Part 2 Kisumu Report Final Final v2

PROJECT FORMULATION REPORT PART 2 - KISUMU

FINAL TA2009019 R0 PPF

Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative

The technical assistance operation is financed under the EU ACP Water Project Preparation Facility

August 2012

WS Atkins International Ltd in association with Matrix Development Consultants

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European Investment Bank Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Project Formulation Report - Kisumu

5099279/70/Kisumu Report - Final

Notice This document and its contents have been prepared and are intended solely for the European Investment Bank solely for the purpose of presenting the Project Formulation Study for Scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative. It may not be used by any person for any other purpose other than that specified without the express written permission of WS Atkins International Limited (Atkins) and Matrix Development Consultants Ltd. Any liability arising out of use by a third party of this document for purposes not wholly connected with the above shall be the responsibility of that party who shall indemnify WS Atkins International Limited (Atkins) and Matrix Development Consultants Ltd against all claims costs damages and losses arising out of such use.

The authors take full responsibility for the contents of this report. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the view of the European Union or the European Investment Bank.

Document History

JOB NUMBER: 5099279 DOCUMENT REF: 5099279/70/Kisumu Report Final

Revision Purpose Description Originated Checked Reviewed Authorised Date

0 Draft / Unreviewed for information only RS

1 Draft for client review CH DH MW PS 27.05.11

2 Separate Volume plus amendments RS CH

3 Draft for issue to EIB for joint mission RS CH MJW PS 15.09.11

4 Final Draft RS CH MJW PS 24.02.115 Final RS CH MJW PS 17.08.12



Table of Contents

2. Kisumu 1 2.1. Introduction 1 2.2. Environmental and Social Context 3 2.2.1. Overview 3 2.2.2. Socio-economic and Environmental Context 8 2.2.3. Water Supply Context 14 2.2.4. Health and Sanitation Context 16 2.2.5. Institutional Governance 17 2.2.6. Stakeholder Analysis and Stakeholder Roles in Water and Sanitation 18 2.3. The Urban Development Context 21 2.3.1. Baseline Population 2009 21 2.3.2. Urban Structure 22 2.3.3. Population Projections 25 2.3.4. Kisumu Structure Plan 2010-30 26 2.4. Water Demand Projection 34 2.4.1. Development Scenario for Water & Sanitation Planning 34 2.4.2. Water Demand 34 2.5. Water Supply 36 2.5.1. Background 36 2.5.2. Institutional Structure 36 2.5.3. System Performance 38 2.5.4. Water Resources 40 2.5.5. Treatment 42 2.5.6. Water Quality 44 2.5.7. Pumping 45 2.5.8. Storage 45 2.5.9. Distribution 46 2.5.10. Operations and Maintenance 48 2.5.11. Planned Developments 49 2.5.12. Further Development Needs 56 2.5.13. Summary of Interventions 63 2.6. Wastewater 65 2.6.1. General 65 2.6.2. Sewerage 65 2.6.3. Sewage Treatment 69 2.6.4. Development Needs 71 2.7. Sanitation 74 2.7.1. Existing Situation 74 2.7.2. Potential Measures 76 2.7.3. Summary of Costs 81 2.8. Urban Drainage 82 2.8.1. Kisumu Urban Drainage 82 2.8.2. General 82 2.8.3. Existing Urban Drainage Network 82 2.8.4. Planned Developments 82 2.8.5. Development Needs 83 2.9. Solid Waste 85



2.9.1. Introduction 85 2.9.2. Collection Systems 85 2.9.3. Collection infrastructure 86 2.9.4. Disposal Systems 86 2.9.5. Recycling and Composting 87 2.9.6. Hazardous Waste 87 2.9.7. Planned Developments 88 2.9.8. Proposals for Improvements to Existing Solid Waste Management Systems 89 2.9.9. Further Studies and Pilot Projects 91 2.9.10. Overview of Possible Interventions 92 2.10. Institutional Assessment 94 2.10.1. Introduction 94 2.10.2. Lake Victoria South Water Services Board 94 2.10.3. Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company (KIWASCO) 96 2.10.4. KIWASCO Mandate 97 2.11. Financial Analysis 103 2.11.1. Introduction 103 2.11.2. Kisumu LVSWSB and KIWASCO 103 2.12. Environmental Policy and Legislation 108 2.12.1. Summary of Environmental Legislation 108 2.12.2. Provision for Resettlement and Compensation 109 2.12.3. Institutional Structure in the Water and Sanitation Sector 110 2.13. Environmental and Social Impact Analysis 111 2.13.1. Introduction 111 2.13.2. Potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures 113 2.13.3. Potential social impacts and mitigation measures 117 Appendices Appendix 2.1 Kibos River Development Hydrology 124 Appendix 2.2 LTAP Designs Package 1 129 Appendix 2.3 Kisumu Water Treatment 132 Appendix 2.4 Kisumu Sewerage 136 Appendix 2.5 Proposal from Vitens for Support to KIWASCO 139



Acronyms and Abbreviations ADF African Development Fund

AFD Agence Franaise de Dveloppement AfDB African Development Bank

AGR Annual Growth Rate

AWF Africa Water Facility

BoQ Bill of Quantities

CBD Central Business District

CBO Community Based Organisation

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

COWSO Community Owned Water Supply Organisation CP Collection Period

CR Current Ratio

CSP Country Strategy Paper

CTI Percentage Contribution to Investment

DEWAT Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Tank DER Debt Equity Ratio

DMM Delegated Management Model

DP Development Partners

DSC Debt Service Coverage Ratio

DWF Dry Weather Flow

EAC East African Community

EACAC East African Community Audit Commission

EACCCP East African Community Climate Change Policy EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return

EIB European Investment Bank

ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ETA Extraordinary Tariff Adjustment EWURA / EUWRA

Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority

FOs Field Offices

ha hectare

IA Implementing Agency

GoB Government of Burundi

GEF Global Environment Facility

GoK Government of Kenya

GoT Government of Tanzania

GIZ (GTZ) German Technical Cooperation

GWA Gender and Womens Alliance

ILO International Labour Organisation

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

KfW German Government Development Bank

KISWAMP Kisumu Integrated Sustainable Waste Management Programme

KIWASCO Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company KMC Kisumu Municipal Council

KPIs Key Performance Indicators

KWFT Kenya Women Finance Trust

KWSDP Kenya Water Sector Development Programme Lcd Litres per capita per day

LGA Local Government Authority

LTAP Long Term Action Plan

LVB Lake Victoria Basin

LVBC Lake Victoria Basin Commission

LVEMP Lake Victoria Environmental Management Programme

LVSWSB Lake Victoria South Water Services Board

LVWATSAN Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative MCC Mwanza City Council

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MIG Medium Income Group

MTP Medium Term Programme

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

MSF Multi Stakeholder Forum

NBS National Bureau of Statistics

NSGRP National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction mASL Metres above sea level

MoPH&S Min. of Public Health and Sanitation

MWAUWASA Mwanza Urban Water and Sewerage Authority MWI / MoWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation

NA Not Applicable

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

Partner States

The 5 member states of the East African Community, namely Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania & Uganda

PEDP Primary Education Development Programme O&M Operation & Maintenance



OR Operating Ratio

PAP Project Affected Person

RoT The United Republic of Tanzania

RE Return On Equity

RPG Regional Public Good

RPSC Regional Policy Steering Committee RR Return On Net Fixed Assets

RRTA Regular Tariff Adjustment

RSF Rapid Sand Filter

SME Small and Medium Enterprise

SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SANA Sustainable Aid in Africa

SPI Staff Productivity Index

STAP Short Term Action Plan

STI Short Term Interventions

SWAP Sector Wide Approach to Planning

ToR Terms of Reference

UFW Unaccounted for Water

UA Unit of Account

UNEP United Nations Environment Program

UNFCCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNHABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme UOC Unit Operational Cost

USAID The United States Agency for International Development USD United States Dollar

WASREB Water Services Regulatory Board

WASSIP Water Supply and Sanitation Service Improvement Project WATSAN Water and Sanitation

WB World Bank

WHO World Health Organisation

WR Working Ratio

WSB Water Service Boards

WSDP Water Sector Development Programme WSP Water and Sanitation Programme

WSTF Water Services Trust Fund

WTW Water Treatment Works



References

1. The United Republic of Tanzania (2010) - Water Sector Status Report 2010, Ministry of Water and Irrigation

2. The United Republic Of Tanzania (2006) - Ministry of Water Mkukuta Based MDG Costing For

The Water And Sanitation Sector - Final Report - Dar Es Salaam April 2006

3. The United Republic Of Tanzania (2006) - National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015

4. WASREB (2010) - IMPACT: A performance Report of Kenyas Water Services Sub-Sector,

Issue No. 3, October 2010.

