Palgrave Handbook of Inter-Organizational Relations in World Politics

Rafael Biermann • Joachim A. Koops Editors

Palgrave Handbook of Inter-Organizational Relations in World

Politics

ISBN 978-1-137-36038-0 ISBN 978-1-137-36039-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-36039-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016957764

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identifi ed as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprint-ing, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, com-puter software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

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Editors Rafael Biermann Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena , Germany

Joachim A. Koops Vesalius College Brussels Belgium

v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This Handbook has been in gestation and preparation for four years and is the result of an international cooperation project between 38 scholars and practitioners from 12 countries dealing with relations between International Organizations (IOs). Their knowledge, contributions, and angelic patience throughout this process have made the preparations and completion of this Handbook both a pleasure and an exciting intellectual journey for us. While both of us had been fascinated by, and had been working on, the conceptual, theoretical, and policy-oriented implications of growing relations between IOs, the concrete idea for this Handbook emerged during an international work-shop in Brussels in January 2012. The workshop ‘Inter-organizationalism in International Relations: Theories and Cases’, organized by Joachim Koops and generously funded by Vesalius College and the Global Governance Institute, brought together early career and senior scholars as well as practitioners in order to exchange and formulate generalizable fi ndings about the growing phenomenon of cooperation and rivalry between IOs across different policy fi elds. The phenomenon of inter-organizational relations (IORs) has fascinated both of us from an empirical and theoretical perspective and we are convinced that a more theory-oriented and systematic approach to studying it could also have important implications for the study of International Relations (IR) itself. Based on the workshop discussions and our own research, we decided that it was time for a Handbook which would hopefully provide an important refer-ence for scholars and practitioners interested in the many diverse issue areas where IOs work together today.

We owe our gratitude to all our contributors and Palgrave Macmillan for making this Handbook possible. Hannah Kaspar, Jennifer Timmins and Samantha Snedden from Palgrave have supported us through this publica-tion with excellent guidance and immeasurable patience. Sven Morgen, a PhD candidate at the University of Jena, provided invaluable help and support by diligently putting the entire book in a coherent format, providing the Index and coordinating repeatedly with the authors. We would also like to thank our respective academic institutions, the Institute of Political Science of Friedrich

vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Schiller University Jena and Vesalius College at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) for their support. Finally, as so often, our thanks and apologies go to our families, who had to deal with our more frantic periods of writing and edit-ing. Their support and understanding greatly helped us to bring this project to a successful conclusion.

Jena Rafael Biermann Brussels Joachim A. Koops

vii

ABBREVIATIONS

AC Andean Community ACN Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia ACP African-Caribbean-Pacifi c ADB Asian Development Bank AGTU Austro-German Telegraph Union AMIS Agricultural Market Information System AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia AoA Agreement on Agriculture APEC Asia-Pacifi c Economic Cooperation ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AU African Union BCBS Basel Committee on Banking Supervision BINUCA Bureau Intégré de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en

Centrafrique—United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Offi ce in the Central African Republic

BIS Bank for International Settlements BONUCA Bureau d’appui des Nations Unies pour la consolidation de la

paix en République Centrafricaine—United Nations Peace-building Offi ce in the Central African Republic

CaAC Network around Children and Armed Confl ict CAFSAM Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission CAR Central African Republic CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere CARICOM Caribbean Community Secretariat CBD Convention on Biodiversity CCAC Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate

Pollutants CCCI United Nations Habitat Cities and Climate Change Initiative CCEMA Climate Change, Environment and Migration Alliance CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEMAC Economic and Monetary Union of Central Africa CEN-SAD Communauté des États sahélo-sahariens—Community of

Sahel- Saharan States

viii ABBREVIATIONS

CFA Comprehensive Framework for Action CFS Committee on World Food Security CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CGPCS Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia CICC Coalition for the International Criminal Court CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CIMIC Civil-Military Cooperation CM Committee of Ministers CMC Cluster Munition Coalition CMF Combined Maritime Forces COE Council of Europe COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CSCE Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe CSDP Common Security and Defense Policy CSFP Common Foreign and Security Policy CSO Civil Society Organizations CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization CTC Crime-Terror Continuum CTCN Climate Technology Centre and Network DAC Development Assistance Committee DDR Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration DFID United Kingdom Department for International Development DPA Dayton Peace Accords DPKO United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations DPP Directorate of Policy Planning DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ECB European Central Bank ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECJ European Court of Justice ECOSOC Economic and Social Council of the United Nations ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECSC European Coal and Steel Community ECT Energy Charter Treaty ECtHR European Court of Human Rights EDA European Defence Agency EESC European Economic and Social Committee EISF European Interagency Security Forum EJR European Court of Justice EMS European Monetary System EMU Economic and Monetary Union EP European Parliament EPIC Economic and Policy Innovations for Climate-Smart Agriculture ERC Emergency Relief Coordinator ERT European Round Table of Industrialists ESDP European Security and Defence Policy ETUC European Trade Union Congress EU European Union

ABBREVIATIONS ix

EUBAM European Union Border Assistance Mission EUCAP European Union Capacity Building EUFOR European Union Military Force EULEX European Union Rule of Law Mission EUTM European Training Mission EU EEAS European Union European External Actions Service EUCAP NESTOR Regional Maritime Capacity Building for the Horn of Africa and

the Western Indian Ocean EUNAVFOR European Union Naval Forces EUTM Somalia European Union Training Mission for Somalia EWIS European Workshops of International Studies FAC Food Aid Convention FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FARC Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia FFH Freedom from Hunger FOMUC Force Multinationale des États d’Afrique Centrale FSAPs Financial Sector Assessment Programs FSB Financial Stability Board FTOs Foreign Terrorist Organizations G20 Group of 20 GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GAVI Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GCOS Global Climate Observing System GEF Global Environment Facility GFCS GFCS GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GGKP Green Growth Knowledge Platform GPA Agreement on Government Procurement GRECO Group of States against Corruption HIPCs Heavily Indebted Poor Countries HLTF UN High Level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis HMO Health Maintenance Organization IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IASG Inter-Agency Standing Group IATA International Air Transport Association IATA International Association of Airlines IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICC International Criminal Court ICCSER UN Special Rapporteurs on the Human Right to Food, and

implementation of the International Covenant on Cultural, Social and Economic Rights

