-622.

TAN L.B., LITTLER A.W. Measurement of cardiac reserve in cardiogenic shock: implications for

prognosis and management. Br. Heart J. 1990, 64, 121-128.

TAYLOR P.M. Adrenocortical and metabolic responses to dobutamine infusion during halothane

anaesthesia in ponies. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 1998, 21, 282-287.

TAYLOR R.C., KARAS R.H., WEIBEL E.R., HOPPELER H. Adaptive variation inthe mammalien

respiratory system in relation to energetic demand. II. Reaching the limits of oxygen flow. Resp.

Physiol. 1987, 69, 7- 26.

TEICHHOLZ L.E., KREULEN T., HERMAN M.V. Problems in echocardiographic volume

determinations: Echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence of absence of a

synergy. Am. J. Cardiol. 1976, 37, 7–11.

TEIXEIRA NETO F.J., MCDONELL W.N., BLACK W.D., DURONGHPHONGTORN S. Effects of

glycopyrrolate on cardiorespiratory function in horses anesthetized with halothane and xylazine.

Am. J. Vet. Res. 2004, 65, 456-463.

THOMAS W.P., MADIGAN J.E., BACKUS K.Q., POWELL W.E. Systemic and pulmonary

haemodynamics in normal neonatal foals. J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl., 1987, 35, 623-628.

THOMAS D.P., FREGIN G.F., GERBER N.H., AILES N.B. Effects of training on cardiorespiratory

function in the horse. Am. J. Physiol. 1983, 245, R160-5.

THORNTON J.R., LOHNI M.D. Tissue and plasma activity of lactic dehydrogenase and creatine

kinase in the horse. Equine Vet. J., 1979, 11, 235-238.

TILLEY L.P: EKG bei Hund und Katze. Schlütersche Verlag und Druckerei: Hannover, 1997, 483 p.

TSUTSUI J.M., LARIO F.C., FERNANDES D.R. Safety and cardiac chronotropic responsiveness to

the early injection of atropine during dobutamine stress echocardiography in the elderly. Heart

2005, 91, 1563–1567.

TUCKER V.A. Method for oxygen content and dissociation curves on microliter blood samples. J.

Appl. Physiol., 1967, 23, 410–414.

TUTTLE R.R., MILLS J. Dobutamine: development of a new catecholamine to selectively increase

cardiac contractility. Circ Res., 1975, 36, 185-196.

UEHARA Y., KOGA M., TAKAHASHI M. Determination of cardiac output by echocardiography. J

Vet Med Sci., 1995, 57, 401–407.

UNGEMACH F.R. Herzwirksame Pharmaka. In: Löscher W., Ungemach F.R., Kroker R. (Eds.),

Grundlagen der Pharmakotherapie bei Haus- und Nutztieren. Parey: Berlin, 1994, 122-140.

VAALA W.E., HOUSE J.K. Supportive care of the abnormal newborn. In: Smith B.P. (Ed.), Large

animal internal medicine. Mosby: St. Louis, 2002, 294–302.

VAN LOON G. Atrial pacing and experimental atrial fibrillation in equines. (PhD thesis).Ghent

University: Ghent, 200, 268 p.

VAN LOON G. Cardiac murmus. Why worry? – an overview

http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/Geneva/2003/toc.asp (on-line) consulted 07/11/2006

VAN SLYKE D.D., NEILL J.M. The determination of gases in blood and other solutions by vacuum

extraction and manometric determination. J. Biol. Chem. 1924, 61, 523-573.

VANSELOW B., MCCARTHY M., GAY C.C. A phonocardiographic study of equine heart sounds.

Aust Vet J. 1978, 54, 161-170.

VERNEY E.B. Some aspects of the work of Ernest Henry Starling. Ann. Science, 1956, 12, 30-47.

VIBE-PETERSEN G., NIELSEN K. Electrocardiography in the horse. (A report of findings in 138

horses). Nord. Vet. Med. 1980, 32, 105-121.

VICTORICA B.E., GESSNER I.H. A simplified method for quantitating left-to-right shunts from

arterial dilution curves. Circulation 1975, 51, 530–534.

