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Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur over Southern Europe with focus on the Mediterranean and the Black Sea: WRF/CMAQ modeling. U. Im 1,2 , S. Christodoulaki 1,3 , K. Violaki 1 , P. Zarmpas 1 , M. Kocak 4 , N. Daskalakis 1,2 , N. Mihalopoulos 1 , M. Kanakidou 1 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur over Southern Europe with focus on the Mediterranean and the
Black Sea: WRF/CMAQ modeling
U. Im1,2, S. Christodoulaki1,3, K. Violaki1, P. Zarmpas1, M. Kocak4, N. Daskalakis1,2, N. Mihalopoulos1, M. Kanakidou1
[1] Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, P.O.Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
[2] Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Patras, Greece
[3] Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, P.O. Box 2214, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
[4] Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Mersin, TurkeyPaper , under review Atmos Environ, 2013
2
INTRODUCTION• Nitrogen (N) and Sulfur (S) impact on:
– Atmospheric chemistry (O3 chemistry, SIA HNO3, H2SO4)– Ecosystem (deposition: fertilization, acidification and accumulation)
• N and S have both anthropogenic and natural sources• Emissions and deposition of N/S species will further
increase/decrease in the future.
BACK
GRO
UN
D
Duce et al., Science, 2008
ACCENT 2013, September 2013, Urbino, Italy
Chl “a” distribution along Mediterranean
Europe’s Environment, 1998.
N/P ratio in seawater from 22-28 >> than the normal (18)
MO
TIVA
TIO
N
HNO3
NH3
NO3-
NH4+
Dry Deposition
Wet Deposition
NO3-
NH4+
Total Deposition
NO3-
NH4+
NOx NOy
Particulate Nitrogen500 m
1500 m
Sediment traps
Mesozooplancton
Phytoplanton
Bacteries
Cilies
MO
TIVA
TIO
N
0
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Months
mmolN/(15d*m2)
Sediment trapsDry depositionWet deposition
Kouvarakis et al., GBC, 2001
MOTIVATION
The results obtained during this study showed that airborne DIN alone is more than sufficient to explain new production in the East Mediterranean Sea. Dry deposition alone accounts for about a factor of two of the collected PON and both dry and wet deposition account for about 370% of the PON.
Observations have limited geographical coverage. CTMs provide integrated view (temporal and spatial
variations) (local to global). Few modeling studies dedicated to the atmospheric
deposition of N and S to the Mediterranean and the Black Seas.
FOCUS ON MEDITERRANEAN & BLACK SEA
7
METHODS – MODEL CONFIGURATION• WRF/CMAQ• 171×123×23 grid cells• 30 km horizontal resolution• Vertical extent ~16 km• CB-V chemical mechanism
(Yardwood et al., 2005)• AERO5 aerosol mechanism (Foley et
al., GeosciModDev, 2010) • NCEP meteorology for 2008• Monthly mean chemical boundary
conditions (global model TM4-ECPL: Myriokefalitakis et al., ACP, 2011)
• Model setup: Im and Kanakidou, ACP, 2012 & Im et al STOTENV, under review, 2013
• Natural Emissions and Biomass burning Emissions are calculated on line.
WRF METEOROLOGICAL
MODEL
INITIAL/BOUNDARY CONDITIONS (TM4-
ECPL)
MOSSES ANTHROPOGENIC
EMISSIONS MODEL
CHEMISTRY AND TRANSPORT MODEL
(CMAQ)
NATURAL EMISSIONS (MEGAN
BIOGENIC+GOCART DUST)
NCAR FINN BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS
MODEL
ACCENT 2013, September 2013, Urbino, Italy
8
EMISSIONS
Sectors (tons/yr) NOx NH3 SO2
Anthropogenic 1.7E+7 5.7E+6 1.4E+7Biogenic 6.8E+5Biomass Burning 2.2E+3 8.7E+2 1.9E+2
Anthropogenic Emissions•INERIS 10 km inventory for Europe •CIRCE global emissions for remaining parts around the Mediterranean and Asia (Pozzer et al., ACP, 2012)•2 km emissions for Istanbul (Markakis et al., APR 2012) and Athens (Markakis et al., WASP & APR, 2010)
Im et al. (2013) AtmEnv. Under Review
ANNUAL TOTAL N & S EMISSIONS
ANNUAL SECTORAL N EMISSIONS
ACCENT 2013, September 2013, Urbino, Italy
9
OBSERVATIONS
Im et al. (2013) AtmEnv. Under Review
EMEP wet deposition: 45 stations, 2008http://www.emep.int/
Mihalopoulos unpublished data: 2008. Finokalia station, Greece, dry deposition http://finokalia.chemistry.uoc.gr
