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WIND ENERGY FARMING IN
PAKISTAN AS IPP
FINAL PROJECT
A
•Faisal Vakassi•Sultan Hefni•Gina Escobar•Nathan Charlson
OUTLINE
Wind Energy – An Introduction
Wind energy globally
Environmental legal frame in Pakistan
Wind Resources in Pakistan
Jahmpir Wind Project
Practical Issues
Cost Benefit Analysis
Q&A
Wind Energy – An Introduction
HOW WIND IS CONVERTED TO POWER?
A wind turbine obtains its power input by
converting the force of the wind into a torque
(turning force) acting on the rotor blades
The amount of energy which the wind
transfers to the rotor depends
on the density of the air
the rotor area
and the wind speed.
In other words you can get more energy:
the "heavier" the air
the “bigger” the rotor
the “higher” the wind speed
WIND SPEED
The wind speed is extremely important for the amount of energy a wind turbine can convert to electricity
The energy content of the wind varies with the cube (the third power) of the average wind speed
If the wind speed is twice as high it contains eight times as much energy
2³ = 2 x 2 x 2 =8
Wind measuring is important to get the real wind speed at the specific site
KEY COMPONENTS OF A WIND FARM
Wind Turbines
Civil Works
Foundations
Road Network
Crane Places
Service buildings
Residential Quarter
Electrical Works
Step-up transformers
Wiring
Sub-station for power delivery
Wind Measuring Towers
COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE
690V
http://vimeo.com/13759005
CONNECTING TO THE GRID
WIND MEASURING
The best way of measuring wind speeds at a
prospective wind turbine site is to fit an anemometer to
the top of a mast which has the same height as the
expected hub height of the wind turbine to be used.
This way one avoids the uncertainty involved in
recalculating the wind speeds to a different height.
By fitting the anemometer to the top of the mast one
minimizes the disturbances of airflows from the mast
itself.
If anemometers are placed on the side of the mast it is
essential to place them in the prevailing wind direction
in order to minimize the wind shade from the tower
Wind energy Globally
GLOBAL ANNUAL & CUMULATIVE
INSTALLED CAPACITY 1996-2010
TURBINE SIZE GROWTH
WIND POWER ADDITION IN 2006
India, 1,840, 12%
Spain, 1,587, 10%
China, 1,347, 9%
France, 810, 5%
Canada, 776, 5%
Portugal, 694, 5%
UK, 634, 4%
Italy, 417, 3%
Germany, 2,233, 15%
US, 2,454, 16%
Rest of the world, 2,405 , 16%
Ref: IPCC 4th Assessment Report
BENEFITS OF WIND ENERGY
Prices of fuel are expected to go up substantially in coming years
On a long term basis, costs of electricity from renewable sources are more
predictable than thermal energy
Wind energy reduces cost of electricity now and in the future
Much lower external costs, and has the benefit of additional earnings from
CO2 certificates
Wind is an indigenous resource. Does not require foreign exchange
expenditure on import of fuel. Also adds security to countries energy mix.
Long term supply of wind is assured
Wind Resources in Pakistan
WHY WIND POWER FOR PAKISTAN
Vast resources (estimated capacity around 40,000 MW)
Location of farm closer to the Grid resulting in easier off-take
by power purchaser
Wind Energy is a proven technology which can be trusted and
guaranteed for project life
Most Cost effective (after small hydro which are located in
remote inaccessible areas and with grid availability)
ENERGY MIX OF PAKISTAN
Source: Working Paper - Current Tariff of Wind Energy in Pakistan
WIND RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN
The project area for the wind mapping was 1,100km along Sindh and Baluchistan coast and up to 100km deep northward over land from the coast.
44 stations for collecting wind data have been installed to study the wind regime as shown in figures.