5. GoK (2007) - Kenya Vision 2030, the Popular Version, July 2007

6. GoK (2010) - Medium Term Expenditure Framework 2011/12 - 2013/14

7. Environment, Water And Irrigation Sector Report 2010, January 2011

8. MWAUASA (2010) - Business Plan, July 2010 - June 2013, July, 2010

9. KIWASCO (2010) - KIWASCO, Water Demand Management Policy and Strategy, 26 April 2010

10. WASREB (undated) - Tariff Guidelines

11. World Bank (2010) - Tanzania: Public Expenditure Review (PER) of the Water Sector, June

2010


5099279/70/Kisumu Report - Final Page 1

2. Kisumu

2.1. Introduction Kisumu, the third largest city in Kenya, is the headquarters of Kisumu District, as well as of Nyanza Province. It has developed progressively from a railway terminus and inland port in 1901, to become the leading commercial, trading, industrial, communication and administrative centre in the Lake Victoria basin, an area that traverses the three provinces of Nyanza, Western and Western Rift Valley. In addition, Kisumu serves as an important communication and trading confluence for the Great Lakes region - Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi.

The city has recently been declared the first UN Millennium City in the world by the UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan.

Kisumu city covers an area of c297 km and lies at an altitude of c1144 metres above sea level. It is the administrative headquarters of the Nyanza Province.

There are differing figures as well as opinions regarding the population of Kisumu city and district. According to the 1999 Census the population was 345,312. The estimated population according to a KIWASCO pamphlet is 500,000. According to the "Proposal for the upscaling of the Lake Victoria Region Water and Sanitation Initiative (LVWATSAN)", Kisumu is the third largest town in Kenya with a population of 597 000 persons.

Poverty is prevalent with over 50% of people living in poverty, against the national average of 29%.

Kisumu, lying at the shore of Lake Victoria, has a temperate climate, influenced by the lake. The average rainfall is 1,083 mm per annum and mostly occurs between December and May. Temperature averages between 17 and 29 degrees Celsius. Many in Kisumu district rely on the rainfall for subsistence farming.

The water and sewerage provider is KIWASCO, who has an abundant resource (Lake Victoria) from which it can draw to supply the needs of the city. Resource quality is an issue. This will be discussed in more detail later in the report.

The first water supply for Kisumu was taken from the Kibos River at Kajulu in 1922. Stream flow was captured, treated and gravitated to a reservoir at Kibuye. The source produced around 1,500 m3/day. Subsequently this source was augmented by an intake on Lake Victoria at Hippo Point and treatment plant at nearby Dunga, which was developed into the principal source of water for the city. Prior to the start of the current water system upgrades, the lake source yielded some 17,000 m3/day, 4,500 m3/day below its design capacity of 21,500 m3/day.

The water system for Kisumu is currently undergoing expansion and upgrading with financial support from AFD. The works are being undertaken in 3 phases:

i) Short Term Action Plan (STAP) intended to restore the capacity of the existing system to near design covering rehabilitation of the Dunga sourceworks (Lake Victoria) to deliver 21,000 m3/day and expansion of the pipe distribution system.



ii) Emergency Plan an additional phase introduced to bridge the time gap between the Short and Long Term Plans which increases the capacity of the Dunga source to 45,500 m3/day.

iii) Long Term Action Plan covering the major expansion of the Kibos River source at Kajulu, intended to increase the overall supply by a further 36,000 m3/day, further expansion of the distribution network and improvements to the sewerage coverage and treatment. (Note the hydrological analysis for this report has cast doubt on the ability of the source to achieve this capacity reliably).

The total investment from AFD is in the region of 35 million with the commitment to the LTAP programme being 19.0 million.

This report forms Part 2 of the Project Formulation Study Report and covers specifically the technical assessment for the city of Kisumu. Part 1 is the Main Report and Parts 3 to 6 cover Mwanza, Musoma, Bukoba and Mwanzas satellite towns respectively.



2.2. Environmental and Social Context

2.2.1. Overview A social survey was carried out using in 220 households in 14 estates comprising low, middle and high income areas under the STAP:

Low income group residents from Obunga, Bandani, Nyalenda and Manyatta;

Middle income group residents from Migosi, Lumumba and Ondiek estates; and

High income group residents of Milimani, Ondiek and Robert Ouko estates.

For the peri-urban area, residents of Nyamasaria, Kibos and Mamboleo communities were also interviewed.

Although survey data are slightly outdated they can be considered representative of the situation prior to the commissioning of the STAP improvements in mid-2011, which will have improved system performance significantly. The main improvement works are, however, being carried out under the current LTAP programme.

Where survey responses are quoted in this section, it refers to the survey carried out under the STAP.

Section 2.2.1 provides an overview. The following sections provide detailed context on socio-economics and environment, water supply, health and sanitation, institutional governance, and relevant stakeholders.

2.2.1.1. Social context Kisumu has four main industries: agriculture, fisheries, general business and manufacturing (drinks, concrete products, paper, foam products and the African Radio Manufacturing Company). Agriculture is the main source of income for majority of the people in the hinterland.

Approximately 53% of the total population is economically active; the dependency ratio is high at 1:1.18 (100 people supports 118 dependants). The bulk of the population living in informal areas work in the informal sector with monthly incomes of between Ksh 3,000 and Ksh 4,000. Low incomes and job insecurity are the greatest challenges facing the poor. Studies undertaken in support of LTAP showed that a significant majority (96%) of the population has been formally educated.

In approximately 79% of households the male is the main source of income; more males than females earn Ksh 4,000 and over. Despite their considerable contributions to both family income and the rural economy, women in Kisumu continue to be faced with inhibitive cultural traditions relating to divisions of labour, lack of access to land and property, and exclusion of women in decision making processes (as women are considered second class citizens relative to men).

Housing quality varies across the municipality; housing in the middle and upper class residential areas is characterised by permanent structures made of block or stone walls with iron sheet or tiled roofing, while the quality of housing is more varied in the low-income areas and informal settlements, tending to contain both traditional and modern houses.



Land tenure in Kisumu Municipality tends to be either on a freehold or leasehold basis. The original inhabitants of the area, the Luo community, controlled the distribution of land in the peri-urban areas of Kisumu. In the Kisumu informal belt, land has gone through the process of adjudication and a large portion has been registered to individuals as freehold land, putting the government and municipality at a disadvantage since they have to acquire land for development purposes at greater expense.

Kisumus high income residential areas and formal public housing areas are well served with road infrastructure. Poor road networks are common in low income areas due to limited planning and capital outlay. Road reserves, intended for the provision of service corridors for sewerage, storm drainage and piped water networks, are almost non existent in informal areas.

There are no government health facilities in some of the settlements and residents walk long distances to government district hospitals, or municipal health centres. Consequently, the use of alternative or traditional medicines is common.

Major WATSAN stakeholders include the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA), Kisumu Water Supply and Sewerage Company (KIWASCO), Lake Victoria South Water Services Board (LVSWSB), Municipal Council of Kisumu, Non-Governmental Organisations, Community Based Organisations and the communities of the city and its peri-urban areas.

A number of civil society, NGO and microfinance organisations are actively working on water and sanitation projects in informal settlements. These include World Vision, Sustainable Aid in Africa (SANA), KADET, WEDCO, KWFT and the Undugu Society.

