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1
PAM
HINDUSTAN UNIVERSITY
HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
SCHOOL OF
AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES
M.TECH AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE
ENGINEERING
With NDT Specialization
2014-15
CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS
2
HINDUSTAN UNIVERSITY
M.Tech. AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING
SEMESTER – I
Code No. Course Title L T P C TCH
THEORY
PMA103 Probability and Statistics 3 1 0 4 4
PAM 101* Mechanics of Flight 3 1 0 4 4
PAM 102 Aircraft General Engineering
Maintenance Practices 3 1 0 4 4
PAM 103* Civil Aviation Requirements - I 3 1 0 4 4
PAM 104 Aircraft Systems and Instrumentations 3 1 0 4 4
PAM 105 Avionics 3 1 0 4 4
PRACTICAL
PAM 106 Non-Destructive Testing Laboratory
0 0 2 1 2
TOTAL 25 26
* Common to M.Tech (Avionics)
SEMESTER – II
Code No. Course Title L T P C TCH
THEORY
PAM 201 Maintenance and Reliability
Engineering 3 1 0 4 4
PAM 202 Airframe Maintenance and Repair 3 0 2 4 4
PAM 203 Aircraft Composite Structures and
Repair 3 0 2 4 4
PAM 204 Civil Aviation Requirements -II 3 1 0 3 4
--- Elective - I 3 0 1 4 4
--- Elective - II 3 1 0 4 4
PRACTICAL
PAM 205 Aero Engine Laboratory 0 0 2 1 2
TOTAL 24 28
3
SEMESTER – III
Code No. Course Title L T P C TCH
THEORY
PAM 301 Aircraft Maintenance Management 3 0 0 3 3
--- Elective - III 3 0 1 4 4
--- Elective - IV 3 0 0 3 3
PRACTICAL
PAM 302 Aircraft Systems Laboratory 0 0 3 1 3
PAM 303 Project Work – Phase I 0 0 12 6 12
TOTAL 16 24
SEMESTER – IV
Code No. Course Title L T P C TCH
PRACTICAL
PAM 401 Project Work - Phase II 0 0 24 12 24
TOTAL 12 24
Total No. of Credits: 78
4
UNIT I PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLE 12 Probability – Random variables – Moments – Moment generating function – Standard distributions – Functions of random variables – Two-dimensional R.Vs – Correlation and Regression. UNIT II ESTIMATION THEORY 12 Principle of least squares – Regression – Multiple and Partial correlations – Estimation of Parameters – Maximum likelihood estimates – Method of moments. UNIT III TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS 12 Sampling distributions – Test based on Normal, t-distribution, chi-square, and F-distributions – Analysis of variance – One-way and two way classifications. UNIT IV DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 12 Completely Randomized Design – Randomized Block Design – Latin Square Design – 2 Factorial Design.
PMA 103 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal The course is aimed at developing the Mathematical
skills of engineering students that are imperative for
effective understanding of engineering subject
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To enable the random variables
moments.
To enrich idea about the correlation
and regression.
To provide the details about the
testing of hypothesis methods.
To provide the details about the
design experiments.
To enrich idea about the time series
The student will
Be able to understand the random variables,
correlation and regression.
Be able to understand the correlation and
regression.
Have understood different types of hypothesis
testing.
Have understood randomised design.
Be able to understand the Exponential smoothing –
Auto Regressive Processes
5
UNIT V TIME SERIES 12
Characteristics and Representation – Moving averages – Exponential smoothing – Auto Regressive Processes. TOTAL: 60
TEXT BOOKS
1. Freund John, E and Miller, Irvin, “Probability and Statistics for Engineering”, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, 1994.
2. Jay, L.Devore, “Probability and Statistics for Engineering and Sciences”, Brooks Cole Publishing Company, Monterey, California, 1982.
REFERENCES
1 .Montgomery D.C and Johnson, L.A, “Forecasting and Time series”, McGraw Hill. 2. Anderson, O.D, “Time series Analysis: Theory and Practice”, I.North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1982. 3 .Gupta, S.C and Kapoor, V.K., “Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics”, Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi, 1999.
6
UNIT I CONFIGURATION OF AIRPLANE AND ITS COMPONENTS 12 How an Airplane flies - components of an airplane and their functions - motions of airplane -Pitching, Rolling and Yawing-Banking, skidding and slipping - starting, taxying - Take-off - landing - stalling, spinning, spirals - cross wind take-off and landings. Different types of flight vehicles. UNIT II PROPULSION 12 Aircraft propulsion, Rocket propulsion, power plant classification, principles of Operation and areas of their application. UNIT III AERODYNAMICS 12 Airfoils and streamlines bodies - forces acting on an airplane - lift and drag - speed and power – physical properties and structure of atmosphere - theory of flight. UNIT IV STABILITY AND CONTROL 12 Introduction to stability and control, Concepts of static and dynamic stability and control, dynamic instability and control, V-n diagram, range and endurance. UNIT V AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES 12 Introduction to Aircraft structures - Loads - Types of construction - Design features Aircraft materials. TOTAL: 60
TEXT BOOKS 1. Kermode, A.C, „Mechanics of Flight‟ English Book Store, New Delhi, 1992.
PAE 106 MECHANICS OF FLIGHTS L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To introduce the basic concept of aeronautical engineering and the current development in the field
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To enable knowledge about the
aircraft components and flight controls.
To enrich idea about the propulsion
system.
To provide the details about the
aerodynamics
To enrich idea about the stability and
control
To provide the details about the
aircraft structure
The student will
Be able to understand about the flight control
and components.
Be able to understand the rocket propulsion and
working principal
Have understood about the theory flight.
Have understood about the aircraft performance
Have understood about the structural design
parameter
7
UNIT I AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE PRACTICES 12 Standard Maintenance Practices - Aircraft Maintenance Practices - General Purpose Tools - Measuring Tools - Torque Wrenches and Torque Loading Practices UNIT II TOOLS 10 Aircraft Fastening Devices – Bolts ,Screws, Nuts and Washers, Locking Devices and Springs, Engineering Drawings and Diagrams, Bearings and Gears. UNIT III AIRCRAFT MATERIALS 14 Aircraft Materials – Ferrous, Non-Ferrous ,Composite and Non-Metallic Materials Corrosion ,Corrosion Control and Protection Techniques
UNIT IV NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING (NDT) AND WELDING 14 Various Non-Destructive Testing Techniques,Dye Penetrant,Magnetic Particle, Radiography, Ultrasonic, Eddy Current,etc,. Various welding procedures and techniques used in aircraft and case studies . UNIT V AIRCRAFT MISCELLANEOUS 10 Electrical Cables and Connectors, Usage of Electrical Instruments and Equipment, Testing and Calibration Methods, Pipes, Hoses and Control Cables, Aircraft Weight and Balance Control, Quality System and Procedures.