“WIND CORRIDOR” IN PAKISTAN
JIWANI ORMARA
PANJGUR
NOKUNDI
DALBANDIN
KHUZDAR
QUETTA
SIBI
LORALAI
ZHOB
BARKHAN
KALAT
KARACHI
BADIN
HYDERABAD
SUKKUR
CHOR
NAWABSHAH
JACOBABAD
PADIDAN
BAHAWALPUR
BAHAWALNAGAR
FAISALABAD
LAHORE
ISLAMABAD
KHANPUR
MULTAN
SIALKOT
BALAKOT
CHITRAL
D. I. KHAN
DIR
DROSH
KAKULPARACHINAR
PESHAWAR
ASTOR
BUNJI
CHILAS
GILGIT
GUPIS
KOTLI
MUZAFFARABAD
SKARDU
8.1
9.0
5.2
3.4
5.9
6.1
3.0
2.9
3 .3
2 .2
5.1
2 .2
3.1
7.8
9.7
3.6
4.1
2 .5
2 .2
2.5
3.8
2 .3
1.9
1.4
2.5
4.3
4.0
0.9
JHELUM
1.7
4.6
2 .5
1.0
3 .3
1.1
3 .4
1.9
2 .5
2 .5
2 .9
1.5
3.6
3.3
1.3
3.1
MONTHLY WIND MAPPING OF PAKISTAN
DATA SOURCE: METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN
COMPILED BY BRIG DR NASIM A. KHAN
STUDY REPORT BY
PAKISTAN COUNCIL FOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
MONTH: JUNE
ANEMOMETER HEIGHT 30 METERS
1 M/S
2 M/S
3 M/S
4 M/S
WIND SPEED
COLOUR CODE
5 M/S
6 M/S
7 M/S
8 M/S
9 M/S
10 M/S
JUNE
.
Average summer wind direction from Gharo to
Hyderabad
WIND RESOURCES IN BALUCHISTAN
23 stations: Aghore, Basol, Bella, Gaddani, Gawadar, Hoshab, Hub-Choki, Jiwani, Liari,
Makola, Managi, Mand, Nasirabad, Nelunt, Ormara, Othal, Pasni, Phore, Pishukan,
Ramra, Tump, Turbat, Winder.
WIND RESOURCES IN SINDH
List of 21 stations: Badin, Baghan, Churhar-Jamali, Gharo, Golarchi, Hawks-Bay, Hyderabad, Jati, Kadhan, Karachi, Kati-Bandar, Matli, Mirpur-Sakro, Nooriabad, Sajawal, Shah-Bandar, Talhar, Thano-Bula-Khan, Jamshoro, DHA Karachi, Thatta.
BENCH MARK WIND SPEED AT THE LOCATION
Source : Working Paper - Current Tariff of Wind Energy in Pakistan
SEASONAL ENERGY YIELD
VS.
TIME OF DAY
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
MW
h
July
November
JHIMPIR WIND POWER PLANT
Total 33 wind Turbines in Jhimpir, 70 km from Karachi with initial investment of 110M USD
Five wind turbines (1st Phase)
Each capable of producing 1.2 megawatts of electricity equaling 6MW
The project will be expanded to 50MW in the next few years from 2009
Joint venture between public and private
The Government of Pakistan has given support for the development of renewable energies, by creating the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB).
The AEDB was provided land for wind power generation by the Province of Sindh
The AEDB allocated the land to the Fauji Fertilizer Company (FFC)
The FFC hired world leading consultant firm Lahmeyer International, Germany
(LI) as the project consultant for the feasibility study
Location of the wind farm site
Legal frame in Pakistan
Background
Government of Pakistan created the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) in May 2003 to act as the central national body on the subject of Renewable Energy.
