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Pahariyas
History
The Pahariyas were a forest dwellers living off its endless bounties for ages. Their food, dwelling,
livelihood and intoxicants came from the forests around them and naturally their entire life was tied to
the landscape. Along came the British with their railroads and insatiable hunger for timber, cutting the
rich Sal forests down at an alarming speed. The Pahariyas sensing grave danger to their habitat
retaliated by shooting down the intruders from tree tops and bushes. Unable to confront the Pahariyas
with their conventional methods, the British employed their age old tact of pitting natives against one
another. This time they sought the help of erstwhile rebels, the Santhals from nearby Bengal to counter
the paharias offering them complete ownership of as much land as they can clear off the Pahariyas.
The Santhals entered pahariya territory with utmost zeal forcing them to take refuge in the highlands of
Godda near Sunder Pahadi. Hence the name Pahariyas and their old lands were rechristened Santhal
Parganas. Decades later the British left the country leaving the enmity between the plain dwelling
Santhals and hill based Pahariyas intact. For over a century the two tribes lived precariously perched at
the edge of conflict. In recent times however there havent been any conflicts, though the territorial
split has not been breached.
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Present
The hills that the Pahariyas inhabit are very old like the Aravallis, not very high, very little top soil left in
them with miniscule nutrients. Due to rampant lumbering activities by outside people most of the big
trees have been cut down already. By the time the Pahariyas learned to cut and sell trees very little of it
was left. So in terms of natural resources the Pahariyas have had a raw deal. The hill tops dont have
many water sources other than in the rainy season which is fairly short. For all their basic needs they
carry water from the valleys below on foot.
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Livelihood
Over the years they had used swidden farming to grow food crops from the hill slopes. In this method
they cut and burn vegetation from a patch of land to cultivate Maize, Barley and pulses like Cow Pea,
Arahar, Kurthi. The next year they go to another patch and so on and come back to the initial plot many
years later. This would give each patch of land enough time to recover their natural nutrients and thus
bear decent crops for their cyclical cultivators. Over the years the length of this cycle has come down
from 15 - 20 years to 5 years due to larger population striving to survive on the same area. This gives
little time for the soil to recover and hence the crops are becoming more erratic.
Their farming methods are quite rudimentary with very little or no fertilizers or pesticides used. They
farm in two kinds of plots, namely the Kuruva and the Jara. The Kuruva is the homestead where they
grow Kurthi, Arahar and other pulses. Sometimes they also grow maize or barley in this land as well. The
Jara lands are the swidden farming plots in the hill slopes where they grow Cow pea, maize and barley.
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They grow only a single crop per year starting during the rains and harvesting by mid winter. To add to
their difficulties the hill slopes are infested with pigs, wild boars and monkeys who destroy and eat away
the crops if left unmonitored. So they have lookouts on treetops where they can keep an eye on the
crops, but this becomes difficult in the cold winter nights.
Apart from farming the Pahariyas depend a lot on farm products like Bamboo, Timber, Mangoes
and Mahua flowers. They collect these products and sell it in the local markets called Haats. They also
rear cattle, Pigs, Poultry and even goats which they see as assets that can be sold off in times of distress.
They do not milk the animals and are not used to consuming milk or milk products. In recent years some
of them have taken to having tea like the plainspeople.
Bamboo
Bamboo needs limited water and soil nutrients and grows aplenty in these hills. It is universally used in
house construction, fencing, look out points for guarding the fields and a lot more and hence have
flourishing markets in some of the village haats. In the months that they are not farming many
Pahariyas cut 3 to 4 long bamboos and take it to the nearby haat on foot or by cycle. This transport part
takes up to 3 days as the distance to be covered bearing the load is significant. At the end of the day
they keep their load at road sides and go home, come back the next day and resume the arduous walk.
For all this effort they make about Rs 150 to Rs 250 in a week.
Mahua leaves and Liquor
Mahua trees are very common in this region and it flowers in the month of March. These flowers are in
great demand as the local liquor which has a big role in Pahariya social life is brewed from it. Villagers
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collect these flowers, dry them and use it for their own brewing or sell it to others. Even the seeds of
Mahua are used for extracting edible oil.
Most households brew Mahua liquor for own consumption and many of them also sell it either in the
village itself or in haatiyas. In a week a brewer on average sells fifteen bottles making Rs 600, but hisspending is around Rs 250.