TOTAL: 60
PAE 107 AIRCRAFT GENERAL ENGINEERING & MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To teach the students about the basic concept of Aircraft general engineering and maintenance practices.
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To enable knowledge about the
aircraft maintenance practices
To enrich idea about the aircraft
tools
To provide the details about the
aircraft materials
To enrich idea about the NDT and
welding
To provide the details about the
electrical related systems.
The student will
Be able to understand about the tools and
maintenance practices
Be able to understand the aircraft fastening devices
and bearing
Have understood about the composites and aircraft
materials
Have understood about the NDT methods and
welding techniques
Have understood about the Electrical Cables and
Connectors ,Weight and Balance Control
8
TEXT BOOKS
1. Civil Aircraft Inspection Procedures (CAP 459-Part I, Basic)
2. Airframe & Powerplant Mechanics (General Handbook EA-AC 65-9A)
3. Shop Theory by James Anderson Earl E. Tatro,2005.
REFERENCES
1. Training Manual General Section Book 1 thru 7 by Dale Crane,2000
2. Aircraft Materials & Processes by Titterton.2004.
3. Machine Drawing by AC Parkinsons,2006.
4. Advanced Composites (EA-358) by Cindy Foreman ,2004
5. Digital Fundamentals by Malvino and Leech,2002.
6. Standard Aviation Maintenance Handbook EA-282-0,2000.
7. Standard Aircraft Handbook (5th Edition) -Larry Reithmaier,2002.
9
UNIT I Indian aircraft rules 1937 and related publications 7 Knowledge of aircraft act, 1934, aircraft rules, 1937 as far as they related to airworthiness and safety of aircraft. Knowledge of civil airworthiness requirements, aeronautical information circulars, aeronautical information publications- (relating to airworthiness), advisory circulars & A.M.E. notices (NOTAMS) by DGCA. UNIT II 11 C.A.R. series A – procedure for issue of civil airworthiness requirements and responsibility of operators vis-à-vis air worthiness directorate Responsibilities of operators/owners; procedure of CAR issue, amendments etc; objectives and targets of airworthiness directorate; airworthiness regulations and safety oversight of engineering activities of operations C.A.R. series “B” – issue approval of cockpit check list, MEL, CDL: Deficiency list (MEL & CDL); preparation and use of cockpit check list and emergency check list. UNIT III 11 C.A.R. series „C‟ – defect recording, monitoring, investigation and reporting Defect recording, reporting, investigation, rectification and analysis; flight report, recording of in-flight instrument, reading and reporting of flight defects and rectification of defects observed on aircraft. C.A.R. series „D – and aircraft maintenance programmes Reliability programmes (engines); aircraft maintenance programmes & their approval: on condition maintenance of reciprocating engines; TBO – revision programme.
PAE 108 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENTS – I
L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To teach civil aviation rules and regulations which are
being followed by Directorate General of Civil
Aviation
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To enable knowledge about Indian
aviation rules
To enrich idea about the
airworthiness series A and B
To provide the details about the
airworthiness series C and D
To enrich idea about the series E
To provide the details about the
series F
The student will
Be able to understand about the Indian rules and
related acts.
Be able to understand CAR series A and B, about
ownership and MEL.
Have understood about the CAR series C and D,
about defect and maintenances programme
Have understood about the Series E - approval of
organisation.
Have understood about the Series F – continued
airowrthiness
10
UNIT IV 13 C.A.R. Series E – approval of organizations Approval of organizations in categories A, B, C, D, E, F, & G; requirements of infrastructure at stations other than parent base.
UNIT V 18 C.A.R. Series “F” airworthiness and continued airworthiness Procedure relating to registration of aircraft; procedure for issue / revalidation of type certification of aircraft and its engines / propellers; issue /revalidation and renewal of certificate of airworthiness; requirement for renewal of certificate of airworthiness. Suspensions of certificate of airworthiness and its subsequent revalidation.
TOTAL: 60 TEXT BOOKS
1. Aircraft manual (India) volume – latest edition, the English book store, 17-l, Connaught circus, New Delhi.2000.
2. Civil aviation requirements with latest amendment (section 2 airworthiness) – published by DGCA, the English book store, 17-l, Connaught circus, New Delhi. Aeronautical information circulars (relating to airworthiness) from DGCA.2009. Advisory circulars from DGCA,2009.
11
UNIT I AIRPLANE CONTROL SYSTEMS 18
Conventional Systems - Power assisted and fully powered flight controls - Power actuated systems – Engine control systems – Push -pull rod system, flexible push -pull rod system - Components - Modern control systems - Digital fly by wire systems - Auto pilot system active control technology, Communication and Navigation systems, Instrument landing systems, VOR - CVR case studies. UNIT II AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS 10
Hydraulic systems - Study of typical Hydraulic systems- components - Hydraulic system controllers - Modes of operation - Pneumatic systems - Advantages - Working principles - Typical air pressure system – Brake system - Typical pneumatic power system - Components, Landing Gear systems - Classification – Shock absorbers - Retractive mechanism. UNIT III ENGINE SYSTEMS 11
Fuel systems for Piston and jet engines - Components of multi engines. Lubricating systems for piston and jet engines - Starting and Ignition systems - Typical examples for piston and jet engines UNIT IV AUXILLIARY SYSTEM 11
Basic Air cycle systems - Vapour Cycle systems, Boost-Strap air cycle system - Evaporative vapour cycle systems - Evaporative air cycle systems - Oxygen systems - Fire protection systems, Deicing and anti- icing systems.
PAE 109 AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS AND INSTRUMENTATIONS
L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To describe the principle and working of Aircraft
systems and Instruments
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To enable knowledge about
airplane control systems
To enrich idea about the aircraft
systems
To provide the details about the
engine systems
To enrich idea about the aircraft
auxiliary systems
To provide the details about the
aircraft instruments
The student will
Be able to understand about the flight controls and
communication & Navigation systems
Be able to understand about the hydraulic and
pneumatic systems.