ICG-CAR International Contact Group on the Central African Republic ICG-S International Contact Group for Somalia ICHA International Corruption Hunters Alliance ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICSU International Council for Science

x ABBREVIATIONS

IDA International Development Association IDB Islamic Development Bank IEA International Energy Agency IEF International Energy Forum IEOM International Election Observation Missions IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFIs International Financial Institutions IFOR NATO Implementation Force IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute IGAC International Group for Anti-Corruption Coordination IGAD Intergovernmental Authority for Development IGOs Intergovernmental Organizations IGOs International Governmental Organizations ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization INGOs International Non-Governmental Organizations INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IO International Organization IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IOLC Inter-Organizational Life-Cycle IOM International Organization for Migration IOPH International Offi ce of Public Health IORs Inter-Organizational Relations IPCC United Nations International Panel on Climate Change IPE International Political Economy IPEEC International Platform on Energy Effi ciency Cooperation IPPG International Policy and Partnerships Group IPTF UN International Police Task Force IR International Relations IRC International Rescue Committee IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency IRO International Refugee Organization ITC International Trade Center ITO International Trade Organization ITU International Telegraph Union JEU Joint Environment Unit JMAP Joint Management Action Plan KFOR Kosovo Force LAS League of Arab States LCETP Low Carbon Energy Technology Platform MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from

Ships MDGs Millennium Development Goals MESICIC Mechanism for Follow-Up on the Implementation of the

Inter- American Convention against Corruption MERCOSUR Southern Common Market

ABBREVIATIONS xi

MISAB Mission interafricaine de surveillance des Accords de Bangui – Inter-African Mission to Monitor the Implementation of the Bangui Agreements; Central African Republic

MISCA Mission internationale de soutien à la Centrafrique sous conduite africaine

MINURCAT Mission des Nations Unies en République Centrafricaine et au Tchad

MINURSO Mission des Nations Unies pour l’organisation d’un référendum au Sahara occidental—United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara

MINUSCA Mission multidimensionnelle intégrée des Nations unies pour la stabilisation en Centrafrique—United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic

MINUSMA Mission multidimensionnelle intégrée des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation au Mali—United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali

MINUSTAH United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti MONUSCO Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en République

Démocratique du Congo—United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

MSF Médecins Sans Frontières—Doctors Without Borders NAPs National Action Plans NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NIE New Institutional Economics NIEO New International Economic Order OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OHCHR Offi ce of the High Commissioner for Human Rights OHR Offi ce of the High Representative OLAF European Antifraud Offi ce—Offi ce Européen de Lutte

Antifraude OMC Open Method of Coordination OPCAT Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture OPEC Organization of the Petroleum-Exporting Countries OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe OT Organization Theory P-A Principal-Agent PACE Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe PE Population ecology PIF Pacifi c Islands Forum PPPs Public–Private Partnerships PREM Poverty Reduction and Economic Management PTO Private Transnational Organizations PTROs Private Transnational Regulatory Organizations

xii ABBREVIATIONS

RDT Resource Dependence Theory REC Regional Economic Communities SADC Southern African Development Community SBN Sustainable Buildings Network SCNFS UN Standing Committee on Nutrition and Food Security SE4ALL Sustainable Energy for All SFOR NATO Stabilization Force SHIRBRIG Standby High Readiness Brigade for United Nations Operations SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation agency SNA Social Network Analysis SRSG Special Representative of the Secretary-General SSR Security Sector Reform StAR Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative TAN Transnational Advocacy Network TFG Transitional Federal Government TI Transparency International TNA Transnational Actor TVA Tennessee Valley Authority UIC Union of Islamic Courts UN United Nations UNAMID United Nations-African Union Peacekeeping Mission in the

Darfur Region of Sudan UNCAC United Nations Convention Against Corruption UNCCD UN Convention to Combat Desertifi cation UNCH United Nations Charter UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade Law UNCSD UN Commission on Sustainable Development UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Program UN DPKO United Nations Department for Peacekeeping Operations UNEP United Nations Environmental Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientifi c, and Cultural

Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICE Union of Industrial and Employers’ Confederation of Europe UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNISDR United Nations Offi ce for Disaster Risk Reduction UNISFA United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNLOPS United Nations Liaison Offi ce for Peace and Security UNMIK United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo UNMIL United Nations Mission in Liberia UNMISS United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan UNOCHA United Nations Offi ce for the Coordination of Humanitarian

Affairs UNOCI United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire

ABBREVIATIONS xiii

UNPOS United Nations Political Offi ce for Somalia UN-REDD United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing

Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries

UNSC United Nations Security Council UNSOA United Nations Political Offi ce for Somalia UNSOM United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia UNU United Nations University UNW-DPC United Nations Water Decade Programme on Capacity

Development UPU Universal Postal Union US United States USAID United States Agency for International Development VOICE Voluntary Organisations in Cooperation in Emergencies WBG World Bank Group WEU Western European Union WETU Western Europe Telegraph Union WFC World Food Council WFP World Food Program WFS World Food Summit WHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization

xv

CONTENTS

1 Studying Relations Among International Organizations in World Politics: Core Concepts and Challenges 1 Rafael Biermann and Joachim A. Koops 1 Introduction 1 2 Conceptualizing Inter-Organizational Relations: Defi nitions,