Timber
A few Pahariyas have learnt some lumbering and basic carpentry. They work in groups of 3 or 4 in felling
trees and then sawing them into beams, planks and door frames. Mahua and Sakuan are the only trees
that are available these days as others like Sal have been felled to near extinction. Timber work is
relatively very lucrative and fetches around Rs 600 to Rs 1200 per week to the workers. Some Pahariyas
who do not have the skill sell full grown trees in their land to others who know for a much lower price.
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Manual Labor
The implementation on MNREGA scheme is very erratic in the Pahariya villages. Most of the village
households seem to have one or two labor cards, but the actual number of days they get work is about
10 to 30 days at the most in a year. In many villages no one has worked in MNREGA for the whole year.
Apart from this villagers get work from the farms of fellow Pahariyas during the cultivation months. In
fact in the peak agriculture season, it is very difficult to get labor. The only thing that brings in labor is
the promise of meat in lieu of wages. So it is common practice for them to butcher a goat or a pig to get
labor for their crops. The prevailing rate is 1/3 Kg of meat or 1.5 Kg of rice or Rs 25 to 30 per Bela (half a
day).
Livestock
Most Pahariya households have one or two bulls or cows, a few goats, pigs and chicken. The livestock is
treated as sources of cash during emergencies as they can be sold off. Also they come in handy during
farming and during feasts in village or when relatives visit. But the herd growth is very slow as they are
not very aware off vaccination and other health related aspects. Frequent diseases often wipe out the
entire livestock of a family.
Haats
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The Haats which happen in some of the prominent villages in each region or cluster of villages once a
week hold a special place in the lives of the Pahariyas. The haat villages are usually in the plains but
Pahariyas from all close by hills come for the haat as it is the only place where they can buy provisions
for the week and also sell some of their forest produce. They look forward to the haat all week and
many of them visit more than one haat a week and half the space of the market space will be selling
Mahua liquor or Toddy.
Social Norms and relations
The Paharias are to some extent individualistic for a forest dwelling tribe. They have a very laissez faire
attitude to life and mostly mind their own business. The sense of community is visible during festivals
held in honor of major crops like Maize, Bajra and Barabati. They collect money from all households and
celebrate together by dancing, singing and feasting. They also entertain visiting relatives by cooking
meat and serving liquor failing which is considered a social insult. In some villages it is common practice
for the entire to help someone in building a house, the host just has to provide for food and
refreshments.
The Paharia people have very good gender relations and the status of women is on par with that of
males. It is very acceptable for women to leave their husbands and remarry or move in with someone
else. Live in relationship is the common practice as marriage would mean a lot of expenses in feasting
and drinking for the whole village. Pregnancies outside wedlock is not as much a taboo compared to
mainstream societies in India. At best it will be let off with a fine in the village meet.
The Christian missionaries have been working in this area for close to two centuries in the plains
and in the last few decades in the hills as well. They have made significant impact on the Pahariyas both
socially and economically. Missionary schools are much sought after as government schools hardly
function even if they exist. The villages where the missionaries have a presence in general seem better
developed than others in terms of awareness, livelihood and access to education. In recent times some
Hindu organization under a guru has attracted a big following among Pahariyas who call themselves
Satsanghis. They do not eat meat or consume alcohol and are again more progressive and aware than
their peers which could be attributed to the fact that lesser alcoholism means more attention focused
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on livelihood endeavors apart from better knowledge about the outside world due to their travel to
attend satsang activities elsewhere.
Primary School in Tamligodda: Not a day of classes have happened in living memory says a villager
The Pahariya life revolves entirely around their hills and their awareness of outside world is
shocking in many cases. Majority of them, especially women have never travelled to even Godda the
closest town. In some cases they migrate to Bengal for farm labor once their farming season in over.
The bane of Government Doles
In the last few years the number of government schemes doling out freebies to the Pahariyas have gone
up significantly and with that corruption and rent seeking behavior has sprung among them. If all the
schemes were to reach the community fully the Pahariyas can manage their entire life from birth to
death depending exclusively on the doles. Anganwadis are supposed to give kichdi and other nutrients
to infants and small kids till they go off to school. In government schools education is free along with
food and in higher classes they can join high schools with free boarding in nearby towns. They get
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special gifts in cash and kind for marriage, free delivery and freebies for pregnant women, schemes that
provide money and material to build a house once they are married, free rations every month for every
family and even allowances for expenses when a person dies. On top of this they get farm loans for
banks with subsidies and almost entirely waived off.
