Paper Heavy Metal

8/9/2019 Paper Heavy Metal

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TASK IHAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

(TL 5122)

Group I

NGUYEN THI NGOC ANH (25313044)RESTI AYU LESTARI (25314707)KENDRA TANDEGA (25314711)SATRIYANI KUSUMA N (25314729)FATIMAH JUHRA (25314732)MINDA NICELIA (25314740)

MENTARI KHAIRITA UTAMI (25314752)VA VANDITH (25314756)TRY KIMLENG (25314758)

Lecturer:ENRI DAMANHURI

POST GRADUATE PROGRAMENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERINGBANDUNG TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE

2014


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1.1 Introduction

A heavy metal is a member of a loosely defined subset of elements that exhibit metallic properties.Many different definitions have been proposed some based on density, some on atomic number oratomic weight, and some on chemical properties or toxicity. The term heavy metal has been called a"misinterpretation" in an International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) technical reportdue to the contradictory definitions and its lack of a "coherent scientific basis". There are many heavymetals in our environment both naturally and from pollution. If metallic element has a high atomicweight and a density much greater (at least 5 g/cm3) than water, it is called heavy metal. There aremore than 20 heavy metals, but four are of particular concern to human health: lead (Pb), cadmium(Cd), mercury (Hg), and inorganic arsenic (As). Others are including copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc(Zn), play important roles in our bodies. Heavy metals are natural components of the Earth's crust.They cannot be degraded or destroyed. To a small extent they enter our bodies via food, drinkingwater and air. As trace elements, some heavy metals (e.g. copper, selenium, zinc) are essential tomaintain the metabolism of the human body. However, at higher concentrations they can lead to

poisoning. Heavy metal poisoning could result, for instance, from drinking-water contamination (e.g.lead pipes), high ambient air concentrations near emission sources, or intake via the food chain.Heavymetals are dangerous because they tend to accumulate in organism. Bioaccumulation means theincreasing of concentration of a chemical in a biological organism over time, compared to thechemicals concentration in the environment. Compounds accumulate in living things any time they aretaken up and stored faster than they are broken down (metabolized) or excreted.

1.2 Heavy Metal in Waste

Heavy metal waste come from human activity, both domestic or industrial contain heavy metals. Thiswaste with specific requirements can be classified as hazardous and toxic waste that must be managedspecifically in order not to pollute the environment.

1.2.1 Regulations of Heavy Metal Waste in IndonesiaGeneral regulations on heavy metal waste in Indonesia is regulated in Government Regulation No. 18

junction to 85 in 1999. Both of this rule regulate waste belonging to the hazardous category consistingof hazardous waste from non-specific sources, hazardous waste from specific sources, as well as wastefrom expired materials, spill of the packaging or disposal of products that do not meet classification. Inthis regulation, heavy metal waste should be managed as hazardous waste in accordance withapplicable regulations.

1.2.1.1 Heavy Metal Waste From Specific Sources

Table 1 lists the hazardous heavy metal waste from specific sources in Indonesian Government

regulation number 18 of 1999 conjunction to 85 of 1999:Table1 . List of heavy metal waste from specific activities

No Specific Activites Heavy Metals

1 Fertilizer As, Hg

2 Pesticide As, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Th

3 Chloro alkali process Hg

4 Polymer Cd, Pb, Sb, Sn

5 Petrochemical Cr, Ni, Sb

6 Smelting / processing of iron and steel As, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Thdan Zn

7 Refinement steel operation As, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Th, Zn8 Lead smelting As, Pb, Cd, Zn, Th
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_weighthttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertieshttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAChttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Cu-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Se-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Zn-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Zn-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Se-en.htmhttp://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Cu-en.htmhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAChttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicityhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_propertieshttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_weighthttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_numberhttp://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density


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No Specific Activites Heavy Metals

9 Smelting and refining of copper Cu, Pb, Cd, Th

10 Ink Cr, Pb

11 Textile As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn

12 Manufacturing and assembly of vehicles andmachinery

As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ag, Hg, Cu, Ni, Zn, Se, Sn

13 Electroplating dan galvanizing Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, As, Ba, Hg, Se, Ag, Ni, Zn, Sn14 Paint As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Se, Ag, Zn

15 Dry cells battery Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Hg

16 Wet cells battery Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Sb

17 Components and electronic equipment As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ag, Hg, Cu, Ni, Zn, Se, Sn, Sb