Demarcations, and Core Dimensions 3 2.1 Defi ning Inter-Organizational Relations 3 2.2 Inter-Organizationalism and Regime Interaction 5 2.3 Features, Forms, and Attributes of Inter-

Organizational Relations 8 3 The Growth of the Partnering Paradigm and the Formation

of Partnerships 12 3.1 Actor Proliferation, Task Expansion, and Issue-Linkage 13 3.2 Issue Duration, Issue Density, and Political Shocks 15 3.3 Domain Similarity and Organizational Overlap 16 3.4 Rationalist and Constructivist Accounts of Partnership

Formation 17 3.5 Multilevel Analysis of Inter-Organizational Formation 18

4 Cooperation, Competition, and the Management of Relations 19 4.1 Inter-Organizational Cooperation 19 4.2 Inter-Organizational Rivalry and Confl ict 23 4.3 Managing Inter-Organizational Relations 24

5 The Effectiveness of Inter-Organizational Cooperation 26 6 Major Theoretical and Methodological Challenges 28

6.1 Fragmentation, Eclecticism, and the Lack of an IR-Focused Lead Theory 29

6.2 Transferability, Induction, and Deduction: Matching Theoretical Insights with Empirical Evidence 30

6.3 Generalizability: From Dyad Case Studies to Large-N Studies 31

xvi CONTENTS

6.4 Accuracy: From Desk Research Through Interviews to ‘Participant Observation’ 32

7 Approach and Structure of the Handbook 32 Notes 35 Bibliography 37

Part I Theoretical and Conceptual Approaches 47

2 IR Paradigms and Inter-Organizational Theory: Situating the Research Program Within the Discipline 49 Christer Jönsson 1 Network Theory 51 2 Regime Theory and the ‘Institutionalist Turn’ 54

2.1 Organizations versus Institutions 54 3 Theoretical Refi nements 56

3.1 Resource-Dependency Theory 56 3.2 Agency Theory 58

4 The ‘Transnational Turn’ 59 5 Prospects of New ‘Bisociation’? 61 Bibliography 62

3 Organization Theory and Cooperation and Confl ict Among International Organizations 67 Michael Lipson 1 Introduction: Inter-Organizationalism in IR Theory

and Organization Theory 67 2 International Relations Theories and Inter- Organizational

Relations 68 2.1 Inter-Organizational Relations and 

International Regimes 69 2.2 Constructivist Perspectives on 

Inter-Organizational Relations 71 3 Organizational Theories of Inter-Organizational Relations 73

3.1 New Institutional Economics 73 3.2 Organizational Environments and Inter-Organizational

Relations 77 4 Conclusion: Further Opportunities for Cross-Fertilization 84 Notes 85 Bibliography 87

CONTENTS xvii

4 The Rational Design of Relations Between Intergovernmental Organizations 97 Hylke Dijkstra 1 The Design of International Institutions 98 2 The Design of Relations Between Organizations 100

2.1 Formalization 101 2.2 Intensity 102 2.3 Symmetry 104 2.4 Standardization 105

3 Conclusion: Future Research 107 Notes 108 Bibliography 109

5 Social Network Analysis 113 Matthias Schulze and Florian Ries 1 Networks as Actors: Heuristic and Governance Approaches 114 2 Social Network Analysis: Core Concepts 115

2.1 Network Position: Centrality 117 2.2 Network Position: Subgroups 119

3 Social Network Theorizing: Relational Mechanisms 119 3.1 Rationalist Mechanisms 119 3.2 Constructivist and Cognitive Mechanisms 121 3.3 Advantages and Shortcomings 122

4 Social Network Analysis and Its Transferability to Inter-Organizational Relations 124 4.1 Social Network Analysis in Inter-Organizational

Relations Research Designs 126 4.2 Challenges 127

5 Future Dircetions for Research 129 Notes 130 Bibliography 132

6 Resource Dependence Theory 135 Rafael Biermann and Michael Harsch 1 Resource Dependence Within Organization Theory 136

1.1 A Brief History of RDT 136 1.2 Core Assumptions 138 1.3 Key Findings 139 1.4 Shortcomings of RDT 143

2 Resource Dependence Among International Organizations 145 2.1 Transferability of RDT to IGOs 145 2.2 RDT and IGOs: An Emerging Research Program 146

xviii CONTENTS

3 Conclusions: Future Directions of Research 149 Notes 150 Bibliography 152

7 Population Ecology: How the Environment Infl uences the Evolution of Organizations 157 Florian Ries 1 Theory and Empirical Application 158 2 Transferability and Empirical Limits 161 3 Population Ecology as Conceptual Metaphor? 165 4 Conclusions 166 Notes 166 Bibliography 167

8 Sociological Approaches 169 Ulrich Franke and Martin Koch 1 Organization Studies in International Relations 170 2 Sociological Approaches to Inter-organizational Relations 172

2.1 Resource Dependence 172 2.2 Sociological Neo-Institutionalism 174 2.3 Organizational Fields 177

3 Critical Appraisal of Sociological Approaches 178 4 Alternative Approaches to Inter-organizational Relations 179

4.1 Luhmann’s Systems Theory 179 4.2 American Pragmatism 181

5 Conclusion 182 Notes 183 Bibliography 183

9 Inter-Organizationalism in International Relations: A Multilevel Framework of Analysis 189 Joachim A. Koops 1 Introduction 189 2 A Multilevel Framework for Inter-Organizational

Analysis: General Overview 190

3 Understanding and Applying the Five Levels of Inter-Organizational Relations 194 3.1 The International and Systemic Level: Opportunities

and Constraints 195 3.2 The Member State/National Level: Key

Decision-Making Powers 197 3.3 The Role of the Individual: Initiators, Facilitators

and Boundary Spanners 201

CONTENTS xix

3.4 The Role of the Bureaucracy 204 3.5 The Inter-Institutional and Inter-Secretariat Level 206

4 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research 207 Notes 208 Bibliography 211