All this however works only on paper with school buildings without teachers or students, non functional
Anganwadis, Cash allowances cornered by government officials in local administration with a small cut
for a few complicit Pahariyas who have learned to exploit the system cheating their own fellow tribals.
The PDS system works to some extent in most places and very well in a few places where NGOs and
local community have involved themselves in ensuring regular supplies.
The government doles here are universal and there is no discrimination between relatively well off andthe very poor families. This acts as a disincentive to take any initiative to improve their livelihood and
reduce their financial vulnerability. The danger of an entire community being fully dependant on
government schemes all their lives looms large as agriculture and forestry activities are sidelined and
any effort to improve their earning capabilities by development agencies meets high resistance. The
willingness to invest time and effort to engage in activities that will improve their long term earning
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capabilities like planting trees, rearing livestock, building water harvesting structures and so on is
eroded.
The worst effect of the doles is that the Pahariyas are blissfully unaware of the fact that loans are meant
to be repaid, that these allowances are not forever and that the path to a better future lies in initiativesthat they can drive themselves. This makes it extremely difficult for any organization to provide financial
services to these people or to help set up micro enterprises. The gross dependence on government for
these doles prevent them from confronting dysfunctional public servants like teachers in village schools,
doctors in primary health centers and the block level administration as a community.
Livelihood Study
Objective: To get a better understanding of the livelihood sources of Pahariyas so that development
interventions can be better designed.
Methodology
The Pahariya villages in Sunder Pahari block was divided into three groups based on the level of
interventions carried out so far in this area by Pradan /Arohan. This was done through inputs from
Mr. Soumik Bannerjee. The division was not just based on geography but on levels of awareness of
people, perceived development and track record of work with Pradan / Arohan.
Group Name Description
Group 1 - Control These villages have had limited or no interventions from Arohan, their general
level of awareness is very low, alcoholism is rampant
Group 2 - Medium These villages have had significant Arohan/Pradan presence but accessibility is
limited
Group 3 - Mature These villages have significant Arohan/Pradan presence and accessibility is good
The study consists of a questionnaire (See Appendix 1) based survey which covers different sources of
income:
Farming Forestry Livestock Labor / Wage Income Government Grants
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And different heads of expenditure:
Food Healthcare Social Expenses Miscellaneous
Apart from this it covers Personnel information, Economic indicators and some descriptive questions on
the outlook of Paharias on their livelihood and economic situation. The questionnaire was made in
English and then translated to Hindi and was administered with the help of interpreters who speak
Pahariya language. On an average it took 30 to 60 minutes per household to do the survey. In most
cases the male head of the family was interviewed and in a few cases the woman of the house was
interviewed. Most villages in these areas have multiple hamlets or Tolas and hence while choosinghouseholds a conscious effort was made to represent as many Tolas as possible.
The villages included in the study were:
Village name Group
Gosmara Control
Loladoni Control
Dumer Palam Control
Sarmi Control
Tamligoda Control
Telbhita Control
Bada Dangapada Mature
Dangapada Mature
Golkunda Mature
Koromba Mature
Pakrikuta Mature
Tarobarn Mature
Asripada Medium
Balami Medium
Chamdade Medium
Cheo MediumDorio Medium
Gadgama Medium
Gaghri Medium
Jolo Medium
Nathgoda Medium
Sidhapada Medium
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Sampling
In all 53 households were surveyed
Group Samples
Control 19Medium 20
Mature 14
Survey in Dorio
Limitations of the Study
The villagers are mostly illiterate and do not keep track of income and expenses In many villages, especially in the control group the sample households have an upward income
bias as mostly the better off villagers are more willing to take the survey than the others