18 Exploration and production of oil, gas andgeothermal

Ba, Cr, Pb, Ni

19 Oil and gas refinery Ba, Cr, Pb, Ni)

20 Mining Not specific

21 Coal powerplant Not specific

22 Tannery Cr, Pb23 Dyestuffs and pigments Cr, Zn, Pb, Hg, Ni, Sn, Cu, Sb, Ba

24 Pharmacy As

25 Recycling of used lubricating oils Zn, Pb, Cr

26 Processing animal fat / vegetable and derivates Cr, Ni, Zn

27 Zinc smelting and refinement Zn, Cr, Pb, Th

28 Non-ferrous metal process As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb

29 Metal hardening Ba, Cr, Mn

30 Industrial WWTP As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Se, Ag, Cu, Ni

31 Glass ceramics Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Ba

32 Seals, gaskets, packing Pb, Hg, Zn

1.2.1.2 Heavy Metal Waste From Expired Materials, Spill or Discharge of Residual PackagingProducts.

Government regulation Number 18 of 1999 conjunction to 85 of 1999, heavy metal waste included inthis category are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. List of heavy metal waste from expired materials, spills or disposalof residual packaging products

Num Waste name Waste code1 Acetic lead D31042 Chromate lead D31053 Nitrate lead D31064 Oxide lead D31075 Phospate lead D31086 Mercury and its compounds D31137 Cyanide silver D3157

1.2.1.3 Heavy metals TCLP standard

Table 3 shows the quality standards of heavy metal that determines the nature of a toxic waste by theIndonesian Government regulation number 18/1999 conjunction to 85/1999:


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Table 3 .Quality Standard Which Determines The Heavy Metal Toxicity of a Waste

Num Heavy metal Concentration standard in waste extraction (TCLP) (mg/l)

1 Arsen 0,2

2 Barium 5

3 Boron 100

4 Cadmium 0,055 Chromium 0,25

6 Copper 0,19

7 Lead 2,5

8 Mercury 0,01

9 Selenium 0,05

10 Silver 2

11 Zinc 2,5

1.2.2 Source of Heavy Metals Pollutants

Sources of heavy metal pollutants in the environment can come from industries that use the metal basematerial. As the industry is using Cu electroplating, chemical industries that use dyes, leather tanningindustrial metals containing chromium, as well as industrial batteries. In this paper we will discuss thesources of pollution of the few industries that during the process produces wastewater containingheavy metals.

1.2.2.1 Electroplating Industry

One example of metal-based industries is the electroplating industry. Electroplating activities producessolid and liquid wastes and emissions. Solid waste come from activities polishing and removing thecrust. Wastewater come from washing, cleaning and plating processes. The wastewater contains a lotof dissolved metals, solvents and organic compounds and other dissolved inorganic.

Electroplating industry is an industry that make metal plating with the help of electric current. Metalcoating process consists of washing, cleaning, coating, rinsing and drying. Water from the washing

process metals, cleaning and flushing usually contain metals such as Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb.

1.2.2.2 Tannery Industry

Waste of tanning industry is divided in to solid waste and sludge, liquid and gases (odor). Wasteleather tanning industry is also determined by the use of raw materials both large and small leatherskin, auxiliary materials (chemical drugs) as well as the use of process technology and hold process,capacity up to the type of product produced.

The main sources of waste leather tanning industry consists of:a. The parts of the skin that must be removed, including feathers, various proteins and oil, remnants

of leather cutting, splitting and the rest of the chemicals used during the tanning process; b. Excess chemicals from tanning process. The waste beside being form of solids, liquids and gases

can also be mixed waste containing some substance.

The nature and characteristics of tannery wastewater by type of process stages in Table 6.

Table 6. The Nature And Characteristics Of Tannery Wastewater By Type Of Process StagesInput Process Waste

Dried rawhide, 200-1000 % water,

1 g/l wetting drug and antiseptic(tepol, molescal)

Soaking Meat offal, blood, feathers, salt,

minerals, dust and dirt.


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Input Process WasteSkin that has been soaked, 300 400% water, 6 10% (Ca(OH 2), 3 6% Sodium Sufide (Na 2S)

Liming Greenish white water, and dirty,containing calcium, sodium sulfide,albumin, fur, meat offal and fat

Chromium sulphate alkaline chrome tanning chrome

1.2.2.3 Battery IndustryBattery has three important component namely anode, cathode, and electrolytes. Primary battery ordisposable battery for example is made of zinc as anode, carbon as cathode and electrolytes which isused as pasta mixture MnO 2 powder, carbon and NH 4Cl. While secondary batteries that can be filledgenerally have re-anode from cadmium, and cathode from nickel with electrolytes alkaline (KOH). Inaddition, lead (Pb) also often used for battery manufacturing. These components compilers battery willhave a negative impact for the environment, such as cadmium, and manganese.The concentration ofcadmium into the ground will enlarge the arrest elements volume was advanced by plants and foodchain entered. Impact that emerged when poisoning volume cadmium would be high blood pressure,renal impairment, decrease of red blood cells, stomach disorders and fragile bones. Manganese in large

number can cause poisoning and damage thenervous system for humans.