10 The Evolvement of International Secretariats, Executive Heads and Leadership in Inter- Organizational Relations 217 Bob Reinalda and Kent J. Kille 1 Why International Secretariats and Executive Heads? 218 2 Emergence and Relevance of IGO Secretariats and Early

Inter-Organizational Relations 219 3 Inter-Organizational Relations During the League

of Nations (1919–45) 222 4 Inter-Organizational Relations in and Beyond

the UN System 1945–70 226 5 Inter-Organizational Relations in and Beyond the 

UN System After 1970 231 5.1 Personal Ambitions in Health and Food 232 5.2 Who Provides Leadership? The Joint

Creation of UNAIDS 233 5.3 Inter-Organizational Relations in the 

North–South Divide of the 1970s 234 5.4 IGO Survival Under Change in Inter-Organizational

Relations in International Trade 235 6 The Emergence of Country Clubs and Their Effects on 

Inter-Organizational Relations 237 7 Conclusion 239 Notes 239 Bibliography 239

11 The Role of International Bureaucracies 243 Rafael Biermann 1 Conceptualizing International Bureaucracies 244 2 The Relevance of International Bureaucracies

for Inter-Organizational Relations 248 3 Theories and Approaches 250

3.1 Principal–Agent Theory 250 3.2 Sociological Institutionalism 253 3.3 Bureaucratic Politics 255 3.4 Organization Theory 258

4 Recommendations for Future Research 261 Notes 263 Bibliography 264

xx CONTENTS

12 The Principal–Agent Model and Inter- Organizational Relations 271 Edith Drieskens and Yf Reykers 1 Parameters 272 2 Literature 274 3 Shortcomings and Critiques 277 4 Transferability to Inter-Organizational Relations 278

4.1 The UN Security Council as Agent 279 4.2 The UN Security Council as Principal 280

5 Case Study 282 6 Conclusion 284 Notes 284 Bibliography 285

13 Confi gurations in Inter-Organizational Cooperation: From Dyads to Organizational Fields 289 Melissa E. Wooten and Timothy Sacco 1 An Open Systems Perspective on Organizations 290 2 Organizational Fields 291 3 Using Organizational Fields as an Analytical Method 294 4 Conclusion 297 Note 299 Bibliography 299

14 Nested Institutions 303 Spyros Blavoukos and Dimitris Bourantonis 1 Nested Institutions: Conceptual Clarifi cation and Basic

Features 304 1.1 Nested Institutions: What Is It About? 304 1.2 Issues of Order and Organizational Hierarchy 306 1.3 Encompassing and Encompassed Institutions in a 

Nested Environment 311 2 Nested Institutions: Summary and Further Research 314 Bibliography 315

15 NGO–NGO Relations 319 Andrea Schneiker 1 Introduction 319 2 Different Ways of Conceptualizing NGO–NGO Relations 322

2.1 Network Approaches to Analyzing NGO–NGO Interaction 323

3 Theoretical Approaches to Explaining NGO–NGO Relations 325 4 Intra- and Inter-Network Relations and the

Evolution of Networks 329

CONTENTS xxi

5 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research 331 Notes 332 Bibliography 333

16 Legitimizing Inter-Organizational Relations 337 Rafael Biermann 1 Conceptualizing Legitimacy and Legitimation 339 2 The Legitimation of International Organizations 342 3 Legitimation Among Organizations 346

3.1 Subjects and Objects of Legitimation Among Organizations 347

3.2 Legitimation Criteria and Strategies 349 3.3 Legitimacy Assessments and the Willingness

to Cooperate 352 4 Recommendations for Future Research 354 Notes 357 Bibliography 359

17 Power in Inter-Organizational Relations 365 Hanna Ojanen 1 The Centrality and Evasiveness of Power Analyses 365 2 Different Forms and ‘Faces’ of Power 366 3 Explaining the Neglect of Power in

Inter-Organizational Relations 369 4 Inter-Organizational Relations Among

Security Institutions 374 5 Injecting Power into the Analysis of

Inter- Organizational Relations 375 6 New Avenues for Research 379 Notes 382 Bibliography 382

18 Assessing Infl uence Between International Organizations 389 Oriol Costa 1 Introduction 389 2 What Is Inter-Organizational Infl uence? 391 3 How Much Infl uence 394 4 What Can Be Infl uenced? 396

4.1 Politics 397 4.2 Institutional Development 398 4.3 Cognitive and Normative Structures 399 4.4 Policies and Spheres of Activity 400

xxii CONTENTS

5 Final Remarks 401 Note 402 Bibliography 402

19 Trust Among International Organizations 407 Philipp Brugger , Andreas Hasenclever , and Lukas Kasten 1 Conceptualizing Trust 408

1.1 Ontological Key Features of Trust 408 1.2 Rationalist Understandings of Trust as Calculation 409 1.3 Extra-Rationalist Accounts of Trust

as Risk-Suspension 409 1.4 Integrative Approaches 411

2 Trust and Its Relation to Mistrust 412 3 Inter-Organizational Trust Across Levels of Analysis 412 4 Trust-Building Between Organizations 414 5 Consequences of Trust 416 6 Measuring Trust Between Organizations 417 7 Shortcomings and Avenues for Future Research 418 Notes 420 Bibliography 422

Part II Policy Areas 427

20 Inter-Organizational Coordination in Peacebuilding 429 Joanne McEvoy 1 Literature On Inter-Organizational Coordination

In Peacebuilding 430 1.1 Different Approaches in Peacebuilding 430 1.2 Autonomy Concerns 432 1.3 Divergent Organizational Cultures 433