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Nairobi Road

Mumias Road

Jomo K

enyatta

Highwa

y

Nyerere R

oad

Lolwe Dr

ive

Ondiek Highway

Achieng

Oneko

Obote Ro

ad

Ojijo Otek

o Road

Nkrumah Road

Nerhu Road Tom

Mboya R

oad

Kilifi Ro

ad

Dakar

Gumbi Ro

ad

Nzoiya R

oad

Riddoch Road

Lodwar St

reet

Omolo Ag

ar Road

Busia Roa

d

Adala Otu

ko

Karume Road

Ogada Str

eetJairo

Owino R

oad

Odere Str

eet

Impala Walk

God Huma Road

Ochieng Avenue

Uhuru Ro

ad

Sekou Tou

re Road

Jomo Ken

yatta High

way

Aga Khan R

oadCairo

Road

Accra Str

eet

Makasemb

o Road

Awuor Otiende RoadOkore Road

Angawa AvenueOtieno Oyoo

Mission Road

Kendu Lane

Eldoret Road

Lahore Road

Oginga Odinga

Omino Crescent

Mito Jura RoadIndusi Road

Miriu Stre

et

George

Butere Road

Apindi St

reet

Bank Street

Oketch Randiga

Aput Lane

Harambee Road

Sailor's C

lose

Belion Str

eet

Ronald Ng

ala Road

Amimo RoadOmori Resa Street

Church R

oad

Odawa Street

Ohanna Road

Okore RoadMaka

sembo Ro

ad

Oginga Odinga

Eldoret Road

Ondiek Highway

Adala Otu

koRiddoch Road

Drain

Kisat

Nyamasar

ia

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE NUMBER & TITLE CLIENT

DATE FIGURE CREATED

Woodcote GroveAshley RoadEpsomSurreyKT185BWENGLANDFax + 44 (0) 01372 740055Tel. + 44 (01372) 726140

EuropeanInvestmentBank

Project formulation for scalingup the Lake Victoria Waterand Sanitation Initiative

LEGEND

Impala GamePark

Ksm Port

Joel OminoPrimary & SecondarySchools

Swampy area

Nyalenda Chief'sCamp

JalaramAcademy Road

Ring

OndiekEstate MakasemboEstate

Okore & MosqueEstates

Overcomerschildrens home

RoadNairobi

Sunset Hotel NYAMASARIA AREA

KANYAKWAR AREA

KBC

Celtel Estate

Tom Mbuya EstateCementry

M i l l

i m a

n i

Arina Estate

Nubian Eatate

Dunga Treatment Plant

Auji drain

Ksm Boy

s & Girls

High Sch

ools

Kenya Re Estate

Nyalenda

G u m b i

Provincial Headquarters

Nyerere

Road

Kisumu Dist. Hospital

Mumias

Road

Angawa Avenue

Jomo

Nyawita

Airport

Sabuni

Road

B a n d a n i

NakumattMega city Mall

Moi stadiumKisumu

L . V

I CT O

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Mayfair Bakery

KCB

N ya l

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Kisumu Polytechnic

KibuyeMarket

NyanzaGeneralHospitalKond

ele Area

M i g o s i

Kondele A

rea

M A N Y A T T Ato Kakam

ega

Kibos road

Kaka

mega r

oad

road

Highway

Kenyatta

Kenya Breweries Ltd.

Obunga

Main RiversHotelsBuilding blocksSingle buildingsUnfinished buildings

Main roadSecondary roadMinor road (motorable)FootpathRailway

Kisumu AirportLake VictoriaContoursBackgroundFigure 2.1 - Kisumu Overview

September 2011



2.2.1.2. Water Supply Context Lake Victoria is the main water supply for Kisumu City, although water (frequently of poor quality) is also abstracted from shallow wells, springs, boreholes, streams and rivers. Residents interviewed observed that a number of prevalent diseases are associated with unsafe water (and/or inadequate sanitation).

Over half of households in Kisumu use water from piped connections, either through individual household connections, yard tap or residential resale, while 26% rely on water vendors who deliver water to the consumers using handcarts, bicycles and other modes of transportation. In some of the informal settlements, KIWASCO has piped water supply distribution networks in place. However, water supplies are interrupted by vandalism and misuse of the network.

The survey indicated that 68% of respondents would be willing to be connected to an improved water supply; there was however a significant proportion who would be unwilling to pay for such connections. The problem of illegal connections is likely to continue at some level until adequate, reliable and affordable water supplies are available.

Survey respondents suggested improvements for water supply. These included network extension and maintenance; increased water supply and reliability; affordable prices for water and distribution of water kiosks to low affordability areas; contracting of NGOs and/or CBOs to manage water (using a Delegated Management Model); elimination of corruption through increased vigilance and improved management practices; regulation of water kiosk operators and enforcement of existing laws by health officers.

2.2.1.3. Sanitation context 11% of the informal residents have no latrines. They rely on mechanisms such as visiting neighbours toilets, and wrapping and throwing waste. In the peri-urban areas of Kibos, Usoma and Kanyakwar with lower population densities, sanitation facilities such as pit latrines and septic tanks are used. A significant majority (84%) of survey respondents preferred private toilets; this may be attributable to the challenges faced by women and girls who use public and shared toilet facilities.

Suggested improvements for sanitation by survey respondents included increased access to sewer network and drainage facilities, improved maintenance of sewers, proper solid waste management and elimination of corruption within providing organisations.

2.2.1.4. Positive and negative impacts of the proposed project interventions It is anticipated that the second phase of the LVWATSAN Initiative will have a tangible impact on public health (including improving maternal health and reducing under-five mortality), through the provision of increased access to clean water, improvement of wastewater treatment facilities, provision of adequate sanitation facilities, improved urban drainage and solid waste collection and treatment. Improving sewage treatment facilities and sewage coverage will prevent further pollution of the Lake, and have a direct impact on the quality of its water and ecosystems. Improved drainage would contribute to reduced incidence of malaria (by eliminating breeding habitats for malaria-carrying mosquitoes), as well as other waterborne diseases, while efficient solid waste disposal systems would also have a positive impact on public health by discouraging disease-spreading vermin and preventing entry of toxic leachates into soils and water sources. The combined beneficial effects of these interventions are associated with greater productivity and



output, and therefore with alleviation of poverty and hunger. Given that poverty and environmental well-being are inversely linked, the implication is that overall environmental conservation and protection will be enhanced.

Specific positive social impacts include:

Decreased incidence of waterborne diseases; Reduced cost and waste of productive time spent in search of water; Decreased cost of treatment for water borne diseases as well as decreased

travel frequency to health facilities;

Reduction in household expenditure on water; Improved hygiene standards; Increased population with access to sanitation facilities / status; Year round access to water for households; Constructed water supply systems operated and maintained by the

community being served; and

Increased number of women working for water sector institutions and involved in decision making.

To address gender inequities, project interventions should focus on womens and mens involvement in the planning, construction, operation, maintenance and management of domestic water supply, irrigation, sanitation or environmental protection. Project interventions should also give due consideration to internal culture and staffing issues, for example recruitment, promotion and training opportunities for female and male staff, sexual discrimination and harassment, and issues such as child care, paternity or maternity leave, and safe travel arrangements.

2.2.1.5. Objectives of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) The objectives of the ESIA were to:

Establish the baseline situation (this section); Identify the positive and negative impacts related to the project components

and the risks relevant to each component during construction and operation (Section 2.13);

Identify and propose mitigation and enhancement measures (Section 2.13). The ESIA built on existing assessments undertaken for the LTAP with a particular focus on social aspects, with additional data collection and analysis focused on assessing project impacts on the poor and women. The ESIA included actions to mainstream gender considerations into project planning and implementation, and the operation and maintenance of project facilities, where appropriate.

The principal stages of the ESIA were:

Setting the context identifying other relevant plans, policies and programmes relevant to the one being assessed;

Collecting baseline data for the study area; Setting objectives (particularly social) for the SIA, against which the plan

will be tested;



Testing the plan options (outline design) against the objectives and identifying significant impacts;

Refining alternative options (preliminary) and identify mitigation measures in light of assessment;

Reporting on the overall impacts of the plan; and Developing a strategy for monitoring the actual impacts of the plan following

implementation.

2.2.1.6. Project Area and Network The areas to be covered by the Water Long Term Action Plan (LTAP) for Kisumu Water Supply and Sanitation include Kibuye, Milimani, Kanyakwar, Nyalenda A and B, Manyatta A and B, Wathorego, Korando, Kogony, Kasule, Chiga (Kibos areas only), Nyalunya, Kadero, Okok Got Nyabondo, Konya and Manyenya covering an area of approximately 7,000 ha. The sewerage network will serve an area of approximately 6,000 ha. Further expansion being considered under this Project includes extending supplies to satellite communities including Kiboswa, Maseno and Ahero.

Establishment of the sewer system in Kisumu was phased and now includes two treatment facilities:

Kisat Conventional Sewage Treatment Works (commissioned in 1958); and Nyalenda Waste Stabilization Ponds (commissioned in 1978).