In this paper will be discussed 3 kind of heavy metals those Mercury(Hg), Chromium hexavalent(Cr +6) and Lead (Pb)

2.1 Mercury/ Hydrargyrum (Hg)

2.1.1 Definition and Characteristics

Mercury is made by cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) and form [Hg(0)], [Hg(I)], [Hg(II)], [MeHg] innature. Mercury is a peculiar metal. The important way to exposure man and the environment tomercury are two other properties:

a. Under reducing conditions in the environment, ionic mercury changes to the uncharged elementalmercury [Hg(0)], which is volatile and may be transported over long distances by air;

b. Mercury may be chemically or biologically transformed to methyl mercury and dimethyl mercury,of which the former is bioaccumulative and the latter is also volatile and may be transported overlong distances;

Physical Characteristics:

a. Fluidity at room temperature;b. Shiny;c. Silvery white;

d. Volatile.Chemistry Characteristics:

a. Mr = 200,59b. Density = 13,534 g/cm 3 c. Vapour Pressure = 0,3 Pad. Melting Point = 38,87 0Ce. Boiling Point = 356,72 0C


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2.1.2 Sources

a. Mercury in Nature

Fig. 2 Source Hg in Nature

b. Mercury in Waste1. Zinc and lead metallurgy;2. Thermometers;3. Dental amalgams;4. Batteries;5. Laboratory analyses;6. Fluorescent tubes;7. Barometers;8. High-voltage discharge lamps;9. Primary zinc production;10. Basic metal industry;

11. Dredged sediment;12. Chlorine-alkali industry;13. Lamp production;14. Petrochemical and other industry;15. Large household waste;16. Power plants;17. Hospitals and laboratories;18. Sewage sludge;19. MSW residues.

2.1.3 Influence of Mercury

a. Humans

Mercury and its compounds are toxic to humans. The toxicity varies among the different types ofmercury. Generally, organic forms are much more toxic than the inorganic forms because organicform are easier to absorb and mobile in human tissue than in organic form.

Methyl mercury

Methyl mercury is kind of organic mercury and represents the most important toxic impact of mercuryto humans. It is present worldwide and the general population is primarily exposed to methyl mercurythrough their diet, in particular through the consumption of fish and fish products. Most of the totalmercury in fish is in the form of methyl mercury (may be close to 100% for older fish, especially in

predatory species). Due to long-range atmospheric and aquatic transport of mercury, methyl mercuryis also present in the environment in remote areas without local or regional mercury sources.


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The high toxicity of methyl mercury is well documented. Methyl mercury has been found to haveadverse effects on several organ systems in the human body as well as in animals. These include thecentral nervous system (mental retardation, deafness, blindness, impairment of speech etc.) and thecardiovascular system (blood pressure, heart-rate variety and heart diseases). Research on animals hasgiven evidence of effects on the immune system and the reproduction system.

Methyl mercury in our food is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestine),readily crosses the placental barrier and enters the brain. A series of large epidemiological studies haverecently provided evidence that methyl mercury in pregnant women's marine diets appears to havesubtle, persistent effects on the children's mental development (cognitive deficits) as observed at aboutthe age of school start.

Inorganic mercury

The general population is primarily exposed to inorganic mercury through the diet and dentalamalgam. Acute inhalation exposure to mercury vapour may be followed by chest pains, dyspnoea,coughing, haemoptysis, and sometimes interstitial pneumonitis leading to death (WHO 1991). Thecentral nervous system is the critical organ for mercury vapour exposure. Subacute exposure has given

rise to psychotic reactions characterised by delirium, hallucinations, and suicidal tendency.

The kidney is the critical organ following the ingestion of inorganic divalent mercury salts.Occupational exposure to metallic mercury has been associated with the development of proteinuria,

both in workers with other evidence of mercury poisoning and in those without such evidence (WHO1991).

b. Environment

Birds and mammals

Experiments on certain groups of animals have shown that the central nervous system and the kidneysare the organs most vulnerable to damage from methyl mercury and inorganic mercury exposure.Effects include neurological impairment, reproductive effects, liver damage and significant decreasesin intestinal absorption. These effects may appear at animal tissue concentrations above 25-60 mg/kgwet weight (AMAP 1998). Birds fed inorganic mercury show a reduction in food intake andconsequent poor growth. Adverse effects on birds hatching have been observed at above 2 mg/kg wetweight (free ranging birds and experimental). Other more subtle effects on enzyme systems,cardiovascular function, blood parameters, the immune response, kidney function and structure, and

behaviour have been reported.