2 IO Cooperation in Peacebuilding Missions 434 2.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 434 2.2 Kosovo 438

3 Conclusion 440 Notes 441 Bibliography 442

21 Regime Complexity and Resource Dependence Theory in International Peacekeeping 447 Malte Brosig 1 Regime Complexity and Resource Dependence 448

CONTENTS xxiii

1.1 Regime Complexity 448 1.2 Resource Dependence Theory and Resource

Exchange 449 2 The African Peacekeeping Regime Complex 452 3 Empirical Case Studies: Somalia and the Central

African Republic 453 3.1 Somalia 455 3.2 The Central African Republic 461

4 Conclusion 467 Bibliography 468

22 Dark Networks: The Terror–Crime Nexus 471 Marie Wu and David Knoke 1 Review of Research and Theories 472

1.1 Organizational Design and Structure 473 1.2 Dynamic Processes 475 1.3 Theories and Methods 478

2 Directions for Future Research 480 Bibliography 481

23 The Theory and Practice of International Humanitarian Relief Coordination 485 Max O. Stephenson Jr. 1 The Structure of International Humanitarian Relief 486 2 The United Nations and Humanitarian Relief 489 3 Theorizing the Humanitarian Relief System 490 4 Conclusions 498 Notes 499 Bibliography 499

24 The Global Governance of Food Security 503 Matias E. Margulis 1 Mapping the Organizational Dimensions of the Global

Governance of Food Security 505 1.1 Nutrition 506 1.2 Agricultural Production 506 1.3 Agricultural Trade 507 1.4 Food Safety 507 1.5 Human Right to Food 507 1.6 Agriculture and Development 507 1.7 Agriculture and Climate Change 508

2 Institutional Characteristics of the Global Governance of Food Security 508

xxiv CONTENTS

3 Inter-Organizational Relationships of Global Governance of Food Security 511 3.1 Cooperation 511 3.2 Rivalry 516

4 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research 519 Notes 521 Bibliography 521

25 Inter-Organizational Relations in the Field of Democratisation: Cooperation or Delegation? The European Union, the OSCE, and the Council of Europe 527 Andrea Gawrich 1 State of the Art 529 2 Categorizing the Cooperation Between the EU, the OSCE,

and the CoE 529 3 Empirical Steps of Formalization Between the EU, the OSCE,

and the CoE: The Post-Cold War Convergence 530 3.1 The EU and the OSCE: Late Formal Acknowledgement

at the Level of Rules of Procedure 530 3.2 The EU and the CoE: Intense Practical Cooperation

and Late Joint Statements 531 3.3 The CoE and the OSCE: Close Working Connections

and Late IO–IO Formalization 532 4 Cooperation or Delegation: Empirical Findings on Inter-

Organizational Cooperation Between the EU, the CoE, and the OSCE in the Area of Democracy Promotion 535 4.1 Triadic Cooperation in the Area of Election Observation 535 4.2 Capacity Building in the Areas of Good Governance

and Rule of Law: Asymmetric Relations Between the CoE and the EU 537

4.3 Capacity Building in Constitutional and Legal Matters: Division of Labour at Working Level Between CoE and OSCE 538

4.4 Lack of Cooperation in the Area of Media Assistance 539 5 Theory-Guided Refl ection and Concluding Remarks 541 Notes 542 Bibliography 543

26 The Council of Europe and Cooperation with Civil Society 547 André Härtel 1 State of Research on IGO–CSO Cooperation 548 2 The Multilateral Traditionalism of the Council of Europe 551 3 The Council of Europe and Civil Society Cooperation 552

CONTENTS xxv

4 Major Obstacles for Effi cient Cooperation 554 4.1 Critique of the Council of Europe’s Work with CSO’s 554 4.2 The INGO Conference: Pitfalls of 

Over-Institutionalization 555 4.3 The Politics of IGO–CSO Cooperation 557 4.4 A Hardly Conducive Organizational Culture 558

5 Conclusions 561 Notes 562 Bibliography 564

27 Pushed Toward Partnership: Increasing Cooperation Between the Bretton Woods Bodies 569 Andreas Freytag and John J. Kirton 1 Open Questions and Main Thesis 570 2 The Division of Labor in Theory and Practice 571 3 Competing Schools of Thought 573 4 Strengthening Collaboration, 2000–07 574 5 Equal Partnership, 2008–14 575 6 G20 Summit Governance of IMF–WBG Partnership 577 7 Conclusion: The Incomplete Partnership 579 8 Recommendations for Further Research 580 Notes 580 Appendixes 582 Bibliography 587

28 Organizational Interactions in Global Energy Governance 591 Thijs van de Graaf 1 General Overview of the Policy Field and Literature 592 2 The Global Energy Architecture and the IEA 593 3 An Organization-Set of the IEA 595

3.1 The IEA and OPEC 595 3.2 The IEA and ECT 600 3.3 The IEA and G8/G20 602 3.4 The IEA and IRENA 604

4 Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research 605 Notes 606 Bibliography 607

29 The Cooperation of the European Union with Employer and Labor Associations 611 Frank Wendler 1 Empirical Overview 612 2 Research Questions and Findings 618

xxvi CONTENTS

3 Perspectives for Future Research 621 4 Conclusions 623 Notes 624 Bibliography 624

30 IGO Relations in the Anti-corruption Realm and in Promoting Integrity in Public Procurement 627 Alexandru Grigorescu 1 Anti-corruption and the Study of Inter- organizational

Relations 627 2 IGOs Involved in the Anti-corruption Realm 630

2.1 IGOs Spearheading the Adoption of Anti-corruption Conventions 630

2.2 IGOs Raising Awareness and Increasing Knowledge About Corruption 632

2.3 IGOs Using Conditionality to Fight Corruption 633 2.4 IGOs’ Investigative Approach to Anti-corruption 634 2.5 Transparency and Integrity in Public Procurement 636

