Paediatric First Aid CoursePaediatric First Aid Course

Introduction to Introduction to your course your course

work bookwork book

House RulesHouse Rules Mobile phones switched offMobile phones switched off

ToiletsToilets

Break timesBreak times

Start and finish timesStart and finish times

Competence assessmentCompetence assessment

CPR practical sessionCPR practical session

Incident trainingIncident training

CertificatesCertificates

Paediatric First AidPaediatric First Aid

Write down in your own words why you have Write down in your own words why you have chosen or asked by your employers to attend chosen or asked by your employers to attend

this course.this course.

From a personal point of view, what would From a personal point of view, what would you like to achieve / learn on the course you like to achieve / learn on the course

Cou

rse

Cou

rse

obje

ctiv

esob

ject

ives

Identify a range of

Identify a range of illnesses and injuries

illnesses and injuries Treat a range of illnesses

Treat a range of illnesses

and injuriesand injuries Manage an unconscious

Manage an unconscious

casualtycasualty Manage the airway

Manage the airway Perform effective Cardio

Perform effective Cardio

pulmonary resuscitation

pulmonary resuscitation Manage bleeding

Manage bleeding

What is First Aid?What is First Aid?

First Aid is the immediate First Aid is the immediate assistance or treatment given to assistance or treatment given to

someone injured or suddenly someone injured or suddenly taken ill before the arrival of a taken ill before the arrival of a

ambulance, doctor or other ambulance, doctor or other appropriately qualified personappropriately qualified person

First Aid and the Law

Acts and RegulationsActs and Regulations

Health & Safety at Work Act 1974Health & Safety at Work Act 1974

Health & Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981Health & Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981

Reporting of Injuries, Diseases & Dangerous Reporting of Injuries, Diseases & Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR)Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR)

Risk assessment of First Aid needsRisk assessment of First Aid needs

To considerTo consider Workplace hazards and risksWorkplace hazards and risks Size of the organizationSize of the organization History of accidentsHistory of accidents Nature & distribution of work forceNature & distribution of work force Remoteness for medical servicesRemoteness for medical services Needs of travelling, lone or remote workersNeeds of travelling, lone or remote workers Working on shared or multi-occupied sitesWorking on shared or multi-occupied sites Annual leave and other absences of First AidersAnnual leave and other absences of First Aiders

The Aims of First AidThe Aims of First Aid

PPreserve lifereserve life

PPrevent the injury from worseningrevent the injury from worsening

PPromote recoveryromote recovery

Role and ResponsibilitiesRole and ResponsibilitiesFirst Aider must alwaysFirst Aider must always

AAssessssess

DDangeranger

PPrioritiserioritise

AAsksk

TTreat/reat/TTransferransfer

Managing casualtiesManaging casualties

Aim

s an

d A

ims

and

Obj

ectiv

esO

bjec

tives

Understand how oxygen

Understand how oxygen

gets to the vital organs

gets to the vital organs State the priorities of life

State the priorities of life Triage a group of

Triage a group of casualtiescasualties

P3

Transf

er

of

Transf

er

of

oxyg

en

oxyg

en Your trainer will now Your trainer will now

explain how oxygen explain how oxygen is transferred around is transferred around

the bodythe body

P3

Multiple casualtiesMultiple casualties

From the following list decide who From the following list decide who needs your attention first. needs your attention first.

Remember you can only deal with one Remember you can only deal with one casualty at a time. casualty at a time.