Other aquatic organisms

The organic forms of mercury are generally more toxic to aquatic organisms than the inorganic forms.Aquatic plants are affected by mercury in the water at concentrations approaching 1 mg/litre forinorganic mercury, but at much lower concentrations of organic mercury. High concentration ofinorganic mercury affect macroalgae by reducing the germination. Aquatic invertebrates vary greatlyin their susceptibility to mercury. Generally, larval stages are more sensitive than adults. A widevariety of physiological and biochemical abnormalities has been reported after fish have been exposedto sublethal concentrations of mercury, although the environmental significance of these effects isdifficult to assess. Reproduction is also affected adversely by mercury.

Other terrestrial organisms

Plants are generally insensitive to the toxic effects of mercury compounds. Mercury is, however,

accumulated in taller plants, especially in perennials. The primary effect in plants is associated withthe root tips.


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Microorganisms

Mercury is toxic to microorganisms. Inorganic mercury has been reported to have effects atconcentrations of the metal in the culture medium of 5 g/litre, and organo mercury compounds atconcentrations at least 10 times lower than this (WHO 1991). Organo mercury compounds have beenused as fungicides.

These effects are often irreversible, and mercury at low concentrations represents a major hazard tomicroorganisms. Subtle, but notable impacts are believed to take place in large parts of Europe inforest soils dominated by organic material and potentially in many other locations in the world withsimilar characteristics. The microbiological activity in soil is vital to the material balances for carbonand nutrients in the soil and is affecting trees and soil organisms, which form the basis for theterrestrial food chain.

2.1.4 Pathway

The main human exposure to mercury is via inhalation of the vapour of elemental mercury, ingestionof mercury and methyl mercury compounds in food . The driver of most environmental Hg andCH

3Hg studies is the perception that human health risk from CH

3Hg exposure has increased with

industrialization and the increasing cumulative release of Hg to the environment from anthropogenicsources. CH 3Hg concentrations are elevated in fish and shellfish, particularly piscivorous fish such astuna. Dietary consumption of marine fish and other seafood is a major route of CH 3Hg exposureamong human populations with many populations dependent on fish for food, protein, and nutrients.

In addition to the global commercial fishery, CH 3Hg exposure can be important at the localconsumer scale. Local consumers include

a. Recreational anglers who eat their catch; b. People who rely on local marine fish and marine mammals for a majority of their protein and

nutrition;

c. Immigrant communities who catch their own fish and may have different eating habits such asconsuming whole fish instead of fillets;

d. Consumers who prefer to eat local seafood. Indigenous peoples around the world that rely on localfish catch for subsistence living.

Fig 3.Bioacummulation of heavy metals


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2.1.5 Regulatory Limits

a. EPA 2 parts per billion parts (ppb) in drinking water; b. FDA 1 part of methyl mercury in a million parts of seafood;c. OSHA 0.1 milligram of organic mercury per cubic meter of workplace air and 0.05 milligrams

per cubic meter of metallic mercury vapor for 8-hour shifts and 40-hour work week.d. Indonesia: depend on the food

2.2 Chromium (Cr)


Chromium is a metallic element with oxidation states ranging from chromium(-II) to chromium(+VI)with the trivalent (III) and hexavalent (VI) sates being the most predominant. Elemental chromium,chromium(0), does not occur naturally. Although there is a divalent state, chromium II (chromous), itis relatively unstable under environmental conditions and is readily oxidized to the trivalent (III orchromic) state. Chromium compounds are most stable in the trivalent state under environmentalconditions and occur in nature in ores, such as ferrochromite (FeCr2O4). The hexavalent (VI orchromate) is the second most stable state; however, it only occurs naturally in rare minerals such as

crocoite (PbCrO4) (Hurlbut 1971; Papp and Lipin 2001). Hexavalent chromium compounds primarilyarise from anthropogenic sources (Alimonti et al. 2000; Barceloux 1999; EPA 1984a; Johnson et al.2006; Shanker et al. 2005).

Physical Characteristics:a. Hard;

b. Steel-gray;c. Shiny.

Chemistry Characteristics:a. Mr = 51,966

b. Density = 7,1 g/cm 3 c. Vapour Pressure = 0,3 Pad. Melting Point = 1907 0Ce. Boiling Point = 2671 0C

2.2.2 Sources

a. Chromium in Nature

Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in animals, plants, rocks, and soil and in volcanicdust and gases. Chromium has oxidation states (or "valence states") ranging from chromium(-II) tochromium(VI). Elemental chromium (chromium(0)) does not occur naturally. Chromium compoundsare stable in the trivalent (III) state and occur in nature in this state in ores, such as ferrochromite. Thehexavalent (VI) form is the second-most stable state. However, chromium(VI) rarely occurs naturally,

but is usually produced from anthropogenic sources (EPA 1984a).

b. Chromium in Waste

The best known sources of effluents containing chromium ions are chromium plating shops workingwith electrolytes based on aqueous solutions of chromic acid, metallurgic plants producing or

processing alloyed steels (where types with high chromium and nickel content are dominating) andrunning acidic pickling baths, textile industry and leather tanning.

