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Paediatric Septic ShockCorrine Balit
1:15am: 3 year old female arrives at Triage with HR 180, RR 35, looks tired. Has had URTI symptoms for past couple of days.
1:25am: ICU/Paeds Reg called by ED doctor saying can you come and have a look
135am:You make your first assessmentHR 180Quiet, tired, opens eyesMod respiratory distress Cap refill 4 seconds
WHAT DO YOU DO?
Why are we worried about it?
Still remains significant cause of morbidity and mortality
5-30% of paediatric patients with sepsis will develop septic shock.
Mortality rates in septic shock are 20-30% (up to 50% in some countries).
Recognition
Most people don’t recognise shock
Resuscitation must be done in a proactive time-sensitive manner
Every minute counts – “golden hour”
Every hour without appropriate resuscitation and restoration of blood pressure increases mortality risk by 40%
How do we define it
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Infection
Sepsis
Severe Sepsis
Septic Shock
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Presence of 2 of the following criteria:
Core Temp >38.5 or < 36 degrees
Mean HR > 2SD for age or persitant elevation over 0.5-4hrs
If < 1yr old: bradycardia HR < 10th centile for age
Mean RR > 2 SD above normal for age
Leucocyte abnormality
SEPSIS
SIRS in presence of suspected or proven infection
Severe Sepsis
Sepsis + one of the followingCV organ dysfunctionARDS2 or more organ dysfunction
Septic Shock
Sepsis + CV organ dysfunction
Cardiovascular dysfunction
Despite >40ml/kg Isotonic fluid bolus in 1 hour:Decrease in BP <5th centile for ageNeed for vasoactive drug to maintain BP2 of the following:
Unexplained metabolic acidosis Increase lactate Oliguria Prolonged cap refill > 5 seconds Core-peripheral temp gap >3 degrees
Risk factors for Sepsis in Children
< 1 year of age
Very low birthweight infants
Prematurity
Presence of underlying illness eg chronic lung, cardiac conditions, malignancy
Co-morbidities
Boys
Genetic factors
What makes you suspect shock?
Clinical Manifestations
Fever
Increased HR
Increased RR
Altered mental state
Skin:HypoperfusionDecreased capillary refillPetechiae, purpuraCool vs warm.
Cold Shock Warm Shock
HR Tachycardia Tachycardia
Peripheries Cool Warm
Pulses Difficult to palpate Bounding
Skin Mottled, pale Flushed
Capillary refill Prolonged Blushing
Mental state Altered Altered
Urine Oliguria Oliguria
Blood Pressure in Children
This is main difference with adults.
Blood pressure does not fall in septic shock until very late.
CO= HR x SV
HR in children much higher therefore BP falling is late.
Pulse pressure is often usefulNormal: Diastolic BP > ½ systolic BP.
InvestigationsBasic bloods:
FBC, EUC, LFT, CMP, Coags, Glucose
Inflammatory markers: PCT, CRP
Acid- Base statusVenous or arterial blood gas:
LactateBase deficit
Investigations
Septic Work upUrine, blood, sputum culturesViral cultures: throat, NPA, faeces, Never do CSF in shocked patient
Imaging: CXR, CT, MRI, PET scan, ECHO,
Ultrasound
Management
General Principles
Early Recognition
Early and appropriate antimicrobials
Early and aggressive therapy to restore balance between oxygen delivery and demand
Early and goal directed therapy
What is Goal Directed Therapy?Based on studies in adults initially
Use fluid resuscitation, vasoactive infusions, oxygen to aim to restore balance between oxygen delivery and demand
Goals:Capillary refill < 2 secondsUrine ouptut > 1ml/kg/hrNormal pulses Improved mental stateDecreased lactate and base deficitsPerfusion pressures appropriate for age
Recognise decreased mental status and perfusionMaintain airway and establish access
Push 20mls/kg isotonic saline or colloid boluses up to and over 60mls/kg
Antimicrobials, Correct hypoglycemia and hypocalemia
Fluid Responsiveness
Fluid Refractory shock
O min
5 min
15 min
Observe in PICU
Recognise decreased mental status and perfusionMaintain airway and establish access
Vascular Access:•Only few minutes to be spent on obtaining IV access•Need to use IO if cant get access•May need to put 2 x IO in
Intubation + Ventilation•Clinical assessment of work of breathing , hypoventilation or impaired mental state•Up to 40% of cardiac output is used for work of breathing•Volume loading and inotrope support is recommended before and during intubation•Recommended: Ketamine, atropine and short acting neuromuscular blocking agent.
