Paleo FoodsLearn from our ancestors?Learn from nature?

David Sands MSU Professor of PLANT PATHOLOGY

Even before Paleo times we looked carefully at food before we ate it.

Readings: Before the Dawn Nicolas Wade 2006Pandoras Seed Spencer Wells 2010The Journey of Man Spencer Wells 2004The 10,000 Year Explosion Cochran 2009http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQ8X

From Pandoras Seed by Spencer WellsXYPaleo

Shift to cereal grains

The ratio of omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids in the Inuit diet is 2:1 or 1:1Our Western Diet ratio is 25:1

Omega-3 Fatty AcidsAn important nutrient to focus on in crop production.High in some Paleo Foods

Re: The Paleo DietBy Loren Cordain Colorado State Univ.

Basic Biochemistry of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs):Natural constituents of animal and plant lipidsLong carbon chain with one end methyl group, other carboxyl group

ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDSIn the Western population is a chronic shortfall in consumption of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly those of marine origin, such as EPA and DHA.Source: Rev. chil. nutr.v.32n.1Santiagoabr.2005.

Grfico2

1.3

0.43

1.4

0.35

0.5

0.46

Omega 3 fatty acids (g/day)

Omega 3 Fatty Acid Comsuption

Grfico1

1.3

0.43

1.4

0.35

0.5

0.46

Fatty acids Omega 3 (g/day)

Essential Fatty Acid Omega 3 Consumption

Hoja1

Recommendation1.30

Europe0.43

Asia1.40

North America0.35

South America0.50

Chile0.46

Hoja1

1.3

0.43

1.4

0.35

0.5

0.46

Omega 3 fatty acids (g/day)

Omega 3 Fatty Acid Comsuption

Hoja2

1.3

0.43

1.4

0.35

0.5

0.46

Acidos grasos Omega 3 (g/da)

Consumo de Acidos Grasos Omega 3

Hoja3

Embarazadas-lactantesNios (3 aos)

Actual8019

Requerido300150

Hoja3

00

00

Actual

Requerido

DHA daily (mg)

DHA daily requirements

Hoja5

00

00

Actual

Requerido

DHA diario (mg)