The operational efficiency of these facilities is considered sub-optimal.

The sewerage system falls into three distinct areas:

The Central Wastewater Treatment District (WTD), covering 385 ha at present; proposed work under the LTAP would see this increase to 5,140 ha;

The Eastern WTD. Proposed work under the LTAP would see this increase from the present coverage of 214 ha to 1,358 ha; and

The Western WTD.

2.2.2. Socio-economic and Environmental Context

2.2.2.1. Population The Municipality has an average population density of 1,400 persons/km2 (14 persons per hectare) with an average household size of 4 persons and is estimated to have 42% of its population living in informal settlements. It is estimated that approximately 73% of the total population is aged below 30 years old, and a total of 42% of the population is younger than 15. Only 3.4% of the population is aged above 65 years. The high proportion of young people in the city creates a significant amount of pressure on the available educational, health and other related facilities.

Current population data and forecast growth are presented in Section 2.3. In the period between the 1979 census and 1999 census, growth was concentrated in the peri-urban areas and informal settlements, specifically Manyatta, Nyalenda and Pandpieri. Peri-urban areas are home to approximately 60% of Kisumus population. These areas are changing and growing very rapidly and existing water, sanitation and other infrastructure is unable to cope with current demand.



The growth in population has increased pressure on the availability of housing, health and educational facilities. At the same time poverty, unemployment and environmental degradation have increased and security has declined.

Social services such as community centres, health facilities, educational facilities, housing and social support are the responsibility of Kisumu Councils Social Service Department.

2.2.2.2. Settlements and Housing Informal settlements are common in Manyatta and Nyalenda. These are gradually being upgraded. In these informal areas there is a tendency for land owners to subdivide their own land parcels and sell them off for economic gain. As the pressure on land for housing increases, so does the number of land parcels with a commensurate rise in rents. The typical plot size is now less than 0.2 ha. Housing in the middle and upper class residential areas is characterised by permanent structures made of brick or stone walls with iron sheet or tiled roofing. The quality of housing is more varied in the low-income areas and informal settlements. These areas tend to contain both traditional and modern houses. Typical housing in the informal settlements is just one room including a courtyard with shared facilities.

The most common type of dwelling inhabited by survey respondents was permanent houses; 56% of respondents lived in permanent houses made of either brick or stone walls with iron sheet or tile roofing. Approximately 38% lived in semi-permanent houses made of mud wall and iron sheet roofs, and 5% lived in mud walled grass thatched houses.

The field survey showed that only 22% of respondents owned the houses that they lived in; the majority (75%) were tenants. A small percentage (3%) lived in government houses (in Bandani, Milimani and Nyamasaria). Of the buildings, 77% are used for residential purposes and 22% for mixed residential / commercial purposes. The remaining 1% is used for purely commercial purposes.

Most of the settlements lack adequate social facilities (such as schools, which face overcrowding, staff and classroom shortages, and lack of space for activities and expansion). Other basic services such as water, sanitation, electricity and solid waste disposal may be absent or limited. The lack of social facilities and basic services is particularly apparent in the informal settlements where approximately 42% of the population live. Due to lack of land for public facilities, markets, social halls and recreational centres are limited or non-existent; traders use the roadsides to set up businesses and tree-shaded areas are used as venues for seminars and meeting groups.

2.2.2.3. Land Ownership

i) Land Use

The current major land uses in Kisumu are for industrial, commercial and residential purposes. The industrial area is situated close to Lake Victoria and runs parallel to the lakeshore. The industrial area is separated from other land uses by Makasembo road and extends towards the airport in the northwest. In 1969, the industrial zone covered 6.5% of all land uses in Kisumu (Kenya Government, 2004) but it has since expanded in two directions; along the road to Maseno in the northwest and along the road to Chemelil in the north east.



ii) Land Tenure

Land tenure in Kisumu Municipality tends to be either on a freehold and leasehold basis. The original inhabitants of the area, the Luo community, controlled the distribution of land in the peri-urban areas of Kisumu. Traditionally, Luo considered land to be the property of the community, usually the clan, but each member of the clan would be allocated a parcel of land to farm. Grazing land and watering places are common utilities and everyone is obliged to provide access to such common land.

iii) Residential Land Use

Kisumus residential land use falls into three main categories namely:

The high class residential areas including Milimani, Robert Ouko, Tom Mboya and Okore in the northern suburbs of the city;

Low and middle income / public housing areas including the municipal houses, railway houses, Kenya Post, Kenya Power etc. most of which dominate the eastern side of the city; and

The peri-urban, informal settlements and the rural extended boundary areas.

Surrounding the central part of the city is a belt of unplanned formal and informal settlements that has developed to form a semi circle around the old city. The residential zone covers the greatest portion of urban land in Kisumu.

iv) Kisumu Informal Belt

In the informal belt, land has gone through the process of adjudication and a large portion has been registered by individuals for freehold tenure. The principal reason for this is that neither the municipal council nor the central government has been able to acquire any interest on this land due to the cost of compensation that would need to be paid to the residents.

v) Peri-Urban Land

The peri-urban area features a number of quality structures that Kisumu Council cannot afford to acquire with a view to gaining full control over their development. The result of this is that the Council has not been able to purchase land in these areas to use for public facility developments.

vi) Commercialisation of Land

Commercialisation of land has become so common that in the absence of proper planning controls, there is virtually no land left for public facilities. The land value in the area has increased steadily over the last two decades. Those who have bought land acquire title deeds to their property on a leasehold tenure. For instance, in Nyalenda, Nyamasaria and Pandpieri the original inhabitants are selling land to newcomers who are constructing quality residential houses. The suburban fringe areas border the existing informal settlements and could potentially degenerate into informal areas if sufficient over-crowding and pressure develop on existing resources.



2.2.2.4. Education Of the residents interviewed1, 96% had been formally educated. A majority (52%) had completed secondary or high school education while 20% had completed university education.

2.2.2.5. Economy, Livelihoods and Labour i) Industries

Kisumu has four main industries: agriculture, fisheries, general business and manufacturing (drinks, concrete products, paper, foam products and the African Radio Manufacturing Company). Agriculture is the main source of income for majority of the people in the hinterland.

ii) Dependency and Job Security

The economically active population is estimated to be 53% of the total population and the dependency ratio in the city is 1:1.18; this is very high (every 100 people who are working have to support 118 dependants). Low income and job insecurity are significant challenges for the poor of Kisumu city and its peripheral areas; in the formal sector, workers may be laid off as they approach three months employment as beyond this point employers are required by Kenyan law to employ the workers on a permanent basis.

iii) Employment the Informal Sector

The bulk of the population in the informal settlements work in the informal sector with monthly incomes of Ksh 3,000 to Ksh 4,000; 62% of household heads interviewed worked in the informal sector; 37% worked in the formal sector and 1% being retired. The migration of unskilled people from the rural areas makes cost of labour very cheap2.A number of support organisations are working with low-income groups to improve their financial position through savings and credit initiatives. Other related reforms for poverty alleviation include the availability of Constituency Development Fund (CDF) resources.

2.2.2.6. Household Incomes and Expenditures In approximately 79% of households the male is the main source of income. The table below summarises monthly income data for males and females. More males than females earn Ksh 4,000 and over.3

Monthly Income Males % Females %

Over Ksh 10,000 33 29

4,000 10,000 43 39

2,500 4,000 21 29

Less than 2,500 3 3

1 Kisumu Water Supply and Sanitation Project, STAP Final Design Report, Ministry of Water &Irrigation/

Lake Victoria South WSB. 2 Kisumu Water Supply and Sanitation Project, STAP Final Design Report, Ministry of Water & Irrigation/

Lake Victoria South WSB. 3 Kisumu Water Supply and Sanitation Project, STAP Final Design Report, Ministry of Water &Irrigation/

Lake Victoria South WSB.



The STAP study identifies household expenditure priorities as rent, water, food, electricity, clothing, school fees, cooking energy and sanitary facilities. The majority of households, particularly in the low-income areas, spend Ksh 150-1,000 on water per month, Ksh 3005,000 on rent and Ksh 300-5,000 on food. No respondent indicated spending more than Ksh 5,000 on water and sanitary facilities.