Some of the income sources like Lumbering, getting loans by bribing etc are illegal, hence thevillagers are sometimes reluctant to share the information
The economy is not completely monetized
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Result
The average income for the different group of villages is given in table below
Group
Farming
Forestry
Liquor
Timber
Livestock
NREGS
Labor
Salary
Migration
Loans
Govern
ent
HouseGrant
Othersources
TotalIncome
Group1 3250 1108 0 0 625 1471 1753 1375 125 0 3583 1750 15041
Group2 2509 3017 4206 2156 244 1689 4010 4506 1778 4878 2778 0 31769
Group3 3042 1333 3000 6450 58 0 933 333 1400 0 6650 333 23533
Avg 2873 1990 2660 2767 300 1144 2486 2419 1198 2090 4114 595 24636
% 11.7 8.1 10.8 11.2 1.2 4.6 10.1 9.8 4.9 8.5 16.7 2.4 100.0
Average expenses for different Groups of villages under various heads is given below
Group
Farming
Livestock
Food
Toiletries
Health
Festivals
Liquor
Education
House
Misc
Expenses
Savings
Total
Expenses
Group1 2750 208 6633 955 2935 904 1888 0 250 1450 42 17831
Group2 3056 418 9622 1344 2488 1454 1967 703 3011 4422 3329 31458
Group3 1871 38 7983 1233 3972 1425 2317 308 3767 3950 458 25838Avg 2630 250 8300 1201 2410 1289 2044 389 2438 3438 1570 25959
% 10.1 1.0 32.0 4.6 9.3 5.0 7.9 1.5 9.4 13.2 6.0 100.0
3250
1108
0
0
625
14711753
1375
125
0
3583
1750
Farming income
Forestry income
Income from Liquor
Timber Income
Livestock income
NREGS
Labour Income
Salary
Migration Income
Loans from Government
Grants to build house
Control Group Income distribution
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2750 208
6633
955
2750
9041888
0
250
1450
42Farming
Livestock
Food items
Toiletries
Health
Festivals
Liquor
Education
House
Misc
25093017
4206
2156
244
16894010
4506
1778
4878
2778
0Farming
Forestry
Liquor
Timber
Livestock
NREGS
Labour
Salary
Migration
Loan Government
3056
418
9622
134421321454
1967
703
3011
4422
3329
Farming
Livestock
Food items
Toiletries
Health
Festivals
Liquor
Education
House
Control Group Expense distribution
Medium Group Income distribution
Medium Group Expense distribution
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Comments on income
Quite expectedly the income in the control area is significantly less than in the other two groups. But in
the case of Medium and Mature groups on the surface looks counter intuitive as the Mature area has
lesser income. But it is because of the subsidized loans from government which people do not pay backand a number of salary earning people were interviewed in that group than their fair share.
Farming
The cash income from farming is Rs 2900 per year. The income is higher in the Control region mostly
because they use larger quantities of seeds and some crops like Barabati grow better in the higher
3042 1333
3000
6450
580933
333
14000
6650
333
Farming
Forestry
Liquor
Timber
Livestock
NREGS
Labour
Salary
Migration
Loan Government
1871
38
7983
123324881425
2317
308
3767
3950
458 Farming
Livestock
Food items
Toiletries
Health
Festivals
Liquor
Education
House
Misc
Mature Group Income distribution
Mature Group Expense distribution
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reaches than in the slightly lower areas. Apart from the cash income they also provide food grains,
pulses and oil seeds for consumption. Farming also provides labor income for most Pahariyas who work
in each others fields. This is critical for the more vulnerable members of the villages as they do not have
any other source of income and their own harvest is usually very scanty.
The PDS food grain distribution is 35 Kg of rice irrespective of family size and hence farming is more
important to bigger families. There are many cases where a family of 9 or 10 has just one PDS card.
Some of the better farmers (10 15 % of total) produce enough food to feed their families all year
round and with excess to sell for cash needs. But on the whole without PDS and other sources of income
the Pahariyas can put food on the table for 4 to 5 months in a year.
Timber
Roughly 25% of the households in the study area have a significant portion of their income coming from
timber. The felling of timber is more in villages that have more forest cover in close proximity. Most
places with easy access to roads have already been completely exploited by outsiders, but in remote
places the felling is done by the Pahariyas themselves. Income from timber is much higher per week
than any other source and hence people who take to it do not want to work on anything else.
Liquor
About 30% of the people surveyed reported that they sell Mahua Liquor at some point or the other and
for about 15% of the people it is the principle source of income providing on average Rs 9000 per year.