VOROS K, HOLMES JR, GIBBS C. Measurement of cardiac dimensions with two-dimensional

echocardiography in the living horse. Equine Vet. J., 1991, 23, 461-465.

VOROS K., HOLMES J.R., GIBBS C. Anatomical validation of two-dimensional echocardiography

in the horse. Equine Vet J., 1990, 22, 392-397.

WAGNER A.E., MUIR W.W. 3RD, HINCHCLIFF K.W. Cardiovascular effects of xylazine and

detomidine in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1991, 52, 651-657.

WAGNER G.S., ROE C.R., LIMBIRD L.E., ROSATI R.A., WALLACE A.G. The importance of

identification of the myocardial-specific isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase (MB form) in the

diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation, 1973, 47, 263-269.

WATADA H., ITO H., OH H., MASUYAMA T., ABURAYA M., HORI M., IWAKURA M.,

HIGASHINO Y., FUJII K., MINAMINO T. Dobutamine stress echocardiography predicts

reversible dysfunction and quantitates the extent of irreversibly damaged myocardium after

reperfusion of anterior myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1994, 24, 624-630.

WEBER K.T., JANICKI J.S. The dynamics of ventricular contraction: force, length, and shortening.

Fed. Proc. 1980, 39, 188-195.

WEBER K.T., JANICKI J.S., HUNTER W.C., SHROFF S., PEARLMAN E.S., FISHMAN A.P. The

contractile behavior of the heart and its functional coupling to the circulation. Prog. Cardiovasc.

Dis. 1982, 24, 375-400.

WEIBEL E.R., TAYLOR C.R., HOPPELER H., HARAS R.H. Adaptive variation in the mammalian

respiratory system in relation to energetic demand:I: Introduction to problem and strategy. Resp.

Physiol. 1987, 69, 1-6.

WEIGLE G.E., LANGSETMO R.R., GALLAGHER R.R., DYER R.A., ERICKSON H.H., FEDDE

M.R. Analysis of right ventricular function in the exercising horse: use of Fourier Transform.

Equine Vet. J. 2000, 32, 101-108.

WEIL A.B., KEEGAN R.D., GREEN S.A. Effect of low-dose atropine administration on dobutamine

dose requirement in horses anesthetised with detomidine and halothane. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1997,

58, 1436-1439.

WEISS J.L., WIESFELDT M.L., MASON S.J., GARRISON J.B., LIVENGOOD S.V., FORTUIN

N.J. (1979) Evidence of Frank-Starling effect in man during severe semi-supine exercise.

Circulation. 1979, 59, 655-661.

WEISSLER A.M., HARRIS W.S., SCHOENFELD C.D. Systolic time intervals in heart failure in

man. Circulation. 1968, 37, 149-159.

WEISSLER A.M. Interpreting systolic time intervals in man. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1983, 2, 1019-

1020.

WETMORE L.A., DERKSEN F.J., BLAZE C.A., EYSTER G.E. Mixed venous oxygen tension as an

estimate of cardiac output in anesthetized horses. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1987, 48, 971–976.

WHITE S.W., MC RITCHIE R.J., PORGES W.L. A comparison between thermodilution,

electromagnetic and Doppler methods for cardiac output measurement in the rabbit. Clin. Exp.

Pharmacol. Physiol. 1974, 1, 175–182.

WHITEHAIR K.J., WATNEY G.C., LEITH D.E., DEBOWES R.M. Pulse oximetry in horses. Vet.

Surg., 1990, 19, 243–248.

WILKINS P.A., BOSTON R.C., GLEED R.D., DOBSON A. Comparison of thermal dilution and

electrical impedance dilution methods for measurement of cardiac output in standing and

exercising horses. Am. J. Vet. Res., 2005, 66, 878-884.

WILLIAMS M.M., SPIESS B.M., PASCOE P.J., O'GRADY M. Systemic effects of topical and

subconjunctival ophthalmic atropine in the horse. Vet. Ophthalmol., 2000, 3, 193-199.

WILLIAMS S.., COOKE G.A., WRIGHT D.J., PARSONS W.J., RILEY R.L., MARSHALL P., TAN

L.B. Peak exercise cardiac power output: a direct indicator of cardiac function strongly

predictive of prognosis in chronic heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 2001, 22, 1496-1503.