2.2.2.7. Gender Equity

i) Heads of Households by Gender

The female/male ratio is 100:97 and approximately 25% of the female population is of childbearing age. The majority of household heads (81%) are male. Female headed households tend to be poorer than male headed households.

ii) Gender Provision of Labour

Gender disparity in Kisumu is characterised by women bearing a disproportionately large share of both domestic and agricultural work. The 1999 Census report indicated that women constituted the majority of the labour force in Kisumu, providing mostly unskilled labour. This trend is predicted to remain unchanged over the next five years as more women join the local labour force while men migrate outside Kisumu in search of better employment opportunities.

iii) Inhibitive Cultural Traditions

Despite their considerable contributions to both family income and rural economy, women in Kisumu continue to face inhibitive cultural traditions relating to the division of labour, lack of access to land and property, exclusion from decision making processes and restrictions on family inheritance. As a result, the majority of women concentrate on activities that relate to domestic matters rather than income generating activities.

iv) Workload

The study established that women and girls are subject to increased workload and time wastage in searching for water. It was also noted that women and girls suffered from poor hygienic conditions in the home when clean water and sanitation facilities are not available.

v) Expenditure on Disease by Gender

Female children are vulnerable to disease when they are required to fetch water. For men, the main issue relating to inadequate facilities is the cost associated with both treating unclean water and the cost of medication for treating waterborne diseases.

vi) Gender Disparity

Traditionally, in the Luo Community, women are still regarded as second class citizens relative to men. Women are not represented in most decision making processes and thus have limited influence over their own lives. Many women succumb to HIV infection due to this anomaly. During inheritance, a widows estate management is executed by the clan; this violates their right to own property and leads to:



Increased numbers of orphans; Increased dependency ratio; Malnutrition in both widows and orphans; and Low income per capita per affected family.

The weak integration and participation of women in decision making is disadvantageous to the community, it contributes greatly to endemic poverty, particularly in informal settlements.

2.2.2.8. HIV/AIDS In 1999, HIV/AIDS was estimated to have affected approximately 30% of the population of Kisumu. This has had a negative impact in economic and social terms through impacts on the working population and increased numbers of orphans and homeless children. Cultural factors increase the prevalence of HIV/ AIDS in Kisumu; the Luo Community treat sex as a sacred act which is used to mark all important cultural practices and activities.4

2.2.2.9. Waterborne Diseases Residents interviewed observed that a number of prevalent diseases were associated with unsafe water or inadequate sanitation, including diarrhoea, dysentery, stomach infections and discomfort, cholera, typhoid, vomiting, tape worms, amoeba and skin diseases.

2.2.2.10. Roads Kisumus high-income residential areas and formal public housing areas are well served by road infrastructure. However, poor road networks are a common feature in low income areas, partly as a result of limited input from the council in terms of planning and capital outlay. Municipal rental areas are also characterised by limited and poor quality infrastructure.

Road reserves, which are primarily intended for the provision of service corridors for sewerage, storm drainage and piped water networks, are almost non-existent in informal areas. This is partly because the road networks are unplanned and also that the few existing road reserves have been encroached upon by developers. The roads are generally impassable due to poor drainage, inadequate spacing of houses and widespread sewers. Manyatta A and Kaloleni are the only informal settlements with well designed road networks that have been gradually improved to increase accessibility to more than 60% of the area.

The suburban fringe areas of Kisumu such as Kibos, Usoma and Kanyakwar lack infrastructure services and the roads are similar to those in informal settlements.

2.2.2.11. Health Facilities Government health facilities are limited or absent in some areas and residents are required to travel long distances to government district hospitals, or municipal health centres. Consequently, alternative or traditional medicines are common substitutes.

4 Atinga Kwame JM; International Conference on AIDS (15th : 2004 : Bangkok, Thailand).



2.2.3. Water Supply Context

2.2.3.1. Introduction Lake Victoria is the main water source for Kisumu. The system supplies water to the main city and informal settlements. However, the existing water supply facilities provided by KIWASCO are in poor condition and a significant proportion of the population has no access to the service. The principal concerns raised by survey respondents relating to water supply included were poor quality (36%), high cost (23%), unreliability (21%), inadequacy (9%), lack of billing (9%) and interruptions (2%).

2.2.3.2. Water Sources From the results of the survey over half (52%) of households in Kisumu use water from piped connections, either through individual household connections, yard tap or residential resale. This is not reflected in KIWASCOs own figures which indicate some 11,000 formal connections (sufficient for a quarter of the population). A further 26% rely on water vendors who deliver water to the consumers using handcarts, bicycles and other modes of transportation. Water vendors remain a major alternative water source for both the poor and middle-class /wealthier sections of society in Kisumu. The remaining 21% of use water from shallow wells, springs, boreholes, streams/rivers, Lake Victoria and rainwater harvesting. However, most of these sources are of poor quality and likely to be contaminated due to over-flowing pit latrines, poor wastewater management, and inadequate solid waste and drainage systems. Use of unprotected sources such as streams or rivers is particularly prevalent in Obunga and Nyamasaria.

2.2.3.3. Water Availability Approximately 50% of the residents surveyed reported that they have water available to them at all times, 41% indicated that they obtained water periodically either at night and/or at the weekend, two to three times a week, or only on particular days. Another 5% reported water was only available to them during the night whilst 3% said they never had water available from any kind of supplier.

2.2.3.4. Water Supply in Low-income Areas The peri-urban areas are also affected by inadequate infrastructure facilities with most residents acquiring water from contaminated sources. Few properties have connections to piped water, and roof catchments are a common method of water collection. Shallow wells, streams and springs also serve a large proportion of the population in the peri-urban areas.

Approximately 45% of residents preferred to be connected to a shared yard tap. Of the respondents with a piped water connection, approximately 74% had water meters. However, only 20% reported receiving regular bills; most of the respondents indicated that their water bills were included in the rent and thus their landlord was responsible for paying the bill.

2.2.3.5. Safe Water Overall 59% of the respondents considered the water with which they are supplied to be unsafe, 34% considered it safe and 5% were unsure. Some of those surveyed commented that raw sewage was frequently discharged into Lake Victoria and they



were concerned about potential impacts upon the quality of water originating from the lake. Most respondents said that they treat the water before drinking it: 32% used chemicals, 24% and 7% boiled or settled the water respectively and 0.5% used filters. Just 2% of respondents used untreated water.

2.2.3.6. Willingness to be Connected to, and Pay for, Water Supply The residents of Kisumu reported that with the improvement of water supply services, 68% of respondents would be willing to be connected to the main water supply, with residents of Nyamasaria, Bandani, Kibos, Manyatta, Nyawita and Obunga the most willing. Residents of Nyalenda and Migosi were the most unwilling to pay.

Just over half (51%) of the survey respondents were willing to pay Ksh 5,000 or less for connection to the water supply and 45% would pay Ksh 500-5,000 monthly for water consumed. Approximately 64% of the respondents were willing to pay not more than Ksh 1,500 for connection, and 53% were as willing to pay Ksh 150 per month for a shared yard tap. For individual connections, most respondents were willing to pay Ksh 0.50 per 20 L.

2.2.3.7. Illegal Connections Illegal connections are a general problem in Kenya; significant effort will be required to identify and reduce these connections. However, the practice is likely to continue at some level until adequate, reliable and affordable water supplies are available.

2.2.3.8. Water Kiosks in Informal Settlements There is resistance from existing water vendors to the development of water kiosks by KIWASCO and currently none of the planned water kiosks are operational. Given that water vendors may feel that their business is threatened by the water kiosks, it may be necessary to engage them as agents in the resale of water to minimise resistance.

The planned distribution of water kiosks is summarised in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 Water kiosks in informal settlements

Estate Number of Water Kiosks

Metered Non-Metered Under Construction Total

Nyalenda 60 - 15 75

Manyatta 58 - 8 66

Obunga 19 - 19

2.2.3.9. Suggested Improvements to Water Supply Based on surveys, suggestions for improvement of the existing water supply were:

Network extension and maintenance (37%); Increased water supply and reliability (40%); Affordably priced water (7%);



NGOs to be contracted to manage water (1%); Water kiosks to be distributed to low affordability areas (2%); Elimination of corruption (2%); Regulation of water kiosk operators (2%); and Health officers to enforce law (1%).