Government Grants
The two major government grants are the Indira Awaz Yojana grant for house building and the
subsidized Kisan Loan. The farmer loan amount is Rs 25000 in total out of which Rs 12000 is subsidy. The
scheme is such that the farmer will get Rs 13000 first and once the repay it they get Rs 12000 that they
do not have to repay. But invariably the Pahariyas take the first installment and thats the end of it. They
get only around Rs 7000 on average as the rest of it goes to the agent, bank staff and the sanctioning
officer. In fact most of the Pahariyas who have taken the loan are not aware that it needs to be repaid.
Comments on Expense
Food
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This is the major expense for as expected accounting for 32% of the total for the whole sample and
about 40 % for the control villages. This is despite the fact that free PDS distribution of rice actually
works at the ground level more than 80% of the time.
Liquor
The expenses on liquor are significant part of their expenses, roughly 8 to 12 % of their total expense.
This percentage is much higher for the lowest earning section of the people who are also the worst off in
all indicators of development. In the control regions the spending on alcohol was under reported as
most of them tend to be drunk every day as observed during visits.
Farming
The major expense for farming is on laboras seeds are usually from previous years harvest. The
labor
expense is higher for Cow Pea cultivation as the forest needs to be cleared of shrubs before sowing the
seeds. Since it is a high value crop they borrow money from money lenders during the sowing season in
August. Usually this is the time when they face maximum financial constraints.
Housing and Miscellaneous
The expense on housing is coming out to be around 10 % because a large number of Pahariyas have
received monetary and in kind housing grants this year. In many cases they only spend a part of this
money on housing and use it for every day expenses.
The other major expenses include buying clothes and travelling to the Block office in Sunder Pahari. A
number of Pahariyas who have begun take up government contracts or have any other government
related work go to the block often to get their projects allotted. This small creamy section of Pahariyas
have benefitted the most from all the government schemes as the rest of the villagers are totally
dependent on them to get loans, to construct their houses and so on using their contacts in the Block
office. For example in Liladoni village 8 households got housing grants and all the 8 was constructed by
the same contractor from the village as obviously he was instrumental in getting the grants allotted in
the first place.
In the recent elections a number of these influential people have managed to get elected as village
Pradans and so on.
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Observations
Among the sources of income of the Pahariyas Timber, subsidized Government loans and housing grants
are not very sustainable sources. So other more sustainable sources of income must be identified.
Lac cultivation
This is one option that is being tried out at a small scale here. The Pahariya hills have a large number of
Kusum trees that are being currently felled for fuel and timber. It is an ideal host to grow Lac which has a
good export market with better price level that even Tasar. The knowledge of Lac cultivation is not very
mature here especially since the market for it crashed in the 1960s after the advent of plastic music
records.
But it is ideally suited to the area as:
The effort required from the Pahariyas is minimal Investment is only around Rs 1500 for a farmer The market is very good with high prices (Rs 150 per Kg), especially Kusum based Lac There is large number of Kusum trees in the area
The problem is that the Lac yield is very volatile and has high chance of failure. But the expected yield
and the prices are high enough to be profitable even if only one in three crops is good. Also Pradan has
the experience of running interventions for Lac in Khunti and Gumla.
Livestock
Goat rearing and Pig rearing are activities that Pahariyas are traditionally aware of. But they do not do it
in a systematic manner and hence frequent diseases wipe out entire flocks in the village making it
unproductive. But an intervention to vaccinate these animals and provide vet nary treatment for sick
animals will certainly increase flock sizes and gives considerable income.
Goat rearing activity is already being covered under the SGSY project by Pradan.
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Farming Loan
Swidden farming is an activity that every Paharia engages in every year actively for 3 4 months. But
yield is quite erratic due to dependencies on multiple factors like rain, plot, pests etc. To make matters
worse they take loans from Mahajans for seeds and labor and when crops fail their indebtednessincreases. The prevailing interest rate is 50% for the season of four to six months and on many occasions
a good crop in the following year is just enough to pay back the loan with interest.
Currently the SHGs give loans averaging around Rs 1200, but the expenses are on average three to five
thousand rupees.
The challenges are:
The loan recovery is still only around 80% even at this level. So recovering a bigger loan would need a
more intense effort. The reason that villagers keep going to the Mahajan is because he is flexible in
lending multiple small amounts as and when they need and he is willing to wait for the repayment next
year in case of crop failure.
The Pahariyas have no proclivity to save apart from the SHG collection. They should be encouraged to
encouraged to start saving in years of good crops.
Education
The level of education among Pahariyas is woefully inadequate. On paper there are primary schools in
almost every village, but at best they function only on days of national importance and some never do.