2.2.3 Pathway

RespiratoryHow to enter chrome through the respiratory system by inhaling dust chromium are generated from the

production process. Chromium (VI) was found in the breathing zone of the worker welding sectionwith a concentration between 3.8 to 6.6 gr/ m3.

Digestive tractHow to enter chrome can be through food or swallowed. The content of chromium in the diet rangedfrom 5- 250 gr / kg. foods that have high levels of chromium, namely pepper and beer yeast

(Schroeder et al, 1962).


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SkinThe nature of the chrome the chromic compounds, dichromate and chromium (VI) in addition toirritants also corrosive, in case of direct contact is likely to cause allergies. Chromium chromate

particular, many cause allergies and dermatitis biggest cause for workers.

2.2.4 Influence of Chromium

a. Humans

The general population is exposed to chromium by inhaling ambient air, ingesting food, and drinkingwater containing chromium.Dermal exposure of the general public to chromium can occur from skincontact with certain consumer products or soils that contain chromium. The primary route of non-occupational workers, however, is food ingestion. Chromium content in foods varies greatly anddepends on the processing and preparation.

Chromium Hexavalent

Cli nical eff ectsEffect of chromium on health which may develop respiratory problems and also interfere withdigestion. Chromium (VI) is known to cause a variety of health affects. When a mixture of chromium

in the leather products, it can cause allergic reactions, such as skin rash. After breathing chromium(VI) can cause nose and nosebleeds. Other health problems that are caused by chromium (VI) is skinrashes, gastrointestinal effects, problem in respiratory, weakened immune system, kidney and liverdamage, lung cancer and even death.

Acute Ef fects: Chromium (VI) is much more toxic than chromium (III), for both acute and chronic exposures. The respiratory tract is the major target organ for chromium (VI) following inhalation exposure

in humans. Shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing were reported in cases where anindividual inhaled very high concentrations of chromium trioxide..

Other effects noted from acute inhalation exposure to very high concentrations of chromium (VI)include gastrointestinal and neurological effects, while dermal exposure causes skin burns inhumans.

Ingestion of high amounts of chromium (VI) causes gastrointestinal effects in humans andanimals, including abdominal pain, vomiting, and hemorrhage.

Acute animal tests have shown chromium (VI) to have extreme toxicity from inhalation and oralexposure.

Chronic Ef fects (Non cancer ) Chronic inhalation exposure to chromium (VI) in humans results in effects on the respiratory

tract, with perforations and ulcerations of the septum, bronchitis, decreased pulmonary function, pneumonia, asthma, and nasal itching and soreness reported.

Chronic human exposure to high levels of chromium (VI) by inhalation or oral exposure may produce effects on the liver, kidney, gastrointestinal and immune systems, and possibly the

blood. Dermal exposure to chromium (VI) may cause contact dermatitis, sensitivity, and ulceration of

the skin.

Reproductive/Developmental Ef fects: Reproductive effects of chromium (VI) in humans exposed by inhalation suggest that exposure to

chromium (VI) may result in complications during pregnancy and childbirth.

Cancer Risk: Epidemiological studies of workers have clearly established that inhaled chromium is a human

carcinogen, resulting in an increased risk of lung cancer. Although chromium-exposed workers
http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapintro.html#5ahttp://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapintro.html#5a


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were exposed to both chromium (III) and chromium (VI) compounds, only chromium (VI) has been found to be carcinogenic in animal studies.

Animal studies have shown chromium (VI) to cause lung tumors via inhalation exposure.

b. Environment

Chromium can affect the air quality through coal manufacturing, which eventally can lead to water or

soil contamination. Water contamination is fairly limited to surface water, and will not affectgroundwater because chromium strongly attaches to soil and is generally contained within the siltlayer surrounding or withing the groundwater reservoir. Water contaminated with chromium will not

build up in fish when consumed, but will accumulate on the gills, thus, causing negative health effectsfor aquatic animals; chromium uptake results in increased mortality rates in fish due to contamination.When consumed by animals, the effects can include "respiratory problems, a lower ability to fightdisease, birth defects, infertility and tumor formation."