Requerimientos diarios DHA

Hoja4

Hoja6

Suplemento nutricional70%

Alimento funcional15%

Alimento mascotas10%

Formulas infantiles5%

Productos lacteos40%

Productos panificacin30%

Otros alimentos30%

Hoja6

0

0

0

0

Consumo Omega - 3 Europa

0

0

0

Alimentos FuncionalesSituacin Europea

Fuente: Frost & Sullivan 2004

Marine omega-3 global market

20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010

350380390410440620750780820830980

20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010

140150160170190210230240250265300

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Ao

M US$

Mercado Global Omega 3 Marino

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Ao

M US$

Mercado Omega 3 Europa

MBD0007FD7A.xls

Grfico3

141

155

161

170

186

210

240

245

250

265

298

Ao

MM US$

MERCADO OMEGA-3 EUROPA

Hoja1

199512,000

199614,000

199715,000

199817,000

199919,000

200020,000

200126,000

200228,000

200331,000

200436,000

200540,000

200643,000

200747,000

200851,000

200955,000

201059,000

2000310

2001350

2002380

2003410

2004505

2005630

2006710

2007750

2008850

2009860

2010960

2000141

2001155

2002161

2003170

2004186

2005210

2006240

2007245

2008250

2009265

2010298

Hoja1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Ao

MM US$

Mercado de Alimentos Funcionales en EEUU

Hoja2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Ao

MM US$

MERCADO GLOBALOMEGA-3 MARINO

Hoja3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Ao

MM US$

MERCADO OMEGA-3 EUROPA

MBD0007FD76.xls

Grfico2

310

350

380

410

505

630

710

750

850

860

960

Ao

MM US$

MERCADO GLOBAL OMEGA-3 MARINO

Hoja1

199512,000

199614,000

199715,000

199817,000

199919,000

200020,000

200126,000

200228,000

200331,000

200436,000

200540,000

200643,000

200747,000

200851,000

200955,000

201059,000

2000310

2001350

2002380

2003410

2004505

2005630

2006710

2007750

2008850

2009860

2010960

2000141

2001155

2002161

2003170

2004186

2005210

2006240

2007245

2008250

2009265

2010298

Hoja1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Ao

MM US$

Mercado de Alimentos Funcionales en EEUU

Hoja2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Ao

MM US$

MERCADO GLOBALOMEGA-3 MARINO

Hoja3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Ao

MM US$

MERCADO OMEGA-3 EUROPA

Why Omega-3s?Brain Cells

Omega-3s Enhance Mental AcuityMice in maze Dogs (Trainability) People

Our interest is in classroom performance

Camelina sativaRomans used to eat the meal and burn the oil in their lampsOil of Olay and other cosmeticsIt grows well in MontanaHigh in omega-3 and high in antioxidants (tocopherols, mainly gamma)We have high omega-3 peanut butter, beef, eggs, cheese, milk, bread and salad oil And if there is any left, it is biodiesel

Jet Fuel from an omega-3 crop?The camelina meal is 40% protein and 13% oilApproved for beef and poultry rations.Yum. Omega-3 eggs, and beef.

Omega-3 BreadDevelopment of camelina bread is a cooperative project with Wheat Montana BakeryCulinary Applications

Chart1

31.6438356164

215.1801069455

Oil Ingrediant

18:3 in mg/kg

Omega-3 Content of Bread (Wheat Montana)

Sheet1

Bread Sample17:0 area %16:0 area %16:0 in mg18:0 area %18:0 in mg18:1 area %18:1 in mg18:2 area %18:2 in mg18:3 ALA area %18:3 ALA in mg

A7.34213.87458.373.89658.3716.836252.2425.610383.7021.44321.22

BCanola14.38118.54227.233.56027.2317.577134.4540.978313.444.1431.64

ACamelina7.97814.16952.743.82552.7416.705230.3324.713340.7421.23292.68

Average 18:3 in mg

BCanola31.64

ACamelina215.18

One bread was made with 10% (based on flour weight) Camelina oil, the other was made with 3% (based on flour weight) Soy oil.

Sheet1

0

0

Bread

18:3 in mg

Omega-3 bread(Wheat Montana)

Sheet2

0

0

Oil Ingrediant

18:3 in mg/kg

Omega-3 Content of Bread

Sheet3

Sheet3

306.94824261

31.6438356164

Bread

18:3 in mg

Omega-3 bread(Wheat Montana)

Focus on Gluten Free Crops/Products:Gluten Intolerance:2 million Americans (at least) 30 million people worldwideMost are HLA-DQ2 or DQ8

Celiac DiseaseNormal Intestinal VilliCeliac Intestinal Villi

Gluten is the seed storage protein in Wheat, Rye, Barley, and TriticaleCertain grassy weeds also contain gluten.

A grain used by Native Americans 7,000 years ago.

It has no detectable gluten.

The Amazing Grains Cooperative in Ronan, Montana has 53 growers dedicated to producing this grain.Our Research: New Gluten-Free CropsIndian Ricegrass

Indian Rice Grass vs. Wheat

Essential amino acidIndian Rice GrassWheatLysine3.22.4Mthionine2.10.5Threonine3.72.8Isoleucine2.85.3Valine3.52.1Leucine 7.94.6Arginine9.32.2Histidine3.91.2Phenylalanine5.84.7% total Protein42.226.8

Montina Gluten-Free FlourIs fortification needed in gluten-free products? YES!