Please give reasons for your answers.Please give reasons for your answers.P3

Who n

eeds yo

u

Who n

eeds yo

u

first

first

Screaming childScreaming child

Nose bleedNose bleed

Arterial bleedArterial bleed

Broken legBroken leg

Asthma attackAsthma attack

ShockShock

Quiet child on the Quiet child on the floorfloor

ChokingChoking

Anaphylactic shockAnaphylactic shock

P3

Answ

ers

Answ

ers

Quiet child on floorQuiet child on floor

ChokingChoking

Anaphylactic shockAnaphylactic shock

Asthma attackAsthma attack

Arterial bleedArterial bleed

Nose bleedNose bleed

Broken legBroken leg

ShockShock

Screaming childScreaming child P3

TriageTriage

BreathingBreathing

overover

BleedingBleeding

overover

BurnsBurns

overover

BonesBones

Aim

s an

d A

ims

and

obje

ctiv

esob

ject

ives

Identify life threatening

Identify life threatening

problemsproblems Perform the primary

Perform the primary assessmentassessment Maintain an airway

Maintain an airway State which three sets of

State which three sets of

clues help make up a

clues help make up a

diagnosisdiagnosis Perform a secondary

Perform a secondary

assessmentassessment Place a casualty in the

Place a casualty in the

recovery position

recovery position

P3

Primary AssessmentPrimary Assessment

DD: Danger: Danger

RR: Response: Response

AA: Airway: Airway

BB: Breathing: Breathing

CC: Circulation: CirculationP3

Aim

s an

d A

ims

and

Obj

ectiv

esO

bjec

tives

Perform effective CPR

Perform effective CPR on the adult, child and

on the adult, child and babybabyDeal with problems

Deal with problems that may occur during

that may occur during CPR CPR Manage a range of

Manage a range of scenarios scenarios

P4

Cardio-Pulmonary Cardio-Pulmonary ResuscitationResuscitation

Adult Child Baby

P4

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation DDangeranger

RResponseesponse

AAirwayirway

BBreathingreathing

CCompressionsompressionsP4

Child

and

Child

and

baby

baby In cases involving

In cases involving children and infants

children and infants we should attempt

we should attempt one minutes CPR

one minutes CPR (3 cycles) before

(3 cycles) before leaving the casualty

leaving the casualty to go and get help

to go and get helpP5

Unresponsive

Shout for help

Open airway

Not breathing normally

Call 999

30 chest compressions

2 rescue breaths30 compressions

Adult

P6

CP

RC

PR Adult

Adult 30 compressions : 2 inflations

30 compressions : 2 inflations

5 - 6cm depth of compression

5 - 6cm depth of compression

2 Hands2 Hands 100 - 120 rate per minute

100 - 120 rate per minute

P6

Problems during resuscitationProblems during resuscitation Broken ribs

Broken ribs

Casualty vomits

Casualty vomits Stomach distension

Stomach distension Not making a good seal

Not making a good sealP9

Hygiene ConsiderationsHygiene ConsiderationsDuring ResuscitationDuring Resuscitation

P9

Teta

nus

and

Teta

nus

and

Loc

k Ja

w L

ock

Jaw

What is tetanus?

What is tetanus?

Unresponsive

Shout for help

Open Airway

Not breathing normally

5 rescue breaths

30:2 (x 3 cycles)

Call 9992 Rescue breaths30 compressions

Paediatric CPR

P10

CPRCPR

ChildChild

30 compressions : 2 inflations30 compressions : 2 inflations

3 cycles of 30:2 = 1 minute3 cycles of 30:2 = 1 minute

At least a 1/3At least a 1/3rdrd depth of chest depth of chest

1 hand1 hand

100 – 120 rate per minute100 – 120 rate per minute

P10

CPRCPR

InfantInfant

30 compressions : 2 inflations30 compressions : 2 inflations

3 cycles of 30:2 = 1 minute3 cycles of 30:2 = 1 minute

At least a 1/3At least a 1/3rdrd depth of chest depth of chest

2 fingers2 fingers

100 – 120 rate per minute100 – 120 rate per minute

P12

Assessing casualties Assessing casualties

Primary assessmentPrimary assessment

Secondary assessmentSecondary assessment

Recovery positionRecovery position

A practical sessionA practical session

Secondary Assessment

P14

Sec

onda

ry

Sec

onda

ry

Ass

essm

ent

Ass

essm

ent

HistoryHistory

SignsSigns

SymptomsSymptoms

Remember children &

Remember children &

babies may not be able to

babies may not be able to

clearly explain how they feel

clearly explain how they feel

& what has happened

& what has happened P14

UnconsciousnessUnconsciousnessCausesCauses

FaintingFainting

StrokeStroke

Heart attackHeart attack

ShockShock

Head injuriesHead injuries

HypoxiaHypoxia

PoisoningPoisoning

EpilepsyEpilepsy

DiabetesDiabetesP15

The AVPU CodeThe AVPU CodeTo check response:To check response:

AA AlertAlert

VV Responds to Responds to VVoiceoice

PP Responds to Responds to PPainain

UU UnresponsiveUnresponsiveP15

The Recovery PositionThe Recovery Position

P15

ChokingChoking

P16

Children & babies Children & babies CCauses of airway obstructionauses of airway obstruction