3 IGO Collaboration in the Anti-corruption Realm 638 4 Possible Future Research Directions 642 Notes 644 Bibliography 645

31 Relations Between International Organisations in Combating Climate Change 649 Katja Biedenkopf 1 Introduction 649 2 Climate Change as a Global Governance Issue 650 3 Inter-organisational Interaction 651 4 The Climate Organisational Complex and Its

Inter-organisational Interactions 654 4.1 The Organisational Complex and Its Fragmentation 654 4.2 Organisational Interaction 668 4.3 Interplay Management 672

5 Conclusions 672 Notes 673 Bibliography 674

CONTENTS xxvii

32 Conclusions 677 Rafael Biermann and Joachim A. Koops 1 The Balance of Review and Exploration 678 2 Major Theoretical and Empirical Findings 681 3 Future Research Directions 686 Notes 689 Bibliography 690

Index 697

xxix

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 5.1 Network graph based on adjacency matrix (For reasons of simplicity and to show as many concepts as possible, this network graph is not based on any empirical observations.) 117

Fig. 12.1 NATO’s intervention in Libya from a delegation perspective 283 Fig. 16.1 The politics of legitimation 341 Fig. 16.2 The politics of legitimation of international organizations 345 Fig. 16.3 The politics of legitimation among international organizations 353 Fig. 21.1 UN peacekeepers in deployment 1990–2015 452 Fig. 23.1 The international relief system 488 Fig. 30.1 Network of formal IGO relations in the anti-corruption realm 640 Fig. 30.2 Network of formal IGO relations in the open public

procurement realm 641 Fig. 31.1 Inter-organisational relations in combating climate change

(non-exhaustive) 671

xxxi

Table 3.1 Thompson’s model of technology and coordination 82 Table 4.1 Dimensions of IGO interaction based on Marrett

( 1971 ) and Aldrich ( 1977 ) 101 Table 5.1 Adjacency matrix 116 Table 9.1 Overview of Multi-level analysis approach to

Inter-organizational Relations 192 Table 18.1 Measuring the infl uence of IOs on other IOs 396 Table 18.2 Domains of inter-organizational infl uence 397 Table 19.1 Actor constellations 413 Table 21.1 2014 peacekeeping missions in Africa by organization 453 Table 21.2 International organizations in Somalia 457 Table 21.3 International peacekeeping in the CAR 462 Table 24.1 Illustrative list of international organizations active

in the global governance of food security 509 Table 25.1 Steps of formalization in the cooperation

between EU, OSCE, and CoE 534 Table 25.2 Forms of EU, OSCE, and CoE cooperation

in various fi elds of democracy promotion 542 Table 28.1 Main energy-related international organizations,

their objectives, and members 596 Table 30.1 IGOs involved in anti-corruption work 637 Table 31.1 International Organisations’ Climate-related Activities

and Inter-organisational Relations 656

LIST OF TABLES

xxxiii

CONTRIBUTORS

Katja   Biedenkopf is Assistant Professor at the University of Leuven, Belgium. Her research centers on the external effects of European Union environmental and climate policy, global environmental governance, and climate diplomacy. Recent articles in journals include ‘The European Parliament in EU External Climate Governance’ (in The European Parliament and Its International Relation , Stavridis, Stelios and Daniela Irrera (eds.)), and ‘EU Chemicals Regulation: Extending Its Experimentalist REACH’ (in Extending Experimentalist Governance? The European Union and Transnational Regulation , Zeitlin, Jonathan (ed.)).

Rafael   Biermann is Full Professor of International Relations at Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany. His main areas of expertise are international organizations and peace and confl ict studies, where he is especially interested in secessionism, mediation, intervention, as well as ethics of peace and reconcilia-tion. His study of European security governance bridges both areas of expertise. He has published peer-reviewed contributions on the Handbook topics in jour-nals such as Review of International Organizations and Journal of International Organization Studies . His dissertation analyzed Soviet policy toward German unifi cation, his habilitation crisis prevention in Kosovo (both in German).

Spyros   Blavoukos is Assistant Professor at the Athens University of Economics and Business, focusing on the analysis of international and European institu-tions. He is the co-author of two books and co-editor of two more, the most recent one being The European Union and the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Palgrave, 2015). His articles have appeared in international journals including Review of International Studies , West European Politics , Journal of Common Market Studies , European Journal of Political Research , European Union Politics , Cooperation and Confl ict , and British Journal of Politics and International Relations .

Dimitris   Bourantonis is Professor of International and European Studies at the Athens University of Economics and Business. Among other publications,

xxxiv CONTRIBUTORS

he is the co-author of Chairing Multilateral Negotiations: The Case of the United Nations (2011) and author of a book on The History and Politics of UN Security Council Reform (2006). His articles have appeared in Review of International Studies, Journal of Common Market Studies , Cooperation and Confl ict , British Journal of Politics and International Relations , as well as three co-edited volumes on The European Union and the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Palgrave, 2015), The EU Presence in International Organizations (2011), and Multilateralism and Security Institutions in an Era of Globalization (2007).

Malte   Brosig is an Associate Professor in International Relations at the Department of International Relations at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. He joined the Department in 2009 after he received his PhD from the Centre of European and International Relations Studies Research at the University of Portsmouth. His main research interests focus on issues of international organization (IO) interplay and peacekeeping in Africa. His work has contributed signifi cantly to theory building in IO interplay and regime complexity literature. His articles have appeared in in accredited journals such as African Security International Peacekeeping , European Security , European Review of International Affairs , South African Journal of International Affairs , Journal of International Peacekeeping , and Journal of International Organization Studies . His recently published monograph is Cooperative Peacekeeping in Africa: Exploring Regime Complexity.