2.2.4. Health and Sanitation Context

2.2.4.1. Introduction The principal challenges facing the existing sanitation facilities in the project area were perceived by survey respondents to be lack of access to sanitation facilities (69%), corruption (14%), poor waste management systems (6%), identified inadequate drainage systems (1%) and negligence by health officers (1%). Residents in Manyatta seem to be the most dissatisfied with solid waste management. In Obunga, inadequate drainage systems seem to be the principal sanitation issue.

2.2.4.2. Sanitation Facilities in Informal Settlements In informal settlements 11% of residents have no latrines and rely on visiting a neighbours toilets, wrapping and throwing waste and other unspecified alternatives. The Obunga settlement is noted as one of the most affected with almost 40% of the residents lacking access to proper latrines partly due to the negative impact of loose soils and high water tables on the construction of proper latrines. Manyatta, Nyalenda and Obunga, had the highest proportion of respondents (22%) who relied on the use of a neighbours toilet.

2.2.4.3. Sanitation Facilities in Peri-Urban Areas The construction of pit latrines and septic tanks is more readily achieved in the peri-urban areas of Kibos, Usoma and Kanyakwar with lower densities of population and buildings. Here 54% of the population use pit latrines, 7% use VIP latrines, 14% use a flush toilet connected to a septic tank, 16% use flush toilets connected to the public sewer system, 4% use a neighbours toilet, 1% use public toilets and 1% indicated that they have no access to any form of toilet facility.

High-income residential areas and the formal public housing areas are well served with sanitation facilities.

2.2.4.4. Sanitation Costs In Kisumu the cost of pit latrine exhaustion is approximately Ksh 3,000 whilst connecting to public sewer network costs approximately Ksh 400. The cost of using a sanitation block costs about Ksh 2, with 48% of those interviewed indicating that they are comfortable with this charge for the service.

2.2.4.5. Gender Concerns and Preference With respect to any future toilet facilities, 84% of respondents identified private toilets as the preferred choice and 14% identified public toilets (2% did not respond). The preference for private toilets may be attributed in part to the actual / perceived



challenges faced by women and girls using public and shared toilet facilities: 40% of women and girls felt that they were at risk of contracting diseases, 12% felt that prevailing conditions were unhygienic, 7% felt that toilet facilities were inadequate, 3% disliked the lack of privacy, 2% were uncomfortable with the limited options for disposal of sanitary towels and 1% were not happy with sharing toilet facilities with men.

2.2.4.6. Suggested Improvements to Sanitation Based on surveys, suggestions for improvement of existing sanitation were:

Proper solid waste management (36%); Increased access to sewer network and drainage facilities (24%); Maintenance of sewers (10%); Elimination of corruption within service providers (1%); Improved and higher visibility law enforcement by health officers (1%); Privatisation of public toilets (2%); Improvement of pit latrine exhaustion services (1%); and NGO involvement in the provision of toilets/latrines (3%).

2.2.5. Institutional Governance

2.2.5.1. Water Act 2002 The Water Act 2002 is the major regulatory tool for the water and sanitation sector. It introduced comprehensive reforms to the legal framework for the management of the water sector in Kenya. These reforms had four themes: the separation of the management of water resources from provision of water services; the separation of policy making from day to day administration and regulation; the decentralization of functions to lower level state organs; and the involvement of non-government entities in the management of water resources and in the provision of water services. Under this Act new institutions were created including Water Service Boards (WSBs) and Water Service Providers (WSPs). For Kisumu Municipality, Lake Victoria South WSB and Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company (KIWASCO) were created. Note the institutional arrangements are likely to change as a new Water Act is going through parliament (Aug 2011).

2.2.5.2. Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company (KIWASCO) When established, KIWASCO was not customer orientated and did not have good relationships with its customers. As a consequence, vandalism of water structures, delayed or non-payment of water bills and low collection efficiency were all significant issues, further reducing the capacity for delivery of satisfactory services to customers. Since then KIWASCO has taken measures to improve public and customer relations through the recent employment of a Public Relations Officer and a Customer Relations Officer.



2.2.6. Stakeholder Analysis and Stakeholder Roles in Water and Sanitation

2.2.6.1. Stakeholders There are numerous organisations, parastatals, organised groups and individuals that have an interest or stake in water and sanitation service delivery in Kisumu Municipality. Gauging their attitude toward, and acceptance of, WATSAN activities is difficult.

Identifying the role of different stakeholders is key to defining their level of involvement, influence and interest in water and sanitation management and accommodating them appropriately in the decision making process. Two broad categories of stakeholders were identified:

Promoters: Stakeholders who attach a high priority to the project and whose actions can have an impact on its implementation. Examples include the Municipal Council, industries, hoteliers, Water Resources Management Authority, LVEMP, Maseno University and the Water Services Board.

Latents: Stakeholders whose actions can affect the implementation of the project but who attach a low priority to it. Examples include Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and some customers.

2.2.6.2. Enablers Enablers within the public sector include municipal, regional, national multilateral or donor institutions and independent individuals. Their role is to analyse the constraints on effective service delivery, to identify impediments and to build strategies to cope with them and allow the partnership to function effectively.

The Lake Victoria South Water Services Board (LVSWSB) is one of the most important local enablers and can work with others to take advantage of opportunities arising from the interest and capacity of multiple stakeholders. LVSWSB should focus on developing local stakeholder capacity, promoting national/international stakeholder partnerships and support, technical know-how exchange, and developing and implementing the correct policies.

2.2.6.3. Users Users within the public sector include households, institutions, and the formal and informal private sector. They pay fees to obtain the services, or render the services to obtain profit and earn a livelihood. Policy development and implementation should address the concerns of the end users; this approach will engender improved cooperation.

Users, customers and CBOs can exert pressure on their neighbours or fellow users to comply with the responsibilities as a user; they are also the primary source of information with respect to how the system is working.

2.2.6.4. Providers Providers within the public sector include regional and national institutions and the formal and informal private sector. They are typically focused on technical aspects and the functioning of the system rather than public concerns. KIWASCO falls into this category.



2.2.6.5. Overseers Overseers within the public sector include municipal, regional and national institutions, as well as local and international organisations. They monitor and ensure service quality and price. UNHABITAT and the LVWATSAN capacity building program fall into this category.

2.2.6.6. Improvement of Stakeholders Participation The role of each stakeholder category in the project should be clearly defined and communicated. There is also the need to recognise and empower the grassroots (e.g. CBOs) as partners in WATSAN and involve them in the framework implementation. Roles are summarised in Table 2.2.

2.2.6.7. Civil Society Organisations Operating in Informal Settlements The following civil society organisations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and microfinance organisations operate programs in informal settlements:

KADET; WEDCO; and KWFT.

In addition, a number of local CBOs also exist that undertake programs on the improvement of water and sanitation conditions in informal settlements:

Sustainable Aid in Africa (SANA); World Vision; and Undugu Society.

Of these, only SANA has a fully comprehensive hygiene promotion focus. World Vision and the Undugu Society use organised community groups as partners in the implementation of their programs.

There are many other civil society groups in Kisumu which require further analysis and coordination to maximise their contribution to addressing water and sanitation issues.



Table 2.2 Key stakeholders and their roles

Key Stakeholders Roles

The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI)

MWI is responsible for policy development and implementation, sourcing of financing, sector coordination and supervision of water sector institutions to ensure equitable and effective water and sanitation services in the country.

Water Resources Management Authority

WRMA is responsible for the regulation of Water Resources issues such as water allocation, source protection and conservation, water quality management and pollution control and international waters.

Kisumu Water Supply and Sewerage Company (KIWASCO)

The functions of KIWASCO include (but are not limited to), the following: Abstraction, treatment, transmission and distribution of water and the collection, transmission, treatment and disposal of sewage

to the prescribed service and quality standards and the handling and disposal of sludge and screenings originating from such processes;

Maintenance and repair of assets; Development and management of programmes for the advancement of the skills and competencies of persons employed within

the water and sewage sector within the area; Establishment of mechanisms for promoting customer relations including the development of agreements with customers and

the publication of each code as provided for in such agreements; Provision and replacement of operating and small equipment; First time connections; and Provision, maintenance and routine upgrading of any proprietary software or systems required.

Lake Victoria South Water Services Board (LVSWSB)

LVSWSB is licensed by the WSRB and is responsible for the efficient and economical provision of water and sewerage services within its area of jurisdiction. It undertakes the following activities in order to deliver on this mandate:

Plan and develop water service infrastructure in the area; Own and manage water related assets in the area; Develop and enter into Service Provision Agreements with water service providers as agents of the board; and Build capacity of community based organisations to access funding from Water Services Trust fund.