Most oats are hulledMost oats are about 12 % proteinMost oats are not produced GFMSU released PrOatina, a nude oat with about 20% protein(Gluten Free Processors,Belgrade, Montana), produces and packages this GF product as a hot cereal and as a flour. PROATINA : HIGH PROTEIN GLUTEN FREE OATS

TimtanaTimothy is a pasture grassIt is a favorite of horsesWhen we made flour from timothy seed we were pleasantly surprised!Timtana resulted, a high protein , flavorable, gluten-free flour for baking.Timtana is a stand alone flour for bakingTimtana is available now, processed and milled in Belgrade MT, at MTGluten Free Processors

Type 2 Diabetes cases reported in US by the CDC

Something Has Gone Wrong

1999Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1990, 1999, 2009(*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 54 person)20091990No Data

Diabetes

Obesity

CombinedCDC Data

Bohannen, J. 25 SEPTEMBER 2009 VOL 325 SCIENCE, 16-14-1617

Zinc addition to Turkish Crop - Wheat

Zinc deficiency In Turkey, 50% of the arable soils were found to be zinc deficient. The deficiency also occurs in Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Syria, Human symptoms of zinc deficiency include, geophagia, stunting, abnormal behavior- depression and violence..A penny is 98% zinc

Seeds A good place to start

Mans priorities for seedsLarge seed, easy to harvest.Digestible protein with quick release of appropriate essential amino acids.No toxins.Soluble polymers.Acceptable taste.Long storage life.No rot, no rancidity of oils.Soluble fibers.

Plants priorities for seeds Embryo must stay alive.Control dehydration - rehydration: polymerize all small hydrophilic molecules (starch, protein, cellulose, hemi cellulose).remove ions such as phosphate, Zn, Fe, from solution (Insoluble inositol hexaphosphate = phytic acid ).Store oils, in fat bodies.Feeding animals is not on the list!

The Problem: Nutrient Poor FoodsSolutions:

No more empty caloriesMore and better protein in grainsLess Omega-6 and more Omega-3 oilsVitamins and MineralsMore FiberAffordableOh! Gluten Free and tasty!

Cereal-Based Diets, Egypt

Insects selectively eat the more nutritious plants.

They have lysine taste receptorsTake home lesson:We have been breeding against nutrition for centuries. The Breeders Dilemma: Yield vs NutritionMorris and Sands: Nature Biotechnology Sept. 2006The Breeders Dilemma

6 Independent/Non-biased Evaluators4 Rows/Variety (HL37-A1 was wild type)2 day Compiled Results of Grasshopper PredationConclusions- Recipes, anyone, for grasshopper soup ?Grasshopper damage to high lysine wheat cultivarsWILD TYPE

Chart4

55.5

41.4

37

7.1

Wheat Variety

Insect damage points/30'

Sheet1

NameBites

HL19-EM155.5

1689-9041.4

1691-9237

HL37-A17.1

Sheet1

0

0

0

0

Wheat Variety

Insect damage points/30'

Insect Damage

Sheet2

Sheet3

The Selection Against Nutrition, A ConundrumAphids, grasshoppers, rats and deer all have the ability to taste essential amino acids, and they selectively choose the plants highest in nutrition.Therefore: Plant breeders inadvertently select for the least nutritious plants because of animal predation. The Breeders Dilemma C.E. Morris and D.C. Sands 2006 Nature Biotechnology

Superprotein : Looks something like this. OR THIS

Superprotein Oh! No! The Devil Made Me do It the GMO Word!Percent of protein* Designed supplemental nutritional protein, Jaynes ,Sands 84

ProteinLysIleMetThrTrpTotalLactalbumin9.16.22.55.22.225Barley3.44.31.43.41.314Superprotein*21.68.116.310.810.868

Amylose Supercoils when heated Digested slowly (LOW GLYCEMIC INDEX-GOOD)Slow synthesis in seedAmylopectinCannot coil Digested quickly (HIGH GLYCEMIC INDEX-BAD)Rapid synthesis in seedSTRAIGHTBRANCHED