Have understood about the piston and jet engine
systems
Have understood about the oxygen, icing system
Have understood about the Flight and Navigation
Instruments and engine instruments
12
UNIT V AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS 10
Flight and Navigation Instruments – Gyroscope - Accelerometers, Air speed Indicators – TAS, EAS- Mach Meters - Altimeters - Principles and operation - Study of various types of engine instruments - Tachometers - Temperature gauges - Pressure gauges - Operation and Principles of Inertial navigation system-GPWS-GPS.
TOTAL: 60
TEXT BOOKS
1. McKinley, J.L., and Bent, R.D., “Aircraft Maintenance & Repair”, McGraw-Hill, 1993.
2. “General Hand Books of Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics”, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administation, The English Book Store, New Delhi 1995.
REFERENCES 1. Mekinley, J.L. and Bent, R.D., “Aircraft Power Plants”, McGraw-Hill, 1993.
2. Pallet, E.H.J., “Aircraft Instruments & Principles”, Pitman & Co., 1993.
3. Treager, S., “Gas Turbine Technology”, McGraw-Hill, 1997.
13
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO AVIONICS 7
Role for Avionics in Civil and Military Aircraft systems, Avionics sub-systems and design, Avionics System/subsystem requirements-Importance of avionics system architectures
UNIT II AVIONICS SYSTEM ESSENTIALS: DISPLAYS, I/O DEVICES AND
POWER 14 Trends in display technology, Alphanumeric displays, character displays etc., Civil and Military aircraft cockpits, MFDs, MFK, HUD, HDD, HMD, DVI, HOTAS, Synthetic and enhanced vision, situation awareness, Panoramic/big picture display, virtual cockpit-Civil and Military Electrical Power requirement standards, comparing the Military and Civil Requirements and Tips for Power System Design UNIT III AVIONICS SYSTEM DATA BUSES, DESIGN AND INTEGRATION 16
MIL-STD-1553B, ARINC-429, ARINC-629, CSDB, AFDX and its Elements, Avionics system design, Development and integration-Use of simulation tools, stand alone and integrated Verification and Validation
UNIT IV SYSTEM ASSESSMENT, VALIDATION AND CERTIFICATION 16
Fault tolerant systems and Hardware and Software, Evaluating system design and Future architecture Hardware assessment-FARs guide certification requirements-Fault Tree analysis –Failure mode and effects analysis, Criticality and damaging modes and effects analysis, Software development process models, Software Assessment and Validation -Civil and Military standards, Certification of Civil Avionics
PAE 110 AVIONICS L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To know the role of electronics in aviation field
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To enable knowledge about basic
avionics and its system
To enrich idea about the aircraft
avionics displays
To provide the details about the data
bus
To enrich idea about the system
assessment
To provide the details about the
avionics maintenance and cost
The student will
Be able to understand about the avionics system, its
role and architecture.
Be able to understand about the display, input
output devices and power required.
Have understood about the data bus design and
integration
Have understood about the certification,
Assessment and Validation.
Have understood about the maintenance and cost
for it.
14
UNIT IV MAINTENANCE AND COSTS OF AVIONICS 7
BIT and CFDS, Automatic Test Equipment, Speeds maintenance, ATLAS, Remote diagnostics and maintenance support-Life Cycle Costs for Military and Civil Avionics, Cash flow analysis, Software costs, Establishing spares level
TOTAL: 60 TEXT BOOKS 1. Spitzer, C.R. „Digital Avionics Systems‟, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,
U.S.A., 1987
2. Cary R .Spitzer, The Avionics Handbook, Crc Press, 2000
REFERENCES
1. Collinson R.P.G. „Introduction to Avionics‟, Chapman and Hall, 1996
2. Middleton, D.H. „Avionics Systems‟, Longman Scientific and Technical, Longman Group UK Ltd., England, 1989.
3. Jim Curren, Trend in Advanced Avionics, IOWA State University, 1992.
15
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS (For a batch of 30 students)
Sl. No
Equipments Qty Experiments No.
1 Ultrasonic Testing
1 1
2 Eddy current testing
1 2
3 Dyepenetrant Testing
1 3
4 Magnetic Particle Inspection
1 4,5
5 Defectoscope
1 6
PAE 111 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING LABORATORY
L T P C
0 0 2 1
Goal To introduce the knowledge about the Non-destructive testing in detail to identify the cracks on the materials
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To enable knowledge ultrasonic
testing
To enrich idea about the Eddy
current testing
To provide the details about Dye-
penetrant Testing
To enrich idea about the Magnetic
Particle Inspection
To provide the details about the
defectoscope
The student will
Be able to understand about the working of
ultrasonic testing machine
Be able to understand about the working of Eddy
current testing machine
Have understood about the working of Dye-
penetrant Testing machine
Have understood about the working of Magnetic
Particle Inspection machine
Have understood about the working of
defectoscope machine.
16
SEMESTER - II
UNIT I MAINTENANCE MANAGAMENT 12 Need for maintenance-Objective- Concepts-Types of maintenance-Organization-Trade force mix, type and location-Maintenance costs-Benefits-Computer Aided Maintenance management-Total productive maintenance.
UNIT II TYPES OF MAINTENANCE 10 Breakdown and Preventive maintenance-Advantages and Limitations-Maintenance prevention-Diagnostic maintenance-Design out maintenance-Opportunity maintenance
UNIT III DIAGNOSTIC MAINTENANCE 12 Leak detection-wear monitoring-Temperature monitoring-Vibration monitoring-Signature analysis-Shock monitoring-Lubricant-Analysis-Methodology-Equipments-Applications
UNIT IV CONCEPTS OF RELIABILITY 14
Elements of Probability-Reliability Definition-Measures of Reliability-Failures-Classification of failures-Failure data analysis-Availability-Criticality matrix-Event tree analysis-Utilization factor-Factors affecting reliability.
PAM 201 MAINTENANCE AND RELIABILITY ENGINEERING
L T P C
3 1 0 4
Goal To introduce the concepts of reliability and diagnostic
maintenance techniques
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To enable knowledge about
maintenance management
To enrich idea about the types of
maintenance.
To provide the details about the
diagnostic maintenance
To enrich idea about the concept
of reliability
To provide the details about design
of reliability
The student will
Be able to understand about the objective and
concepts in maintenance management.
Be able to understand about the types, advantages
and limitations of maintenance
Have understood about the types of different
diagnostic maintenance.