WILLIAMS S.G., JACKSON M., COOKE G.A., BARKER D., PATWALA A., WRIGHT D.J.,

ALBOUANI K., TAN L.B. How do different indicators of cardiac pump function inpact on the

long-term prognosis of patients with chronic heat failure? Am. Heart J. 2005a, 150, 983e1-

983e6

WILLIAMS S.G., TZENG B.H., BARKER D., TAN L.B. Comparison and Relation of indirect and

direct dynamic indexes of cardiac pumping capacity in chronic heart. Am. J. Cardiol. 2005b,

96, 1149-1150.

WINDHOLZ M., BUDAVARI S., BLUMETTI R.F., OTTERBEIN E.S. The Merck Index. Merck

Co. Inc: Rahway, USA, 1983, 2194 p.

WU W.C., AZIZ G.F., SADANIANTZ A. The Use of Stress Echocardiography in the Assessment of

Mitral Valve Disease. Echocardiography, 2004, 21, 451-458.

WYATT H.L., HENG M.K., MEERBAUM S. Cross-sectional echocardiography. II. Analysis of

mathematic models for quantifying volume of the formalin-fixed left ventricle. Circulation,

1980, 61, 1119–1125.

YAMANAKA T., OKU K., KOYAMA H., MIZUNO Y. Time-related changes of the cardiovascular

system during maintenance anesthesia with sevoflurane and isoflurane in horses. J. Vet. Med.

Sci. 2001, 63, 527-532.

YAMAZAKI N., MINE Y., SANO A.. Analysis of ventricular wall motion using color-coded tissue

Doppler imaging system. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1994, 33, 3141-3146.

YELDERMAN M.L., RAMSAY M.A., QUINN M.D. Continuous thermodilution cardiac output

measurement in intensive care unit patients. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth., 1992, 6, 270–274.

YOUNG L.E. Cardiac responses to training in 2-year-old Thoroughbreds: an echocardiographic study.

Equine Vet J. Suppl., 1999, 30, 195-198.

YOUNG L.E. Equine athletes, the equine athlete's heart and racing success. Exp Physiol. 2003, 88,

659-663.

YOUNG L.E., BLISSIT K.J., CLUTTON R.E., MOLONY V., DARKE P.G. Feasibility of

transoesophageal echocardiography for evaluation of left ventricular performance in

anaesthetised horses. Equine Vet. J. Suppl., 1995, 19, 63–70.

YOUNG L.E., BLISSITT K.J., BARTRAM D.H., CLUTTON R.E., MOLONY V., JONES R.S.

Measurement of cardiac output by transoesophageal Doppler echocardiography in anaesthetized

horses: comparison with thermodilution.Br. J. Anaesth., 1996, 77, 773-80.

YOUNG L.E., BLISSITT K.J., CLUTTON R.E., MOLONY V. Temporal effects of an infusion of

dobutamine hydrochloride in horses anesthetized with halothane. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1998, 59,

1027-1032.

YOUNG L.E., ROGERS K., WOOD J.L. Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred

racehorses and their relationships to race performance. J. Appl. Physiol., 2005, 99, 1278-1285.

YOUNG L.E., SCOTT G.R. Measurement of cardiac function by transthoracic echocardiography: day

to day variability and repeatability in normal Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J., 1998, 30,

117-122.

YOUNG L.E., WOOD J.L.N. Effect of age and training on murmurs of atrioventricular valvular

regurgitation in young Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet. J., 2000, 32, 195-199.

ZOLLNER C., POLASEK J., KILGER E., PICHLER B., JAENICKE U., BRIEGEL J., VETTER

H.O., HALLER M. Evaluation of a new continuous thermodilution cardiac output monitor in

cardiac surgical patients: A prospective criterion standard study. Crit. Care Med., 1999, 27,

293–298.

ZUNTZ N., HAGEMANN O. Untersuchungen über den Stoffwechsel des Pferdes bei Ruhe und

Arbeit. Landwirtsch. Jahrb., 1894, 27, 284–301.AMEND J.F., GARNER H.E.,

ROSBOROUGH J.P., HOFF H.E. Direct measurement of left ventricular ejection time and ejection

time index in the domestic pony. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1972.33.1569-157