Medinets and Medinets, TurJFishAqua, 2012: Zmiinyi station, Black Sea, 2008
Markaki et al., MarChem, 2010:5 stations 2001-2003
Kocak et al., BioGeoSci, 2010: Erdemli, Turkey station, 2006-2007
ACCENT 2013, September 2013, Urbino, Italy
10
MODEL VALIDATION
r2 Bias NMB RMSE IOA MAGE NMENH4
+ 0.3 -198 -53 262 0.6 201 54NO3
- 0.4 -47 -17 146 0.8 110 39
NH4++NO3
- 0.4 -165 -47 226 0.7 170 48SO4
= 0.2 -125 -36 267 0.6 172 46Precip 0.5 -116 -12 417 0.8 318 33
10
COMPARISON* WITH EMEP WET DEPOSITION, 2008
PRECIPITATION SO4=
NO3- NH4
+
*Statistics are based on daily mean dataACCENT 2013, September 2013, Urbino, Italy
ANNUAL DEPOSITION FLUXES
Normalized mean error between modeled &observed N deposition fluxes
(N*: Total N as in the observations)
11
N DEPOSITION OVER EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN & THE BLACK SEA
Nitrogen deposition (Tg-N yr-1)
Precip.(mm yr-1)
NitrogenEmis.(Tg-N
yr-1)Deposition Emission Dry Wet Total
SeaLand+Sea Sea
Land+Sea Sea
Land+Sea Sea Land+Sea
BS 0.23 0.12 0.36 415 0.52 0.7EM 0.81 2.88 0.29 0.85 1.10 3.73 349 405 2.88 1.3
WM 0.60 2.80 0.32 0.65 0.92 3.45 491 384 1.93 1.8Europe 4.14 5.65 0.75 2.03 4.89 7.68 504 555 9.26 0.8
ACCENT 2013, September 2013, Urbino, Italy
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S DEPOSITION OVER EUROPE, THE MEDITERRANEAN & THE BLACK SEA
ACCENT 2013, September 2013, Urbino, Italy
Sulfur deposition (Tg-S yr-1)Precip.
(mm yr-1)Sulfur
Emis.(Tg-S yr-1)Deposition Emission Dry Wet Total
SeaLand+Sea Sea
Land+Sea Sea
Land+Sea Sea
Land+Sea
BS 0.16 0.01 0.17 415 0.40 0.4EM 0.52 1.37 0.32 0.70 0.84 2.07 349 405 2.88 0.7
WM 0.33 0.48 0.19 0.33 0.52 0.81 491 384 0.84 1.0Europe 1.59 2.51 0.49 1.37 2.07 3.88 504 555 5.08 0.8
13
IMPORTANCE & IMPACTS OF N DEPOSITIONLAND• 19% of total N (0.93 Tg-N yr-1) is deposited over forests.• 84% of the forested regions receive fluxes larger than the critical nitrogen load of 1 g-N m-2 yr-1.
OCEAN
N (g-N m-2 yr-1)
Annual N deposition over forests
Atm=2.02 TgN yr-1
ASW=1.4 TgN yr-1 River=1.08 TgN yr-1
GW=0.3 TgN yr-1
ACCENT 2013, September 2013, Urbino, Italy
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IMPACTS OF N DEPOSITION OVER MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
The excess of N accumulates then in the water column and could explain the anomalous N/P ratio observed in the Eastern Mediterranean (Christodoulaki et al., JMarineSys, 2013).
Atm. N Dep.0.36 TgN yr-1
N
C
C production 2.4 TgC yr-1
Sedimentation 1.6 TgC yr-1Theodosi et al., BioGeoSciDisc, 2013
BLACK SEA
This workAtm. N Dep.0.8 g N m-2 yr-1
N
Sedimentation 0.16 gN m-2 yr-1
Kouvarakis et al., GBC, 2001
EAST MED. SEA
This work
ACCENT 2013, September 2013, Urbino, Italy
15
CONCLUSIONS• The Mediterranean Sea receives 2.02 Tg-N yr-1 and 1.36 Tg-S yr-1
while the Black Sea receives 0.36 Tg-N yr-1 and 0.17 Tg-S yr-1.• Results compare reasonably with observations and previous model
studies over Europe although some underestimation is seen depending on species and season.
• A significant amount of the deposited N and S is transported to the Mediterranean basin.
• The critical nitrogen load (1 g-N m-2 yr-1) is exceeded in 84% of the European forested areas.
• Atmospheric deposition plays a predominant role on the open Mediterranean and Black Seas ecosystems functioning.
• Excess N accumulates in the East Med Sea due to atmospheric N and is leading to high N/P ratios.
ACCENT 2013, September 2013, Urbino, Italy
16
THANK YOU
ACCENT 2013, September 2013, Urbino, Italy
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
U. ImN. DaskalakisM. Kanakidou
S. Christodoulaki
N. MihalopoulosK. Violaki
PEGASOS
18
FOCUS ON MEDITERRANEAN & BLACK SEA• Pollution receptor regions, seasonality.• Semi-closed ecosystem• East Mediterranean Sea is oligotrophic
• Observations have limited geographical coverage. • CTMs provide integrated view (temporal and spatial variations) (local
to global). • Few modeling studies dedicated to the atmospheric deposition of N
and S to the Mediterranean and the Black Seas.
Lelieveld et al., Science, 2002
MO
TIVA
TIO
N
ACCENT 2013, September 2013, Urbino, Italy