Have understood about the methodology and
calculating methods.
Have understood about different analysis methods.
17
UNIT V DESIGN FOR RELIABILITY 12 Analysis of reliability data-Weibull analysis-Design and manufacture for Reliability-Reliability of parts and components-Design for system reliability-Economics of standby or redundancy in a production system-reliability testing-Types.
TOTAL: 60
TEXT BOOKS
1. HIGGINS and MORROW,-" Maintenance Engineering Handbook ", Tata McGraw Hill,1985.
2. COLLACT, " Mechanical Fault Diagnosis and Condition monitoring "- McGraw Hill-1985.
3. MILLER & BLOOD .- " Modern maintenance Management " -Tarapooriwala & sons,1976.
REFERENCES 1. JENTRY EJ and KUMAMOTO,H, " Reliability Engineering and Test assessment ", Prentice Hall,1992.
2.CARTER,A.D.S. " Mechanical Reliability ",-Macmillan,1984.
3. NAKAJIMA.S.. ," Introduction to TPM - Total Productive Maintenance”, Productivity Press-1995.
4. O'CONNOR,P.D.T', " Practical Reliability Engineering ", John Wiley-1994.
5. KELLEY.A.& M.J.HARRIS,-" Management of Industrial Maintenance" , Newnes-Butter worth.
18
PAM 202 AIRFRAME MAINTENANCE & REPAIR
PRACTICES
L T P C
3 0 1 4
GOAL To study the maintenance aspect of airframe systems and rectification of snags
OBJECTIVE OUTCOME
1.To understand the basic steps in welding
and soldering, brazing of aircraft components
Able to explain the welding, brazing process
with the requirements of the process and
significance of NDT
2. To depict the composite and plastic
components maintenance in aircraft industry
Able to understand the various maintenance
practices in plastic and composite parts of
aircraft
3. To gain knowledge about rigging, jacking
of aircraft in maintenance hangar. To explain
the steps involved in the maintenance process
. Can be clear in the precautionary steps
involved in rigging, jacking process
4. To know about Hydraulic and Pneumatic
system.
Can be thorough in parts, working
methodology of basic aircraft systems
5. To understand the safety practices in
aircraft maintenance and equipment handling
Can get a clear idea about safety practices
and troubleshooting of an aircraft.
UNIT I WELDING IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS 13 Equipments used in welding shop and their maintenance – Ensuring quality welds – Welding jigs and fixtures – Engine mount repair –landing gear repair.
SHEET METAL REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE
Inspection of damage – N.D.T Testing - Classification – Repair or replacement –– Riveted repair design, Damage investigation – reverse technology. UNIT II PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES IN AIRCRAFT 13 Review of types of plastics used in airplanes – Maintenance and repair of plastic components – Repair of cracks, holes etc., various repair schemes – Scopes. Inspection and Repair of composite components – Special precautions – Autoclaves UNIT III AIRCRAFT JACKING, ASSEMBLY AND RIGGING 11 Airplane jacking, weighing and C.G. Location. Balancing of control surfaces – Inspection maintenance. Helicopter flight controls. Tracking and balancing of main rotor.
19
UNIT IV REVIEW OF HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEM 13 Trouble shooting and maintenance practices – Service and inspection. – Inspection and maintenance of landing gear systems. – Inspection and maintenance of air-conditioning and pressurization system, water and waste system. Installation and maintenance of Instruments – Handling – Testing – Inspection. Inspection and maintenance of auxiliary systems – Fire protection systems – Ice protection system – Rain removal system – Position and warning system – Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) UNIT V SAFETY PRACTICES 10 Hazardous materials storage and handling - Aircraft furnishing practices – Equipments - Trouble shooting - Theory and practices.
TOTAL 60 TEXT BOOK 1. KROES, WATKINS, DELP, “Aircraft Maintenance and Repair”, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1992.
REFERENCES
1. LARRY REITHMEIR, “Aircraft Repair Manual”, Palamar Books, Marquette, 1992.
2. BRIMM D.J. BOGGES H.E., “Aircraft Maintenance”, Pitman Publishing corp. New York, 1940
20
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 8
Composite – Classification of Composites – Comparison of composites – Advantages and
disadvantages of composite. Fibres – Types of fibres – Matrix- Types of matrices and resin –
Prepregs – Prepregs handling.
UNIT II SANWICH CONSTRUCTION 14
Introduction – Face material – Core material – Honeycomb types – Honeycomb Prosperities
– Honeycomb Manufacturing – Cell configuration – Adhesive materials – adhesive materials
– Design Guidelines – Honeycomb process – Sandwich fabrications – Structural Application
– Honeycomb testing – Design aspects – Laminate Lay
UNIT III JOINING OF COMPOSITE 10
Introduction – Mechanically fast and joining – Failure criteria – Bonded joints – Typical joint
design – tooling for composite
UNIT IV MANUFACTURING AND INSPECTION OF COMPOSITES 13
Manufacturing Process – Molding Process – Machining of composite material Non-
Destructive - NDI Techniques - Type of NDI Techniques.
UNIT V REPAIR AND APPLICATION OF COMPOSITES IN AERO INDUSTRY
15
Damage Assessment, Evaluation & Classification – Damage Removal – Contamination
Treatment - Design consideration – Repair concepts facilities, procedure – Repair Tooling,
Options Factor for consideration during prepreg repair – Application of Composite and
aircraft industry – Safety Precautions.
TOTAL 60
PAM 203
AIRCRAFT COMPOSITE
STRUCTURES AND REPAIR L T P C
3 0 2 4
Goal To introduce the concepts of reliability and diagnostic
maintenance techniques
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
To enable knowledge about
introduction to composites
To enrich idea about sandwich
construction
To provide the details about the
composite joining
To enrich idea about the
manufacturing & inspection
To provide the details about the repair
and application
The student will
Be able to understand about the fibres, matrix and
resin.
Be able to understand about the honeycomb in
detail
Have understood about the types of bonded joints.
Have understood about the composite inspection
and manufacturing
Have understood about repairing methods and its
application in aero industry.
21
Text Book:
1. Advanced Composite Materials by Lalit Gupta.
Reference Books:
1. Advance Composites by Cindy Foreman.
2. Composite structures by k.k chawla
3. Composite Materials : Fabrication Handbook # 1 by John Wanberg
22
PAM 204 CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENTS –II
L T P C
3 0 1 4
GOAL
To teach a civil aviation rules and regulations which are being followed by
directorate general of civil aviation
OBJECTIVE OUTCOME
The subject should enable the students to
1. Understand the aircraft fuelling
procedure and its precaution while
fuelling.