In terms of livelihood a Pahariya who has gone to school at least till 3rd class earns Rs 8500 more than
those who havent. Their ability to get access to government schemes meant for them is much better
and their quality of life also appeared distinctly better.
Education also improves the ability of the Pahariyas to appreciate development initiatives better and be
active part of it. The Christian mission schools in the area are run very well which indicates that if
provided adequate educational services the Pahariyas are very receptive. A watchdog approach to
ensure that government schools work is an option that is very difficult as the locals would be wary to
confront the local authorities on whom a lot of their doles depend on. The second alternative though
costly is to develop a parallel system of primary education in the hills.
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Having even one educated and conscientious villager in each village improves the ability of
developmental organizations like Arohan to work with them a lot better than otherwise as seen from
the fact that SHGs have been dormant or inactive in many villages where there is not a single person
who would coordinate with the PRADAN or Arohan.
Access Roads and infrastructure
Quite expectedly the villages which are closer to the roads have on average better income as the people
can travel easily for education, work, selling their produce in Haats and for getting more attention from
government.
MNREGA implementation is very feeble and very few Pahariyas seem to get any work from the scheme.
In the context of Jharkhand government returning 66% of the fund allocated for MNREGA due to lack of
projects, this is a very sorry state of affairs. To whatever extent possible water conservation structures
can be created using the MNREGA funding and labor. The involvement of Pahariyas in designing the
projects is nonexistent. The golden opportunity of having elected local representatives should be made
use of to get the voice of the Pahariyas heard in the design of interventions.
External agency to monitor government projects
The extent of corruption and inefficiency is in the block is appalling in this block even though the
government spending is significant. One major role that an external agency can play is to independently
monitor the projects and raise red flags to the appropriate level when things are going wrong.
Current experience with activism
Many people from Pradan and currently Arohan have tried to raise the issue of corruption in to the
higher authorities and have involved the Pahariyas themselves to get the point across. But the results so
far have been disappointing due to the highly institutionalized and systematic nature of corruption. In
one case a Sahaiya who on advice from Arohan raised the issue of corruption she was threatened in a
locked room by officials from the health department and as a result she broke all associations with
Arohan. This is just a sample of the number of such experiences that development workers have faced in
this area.
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Appendix 1
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fdruk[kkus dsfy;s
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eDdk Cktjk cjcVh vjgj dqFkhZ lq=ks ljlksa vU;
cht dk [kpZyscj dk [kpZdkSu lkeghuksa T;knk[kpZ fd;k
/kj dk vknehfdrus fnudke fd;k
Yks tkus esafdruk [kpZ
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ou mriknuCkkl Ekgqvk
chtEkgqvkQwy
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,d gIrs esa fdrukcspknj fdruk feykdksu lk efguk esaT;knk fcdzh gksrk gSavkSj fdlesa deEfgus esa fdrusvkneh vkSj fdrusfnu dke blesyxrk gS
