Pa;e Tea Claiea;o Saaday T.r"uae

The Graphic I:abora tory IMostly About Dogs Iof Popular SCIence Dr.Thom~M.Beck _y •• BBUKER

Cotton ThatDissolvesin Water

COTTON CONSISTS of eel-, lulose, as do linen, wood

pulp, and most of therayon now used. As every onehas observed, none of theseforms of cellulose is soluble inwater, although a slight affinityfor water is indicated by the factthat fabrics of these materialsare weakened somewhat by pro-longed immersion.Even less water - soluble are

the cellulose esters, formed bycombining cellulose with acids.Guncotton, celluloid, and acetaterayon, are examples of this typeof substance. While more sol-uble in other solvents, they arealmost impervious to the action'of water. .'..Most chemists would predict

that cellulose ethers, compoundsof cellulose with alcohols, wouldbe s1m11arly water - insoluble.Surprisingly, When more than acertain minimum proportion ofalcohol is combined with eellu-lose the resulting ether exhibitsthe same kind of water solubtl-ity that is shown by gelatin. Asmall quantity of, it. placed incold water slowly swells andeventually dissolves to form asirupy solution.T hi s property, of cellulose

ethers has been recognized :torthe last fifteen years, and one ofthem, ethyl cellulose, the etherof cellulose with ordinary grainalcohol, has been produced com-mercially during the last year orso. To produce ethyl cellulose,cotton linters or a high grade ofwood pulp is cooked with a solu-tion of caustic soda, then treated .with ethyl sulphate, a compound

Find

of alcohol and sulphuric acid. Arecently developed methOd usesin place of the caustic soda solu-tion a solution of quaternaryamines, highly alkaline organicderivatives of ammonia .Because of this water solubil-

ity, cellUlose ethers cannot beused in making textile fibers, ascan both cellulose and its esters.It has limited possibHities inmaking films similar to cello-phane. Its chief fields of useful-ness are' those in which advan-tage is taken of the fact thatsmall, amounts of it form thicksirups when dissolved in water.

•••Ethyl cellulose, while as de-

void of nutriment as the cottonfrom which it is made, is harm-less when taken internally andtherefore has been suggested asa thickening agent for variousemulsions and pastes intendedfor food, drug, or cosmetic pur-poses. One novel suggestion isthat of adding a lfttle of it tobeer to produce anonshrinkingfoam. Having' no foOd value,ethyl cellulose pastes could be

a Way to Dyewhich are subject to human con-trol at all stages in their conver-sion from formless liquid to silkyfiber.It might be supposed that the

first investigators 0 f ray 0 nwould have tried to color theItqutds from which the fiber wasto be spun, in order to produce afiber that was colored clearthrough. In this, as in other tex--=============t tile problems, however, there are

- far more difficulties than an out-sider realizes. Only recently hasa more or less promising meansbeen found of imparting color tothe whole fiber.

HERETOFORE the processof qyeing has consistedof applying dyes to the

outer surface of various textilefibers. In the cases of the natu-ral fibers, cotton, wool, silk, andlinen, this has been necessarybecause the dyers have had onlythe finished fiber with which towork. This limitation does nothold in the case of the rayons,

ITCHING SKIN disorders areoften caused by some defi-

ciency in your dog's diet. Getright down to the root of thetrouble by adding Fleischmann'sIrradiated Dry Yeast for Dogsto every one of your dog's regu-lar meals. Fleischmann's ¥eastfor Dogs is rich in vitamins B,G. and D. 25t. SOt, sst.

•At Jour doll-.uppIJ'dealer' •.If Jour dealerhaen't It, writeStandardBrande, Inc.,595 MadhonAV'enue, NewYork, N. Y.

•• •The rayon for which the proe-

ess is suited is of the viscosetype; that Is, cellulose that hasbeen converted to a sirupy liquidby treatment with alkali andcarbon btsulphide, then drawninto fibers and reconverted intosolid cellulose by treatment withan acid. A colorless materialcapable of oxidation to a dye is

Cellulo.. .thera hav. b•• n .ugge.t.d a. a mecma of maldDg the whit.collar (foam) on beer more lating. (Tribune photo.)