2. Know the storage, handling and quality
control of aviation fuel.
3. Know the overall and periodical
inspection various aircraft instruments
and equipments.
4. Conceive the significance of carrying out
mandatory modifications and
inspections.
5. Know the operational requirement to be
compiled by operators for various
operations.
6. Know the installation and maintenance
procedure of various communication and
navigation equipment.
7. Know about the storage condition and
storage service life of aircraft
components containing rubber parts.
8. Understand the significance and the
procedure of flight test.
9. Know the various log books, documents,
used in aircrafts and its importance to
ensure air worthiness.
The students should be able to
1. Carrying out fuelling and de-
fuelling of modern aircrafts
2. Understand the handling and
quality control procedure of
aviation fuel.
3. Describe the overhaul and
inspection procedure of various
instruments
4. Know the importance of carrying
out modifications and its
procedure in detail
5. Understand the minimum
operational requirement for
aircrafts and helicopters
6. Describe the installation and
maintenance procedure of various
communication, navigation and
radar equipment.
7. Store the aircraft components
containing rubber parts as per
CAR
8. Describe the detail procedure of
flight test
9. Understand the log book entry
procedure and various documents
to b on board during various
phases of flight
UNIT I C.A.R. SERIES H - REQUIREMENTS OF AIRCRAFT FUEL, FUELLING OF AIRCRAFT AND CALIBRATION 8
Aircraft fuels: Unusable fuel supply – calibration of fuel quantity gauge of aircraft; aircraft fueling procedures; aviation fuel at airport – storage, handling & quality control.
23
UNIT II C.A.R. SERIES I – AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES 11
Aircraft instruments overhaul and periodical inspections; aircraft equipment and instruments; maintenance of test equipments: airworthiness procedures for clean rooms and environments for aircraft systems/accessories shop; flight data recorders, Cockpit voice recorders; GPWS; installation of airborne, Collision avoidance system. C.A.R. series L aircraft maintenance engineer – licensing: Issue of AME license, its classification and experience requirements, complete series L UNIT III C.A.R. SERIES M – MANDATORY MODIFICATIONS
AND INSPECTIONS 15
Mandatory modification / inspections.C.A.R. Series O – operational requirement for aircraft: Minimum requirements to be complied by operators; operation of commercial air transport aero planes; operation of general aviation airplanes; operation of commercial air transport helicopters; operation of general aviation helicopters; registration airworthiness and operation of hand gliders and powered hand gliders ; exit row seating . UNIT IV C.A.R. SERIES R - AIRBORNE COMMUNICATION,
NAVIGATION & RADAR 11 Aircraft radio equipment ; installation of communication, navigation and radar equipments ; installation of mode A / C and mode S transponders; control of electromagnetic interference in modern aircraft; approval f airborne GPS in Aircraft, maintenance of airborne communication & navigation, and Radar equipment. C.A.R. series S- storage of aircraft parts: Storage condition and storage /service life of rubber parts and aircraft components containing rubber parts, fixation of period for determining overhaul life of reciprocating engines. UNIT V C.A.R. SERIES T – FLIGHT TESTING OF AIRCRAFT 15 Flight testing of (series) aircraft for issue of C and A; flight testing on aircraft for which C and A had been previously issued.
C.A.R. SERIES X – MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS:
Weight and balance control of an aircraft; provision of first aid kits & physician‟s kit in an aircraft; use of furnishing materials in aircraft; concessions; aircraft log books; document to be carried on board on Indian registered aircraft; procedure of aircraft for issue of taxi permit; procedure for issue of type approval of aircraft components and equipment including instruments. Civil Aviation Requirement - 145
TOTAL: 60
24
TEXT BOOKS
1. Aircraft manual (India) volume – latest edition, the English book store, 17-l,
Connaught circus, New Delhi.
2. Civil aviation requirements with latest amendment (section 2 airworthiness) Published by DGCA, the English book store, 17-l, Connaught circus, New Delhi. Aeronautical information circulars (relating to airworthiness) from DGCA.Advisory circulars from DGCA.
3.CAR 145.
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PRACTICAL
PAM 205 AERO ENGINE REPAIR & MAINTENANCE
LABORATORY
L T P C
0 0 2 1
GOAL To introduce the knowledge of the maintenance and repair of both piston and jet aero engines and the procedures followed for overhaul of aero engines.
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
The course should enable the students to
1. Understand the procedure for stripping of
piston engines
2. Know the detailed procedure for
cleaning, inspection & NDT checks on
Piston engine components.
3. Understand the procedure & Precautions
of Piston engine Re-assembly.
4.Know the detailed procedure for stripping
of Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine(APU)
5.To familiarise with various checks carried
out on A/C Gas Turbine Engine components
6. To know the procedure and precautions
to be followed for Re-assembly of an APU.
7. To study the Piston and Gas Turbine
Engine starting procedure.
8. Study of different types of propellers and
its pitch setting.
The students should be able to
1. Carry out stripping of aircraft piston engine as per
standard procedure.
2.Carry out dimensional check and NDT checks on
piston engine components
.
3.Carry out Piston engine Re-assembly as per
standard procedure
4.Carryout stripping of APU with proper
precautions
5.Carryout NDT checks and dimensional checks on
A/C Gas Turbine Engine components
6. Carry out re-assembly of an APU as per standard
procedures.
7. Understand the precautions of Aero engine with
precautions.
8.Describe the types of propeller and it‟s pitch
setting
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Stripping of a piston engine 2. Engine (Piston Engine) - cleaning, visual inspection, NDT checks. 3. Piston Engine Components - dimensional checks. 4. Piston – Engine reassembly. 5. Propeller Pitch Setting 6. Stripping of a jet engine 7. Jet Engine – identification of components & defects. 8. Jet Engine – NDT checks and dimensional checks 9. Jet Engine – reassembly. 10. Engine starting procedures.
26
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
(for a batch of 30 students)
Sl.No
Equipments Qty Experiments No.