Air Marshal (Retd) Shahid Hamid was appointed as the Chairman of the Board
Working actively in the fields of:Wind Power, Solar Power,Micro Hydels, Biomass
Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB)
TARGET OF AEDB
Ensure 10% Share of Alternative Energy Technologies in National Grid by Year 2015
Act as Central Agencya- Awarenessb- Policiesc- Facilitate Creation of Base in Pakistan for Alternative Energy (AE) Technologies
Develop National Plans and Policies for AEa- Tax Holidaysb- Encourage Private Sectorc- Facilitate Investment
Foster Sustainable Development a- Facilitate Enhancement of Technical Skills.b- Initiate & Incubate Projects
BENEFITS FOR SPONSORS – LEGAL
FRAME 100% power evacuation / Guaranteed Sale
Wind Risk is covered by the Gov. of Pakistan
Land for farming provided by GOP
Guaranteed Returns for Investors
18% ROE in dollar terms
Protection against foreign exchange rate fluctuations
Protection against inflation in local markets
No Taxes (income / import etc)
Benefit of Carbon Credits shared
Complete Security package to protect Interests of Investors & Lenders
Repatriation of money to foreign investors
LOI – PROCEDURE IN PAKISTAN
Registration with AEDB
Submission of proposal to AEDB
Issuance of LOI (Letter of intent) by AEDB on submission of fee of
approx: $7000 - after due diligence of financial strength of the company
Land allocation (on availability from Gov. of Sindh)
Feasibility Study (for onward submission to NEPRA & NTDC/KESC after
AEDB's vetting and approval)
Generation License (from NEPRA)
Power Purchaser's commitment for purchase of power
Tariff acceptance.
Energy Purchase Agreement
Implementation Agreement
letter of support LOS (to be issued by AEDB)
A TYPICAL WIND FARM PROJECT PLAN
Reference: modified from AEDB Pakistan website
START 05/04/11FINISH 01/23/13
WIND TARIFF (ON-SHORE)
COMPARED
Wind tariff:
US Cents 10.3 to 12.1 per Kwh
Thermal (oil/coal/gas) and hydel power tariff, taking in account transmission and distribution:
US cents 19.1 to 26.2 per Kwh
Some Practical Issues
SELECTING A WIND TURBINE SITE
Wind Conditions
Looking at nature itself is usually an excellent guide to
finding a suitable WF site.
trees and shrubs (wind direction)
move along a rugged coastline (notice that centuries
of erosion have worked in one particular direction)
Meteorology data, ideally in terms of a wind rise
calculated over 30 years is probably your best guide,
Maybe wind turbines are already in the area
SELECTING A WIND TURBINE SITE
Grid Connection
Large WTG (Wind Turbine Generators) have to be connected to the electrical grid (10-30 kV)
Grid Reinforcement
The electrical grid near the WTG should be able to receive the electricity coming from the turbine.
Soil Conditions
Both the feasibility of building foundations of the turbines, and road construction to reach the site with heavy trucks must be taken into account with any wind turbine project.
Pitfalls in Using Meteorology Data
Precision measurement of wind speeds, and thus wind energy is not nearly as important for weather forecasting as it is for wind energy planning, however.
Wind speeds are heavily influenced by the surface roughness of the surrounding area, of nearby obstacles (such as trees, lighthouses or other buildings), and by the contours of the local terrain.
WEIGHTS / NUMBERS
Tower of GE 1.5: 64.7m 86 tons 85m 98 tons 100m 113 tons
Nacelle: 52 tons Hub: 14 tons Blades: 21 tons
50MW WF with GE1.5 Hub 64.7m:33 x 173 tons = 5,709 tons
Number of Transport Trucks:
Tower: 3
Nacelle: 1
Hub: 1
Blades: 3
Total: 8
For a WF with 50MW
33 x 8 trucks = 264 heavy trucks
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
FOUNDATION
CRANE
TOWER INSTALLATION
TOWER INSTALLATION
NACELLE AND BLADE INSTALLATION
TRANSFORMER / CABLE
ECONOMIC COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Economic value of the displacement of fossil fuel plants:
• Reduction in fossil fuel consumption: $80 M
• Capital and operating cost savings: $26 M
• Emission reductions: $27 M
• Greater energy independence: $2 M
Economic costs of the project:
• Project itself: $110 M
• Grid integration: $7M (subsidy)
• Environmental effects: $10M
Net profit : $ 135M - $120M = $15M
Payback period: 7-8 years
Good Investment!
Q & A