Municipal Council of Kisumu

Provision of required infrastructure.

Non-Governmental Organisations

KADET, WEDCO, KWFT and the Undugu Society offer low interest credit to residents to enable investment in and development of income-generating schemes.

Undugu Society supports the construction of six public latrines in Manyatta A. This project is financed by a German NGO that has established an office in Manyatta A.

Community Based Organisations

Community groups as partners in the implementation of programs for NGOs and other stakeholders.

Community of the city and its peri-urban areas

Paying maintenance fees for water and sanitation services ranging from Ksh 50 to Ksh 10,000. Poverty alleviation and addressing the social and economic impacts of HIV/AIDS.



2.3. The Urban Development Context

2.3.1. Baseline Population 2009 The urban population of Kisumu town is currently in the order of 400,000. Table 2.3 gives three definitions of the baseline population, all based on the 2009 national Census data.

Kisumu East Urban 390,164: Table 3.1b of the Census gives urban population distribution by sex, number of households, area and density for each district in the country. Kisumu city is located in Kisumu East District. No definition of urban is given for this data set, but it is reasonable to assume that this figure broadly represents the urban population of Kisumu city , since all urban settlements within the district form part of the Kisumu city functional urban area.

Kisumu Municipal Council (KMC) 404,160: Table 3.2 of the Census gives total population distribution by sex, number of households, area and density, broken down by district, division, location and sub-location. The KMC area comprises 11 locations and 32 sub-locations within the Winam Division (Miwani Location is the only part of Winam Division outside the KMC) this includes areas of peri-urban and rural character which are definitely non-urban, which explains the higher figure than the Census urban figure above.

Proposed LTAP coverage 351,355: Table 3.2 of the Mouchel Parkman Report 2007 lists the sub-locations to be covered under the piped water supply LTAP (Long-Term Action Plan) and uses 1999 Census data, projected forward. The figure of 351,355 is derived by applying the 2009 Census data to the listed sub-locations. Note that Mouchel Parkman Table 3.2 omits two sub-locations (Kaloleni and Bandani) without explanation these are clearly within the intended service area and so have been added by us, giving a total of 23 sub-locations. Table 2.3 Baseline population 2009 Pop H/holds Area

km Density

(pop/ ha) Ave

h/hold size

Notes

1 Kisumu East District Urban

390,164 97,461 275 14 4.0 2009 Census, Table 1b

2 Kisumu Municipal Council

404,160 100,523 290 14 4.0 KMC sub-locations, using 2009 Census data

3 Proposed LTAP coverage

351,355 88,945 175 20 4.0 LTAP sub-location coverage as per Mouchel Parkman 2007 report, Table 3.2 Using 2009 Census data

Table 2.4 gives 2009 Census data for Winam Division, broken down by location and sub-location, showing the sub-locations that contribute to the KMC population figures, and those used by Mouchel Parkman in their Long Term Action Plan.

Figure 2.2 shows the boundary of the KMC area and proposed coverage of the LTAP.



Table 2.4 Comparison of Winam Division, KMC & Mouchel Parkman population data Location Sub-Location Winam Div KMC Mouchel /Parkman Households Hh Size Area (Km)

Density (Ppha)

1 Town Kaloleni 14,806 14,806 14,806 3,658 4.0 2.1 71 Southern 9,163 9,163 9,163 2,476 3.7 5.2 18 Northern 9,739 9,739 9,739 2,107 4.6 1.3 75 Bandani 7,623 7,623 7,623 1,921 4.0 7.2 11

2 Kondele Manyatta A 48,004 48,004 48,004 12,525 3.8 2.4 200 Nyawita 14,747 14,747 14,747 4,099 3.6 1.3 113 Migosi 19,826 19,826 19,826 4,795 4.1 1.9 104

3 Kolwa Central Kasule 19,252 19,252 19,252 4,880 3.9 17.5 11 Nyalunya 12,487 12,487 12,487 2,731 4.6 16.6 8

4 Kolwa West Nyalenda B 32,430 32,430 32,430 8,561 3.8 4.7 69 Nyalenda A 28,269 28,269 28,269 8,070 3.5 3.2 88 Manyatta B 27,952 27,952 27,952 7,808 3.6 2.5 112

5 Kolwa East Buoye 5,789 5,789 1,230 4.7 23.7 2 Mayenya 5,623 5,623 5,623 1,205 4.7 11.9 5 Chiga 9,876 9,876 9,876 2,168 4.6 22.1 4

6 Kisumu South West Ojola 8,323 8,323 1,823 4.6 16.7 5 Osiri 7,274 7,274 1,681 4.3 16.3 4 Kanyawegi 6,529 6,529 1,454 4.5 17.4 4

7 Kisumu Central Korando A 12,057 12,057 12,057 2,406 5.0 10.5 11 Korando B 6,446 6,446 6,446 1,367 4.7 8.1 8

8 Kisumu East Kogony 19,625 19,625 19,625 5,164 3.8 11.8 17 Dago 5,724 5,724 1,275 4.5 9.8 6 Mkwenda 1,032 1,032 219 4.7 1.3 8 Kanyakwar 12,554 12,554 12,554 3,553 3.5 6.6 19

9 Kisumu North Bar A 4,319 1. 4,319 957 4.5 6.4 7 Bar B 4,065 4,065 898 4.5 6.7 6 Nyahera 9,750 9,750 2,041 4.8 16.4 6

10 Kajulu East Kadero 6,790 6,790 6,790 1,505 4.5 7.3 9 Got Nyabondo 4,050 4,050 4,050 853 4.7 4.7 9 Okok 3,938 3,938 3,938 887 4.4 3.6 11

11 Kajulu West Konya 14,275 14,275 14,275 3,357 4.3 13.7 10 Wathorego 11,823 11,823 11,823 2,849 4.1 9.0 13

12 Miwani Miwani E 1,560 390 4.0 32.9 0 Miwani W 4,731 1,016 4.7 26.7 2 Miwani N 1,005 275 3.7 16.3 1 Miwani C 867 304 2.9 28.7 0

Total 412,323 404,160 351,355 102,508 4.0 395 10

2.3.2. Urban Structure Figure 2.3 illustrates the broad structure of the city at present. Four distinct elements can be defined:

The Old Town: The former colonial town comprising mostly planned formal development, this area is characterised by a regular street layout with formal plot development. The area contains two small unplanned informal settlements, Kaloleni and Manyatta Arab. Informal settlements: These have developed over many decades in a ring around the Old Town, providing affordable housing to low-income groups who work in the commercial and industrial areas within the Old Town. These are recognised as being an essential part of the urban structure, and it is accepted policy to proceed with upgrading of these areas through granting security of tenure and delivery of basic utilities so as to improve living conditions for residents.

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE NUMBER & TITLE

CLIENT

CHIGA

BUOYE

BAR

KANYAGWEGI

OJOLLA

KASULE

KORANDO

KONYADAGO

NYAHERA

NYALUNYA

KIBUYE

KOGONY

MAYENYA

KANYAKWAR

KADERO

OKOK

MILIMANI

WATHOREGO

NYALENDA 'B'

MANYATTA 'B'

GOT NYABONDO

MANYATTA 'A'

NYALENDA 'A'

MKENDWA

KANYAGWEGI

WINAMMASENO

L.VICTORIA

MUHORONI

NYANDO

DATE


European Investment BankSeptember 2011

Project formulation for scaling up the LakeVictoria Water and Sanitation Initiative

LEGEND

Figure 2.2 - KMC sublocations with LTAP coverage

Sub Locations in Winam Division BLTAP CoverageL.VICTORIA

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE NUMBER & TITLE

CLIENT

CHIGA

BUOYE

BAR

KANYAGWEGI

OJOLLA

KASULE

KORANDO

KONYADAGO

NYAHERA

NYALUNYA

KIBUYE

KOGONY

MAYENYA

KANYAKWAR

KADERO

OKOK

MILIMANI

WATHOREGO

NYALENDA 'B'

MANYATTA 'B'

GOT NYABONDO

MANYATTA 'A'

NYALENDA 'A'

MKENDWA

KANYAGWEGI

DATE


European Investment Bank September 2011

Project formulation for scaling up the LakeVictoria Water and Sanitation Initiative

LEGEND

Figure 2.3Basic Urban Structure

Sub Locations in Winam Division BL.VICTORIAOld townInformal settlementsHill developmentsPeri urban developmentsDirection of peri urban expansion



Peri-urban development: Beyond the ring of informal settlements is a large area characterised by small-scale cultivation and burgeoning residential development. This area is gradually becoming urbanised, through individual plot development combined with sub-division and sale of plots, all in a largely unplanned manner. This area is expected to accommodate the bulk of future population increase a key issue is whether some form of systematic planning control/guidance can be exercised that will assist cost-effective planning and delivery of utilities infrastructure.