Used to replace adhesives ofstarch or casein, which are sub-

ject to attack by bacteria or in-sects.

Rayon Internally

A lIC.n. in a rayon mill. RaYon is a fabric that is spun from a liquid.

added to the liqUid before spin-ning, and after the fiber has beensolidified it is subjected to anoxidizing treatment to bring outthe color.Although the process is being

extensively tried in Germany, it

is still in an experimental stageand no information is availableat present as to its merits orfaults. Presumably, however,fabrics dyed in t his mannershould be extremely color-stabletoward both wear and washing.

And Now- Lether fro:m Seaweed.

AFACTORY is being builtin England to manufac-ture imitation lether from

a certain kind of seaweed foundat the mouth of the Thamesriver. It is a well known factthat gluey or gelatinous mate-rials can be extracted from sea-weed in large yields, and theseform the starting materials forthe lether. The seaweed mate-rial is first coated on a fabric.base and then, hardened by a

Hid•• from Dy•• tock. princll'czUyfrom b.ef cattle, .upply the prin.cipal .ourc. of naturcrl l.ther,

(Acmephoto.)

secret chemical process. Theproduct is said to compare favor-ably with many other imitationlethers, which mayor may notbe a compliment..In England, as in America, Im-

Itatlon lether is manufacturedsolely for decorative purposes.The surfaces of expensive leth-ers are copied by means of plas-tic coatings on heavy fabrics,and the wearing qualities of thefinished product are of second-

ary importance. On the otherhand, because of the shortage ofraw materials in Germany thechemists of that country are try-ing to produce an artificial ma-terial wit h the texture andstrength of genuine lether.

• • •One of the most· recent Ger-

man "efforts in this direction isthe prOduction of a lether substi-tute consisting of a vinyl resin(a synthetic resin made fromacetylene and organic acids) anda fibrous material such as woodpulp. Ordinarily such a combi-nation would be expected to' givea hard, strong mass, but by suit-able treatment it is claimed tobe possible' to make the resm-:fiber combination into a tough;pliable, and porous substance reosembling lether. It is doubtful,however, whether this product isa good enough imitation to re-place genuine lether in countrIesthat have a sufficient supply ofthe real thing.

~A pair of champion Yorlaahire terri.ra, P.tite W•• W•• cmd P.tile Baby GULown.dby G. V. Stone of Cohunbua.O. This toy bre.d wa introduced into the Unit.d State. around 1880. Th. long, IIilky coat of the Yorbhir. is

quite distinctive.

The Toy Breeds ProvideIntelligent Pets

IFTHERE is anyone group ofdogs that has given manmuch satisfaction and inti·

mate ,companionship it is thoseknown as toys. Such breeds asthe Pomeranian, Pekingese, toyManchester terrier, Maltese, toypoodle, Yorkshire, Chihuahua,papillon, and others have beendeveloped in an atmosphere ofclose companionship with hu-mans over a period of many een-turies.This background has made

these little pets sympathetic, in-telligent, and understanding. In-variably you will find dogs ofbreeds such as mentioned veryalert and intelligent-the resultof their getting much attentionfrom their owners and livingclose to them throughout theirlives.Sometimes you' hear persons

q u I t e unqualified to criticizebreeds of dogs make the com-ment that the toys are ratherunnecessary members of the ca-nine family and serve no usefulpurpose. These critics are Intel-erant, as you may surmise. Asa matter of fact, the toy breedshave an appeal and charm whichenables them to give no end ofpleasure to thousands of people.Those who have to lead a shut-inexistence, with human contactsrare, especially are able to tes-tify to the pleasure that toybreeds bring to their owners.