ckWl ;k Qy Qqy ghcsprs gS ;k mldkeqY; c/kZu ds fy;sdqN djrs gSa;fn gkWa rks nj
fdruk feyrk gSVksVy fcdzhblls lky dk dqydekbZ
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Tkykou ds fy;s ydM+h csprs gS D;k
dksu lk efgus esa csprs gS
,d gIrs esa fdrus csprs gSa vkSj fdl nj esank:,d efgusfdruscukrs gSa
fdruscsprs gSa
fdlnj esacsprs gS
blds fy;sfdrus fnu dkedjuk iM+rk gS
blesa VksVyfdruk iqathyxrk gS
egqoka
rkM+h
[ktqj rkM+h
ydM+hvke tkequ egqok alky dqlqe lkxou
fce
iVjk
pkS[kV
[kEHkk
isM+
dkVus vkSj cukusesa fdruk [kpZ
VksVy dekbZ
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dksu lk efgus esa ydM+h T;knk csprs gSa
dksu lk efgus esa de
Ikkq/ku ls vkenuhLak[;k(lky ds
kq: esa)
fdruscsps
nj fdrusejs
fdrusiSnk gq,
ehV dsfy, fdrusekjs x,
[kpZ
(nokbZ
oSxsjg esa)
Pkjokgkesa [kpZ
eknk uj cPps+s
Xkk;cdjh
eqxhZikyu
lqvj
[kLlh
cdjh dk[Llhlqvj
dcqrj
fdrus tkuoj bl lky esa [kjhns
dkSu lk vkSj fdrus esafdrus Ikkq dks cnys esa fy;s
dkSu lk vkSj fdrus
cSy ls gy csp dj fdrus dek ysrs gSa
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?kksM+k gS rks mlls fdruk dekbZ gksrk gS
osru vkSj etnqjhiwjs ifjokj ds fy;s
fdrus fnufdrus vkneh
fdl njesa
Lkexzh esaHkqxrku
dkSu lk efgus esaT;knk dke feyrk gS
ujsxk
[ksrh esaetnqjh
vU; etnqjh
osruHkksxh ;k ekuns; (lsfodk lkfg;k fk{kd ;k vU;) efgus esa osru
vU; Lojkstxkj tSls efL=h c
8/7/2019 Pahariyas
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vU;vkaxuokM+h pkoyvkaxuokMh nkyvkaxuokMh gYnh -vkaxuokMh vU; -?kj cukus ds fy;s ljdkjh vuqnkuuxn esa lkexzh esa
Lisky vuqnkuuxn leku ;kstuk
kknhizloEk`R;qchekvU; vuqnkudtZ oSxsjg
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[kpsZa - [kkus esaEkk=k dher fdrus ekg
nky
pkoy
phuh
rsy
tykou
lCth esa
Ekakl eNyh esaEklkyk gYnh ued oSxsjg
vU;
[kpsZa - LokLF;lkyHkj esa fdrus ckj
chekj gq,D;kchekjh
nokbZ esafdrus [kpZ
MkWDVjdh Qhl
vkus tkusesa [kpZ
lnL; 1
lnL; 2
lnL; 3
lnL; 4
lnL; 5
bykt esa vU; [kpZ
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[kpsZa - lekftd vk;kstu,d lky esa fdrus ioZ euk;s x;s
vkSlr [kpZ izfr R;ksgkj esaifjokj esa eq[; vk;kstu dh lqfp &tUe eR;q kknh vkfn esa
,sls vk;kstuks esa fiNys lky sa fdrus [kpZ gq,
efgus esa fdrus ckj gfV;k tkrs gSa
,d gkV esa fdrus [kpZ gksrs gSa
gkV esa [kkus vkSj nk: ;k vU; esa fdrus [kpZ gksrs gSa aefgus esa nk: ihus esa fdrus [kpZ gksrs gSa
efgus esa [kSuh iku chM+h xqVdk vkfn esa [kpZ
vU; [kpsZai
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esaekWckby [kpZ eghuk esa
Lkkcqu] rsy] dzhe vkfn esa[kpkZ eghuk esa
,dckjxh [kpsZegxs lkekuksa ij tSls eksckby] lksyj ySEi] Vh oh vkfn fiNys lky esa [kjhns
bu lkekuksa ij gqvk dqy [kpZ
iqjkus dtsZ pqdk, fdrus :cprefgyk eaMy esa ,d eghuk esa fd;k x;k vkSlr cpr
fiNys ,d okZ esa cSad esa fd;k x;k cpr
fiNys ,d okZ esa ikWLV vkWfQl esa fd;k x;k cpr
fiNys ,d okZ esa chek ij fd;k x;k [kpZ
tkuojksa dks [kjhnus esa fd;k x;k [kpZ
***************************************************************************************************************************
D;k vkids ikl lky esa dHkh dksb le; ,Slk Hkh vkrk gS tc vkids ikl viust:jh [kpksZa dks Hkh iwjk djus ds fy, iSls ugha gksrs gSa
;fn gkWa] rks dc lky esa dkSu eghuksa esa] fdruh ckj] vkSj D;ksa
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D;k vkids mij vHkh fdlh dk dtkZ gS\ ;fn gkWa rks fdldk vkSj D;ksa\ dtZ dsmij fdruk lwn yxrk gS\
vkidh vkenuh ds fofHkUu lk/kuks esa ls fdlh lk/ku ls D;k fdlh rjg dk dksbvkenuh fiNys 5 ls 10 lky esa ?kVh gS\ ;fn gkWa rks fdl lk/ku ls vkSj D;ksa\
D;k fdlh rjg dk dksb [kpkZ fiNys 5 ls 10 lky esa cgqr T;knk c
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gS