1 Piston Engines 2 1,2,3,4
2 Jet Engines 2 6,7,8,9
3 Propeller pitch setting stand 1 5
4 Aircraft with serviceable stand 1 1 to 10
5 Precision instruments (Vernier Caliper, Micro meter, Cylinder bore gauge, depth gauge, Bevel Protector and DTI
2 each 3,5,8
6 NDT Equipments (Defectoscope, Dyepenetrant method, Hot oil Chalk Method
1 each 2,8
27
SEMESTER III
PAM 301 AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
L T P C
3 0 0 3
GOAL This course explores the students confronting the various supervisory levels of
aviation maintenance and management
OBJECTIVES OUTCOME
The course should enable the student to :
Know about fundamentals of Air
Transportation and Airline Economics
Understand the Aircraft Reliability
Understand the Principles of Airline
Scheduling
To Study the computers in aircraft
maintenance
To study the Technology in Aircraft
Maintenance
The student should be able to understand :
The developments and organization structure of an
Airline
The Fleet planning, the aircraft selection process,
operating cost , Valuation & Depreciation etc.,
The Flight operations, and crew scheduling and
details about Flight planning.
The Maintenance schedule& controlling with the
help of computers.
The vibration and monitoring of engine
UNIT I AIRLINE ECONOMICS AND MAINTENANCE COST 8 Airworthiness and its regulation, Airline economics and the aircraft – Principle of airlines economics-Cost of aircraft maintenance UNIT II SCHEDULE AND CONSTRAINTS 8 Aircraft reliability – The maintenance schedules and its determinations –conditions monitored maintenance – Extended range operation (EROPS) – Ageing aircraft. UNIT-III MAINTENANCE PRODUCTION 12 Airline scheduling (with reference to engineering )-Product support and spares- maintenance sharing – Equipment and tools for aircraft maintenance – Aircraft weight control – Budgetary control. UNIT IV COMPUTER IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE 10 Computer in aircraft maintenance – Artificial intelligence – Aircraft maintenance softwares.
28
UNIT – V TECHNOLOGY IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE 7 On board maintenance system – engine monitoring – Turbine engine oil maintenance – Turbine engine vibration monitoring in aircraft – Life usage monitoring – current capabilities of NDT. Helicopter maintenance – Future of aircraft maintenance, Case studies in aircraft maintenance. TOTAL: 45 TEXT BOOKS 1. C.H. Friend Aircraft Maintenance Management,2000
2. K.C. Batra Production Management,2000.
3. Richordson J.D. Essential of Airlines Management,1998.
4. Banfe Charles F. Airline Management Englewood Cliffs, N.J Prentice -Hall 1992.
REFERENCES 1. D. Philip Locklin Economics of Transportation,1997.
2. Laneja Nawal K Airlines in Transition Lexington Mass, D.C. Heath 1981.
29
PRACTICAL
PAM 302 AIRCRAT SYSTEM LABORATORY
L T P C
0 0 3 1
GOAL To train the students with “ON HAND” experience in maintenance of various air frame systems in aircraft and rectification of common snags
OBJECTIVE OUTCOME
The subject should enable the students to
1. Understand the aircraft jacking up
procedure and its precaution.
2. Understand the various methods of aircraft
levelling and its procedure.
3. Understand the various check to be carried
out to ensure the alignment of control
surfaces.
4. Know the procedure and precaution of
aircraft symmetry check.
5. Understand the various test carried out on
hydraulic system components to assess
leakage and blockage.
6. Know the procedure for carrying out the
landing gear retraction test.
7. Understand the various common snags in
aircraft hydraulic and fuel systems and its
rectification procedure.
The students should be able to
1. Carry out aircraft jacking safely without
any damage to men equipment.
2. Carry out aircraft levelling as per
procedure.
.
3. Describe the various checks to be carry out
to ensure the alignment of control surfaces.
4. Carryout aircraft symmetry check, as per
procedure.
5. Carryout flow test, and pressure test on
hydraulic system.
6. Describe the procedure for landing gear
retraction test and various precautions to be
undertaken before carrying out the test.
7. Carry out rectification of common snags in
aircraft hydraulic system as per procedure.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Aircraft “Jacking Up” procedure 2. Aircraft “Levelling” procedure 3. Control System “Rigging check” procedure 4. Aircraft “Symmetry Check” procedure 5. “Flow test”- to assess filter element clogging 6. “Pressure Test”- To assess hydraulic External/Internal Leakage 7. “Functional Test”- to adjust operating pressure of hydraulic systems 8. “Pressure Test” -on fuel system components 9. “Brake Torque Load Test”- on wheel brake units 10. Maintenance and rectification of snags in hydraulic and fuel systems.
30
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
(For a batch of 30 students)
S.No. Items Quantity Experiment No.
1. Serviceable aircraft with all above systems
1 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
2. Hydraulic Jacks (Screw Jack) 5 1,2,4
3. Trestle adjustable 5 1,2,4
4. Spirit Level 2 1
5. Levelling Boards 2 1
6. Cable Tensiometer 1 1
7. Adjustable Spirit Level 1 1
8. Plumb Bob 1 1
31
The continuous assessment shall be made as prescribed by the regulation (Hindustan University Regulations 2008 for M.Tech programme)
Total Credits: 18
PAM 303 & PAM 401 Project work (Phase I
& II)
L T P C
0 0 36 18
Goal To train the students “ON HAND”
experience in maintenance of various air
frame systems in aircraft and rectification
of common snags.
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
Impart the students
The objective of the project work is to enable the
students on a project involving theoretical and
experimental studies related to the branch of study.
Every project work shall have a guide who is the
member of the faculty of the institution. Full semester
shall be allotted and this time shall be utilized by the
students to receive the directions from the guide, on
library reading, laboratory work, computer analysis or
field work as assigned by the guide and also to present
in periodical seminars on the progress made in the
project.
The student will
Be able to understand various
procedures in identifying the project
and literature survey, reference of
journals, experiments and theoretical
work
32
SEMESTER – II (Electives)
PAN 701 SURFACE NDE METHODS L T P C
3 1 0 4
GOAL To understand Fabrication, Analysis and design of composite materials and
structures
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
The course should enable the student to :
1. know the visual testing types and
codes
2. Know the Liquid penetrant testing
3. Know the Magnetic particle testing
4. Know the selection of equipment‟s
5. Know the Eddy current testing
The students should be able to:
1. Understand usages and types of visual
testing and relevant standards
2. Understand principles, procedures and
standards
3. Understand the Ferro magnetism properties,
applications and calculation
4. Understand the different methods used in
magnetism equipment‟s
5. Understand the principles, procedures and
Using eddy current testing
Unit – I: Visual Testing 15
Fundamentals of Visual Testing - Vision, lighting, material attributes, environmental factors,
Visual perception, direct and indirect methods - mirrors, magnifiers, Boroscopes, Fibro
scopes, closed circuit television, light sources and special lighting, A systems, computer
enhanced system - Employer defined applications, metallic materials including raw materials
and welds Inspection objectives, inspection checkpoints, sampling plan, inspection pattern
etc. classification of indications for acceptance criteria - Codes, Standards and Specifications
(ASME, ASTM, AWS etc.)