Starches(Amylose, amylopectin) and seeds

The World Food Problem

Striga Research, Maseno, KenyaStriga

Comparison of Kenya strains of Foxy SExperiment at KARI Expt. Stn., Kibos, Kenya, by Sila NziokiStrains collected by Ben Kanyenji and John SandsCC

The search for the Perfect Nutritional ProteinSafeNon-allergenicContains all the essential amino acidsCompletely digestibleNeutral taste

PROTEINPINE BARK BEETLE

So what to do? MSU?Assess Montanas principle crops for their nutritional value.Could we lead the nation in improving the nutritional value of:

Durum Wheat? YES By lowering the glycemic indexSpring and Winter Wheat? YES dittoPeas? YES dittoPotatoes YES dittoCamelina YES BY selecting for higher Omega-3 content.

This is not rocket science but It takes money )(OH GOOD)Cross-talk with nutritionists (NOT FUN-HUMILIATING)Market demand for enhanced nutritional foods (FACEBOOK?)A little bit of high throughput biochemistry (INNOVATION)

Agronomic drivers for enhanced nutrition in crops.Striga resistanceStem rust resistanceSaw fly resistanceRoundup resistanceSalt toleranceNitrogen efficiency

The concept = Use valuable improvements in agronomic traits that improve production as above, as an opportunity to piggy-back in some nutritional traits that would not otherwise be inserted into new crop varieties. That way we get a two-for, better yields and better nutrition.

World wheat production: 225 M haca. 25% of the surface is planted to varieties with genes for resistance to stem rust that are ineffective against the new race UG99Genetic landscape of wheat

ConceptFarmers are subsidized for growing crops, nutritious or not.Continue to subsidize but only for crops with improved nutrition!More nutritious crops would give us health benefits.Subsidies to medical programs would go down.

In the Future, the safest, most-nutritious food may well be: organically- grown and genetically-modified.

Example: P. syringae pv. atropurpureaLeaf Blight on BarleyGlobally distributed

Checking wheat seed for infestation byP. syringae on BCBRVB selective mediumP. syringae pv. atropurpurea is seed borneAnd seed transmitted.

Quantify number of biological ice nuclei and their TC of activity

Crude samples lysozyme-treated boiledImmersion freezing assayDetermine the abundance of bacterial and other biological ice nuclei in precipitation

Pseudomonas syringae P. fluorescensP. viridiflava Pantoea agglomerans (Erwinia herbicola) Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens INA bacteria Gram negativenon spore-forming epiphytic, some are plant pathogensIncitants of Frost Injury

Bacterial ice nuclei: the most active naturally-occurring ice nucleiWarmest temperature of activity of some ice nucleation-active materials

silver iodide-8Cpollen-5Cforest aerosols (tree oils + iodine)-4Catmospheric dust-8Ccristalline metaldehyde-0.4CPseudomonas syringae-2C

Seed for 400 hectares treated, planted, P. syringae moved in within 3 weeks. From where?North central Montana, 1980

Bioprecipitation conceptSands et al, 1982, 1985Morris et al, 2004epiphytic bacterial growthConceivably bacteria via this cycle move down wind across a continent

Betts 2004

Fig 3. Difference in annual mean precipitation (mm/day) between simulations with and without vegetation: VEG - NOVEG.

Books Genome and The Agile Gene Matt RidleyNexus and Ubiquity, both by M.BuchananMountains beyond MountainsGuns Germs and Steel and Collapse by Jared DiamondA Short History of Nearly Everything by Bill BrysonBefore the Dawn by Nicolas WadeThe Journey of Man by Spencer WellsBeyond Structure (The Structure of Scientific Revolutions) by Kuhn

Barbed WireMy barbed wire of DNAEncompasses and delimits me.With shortcomings written in code.Within these boundaries, I concoct a lifeOf opportunities and misconceptions,Encoded and scripted from a brief whim.Empowered hope embodied in double strands,Wound around each other like paired lovers..Transparent to light and yet,Their messages sometimes sorely visible,Randomly delivered by the postman of time.

DISCOVERY

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