2.2.5 First Aid and Protective Equipment

For eye contact, immediately flush with large amounts of water, lifting upper and lower lids. For

further medical treatment, seek for some medical attention. For skin contact, quickly removecontaminated clothing. Immediately wash contaminated skin with large amounts of soap and water.For inhalation, remove the person from exposure and transfer the person promptly to a medicalfacility.

To prevent some injuries, protective equipment is recommended. Gloves and clothing is highly-recommended to avoid skin contact. The glove and clothes must be made from a material whichcannot be permeated or degraded by this substance. Wear an eye protection such as goggles to preventan eye contact and wear respiratory to prevent chromium exposure through inhalation.

2.2.6 Handling and Storagea. Chromium may react violently or explosively with some other compounds;

b. Chromium is not compatible with oxidizing agents;c. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area.

2.2.7 Workplace Exposure Limits

a. OSHA The legal airborne permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 1 mg/m 3 averaged over an 8-hourworkshift

b. NIOSH The recommended airborne exposure limit (REL) is 0,5 mg/m 3 averaged over an 8-hourworkshift.

c. ACGIH The threshold limit value (TLV) is 0,5 mg/m 3 averaged over an 8-hour workshift.

2.3 Lead (Pb)


Lead is a naturally occurring metal found in the Earth's crust at about 15 20 mg/kg. In comparison tothe two most abundant metals in the Earth, aluminum and iron, lead is a relatively uncommon metal.Lead rarely occurs in its elemental state, but rather its +2 oxidation state in various ores throughout theearth. The most important lead containing ores are galena (PbS), anglesite (PbSO4), and cerussite(PbCO3).

Physical Characteristics:a. Bluish-white;

b. Ductile;c. Soft.


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Chemistry Characteristics:a. Mr = 207,2

b. Density = 11,34 g/cm 3 c. Vapour Pressure = 0,3 Pad. Melting Point = 327,46 0Ce. Boiling Point = 1749 0C

2.3.2 Sources

a. Lead in Nature

Lead is a naturally occurring metal found in the earth's crust. There is a high occurrence of lead oredeposits around that are gathered, and distributed around the world. A person's environment is full oflead. People are exposed to lead in many different ways (such as paint, gasoline, solder, and consumer

products) and through different pathways (such as air, food, water, dust, and soil). Although all thereare several exposure sources, lead-based paint is the most widespread and dangerous high-dose sourceof lead exposure. Additionally, lead in drinking water accounts for 10 to 20 percent of humanexposure. Infants who consume mainly mixed formula can receive 40-60 percent of lead throughdrinking water

b. Lead in Waste Automotive industry: wheel weights, bearings, friction additive in clutch facings and brakes,

storage batteries Construction industry: flashing, pipe, sheeting, counterweights, paint additives Electronic industry: cathode-ray tubes, radiation shielding, solder Resource industry: fishing sinkers, rifle bullets, backstops at rifle and pistol ranges Printing industry: letter blocks Miscellaneous: paint, insecticides, fungicides, chemical reagents, gasoline

additives, pigments, dyes Automotive industry: spent glycol solution removed from cooling systems with heat

exchangers made from alloys containing lead as an adhesive Oil field construction: joining compound (pipe dope) Automotive industry: ceramic products, paints, rubbers, dyes, corrosion inhibiting pigment in

paints and primers Miscellaneous: manufacture of explosives, blasting caps, matches and pyrotechnics, chemical

reagents, pigments, dyes

2.3.3 Pathway

AirMost of the lead in ambient air is in the form of sub-micron-sized particles. Some 30 50% of theseinhaled particles are retained in the respiratory system. Virtually all of this retained leadis absorbedinto the body. Particles in the size range of 1 3 m are also efficiently depositedin the lungs. Larger

particles are deposited with variable efficiency, mainly in the upperrespiratory tract with incompleteabsorption. All lead particles that are cleared by the lung canbe swallowed and result in further leadabsorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

Drinking-waterLead concentrations in drinking-water and groundwater vary from 1 g/l to 60 g/l. In most Europeancountries, the levels of lead in domestic tap water are relatively low, normally 20 g/l. Consequently,exposure to lead through water is generally low compared with exposure through food. Nevertheless,in old houses with lead pipes used for the domestic drinking-water supply, blood lead levels in six-year-old children were found to be elevated by about 30% relative to houses without lead pipes. In

areas with soft water, where leadwater pipes and lead plumbing are common, the contribution of leadin drinking-water to thetotal lead intake may even be more pronounced.