Inhalation of vomitInhalation of vomit

Foreign object e.g. toy, peanutForeign object e.g. toy, peanut

Submersion in waterSubmersion in water

Infection of the lungs or throatInfection of the lungs or throat

Injuries to the head, neck or chestInjuries to the head, neck or chest

Cot deathCot death

P16

Rec

ogni

tion

of

Rec

ogni

tion

of

chok

ing

chok

ing Often stand up very quickly Often stand up very quickly

clutching throatclutching throat

Congested face, veins Congested face, veins

prominent in face and neckprominent in face and neck

CoughingCoughing

Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing

May have been eating May have been eating

P16

Choking Adult TreatmentChoking Adult Treatment

Assess severity

Severe airway obstructionIneffective cough

Mild airway obstructionEffective cough

UnconsciousStart CPR

Encourage to coughMonitor for deteriorationConscious

5 back blows5 Abdominal thrusts

Adu

lt ch

okin

g

Adu

lt ch

okin

g

Encourage the casualty to coughEncourage the casualty to cough

Up to 5 sharp back slapsUp to 5 sharp back slaps

Up to 5 abdominal thrustsUp to 5 abdominal thrusts

Repeat cycleRepeat cycle

Unconscious CPRUnconscious CPR

Choking Paediatric TreatmentChoking Paediatric Treatment

Assess severity

Ineffective cough

Effective cough

UnconsciousOpen airway

5 breathsStart CPR

Continue to check for deterioration to ineffective cough

or relief of obstruction

Conscious 5 back blows

5 thrusts*

* Chest for infants/abdominal for child > 1

P16

Chi

ld C

hoki

ng

Chi

ld C

hoki

ng

Encourage to coughEncourage to cough

Up to 5 sharp back slapsUp to 5 sharp back slaps

Up to 5 abdominal thrustsUp to 5 abdominal thrusts

Unconscious CPRUnconscious CPR

P16

Bab

y C

hoki

ng

Bab

y C

hoki

ng

Up to 5 sharp back slapsUp to 5 sharp back slaps

Up to 5 chest thrustsUp to 5 chest thrusts

Unconscious CPRUnconscious CPR

P17

Obtaining medical assistanceObtaining medical assistance

In pairs write a list of information the 999 operator may ask you for

Conditions that affect the Conditions that affect the breathingbreathing

Causes of breathing Causes of breathing problemsproblems

Make a list of all of the conditions that could affect your casualties breathing

Workshop

HypoxiaHypoxia

Blockage Blockage Suffocation Suffocation

Febrile convulsionsFebrile convulsions Gas/smoke Gas/smoke

Sickle cell anemiaSickle cell anemia Paralysis Paralysis

Lack of O² Lack of O² Electrical injury Electrical injury

PoisoningPoisoning Carbon Carbon monoxidemonoxide

Compression of chest FitsCompression of chest Fits

Anaphyl

act

ic

Anaphyl

act

ic

Shock

Shock

P19

Anaphylactic shockAnaphylactic shockMajor allergic reactionMajor allergic reaction

Bee stingsBee stings

Peanuts, foodsPeanuts, foods

DrugsDrugsP19

Anaphylactic shockAnaphylactic shockAnxietyAnxiety

Red blotchy skinRed blotchy skin

Swelling of the face and neckSwelling of the face and neck

Puffiness around the eyesPuffiness around the eyes

Impaired breathingImpaired breathing

A rapid pulseA rapid pulseP19

Anaphylactic shockAnaphylactic shockTreatmentTreatment

Calm and reassureCalm and reassure

Get helpGet help

Help the casualty to sit up if consciousHelp the casualty to sit up if conscious

Recovery position if unconsciousRecovery position if unconscious

Help them to take their EpipenHelp them to take their EpipenP19

AsthmaAsthmaWhere the air passages to the lungs go into spasm Where the air passages to the lungs go into spasm

causing the lining of the airways to swell.causing the lining of the airways to swell.

The casualty then finds it difficult to breatheThe casualty then finds it difficult to breathe

Causes of attackCauses of attack

Pollen / Dust / Cigarette smokePollen / Dust / Cigarette smoke

Allergens such as pet hairAllergens such as pet hair

ExerciseExerciseP20

Asthma recognitionAsthma recognition

Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing

WheezingWheezing

Distress and anxietyDistress and anxiety

Difficulty in speakingDifficulty in speaking

Grey blue skinGrey blue skin

Dry, tickly coughDry, tickly cough

May become exhaustedMay become exhaustedP20

Asthma treatmentAsthma treatment

Calm and reassure casualtyCalm and reassure casualty

Sit them down, leaning forward supportedSit them down, leaning forward supported

Plenty of fresh airPlenty of fresh air

Allow him to use medicationAllow him to use medication

If attack is prolonged or medication does If attack is prolonged or medication does not relieve attack, seek medical helpnot relieve attack, seek medical help

P20

P22

Conditions that affect

Conditions that affect

the circulation

the circulation

Aim

s an

d A

ims

and

obje

ctiv

esob

ject

ives

List the different types of

List the different types of

blood vessel

blood vessel Treat bleeding

Treat bleeding Apply a dressing

Apply a dressing Identify different types of injury

Identify different types of injury

Recognise and treat various

Recognise and treat various

conditions affecting circulation

conditions affecting circulation

P22

Section 7Section 7

What sudden illnesses What sudden illnesses or conditions can affect or conditions can affect the circulatory system?the circulatory system?