Philipp   Brugger is a research associate at the Institute for Political Science at the University of Tübingen, Germany. His research concentrates on the con-cept and operationalization of interstate and inter-organizational trust, on theoretical approaches to trust building, and on the history and future pros-pects of the transatlantic security community.

Oriol   Costa holds a PhD in International Relations from the Autonomous University of Barcelona, where he is an Assistant Professor (interim). He is also a researcher at the Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals(IBEI). He has conducted research on the interplay between international institutions and the EU, including on the infl uence of former upon the latter.

Hylke   Dijkstra is Associate Professor (with tenure) at the Department of Political Science of Maastricht University, The Netherlands. He specializes in the design of international secretariats in security affairs. He is author of Policy- Making in EU Security and Defense: An Institutional Perspective (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) and his articles have appeared in journals such as Cooperation and Confl ict , International Peacekeeping , Journal of European Public Policy , and The Review of International Organizations .

Edith   Drieskens is Associate Professor of International Relations at Leuven International and European Studies (LINES), KU Leuven. Her work explores the regional dimension of global governance, focusing on the EU’s

CONTRIBUTORS xxxv

functioning at the United Nations (UN). She is co-editor of Effective Multilateralism: Internal and External Reform Practices (2014) and The Sage Handbook on European Foreign Policy (2015).

Ulrich   Franke is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Bremen’s Institute for Intercultural and International Studies (InIIS). Inspired by the philosophy and social theory of Classical Pragmatism, his main research interest is on reconstructing both the core beliefs that guide the action of central fi gures in world politics—be it representatives of states, international organizations, or else—and their contributions to world order.

Andreas   Freytag is Professor of Economics at the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena ( http://www.wipo.uni-jena.de/JASG.html ) and Honorary Professor at the University of Stellenbosch. Among others, he is also Director of Tutwa Germany ( www.tutwaconsulting.com ). Freytag holds a diploma from the University of Kiel and his doctorate as well as his habilitation from the University of Cologne. He has published a number of books and articles in fi rst-class peer- reviewed journals on economic policy, international trade policy, development economics, and international policy coordination.

Andrea   Gawrich is Professor of Political Science and holds the chair for International Integration at the Institute for Political Science, Justus Liebig University Gießen. She holds a PhD from the Ruhr-University Bochum, 2002, and her postdoctoral degree (habilitata) from the University of Kiel, 2011. From 2003 to 2012, she was Assistant Professor at the University of Kiel. During that time, she worked as stand-in professor at the Universities of Kiel and Duisburg-Essen. From 2002 to 2003, she was Program Director of the Program Central East Europe at the Research Institute of the German Council on Foreign Relations, Berlin. Her research focus and teaching experience lie in the fi eld of European Integration with regard to EU, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and Council of Europe.

Thijs   Van de Graaf is Assistant Professor of International Politics at the Ghent Institute for International Studies, Ghent University. His research inter-ests include international energy politics, global governance, and international institutions. He is co-editor of Rising Powers and Multilateral Institutions (Palgrave, 2015), author of The Politics and Institutions of Global Energy Governance (Palgrave, 2013), and co-author of Global Energy Governance in a Multipolar World (2010). In April 2011, he was a visiting scholar at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University.

Alexandru   Grigorescu is Professor of Political Science at Loyola University Chicago. His research on international organizations has appeared in numer-ous journals such as International Studies Quarterly , Review of International

xxxvi CONTRIBUTORS

Organizations , Journal of Confl ict Resolution, Global Governance, International Politics , and Ethics and International Affairs . He is also the author of Democratic Intergovernmental Organizations? Normative Pressures and Decision-Making Rules (2015).

Michael   F.   Harsch is Faculty Fellow at New York University Abu Dhabi and a Non-Resident Fellow at New  York University’s Center on International Cooperation. His research examines international cooperation in promoting security, effective governance, and development in fragile and confl ict-affected countries. His book The Power of Dependence: NATO-UN Cooperation in Crisis Management was published in 2015.

André   Härtel is Associate Professor and DAAD-Lecturer for ‘German and European Studies’ at the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in Kyiv, Ukraine. Prior to this, he worked as Lecturer in International Relations at Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany, and as Political Advisor at the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, France. His PhD thesis ‘Westintegration oder Grauzonenszenario? Die EU- und WTO-Politik der Ukraine vor dem Hintergrund der inneren Transformation (1998–2009)’ was published by LIT Verlag in 2012. He is interested in the domestic and foreign policies of the countries of the Post-Soviet Space, in democratization, economic transforma-tion, and in the interconnection between global governance and local politics.

Andreas   Hasenclever is Professor of International Relations and Peace Studies at the Institute for Political Science at the University of Tübingen, Germany. His chief research interests include peace and confl ict studies with particular reference to the analysis of the democratic peace, regime analysis, and the impact of religious traditions on political confl icts. On these topics, he has authored numerous articles and books.

Christer   Jönsson is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Lund University and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. His publications include International Aviation and the Politics of Regime Change (1987), International Cooperation in Response to AIDS (co-author 1995), Transnational Actors in Global Governance (co-editor 2010), and The Opening Up of International Organizations (co-author 2013) along with several articles in leading academic journals.

Lukas   Kasten is Research Associate at the Institute for Political Science at the University of Tübingen, Germany. As a peace and confl ict researcher, he is especially interested in the concept, causes, and consequences of trust between states, the causes and processes of interstate stable peace, and social sci-ence methodology.

Kent   Kille is Professor in the Department of Political Science and at the Global and International Studies Program at the College of Wooster. He is an expert on international organization leadership as well as on comparisons and connections between the United Nations and regional organizations.