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FoodMost people receive the largest portion of their daily lead intake via food. Most lead entersfood duringstorage and manufacture, for example in canned food and in alcoholic drinks. The most important

pathway whereby atmospheric lead enters the food chain is thought to be direct foliar contamination of plants. This contamination depends on the rate of fallout of lead in thedistricts where food is grown; ittends to be higher in heavily industrialized areas.Additionally, air deposits raise the level of lead insoil, which, in the course of decades andcenturies, may result in an increased uptake of lead throughthe roots.

2.3.4 Influence of Lead

a. Humans

Infants and children who drink water containing lead in excess could experience delays in their physical or mental development. Young children could show slight deficits in attention span andlearning abilities. Adults with exposure, over years, may develop kidney problems or high blood

pressure. Even low levels of lead exposure can result in decreased performance on intelligence tests.Lead exposure in adults is also associated with fertility problems and cataracts. Additionally, lead isstored within bones/teeth, and can be released into the blood stream at times of stress. As newinformation has emerged about the neurological, reproductive, and possible hypertensive toxicity oflead, the CDC has progressively increased the level of concern for blood lead levels. CDC casemanagement guidelines are designed to keep children's blood lead levels below 10 g/dL, and adults

below 30 g/dL. The maximum contaminate level goal of lead in drinking water is zero, but the EPA'sfinal rule is set at 15 g/L.

b. Environment

Lead is commonly found within plant tissues and in their roots. Most lead will accumulate in cell wallsor vacuoles. This shows that big amounts of lead can now easily enter the food chain via plants. Hightolerance to lead in plant roots is quite unfavorable for other members in the food chain, includingman.

2.3.5 First Aid and Protective Equipment

For eye contact, immediately flush with large amounts of water, lifting upper and lower lids. Forfurther medical treatment, seek for some medical attention. For skin contact, quickly removecontaminated clothing. Immediately wash contaminated skin with large amounts of soap and water.For inhalation, remove the person from exposure and transfer the person promptly to a medicalfacility.To prevent some injuries, protective equipment is recommended. Gloves and clothing is highly-recommended to avoid skin contact with Lead. The glove and clothes must be made from a materialwhich cannot be permeated or degraded by this substance. Wear an eye protection such as goggleswith a non-vented, impact resistant ability to prevent an eye contact from fumes, gases or vapors, andwear a face shield along with goggles when working with corrosive, highly irritating or toxicsubstances. Wear a respiratory to prevent lead exposure through inhalation, such as half-mask

purifying respirator, fullfacepiece, powered-air purifying respirator with high efficiency filters.

2.3.6 Handling and Storage

a. A regulated, marked area should be estabilished where Lead is handled, used or stored b. Lead reacts violently with other compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, ammonium nitratec. Lead is not compatible with oxidizing agents and strong acidsd. Store in tightly closed containers in a coolm well-ventilated area

2.3.7 Exposure Limits

a.

OSHA The legal airborne permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 0,05 mg/m3

averaged over an 8-hour workshift


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b. NIOSH The recommended airborne exposure limit (REL) is 0,05 mg/m 3 averaged over a 10-hour workshift. Air concentrations should be maintaned so that blood Lead is less than 0,06 mg/100 grams of whole blood

c. ACGIH The threshold limit value (TLV) is 0,05 mg/m 3 averaged over an 8-hour workshift

2.4 Hazardous Waste Treatment

2.4.1 General Treatment

Fig 4. General Hazardous Waste Treatment

Rapid Mix

The goal of the rapid mix operation is to first raise the wastewater pH to form metal hydroxide particles. After the addition of caustic, the next step is to add aluminum or iron salts, or organic polymers (coagulants) directly to the wastewater. These polymers attach to the metal solids particles.The small metal hydroxide particles become entangled in these polymers, causing the particle size toincrease (form flocs), which promotes settling.

Fig 5. Rapid Mix Influence To Hazardous Metal

Sedimentation

Once particles become enmeshed in the polymer, they are allowed to settle so that they are removedfrom the wastewater. The particles settle since they are heavier than water. This settling occurs in the

sedimentation tanks. Sedimentation tanks, in contrast to rapid mixing units, are designed to have nomixing, to produce a calm flow for settling


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Fig 6. Sedimentation Process

Filtration

Water emerging from the sedimentation basin is routed to the filtration unit. The filtration unit isdesigned to trap those particles that did not settle in the sedimentation basin (because they were toosmall) or did not have sufficient time to settle and were carried out of the basin. Water entering thefiltration unit is passed through silica sand, diatomaceous earth, carbon, or cloth to capture the

remaining metal hydroxide particles. Metal particles stick to the filtering material and are removedfrom the water. Filtration completes the metal treatment process. Only now should the pH be reducedfor discharge, if necessary, or pH can now be adjusted for water reuse.