P22

ShockShock What is it?What is it?

CausesCauses

P22

Causes of shockCauses of shock Severe bleedingSevere bleeding

Loss of body fluidsLoss of body fluids

Loss of serumLoss of serum

Severe painSevere pain

Acute heart attackAcute heart attack

Abdominal emergenciesAbdominal emergenciesP22

Shock RecognitionShock Recognition Pale or grey skinPale or grey skin Cold, clammy skinCold, clammy skin Feel faint or giddyFeel faint or giddy Feels sick or may vomitFeels sick or may vomit Feels thirstyFeels thirsty Anxious or restlessAnxious or restless Yawn or gasp for airYawn or gasp for air Rapid, weak pulseRapid, weak pulse Shallow, rapid breathingShallow, rapid breathing May lose consciousnessMay lose consciousness

P22

Shock TreatmentShock Treatment

Deal with the injury or causeDeal with the injury or cause

Lay casualty down, raise legs if possibleLay casualty down, raise legs if possible

Head low and turned to one sideHead low and turned to one side

Loosen tight clothingLoosen tight clothing

Moisten lips if thirstyMoisten lips if thirsty

Keep casualty warmKeep casualty warm

Transfer to hospitalTransfer to hospital

P22

Wounds and

Wounds and

bleeding bleeding

Incised Incised

LacerationLaceration

PuncturePuncture

ContusionContusion

AbrasionAbrasion

P22

Blo

od Vess

els

Blo

od Vess

els

Types of bleedingTypes of bleedingArterialArterial

Severe. Bright red oxygenated blood spurts Severe. Bright red oxygenated blood spurts from wound with each heartbeatfrom wound with each heartbeat

VenousVenous

Dark red. Blood may escape from the body as Dark red. Blood may escape from the body as quickly as an arterial bleed, may gush quickly as an arterial bleed, may gush

profuselyprofusely

CapillaryCapillary

Oozing occurs at the site of all wounds, blood Oozing occurs at the site of all wounds, blood loss is usually slightloss is usually slight

P22

Ext

erna

l ble

edin

g

Ext

erna

l ble

edin

g

Pale skin with cold clammy skinPale skin with cold clammy skin

Rapid weak pulseRapid weak pulse

Shallow fast breathingShallow fast breathing

Feels sick or may vomitFeels sick or may vomit

Feels cold and thirstyFeels cold and thirsty

Confused/distressedConfused/distressed

Obvious injuryObvious injury

P23

Internal bleedingInternal bleedingRecognitionRecognition

Cold, clammy skinCold, clammy skin Rapid, weak pulseRapid, weak pulse PainPain ThirstThirst Confusion, restlessnessConfusion, restlessness Possible collapsePossible collapse Pattern bruisingPattern bruising Bleeding from orificesBleeding from orifices