Unit – II: Liquid Penetrant Testing 15
Principles – types and properties of liquid penetrants - developers – advantages and
limitations of various methods - Preparation of test materials - Application of penetrants to
parts, removal of surface penetrants, post cleaning - Control and measurement of penetrant
process variables - selection of penetrant method - solvent removable, water washable, Post
emulsifiable – Units and lighting for penetrant testing - Interpretation and evaluation of test
results - dye penetrant process, applicable codes and standards.
Unit – III: Magnetic Particle Testing 15
Theory of magnetism - ferromagnetic, Paramagnetic materials - characteristics of magnetic
fields - magnetic hysteresis - magnetisation by means of direct and alternating current -
surface strength characteristics - Depth of penetration factors, Direct pulsating current typical
fields, advantages - Circular magnetisation techniques, field around a strength conductors,
right hand rule field - Prods technique, current calculation - Longitudinal magnetization -
field produced by current in a coil, shape and size of coils, field strength, current calculations,
33
Magnetic Burghausan Noise Analysis (MBN).
Unit - IV: Equipment 15
Selecting the method of magnetisation, inspection materials, wet particles, dry particles -
Portable, mobile and stationary equipment - capabilities of equipment - magnetic particle
Inspection of castings and welding - Dry continuous method, wet residual method –
Interpretation and evaluation of test indications - Principles and methods of demagnetisation
– Residual Magnetism, - applicable codes and standards.
Unit - V: Eddy Current Testing 15
Generation of eddy currents - effect of created fields - effect of change of impedance on
Instrumentation - properties of eddy currents - eddy current sensing elements, probes, type of
arrangement - a) absolute b) differential lift off, operation, applications, advantages,
limitations -Through encircling or around coils, type of arrangements a)absolute b)
differential fill factor, operation, application, advantages, limitations - Factors affecting
sensing elements and coil impedance - test part and test system - Signal to noise ratio,
relationship to eddy current testing - equipment‟s, reference samples, calibration, inspection
of tubes, cylinders, steel bars. Welds, welded tubing and pipes, Remote Field Sensing -
Interpretation/Evaluation.
TOTAL : 60
References
1. American Metals Society, “Non-Destructive Examination and Quality Control”,
Metals Hand Book,
Vol.17, 9th Ed, Metals Park, OH, 1989.
2. Eddy Current Testing, Classroom Training Handbook, (CT-6-5), San diego, CA,
General
Dynamics/Convair Division, 1979.
3. Eddy current Manual by V.S. CEECO, Van, Drunen and F.L. Shaw, supplied by
A.S.N.T.
34
PAN 702 ULTRASONIC TESTING L T P C
3 1 0 4
GOAL To understand ultrasonic testing principles, usages and evaluation
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
The course should enable the student to :
1. Know the principles of acoustics
2. Know generation of ultrasonic waves
3. Know the ultrasonic inspection
methods, equipment‟s
4. Know the recent developments in
ultrasonic testing
5. Know the ultrasonic testing and result
interpretation.
The students should be able to:
1. Understand waves, frequency, ultrasonic
waves
2. Understand ultrasonic wave generation,
beam characteristics resolution and damping
3. Understand the principles of different
methods, calibration
4. Understand emerging technologies like
SAFT & TOFD emerging etc.,
5. Understand basic evaluation of different
forms of materials and applicable codes
Unit - I: Principles of Acoustics 15
Nature of sound waves, wave propagation - modes of sound wave generation - longitudinal
waves, transverse waves, surface waves, lamb waves - Velocity, frequency and wavelength of
ultrasonic waves - Ultrasonic pressure, intensity and impedance - Attenuation of ultrasonic
waves - reflection, refraction and mode convection - Snell‟s law and critical angles - Fressnel
and Faunhofer effects - ultrasonic beam split.
Unit - II: Generation of ultrasonic waves 15
Various methods of ultrasonic wave generation - Piezo electric effect, Piezo electric materials
and their properties - crystal cuts and mode of vibration - Ultrasonic search Units
(transducers), types (straight, angle, dual) - Construction materials and shapes -Beam
intensity, characteristics, sensitivity, resolution and damping - Transducer operation,
manipulations.
Unit – III: Ultrasonic Inspection Methods, Equipment/Materials 15
Principle of pulse echo method, through transmission method, resonance method -
Advantages, limitations - contact testing, immersion testing, couplants - Data presentation A,
B and C scan displays, comparison of contact and immersion method. Pulse Echo
instrumentation, controls and circuits, pulse generation, signal detection, display and
recording methods, gates alarms and attenuators, basic instrument calibration, calibration
blocks (IIW Block, ASTM Blocks, Distance Amplitude. Area Amplitude Block, etc.), cables,
connectors, test specimens etc. Reference reflectors for calibration (side drilled holes,
notches, etc.) - Inspection calibration, comparison with reference blocks, reference for
35
planned tests (straight beams angle beam. etc.), transmission factors.
Unit - IV: Recent advances in ultrasonic testing 15 Ultrasonic imaging, Synthetic Aperture Focussing Techniques (SAFT), Time of Flight
Diffraction (TOFD), Signal Analysis, Artificial Intelligence, Neural Network, Fussy logic,
Guided waves ultrasonic testing.
Unit - V: Testing/Evaluation/interpretation 15
Ultrasonic testing and evaluation of base material product forms (a) Ingot, (b) Plate and Sheet
(c) Bar and Rod (d) Castings (e) Forgings (f) Pipe and Tubular products – weld geometries,
root inspection - weld body examination with normal and angle beam by DAC and DGS
methods - types, origin and typical orientation of discontinuities - response of discontinuities
to ultrasound - Applicable codes standards, specifications (ASME, ASTM, AWS, BS. etc.) -
Variables affecting ultrasonic test results
References
1. Krautkramer, Josef and Hebert Krautkramer, “Ultrasonic Testing of Materials”,
3rd Ed, Newyork Springer- verlag, 1983.