Development on hills: Low density high-cost housing has recently extended up onto the band of hills that runs east-west to the north of the city. This development has prompted serious concerns about the environmental and ecological impact of deforestation and increased surface water run-off, causing flooding in lower areas. It also poses problems for the delivery of piped water due to elevation and distance.

Table 2.5 is an indicative breakdown of the KMC population between the three elements. The high-cost hill development is combined into the peri-urban category. Each sub-location has been allocated to one of the three elements, according to the dominant character of development. Four sub-locations with mixed characteristics of several categories were subjectively distributed between elements. The detailed allocation by ward is given in Table 2.8 at end of this chapter. Table 2.5 KMC Breakdown by Type of Development

Population % Households Area km

Density (ppha)

Ave h/hold size

1 Formal planned area

63,000 16 16,000 18 34 4.0

2 Informal settlements

170,000 42 46,000 26 66 3.7

3 Peri-urban 172,000 42 39,000 246 7 4.4

Total* 404,000 100 101,000 290 14 4.0 * Totals may not add due to rounding

This breakdown highlights the variation behind the Kisumu-wide averages for density and household size. The average density of 14 persons per hectare (ppha) disguises significant differences, specifically between high density (66 ppha) in the informal settlements areas and low density (7 ppha) in the peri-urban areas. Moreover, Table 2.4 shows that even these figures disguise even more significant differences e.g. high densities above 100 ppha in Manyatta A & B, Nyawita and Migosi; and low densities below 5 ppha in Buoye, Chiga and Kanyawegi.

The average household size data is lower than typically found in African urban areas. It is interesting to note the low figure of 3.7 p/hh (persons per household) for informal settlements, and the correspondingly higher figure of 4.4 p/hh in peri-urban areas. This may well reflect the fact that households living in the town leave some family members at their home rural area while living in the town to exploit cash employment opportunities.

2.3.3. Population Projections Table 2.6 shows population projections to 2031, based on the 2009 Census KMC figure. This indicates a 2011 baseline population of around 412,000, and a 2031 urban population of 700-800,000, representing an increase over 20 years of 300-400,000.



The medium growth average AGR (annual growth rate) of 2.85% corresponds to the rate used in the draft Kisumu Structure Plan. In order to provide a range, we have added low growth (AGR 2.5%) and high growth (AGR 3.5%) projections. The target year of 2031 is used to give a 20-year planning horizon from 2011 (this is consistent with the approach used for Mwanza). Note that the Central Bureau of Statistics uses an average AGR 2.6% to project to 2031.

The UN Global Report on Human Settlements 2009 gives country-specific estimates of urban population AGRs for 10-year bands: 2000-10, 2010-20 and 2010-30 (Table B.2, p.238). The respective figures for Kenya are 3.80%, 4.21% and 4.12%, which are significantly higher than those used by the CBS and those incorporated in the draft Structure Plan.

The GRHS AGR estimates would result in a 2031 population of about 950,000, 31% higher than the corresponding NBS figure with commensurate implications for the planning and delivery of infrastructure and other urban services.

Table 2.6 Population Projections 2011-31, Based on 2009 Census Annual

growth rate 2009 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

Increase 2011-31

Low growth 2.50% 390,164 409,916 463,782 524,727 593,681 671,695 261,779

Medium growth 2.85% 390,164 412,720 474,982 546,637 629,101 724,005 311,285

High growth 3.50% 390,164 417,953 496,398 589,565 700,218 831,639 413,686

2.3.4. Kisumu Structure Plan 2010-30 The draft Structure Plan was prepared by the Ministry of Lands, Department of Physical Planning, the central government department responsible for strategic planning. The document is subtitled a Strategic Concept Plan, and is described as a precursor to the eventual Integrated Structure Plan. However, it does not yet contain specific detailed policies and programmes for implementation. It concentrates on analysis of existing conditions and setting out broad principles that will be further developed for the Integrated Structure Plan.

Population

The Structure Plan was drafted before publication of the 2009 Census data, and so based its projections (Table 2, p. 30) on the 1999 figure (322,734) by applying historic growth rates over previous decades, giving a 2030 population of 768,797. We understand that the Structure Plan population sections are to be revised to incorporate the 2009 Census data.

Housing

The Plan reports that 75% of the urban population lives in poor housing conditions, increased from 30% in 1962, due to the supply of new housing and development plots failing to keep pace with growing demand. KMC holds no records on housing stock.

The Plan says that 10,000 housing units are needed per year. This seems excessively high, representing a population of 40,000 (at 4 p/hh). It is far more than the projected annual population increase, which suggests a demand for 4,000 additional units/plots. It is possible that this figure incorporates an assessment of the backlog that has built up through supply not meeting demand.

Low investment in housing is put down to high land costs, the lack of serviced plots for self-build and complications arising from traditional freehold tenure (especially in the



peri-urban areas). It is estimated that about 50% of housing is self-owned, with the rest rented through various Government and institutional providers.

The Plan reports on the densification of low density formal planned areas e.g. Milimani where numerous large plots are being redeveloped to increase the number of dwellings per plot. Similar densification is happening in the informal settlements, reflecting the continued lack of affordable housing options for low income groups.

Utilities

Piped water supply (through individual connections and standpipes) is reported to reach 40% of the population of Kisumu Municipality, concentrated in the Old Town and some informal settlements (Nyalenda, Manyatta and Obunga). The peri-urban areas are served by shallow wells, boreholes, water vendors, roof catchment and water pans.

The sewerage network is reported to serve either 60,000 people (which we consider too high) or 10% of the Municipal area (considered more likely). It covers the CBD, Municipal housing estates, parts of Milimani formal area and Manyatta informal settlement.

Solid waste collection is estimated to have a collection efficiency of 20%, concentrated in the high income areas, with the vast bulk of generated waste being uncollected.

Institutional capability

The Plan describes the limitations to effective planning of the KMC and critically assesses KMC performance. It states that KMC is empowered by legislation to control development and deliver services yet fails to do so effectively due to various factors:

Bottlenecks in development control; Failure of elected leaders to appreciate the difference between strategic

planning and plot allocation;

Ineffective and outdated development control mechanisms leading to haphazard development;

Lack of qualified/experienced staff in key technical departments; High staff turnover preventing continuity; Nepotism in recruitment and appointments; and Political interference in routine management.

Structure Plan Concepts

The Plan sets out five Plan Concepts which are to be developed in the eventual Structure Plan: the Lake Front, Housing & Residential Development, Economic Zone, the CBD and Transportation.

The Housing & Residential Concept Plan illustrated in Map 18 of the Plan, gives the clearest indication of a possible spatial development strategy (see Figure 2.4). It sets out the main issues to be addressed:

Continued growth in unplanned settlements; Fringe peri-urban development occurring without a clear planning framework,

creating problems for infrastructure delivery and environmental impact;

Uncontrolled change of use in the Old Town; Need for increased provision of low-cost housing; and



Dilapidated institutional housing stock. The recommended strategies to address these issues are very generalised, and do not provide a clear steer on policy or action. It is assumed that these will be elaborated on in the eventual Integrated Structure Plan.

Large areas are designated for low/medium density housing, but none for high density, which means that the needs of low income households (the vast majority of households) are simply ignored. In addition, the text contains much negative talk about the slums, referring to the informal settlements, without offering any practical solutions.

The buffer zone for compact urban development in the south east is a sound principle but is probably unrealistic, given that development is already spreading out in this direction. It is not clear how this buffer zone would be enforced. Large areas to the north, east and west remain blank. These areas have major urban expansion potential, and yet the Plan gives no indication of what is to happen here.

Overall, there is the impression that the Structure Plan still requires a significant amount of work to develop truly coherent direction and guidance for future development.

2.3.4.1. Residential Plot Size It is noted that plot sizes under current practice are very large for an urban context, even by generous African standards. They are i

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