• • •When you consider that the

value of these toy dogs as caninemembers of a home has beentested down through the agesyou realize that they must havecertain attributes which are In-valuable. We always are In-trigued by the perky, alert man,ner of the toy breeds. Lastwinter we became intimately ac-quainted with the Maltese ter-rier, one of the toy breeds thatis pert and active. We werequite impressed with its obviousqualities as a small companiondog that is able to adapt itselfto people and limited livingquarters where chances for exer-cise are restricted.Toy breeds come from all cor-

ners of the globe. The Peking-ese, the seventh most· popularbreed, according to A. K. C. reg-istrations in 1936, is the aristo-cratic little lion dog of China. Ifany toy can be. said to have animposing appearance this oldbreed is the one. It also has

(Tribune photo.)The AHenpil1lJcher, a rather n.wmemb.r of the toy breed group.The breed originated in Germcmy.The dog pictured i. Mucld yon Char-

IOUenhohe.

courage and a real personality.The Pomeranian, from old Porn·eranla, Germany, which runs aclose second to the Peke in popu-larity, 'is a perky, vivacious littleanimal. This vivacity makes thePom an interesting pet. A goodone with lots of poise and thetypical merry action of the breedis an attractive picture in a showring. There is no lack of bold-

(Tribune photo.)

The Chihuahua com•• from Mexico,The standard of the br.ed ccdla fora dog that i. crlert a:nclawift moving,

with t.rrier quczUti•••

-.(Tribune photo.)

Tbi. head .tudy 01 IntemationcdChampioll San d Boi of Iwad.O'Ceylon Count .hoWl the dignityand regal expr.aaion of the PeldDg·•••• Th. P.k. ill a very popular

m.mber of the toy bre.ds.

something of a disadvantage be-cause of its coat (which requiresmuch care), the Yorkshire isnevertheless a spirited little dog.The Affenpinscher isa rather'new addition to the toy group.It's a German breed, commonlycalled the monkey pinscher. Thepug dog, another toy breed, usedto be very popular years ago;then it lost favor among fan-ciers. Now it is staging a come-back. It is believed that thiscompanionable, intelligent littledog originated in China. ToyManchester terriers are amongthe oldest of the modern toybreeds. As the II black and tanterrier" it was mentioned in adog encyclopedia written in 1570.

Peter Blac;kacr. Again and Blackacre OrClllge Blo.som, a pair of Pomercz-nicma. Th. Pom is a veiy popular toy breed. It is a yivaciolUl, int.lligent

little dog with an affectionate diapoaition. (Tribune photo.)

ness in Poms, so they often makegood watchdogs to sound alarmsaround the home. 'Mexico gives us the Chihuahua

and the Mexican hairless, twotoys that show some terriertraits. It Is believed that theTechichi, a, breed of dog muchliked by the Toltecs of Mexicocenturies ago, is one' of the an-cestors of the modern Chihua-hua. in fact, legend and historyare rich in stories of the ances-tors of the modern Chihuahua.It is believed to have been a pop-ular pet as well as a religioussymbol among the Toltecs andAztecs. Today the Chihuahua isknown as an alert and intelligentmember of the toy dog family.The Yorkshire has real terrier

instincts, because there is a ter-rier strain in the breed; At

The toy Manchesters are almostidentical with the larger Man-chester terriers except for size.There are a number of other

toy breeds which have gainedfavor among many dog owners.The Brussels griffon, the "whis-kered " dog from Belgium, is onewith much personality. TheitalIan greyhound, similar to thewhippet and the greyhound inappearance, is a smooth -coateddog which is easy to keep in thehome and has lots of energywithout the loss of poise. Thetoy poodle, a breed that is knownand llked all over the world, iscommonly white, but may be anysolid color. The toy spaniels,including the English toy span-iel, the Japanese spaniel, and thepapillon, are other distinctivebreeds in the toy group.

• For attractive oHem ofdogs, tum to the Dogs, Cats,Birds, and Poultry columnsin the want ad section oftoday's Tribune,