Push 20mls/kg isotonic saline or colloid boluses up to and over 60mls/kg
Antimicrobials, Correct hypoglycemia and hypocalemia
Fluid Resuscitation:•Needs to be given as push•May need to give up to 200mls/kg •Give fluid until perfusion improves.
Which Fluids•Isotonic vs collloid•Most evidence extrapolated from adults •Wills et al
• RCT of cystalloid vs colloid in children with dengue fever • No difference between the two groups.
Fluid Refractory Shock15min
Begin dopamine or peripheral adrenalineEstablish central venous access
Establish arterial access
Titrate Adrenaline for cold shock and noradrenaline for warm shock to normal MAP-CVP and SVC
sats>70%
Catecholamine resistant shock 60 min
Catecholamine Resistant Shock
At Risk of adrenal insufficency – give hydrocortisone
Not at Risk - don’t give hydrocortisone
Normal Blood PressureCold ShockSVC < 70%
Low Blood PressureCold ShockSVC < 70%
Low Blood PressureWarm Shock
Add vasodilator or Type III PDE inhibitor
Titrate volume and adrenaline
Titrate volume & NoradrenalineConsider Vasopressin
ECMO
Drug Dose Comments
Dopamine 2-20mcg/kg/min Historically 1st choice in kidsAlpha, beta and dopamine receptor activationCan be given peripherally
Dobutamine
5-10mcg/kg/min Chronotropic as well as inotropicAfterload reduction
Adrenaline 0.05- 1mcg/kg/min
Initially increases contractility/heart rateHigh doses increase PVR
Noradrenaline
0.05 – 1 mcg/kg/min
VasopressorIncreases PVR
Milrinone 0.25-0.75mcg/kg/min
Phosphodiesterase inhibitorAfterload reduction
Rivers et al, NEJM 2001Single Centre , RCT in Emergency Department
Goal directed vs standard care in septic adults in first 6 hours in ED
Goal directed therapy consisted of CVP 8-12mmHg MAP > 65mmHg Urine output >0.5ml/kg/hour ScVO2 > 70%
Showed significant decrease in mortality
Cristisms: control group had higher mortality rate and benefits may be because group was monitored more closely
Ceneviva et al, Pediatrics 1998
Single centre, 50 children
Used goal directed therapy : CI 3.3-6Lmin/m2 in children with fluid refractory shock
Mortality from sepsis decreased by 18% when compared to 1985 study
De Oliveira ICM 2008
RCT , single centre
Use of 2002 guidelines with continous central venous O2 saturation monitoring and therapy directed to maintain ScVO2 > 70%
Mortality decreased from 39% to 12 %,
Number needed to treat 3.6
Brierley and Carcillo CCM 2009
Update of 2002 guidelines for goal directed therapy
Look at all studies who had adopted 2002 guidelines and their success.
Reported studies that showed decrease in mortality with adoption of 2002 guidelines.
New changes : Inotrope via peripheral accessFluid removal considered early
What about Hydrocortisone?
Controversial
Rational is that there is hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis dyfunction in patients with septic shock
Current recommendations: If child is at risk of adrenal insufficency and remains
in shock should receive hydrocortisoneAt risk defined as purpura fulminans, congenital
adrenal hyperplasia, recent steroid exposure, hypothalamic/pituitary abnormality
Evidence – Controversial
Annane D JAMA 2002Multicentre , RCT looked at use of hydrocortisone
and fludrocortisone in septic shock.
Corticus Trial, NEJM 2008Mutlicentre, RCTHydrocortisone vs placebo in septic shockNo significant difference in mortality Many criticisms
Inadequate power Selection bias
Evidence- paediatrics
No RCT in paediatric patients with sepsis
Markovitz : PCCM 2005Retrospective cohort study , 6000 paediatric patientsSystemic steriods associated with increased
mortalityBut no control in place for severity of illness or for
dose.
Other treatment
Maintain Glucose control
Nutrition
Maintain Hb > 10g/dL
GI protection
Early CVVH
Activated Protein C
Inhibits factors Va and VIIIa – prevent generation of thrombin
Decreased inflammation through inhibition of platelet activation, neutrophil recruitment
Initially had popularity as possible treatment option in septic shock
Concern with it is risk of serious haemorrhage
RESOLVE Study, Lancet 2007
RCT, multicentre, international study in 477 children with severe sepsis.
Compared APC to placebo for 96 hrs
Primary end point: time to complete organ failure resolution
Study stopped early as interim analysis showed no benefit
More bleeding in APC group but not significantly different
ECMOStudy published this month from RCH Melbourne
Looked at ECMO use in paediatric septic shock
96% had at least 3 organ failure and 35% had a cardiac arrest prior to ECMO
23 patients with refractory septic shock received central ECMO
17 (74%) patients survived to be discharged from hospital.