2. American Metals Society, “Non-Destructive Examination and Quality Control”:
Metals Hand Book:Vol 19, 9th Ed, Metals Park, OH, 1989.
3. “Ultrasonic Testing”, Classroom Training Handbook (CT-6-4) San Diego,
C.A.General
4. Dynamics/Convair Division, 1967.
36
SEMESTER – III (Electives)
PAN 703 ADVANCED NDT TECHNIQUES L T P C
3 1 0 4
GOAL To understand Non-destructive techniques developments
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
The course should enable the student to :
1. Know the types of acoustic emission
inspection
2. Know the leak testing methodology
3. Know the principles of thermography
4. Know the computed industrial
tomography
5. Know the Non- destructive equipment
reliability
The students should be able to:
1. Understand the concepts ,usages and
inspection of ceramics, composite structures
2. Understand the leak testing, standards,
safety and its applications
3. Understand the contact and non- contact
inspection methods, coatings, radiations and
instruments
4. Understand CT scan and industrial
applications
5. Understand the Control of inspection
materials, Qualification of inspection
processes.
Unit - I: Acoustic emission inspection
Types of acoustic emissions - Basic concepts - instrumentation and read out - signal
description - background noise - inspection of pressure vessels - flaw location - inspection of
wire „ropes -inspection of welds - inspection of ceramic materials - Brazed metal to ceramic
bonds -inspection of composite materials.
Unit –II: Leak Testing
Introduction to leak testing - visible indications of leak locations - Electronic indication of
leak locations - basic methods of leakage measurements - Technology and characteristics of
gaseous tracers used in leak testing - reference standard gaseous leaks - Design and operating
characteristics of reference leaks - Operation of standards - Halogen leaks - Helium leaks -
calibration of standard reference leaks - safety aspects of leak testing - Managements and
application of leak testing.
Unit –III: Principles of Thermography
Contact and non-contact inspection methods - Heat sensitive paints - Heat sensitive papers -
thermally quenched phosphors liquid crystals - techniques for applying liquid crystals -
calibration and sensitivity - other temperature sensitive coatings - non contact thermographic
inspection - Advantages and limitation - infrared radiation and infrared detectors,
Instrumentations and methods, applications.
37
Unit - IV: Industrial Computed Tomography (CT)
Computed Tomography, Radiation Sources, X-Ray Detectors - CT image reconstruction
algorithm - Capabilities, comparison to other NDT methods - industrial CT applications, CT
System design and equipment - CT scanning geometries, data acquisition system - Image
quality,Image artifacts, Special features, reconstruction techniques.
Unit -V: NDE Reliability
Applications of reliability to systems - General Considerations: NDE response, NDE systems
management and schedule – Procedure selection/development of NDE Engineering-
System/process – performance characteristics - Conditional probability in NDE
discrimination Signal/ noise relationships, reference standards personnel - Control of
inspection materials, Qualification of inspection processes - Qualification of inspection
Curves Relative operating Characteristic curves (RDC) Applications (case studies)
References
1. Miller, Ronnie; and Paul Mclntire, ed, Non-Destructive Testing Handbook; Acoustic
Emission Testing,VoL-5, 2” ed, Columbus, OH: American Society for Non-Destructive
Testing, 1987.
2. Spanner, J.C. “Acoustic Emission Techniques and Applications, Evanston, I, L.: latex
Publishing Co., 1974.
3. American Society for Metals, Non-Destructive Inspection and Quality Control: Metals
hand Book, Vol-11, 8th Ed, Metals park Oh, 1976.
38
PAN 704 NDT FOR COMPOSITES L T P C
3 1 0 4
GOAL To understand the Non Destructive Testing for composite materials
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES
The course should enable the student to :
1. Know the types of composites
materials and its applications
2. Know the defects in composites
3. Know the ultrasonic testing methods
4. Know the different methodologies
used
5. Know the usage of advanced
equipment‟s
The students should be able to:
1. Understand usages and types of composite
and its advantages
2. Understand the damages in composites
3. Understand the different levels ultrasonic
testing
4. Know the radiographic Inspection and
computed tomography
5. Know the applications and limitations of
Stereography and Vibrotheromography
UNIT - I: INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITES
Fibre, matrix: materials, properties and fabrication processes, types/classification of
composites, fabrication methods of composites, advantages and applications.
UNIT - II: DEFECTS IN COMPOSITES
Delamination, cracks, disbands, voids, Impact or Barely visible impact Damage(BVID),
Porosity, core splices, core dis bonds, core crushing, matrix cracking, fibre breakage, kissing
bonds environmental Ingress, Fibre wrinkling or waviness fibre and ply misalignment,
incorrect cure and incorrect volume fraction.
UNIT- III: ULTRASONIC ACOUSTOGRAPHY AND LOW FREQUENCY
METHODS
Pulse –echo, applications ,strength , limitations Back scatter , Through transmission,
application, strength, limitations ,ultrasonic spectroscopy, application, strength, limitations ,
low frequency methods , application, strength, limitations, Ultrasonic thickness measurement
(A-scan) ,Ultrasonic linear scan (B-scan) ,Ultrasonic through-transmission amplitude scan
(C-scan) ,Ultrasonic depth scan (D-scan) .
UNIT-IV: GLOBAL METHODS AND LOCAL METHODS
Optical holography , application, strength, limitations ,Tap test, mechanical impedance
methods , application, strength, limitations ,membrane Resonance methods , application,
39
strength, limitations, Radiographic inspection, computed tomography , Local Methods,
application, strength, limitations.
UNIT-V: SHEARNOGRAPHY, THERMOGRAPHY AND ACOUSTIC EMISSION
METHODS
Shearography, application, strength, limitations, conventional Shearography, digital
shearography, Applications, Thermography, introduction, Thermal pulse,
Vibrotheromography, applications, strength, limitations, visual inspection, Acoustic
emission and acoustic ultrasonic , application, strength, limitations
References
1. Bernd-H Kroplin, Falk K. Wittel, “Damage and its evolution in Fiber composite
materials: Simulation and Non Destructive Evaluation, ISBN: 3930683903, 2006.
2. Spanner, J.C. “Acoustic Emission Techniques and Applications, Evanston, I, L.:
latex Publishing Co., 1974.
3. American Society for Metals, Non-Destructive Inspection and Quality Control:
Metals hand Book, Vol-11, 8th Ed, Metals park Oh, 1976.