CONTRIBUTORS xxxvii

Recent publications and projects include From Manager to Visionary: The Secretary-General of the United Nations , The UN Secretary-General and Moral Authority: Ethics and Religion in International Leadership , IO BIO , Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries-General of International Organizations (with Bob Reinalda), as well as articles in Global Governance , Journal of International Organization Studies , and Political Psychology .

John   J.   Kirton is Professor of Political Science and the co-director of the G20 Research Group based at Trinity College at the Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto, and a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies in Renmin University of China. He is the author of G20 Governance for a Globalized World (2012).

David   Knoke is Professor of Sociology at the University of Minnesota, where he teaches social networks, organizations, and statistics. In 2008, he received the University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts’ Arthur ‘Red’ Motley Exemplary Teaching Award. Recent books include the second edition of Social Network Analysis (2008 with Song Yang) and Economic Networks (2012).

Martin   Koch is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Bielefeld University. His research interests include international organizations and institutions, international relations theory and world society studies. He is currently elaborating on a sociological reconceptualization of international organi-zations in world society and recently co-edited a special issue of the Journal of the German Association for Political Science on international organizations.

Joachim   A.   Koops is Dean of Vesalius College, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Research Professor for European Foreign and Security Policy at the VUB’s Institute for European Studies and Director of the Global Governance Institute (GGI). His research focuses on inter-organizational relations in the-ory and practice, EU Foreign Policy, and UN approaches to global security governance. Recent publications include The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (2015), The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), and The Responsibility to Protect and the Third Pillar (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).

Michael   Lipson is Associate Professor of Political Science at Concordia University, Montreal. His research interests focus on the role of international institutions in responding to threats to international peace and security, par-ticularly United Nations peace operations. Recent publications have appeared in Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding and Review of International Organizations .

Matias   E.   Margulis is Lecturer in Political Economy at the University of Stirling. A former Canadian delegate to the World Trade Organization, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and United Nations agencies, his research focuses on global governance, international

xxxviii CONTRIBUTORS

trade, agriculture and food, and human rights. His work has been published in Global Governance, World Trade Review, Globalizations, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, Current Opinion on Environmental Sustainability and Geopolitics.

Joanne   McEvoy is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Aberdeen, UK. Her research interests focus on the role of external actors in peacebuilding and the impact of political institutions, particularly power sharing in deeply divided, post-confl ict states. Her most recent book is Power Sharing Executives: Governing in Bosnia, Macedonia, and Northern Ireland (2015).

Hanna   Ojanen is Jean Monnet Professor at the University of Tampere. She holds a doctorate from the European University Institute, Florence. Her previ-ous positions include Programme Director of the Research Programme on the European Union, Finnish Institute of International Affairs, and Head of Research, Swedish Institute of International Affairs. Her research interests comprise European security and defence issues and her current research focuses on inter-organisational relations (forthcoming mono-graph entitled The EU’s power in Inter-Organizational Relations ).

Bob   Reinalda is Senior Researcher at Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. He has published the Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day (2009) and has edited the Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors (2011) and the Routledge Handbook of International Organization (2013). Together with Kent J. Kille, The College of Wooster, he is editor of IO BIO, the Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries- General of International Organizations (see www.ru.nl/fm/iobio ).

Yf   Reykers is a PhD fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO). He is conducting his research at the Leuven International and European Studies (LINES) Institute since October 2013. His research focuses on the relationship between the United Nations Security Council and regional organ-isations in military interventions. His research interests include the fi elds of comparative regionalism, United Nations studies and peace research.

Florian   Ries is a PhD candidate at the University of Jena. His major fi elds of research are EU foreign and security policy, international organisations as well as inter-organisational relations.

Timothy   Sacco is a graduate student at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, where he studies the sociology of science, organizational sociology, and workplace culture. Tim’s research focuses on interdisciplinarity, research collaboration, and the commercialization of the academic sector. He is currently collecting data for his dissertation, an ethnography following the for-mation of an interdisciplinary research center.

CONTRIBUTORS xxxix

Andrea   Schneiker is Professor of Political Science at the University of Siegen, Germany. Her research focuses on non-state actors in international security, especially on non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and private military and security companies. Her articles have appeared in Millennium, Comparative European Politics , Security Dialogue , Cambridge Review of International Affairs , Disasters , and VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofi t Organizations .

Matthias   Schulze is a PhD student and research assistant and the Friedrich- Schiller Universität and works at the intersection of International Relations, Sociology and Science and Technology studies. His PhD thesis is titled ‘From Cyberutopia to Cyberwar. Normative change in Cyberspace’. His research areas are Internet governance, cybersecurity, constructivism, and research methods in the social sciences.

Max   Stephenson Jr. is Professor of Public and International Affairs, School of Public and International Affairs at Virginia Tech, and Director of the Virginia Tech Institute for Policy and Governance. His research interests include humanitarian relief and collaborative governance, NGOs, and peacebuild-ing, and the arts and community change. His most recent book (with Scott Tate) is Arts and Community Change: Exploring Cultural Development Policies, Practices and Dilemmas (2015).

Frank   Wendler is currently a German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Acting Assistant Professor at the University of Washington, Seattle. He holds his PhD from the University of Gottingen, Germany, and held postdoc posi-tions at the University of Maastricht, The Netherlands, and Frankfurt am Main, Germany. His research focuses on regulatory policy-making and civil society involvement in the EU, and the comparative analysis of responses to European integration at the level of parliamentary and party politics in the EU Member States.

Melissa   E.   Wooten is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, where she studies the ways in which racial inequality operates within organizational fi elds. Recent publications include In the Face of Inequality: How Black Colleges Adapt (2015).

Marie   Wu is a doctoral candidate in the Sociology Department at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, where she has also earned master’s degrees in History and Sociology. Her dissertation research focuses on the intersection of race mixing and crime victimization in the modern USA.