As filtration progresses and more metal hydroxides and other solids clog the filter material, pressuredrop through the filter rises and some solids may pass through the filter. When either of these twosituations occurs, the filter must be backwashed by reversing the flow of water through the filter. This

backwash water is sent back to the rapid mix tank for mixing with the incoming water since it containsa significant concentration of solids from the dislodging that has occurred. Furthermore, the pH of thiswater (since it will be diluted with incoming water) may drop significantly and pose the problem ofredissolving all of the metal hydroxides solids.

Fig 7. Filtration Process

Sludge Treatment

The solids produced in the sedimentation stage (and possibly solids from filtration) are denoted as asludge and periodically removed. In diatomaceous earth and fiber filters, the entire filter media(diatomaceous earth, filter cartridge) is dumped with the captured metal hydroxide solids. This sludgemay be sent to a dewatering stage to remove excess water and leave only solids. The water from thedewatering stage may not be completely free of metals and should be piped to the rapid mix tank. Thesludge now contains the precipitated metal hydroxide solids, made up of identifiable quantities of

heavy metals, which are regulated according to state and federal guidelines. The solids produced fromheavy metal wastewater treatment must then be disposed of as a hazardous waste


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2.4.2 Special Treatment

2.4.2.1 Chemical precipitation

Water containing hevy metals is treated with a chemical oxidation-reduction process. Some chemicalsare needed to make suitable pH for heavy metal to be precipitated. A retention time of 45 minutes isusually maintained to ensure adequate mixing and reaction with the sulfur dioxide or other chemicals.

This process converts the valent of heavy metal so it can be precipitated.a. Hydroxide precipitation NaOH or Ca (OH)2, pH 8 11

Figure below explain about the relationship between the concentration of heavy metals and the pHso the heavy metal can be precipitated. The colour area is the area that heavy metal will be

precipitated.

Fig. 8 The Relationship between Heavy Metal Concentration and pH

b. Addition of coagulants possiblec. 99 % removal possibled. Requires high concentration, produces sludge, some metal hydroxides are amphoteric, inhibition

by complexing agentse. Also sulfide precipitation (possible using sulfate-reducing bacteria), chelates

2.4.2.2 Ion exchange

Characteristic:a. High efficiency, fast process

b. Synthetic resins are most commonc. Research with natural zeolited. cost-effective at high concentration, secondary pollution from regeneration

Fig 8. Ion Exchange


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2.4.2.3 Adsorption

Characteristic:

a. Activated carbon price increasing b. Carbon nanotubes (CNT)c. Low-cost or bioadsorbents (e.g. zeolite, clay; potato peels, eggshell, banana peels etc.)

d. Separation of biosorbents still a problem2.4.2.4 Membrane filtration

Characteristic:

a. Ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis b. high energy cost and membrane restorationc. Flotationd. Ion flotation = imparting the ionic metals hydrophobic an d removal by air bubblese. Electrochemical methodsf. Electrocoagulation

3. Conclusion

The general population does not face a significant health risk from methyl mercury, although certaingroups with high fish consumption may attain blood levels associated with a low risk of neurologicaldamage to adults. Since there is a risk to the fetus in particular, pregnant women should avoid a highintake of certain fish, such as shark, swordfish and tuna. Fish, such as pike, walleye and bass, takenfrom polluted fresh waters should especially be avoided.

Children are particularly vulnerable to lead exposure. Blood levels in children should be reduced below the levels so far considered acceptable, recent data indicating that there may beneurotoxiceffects of lead at lower levels of exposure than previously anticipated. Although lead in petrol has

dramatically declined over the last decades, thereby reducing environmental exposure, there is a needto phase out any remaining uses of lead additives in motor fuels. The use of lead-based paints shouldalso be abandoned, and lead should not be used in food containers. In particular, the public should beaware of glazed food containers, which may leach lead into food.

Some treatments of heavy metals waste are precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption and membranefiltration. Before using this special treatment, primary and secondary treatment is needed. Choosingthe kind of the treatment depend on the efficiency, budget and some other technical and non technicalaspects.

4. References

Anonymous. 2007. Health risks of heavy metals from long-range transboundary air pollution .WHO

Djuniardi, F., Ersa, N.S & Kusnandar, H. 2010. Penanganan Limbah B3 (Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun Batu Baterai Bekas Melalui Partisipasi Konsumen dan Penerapan Metode Produksi Bersih . Teknik Lingkunga IPB. Bogor.

European Commission. 2002. Heavy Metals in Waste Final Report

Martin, Sabine and Wendy Griswold. 2009. Human Health Effects of Heavy Metals . Kansas StateUniversity:Manhattan

Lars Jrup. 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination . Department of Epidemiology and PublicHealth Imperial College: London


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