P23

Treatment of severe bleedingTreatment of severe bleeding

Direct pressureDirect pressure

Elevate the injuryElevate the injury

Apply a sterile dressingApply a sterile dressing

Transfer to hospitalTransfer to hospital

P23

Trea

tmen

t for

Trea

tmen

t for

B

leed

ing

Ble

edin

g Practical Practical

Dressings and BandagesDressings and Bandages

P24

Hyg

iene

Hyg

iene

consi

dera

tions

consi

dera

tions

duri

ng fi

rst

aid

duri

ng fi

rst

aid

Wash your hands

Wash your handsWear protective gloves

Wear protective glovesWash the affected area

Wash the affected areaDon’t talk or cough

Don’t talk or coughClean up after

Clean up after

For

eign

Obj

ects

For

eign

Obj

ects

EyesEyes Irrigate the eye with eye

Irrigate the eye with eye

wash, dress if the object

wash, dress if the object

won’t come out

won’t come outEars & NoseEars & Nose Do not insert anything

Do not insert anything into the ear to remove the

into the ear to remove the

object, seek medical

object, seek medical attentionattention

P25

Bite

s an

d S

tings

Bite

s an

d S

tings

Animal bites and stings

Animal bites and stings can be extremely

can be extremely painful and painful and

distressing, bites are

distressing, bites are susceptible to

susceptible to infection, stings can

infection, stings can lead to anaphylactic

lead to anaphylactic shockshock

P27

Trea

tmen

tTr

eatm

ent

Seek medical assistance

Seek medical assistance

where the child or infant

where the child or infant

suffers an allergic

suffers an allergic reactionreaction Scrape the sting out of

Scrape the sting out of

the skin using a credit

the skin using a credit

card or similar

card or similar Apply a cold compress to

Apply a cold compress to

relieve painrelieve pain Wash bites with soap and

Wash bites with soap and

water and dress any open

water and dress any open

injuriesinjuries

P27

PoisonsPoisons

A poison is a substance which, if taken A poison is a substance which, if taken into the body in sufficient quantity, may into the body in sufficient quantity, may cause temporary or permanent damagecause temporary or permanent damage

P28

WorkshopWorkshop In small groups compile

In small groups compile a list of things which

a list of things which could poison children

could poison children and infants.and infants. Think carefully about

Think carefully about your work place.

your work place.

P28

PoisonsPoisons

How can a poison enter the body?How can a poison enter the body?

IngestedIngested

InhaledInhaled

InstilledInstilled

InjectedInjected

AbsorbedAbsorbedP28

PoisonsPoisons

The affects of poisonsThe affects of poisons

Cause confusion, fits and unconsciousnessCause confusion, fits and unconsciousness

Burn lips, mouth and food passagesBurn lips, mouth and food passages

Affect the normal action of the heartAffect the normal action of the heart

Cause vomiting & diarrheaCause vomiting & diarrhea

Damage blood preventing oxygen reaching Damage blood preventing oxygen reaching the tissuesthe tissues

Inhaled poisons can cause severe respiratory Inhaled poisons can cause severe respiratory distressdistress

P28

Bur

ns a

nd S

cald

s

Bur

ns a

nd S

cald

s

P30

Bur

ns a

nd

Bur

ns a

nd

Sca

lds

Sca

lds

What sort of things

What sort of things cause burns and

cause burns and scalds? scalds?

What could cause a

What could cause a burn to a child or

burn to a child or infant in the care

infant in the care environment?

environment?

P30

Burns and ScaldsBurns and ScaldsCausesCauses

FrictionFriction

Dry heatDry heat

Electric currentElectric current

Acids and alkalisAcids and alkalis

Intense coldIntense cold

RadiationRadiation

Scalds are caused by moist heat, water, steamScalds are caused by moist heat, water, steamP30

Classification of BurnsClassification of Burns

Superficial:Superficial: Redness, swelling, tendernessRedness, swelling, tenderness

Partial thickness:Partial thickness: rawness of skin and blisters rawness of skin and blisters

Full thickness:Full thickness: scorching, damage to nerves, fat scorching, damage to nerves, fat tissue and muscles tissue and muscles

P30

Trea

tmen

t of

Trea

tmen

t of

Bur

ns a

nd S

cald

s

Bur

ns a

nd S

cald

s

Burns Burns Scalds

Scalds Chemical burns

Chemical burns Chemicals to the eye

Chemicals to the eye And: And: Foreign objects in

Foreign objects in

the eye the eye

P30

Medical AttentionMedical Attention

Must be sought for:Must be sought for:

Full thickness burnsFull thickness burns

Burns to face, hands, feet or genital areaBurns to face, hands, feet or genital area

Burns that extend all around a limbBurns that extend all around a limb

Partial thickness burns greater than Partial thickness burns greater than

1% of body surface = palm of casualties hand1% of body surface = palm of casualties hand

P30

ElectricityElectricity

P31

Ele

ctric

ity in

the

Ele

ctric

ity in

the

Wor

kpla

ceW

orkp

lace Where in the work

Where in the work place could the

place could the children and

children and infants in your

infants in your care receive an

care receive an electric shock?

electric shock?

P31

Dom

estic

Vol

tage

Dom

estic

Vol

tage

S

hock

sS

hock

s

Isolate the appliance

Isolate the applianceOnce safe D.R.A.B.

Once safe D.R.A.B. If not breathing start

If not breathing start CPRCPRTreat any burns

Treat any burns Monitor and record

Monitor and record conditionconditionRecovery position if

Recovery position if unconsciousunconscious

P31

Hig

h V

olta

ge

Hig

h V

olta

ge

Inju

ries

Inju

ries

P31

FracturesFractures

P32

Aim

s an

d A

ims

and

Obj

ectiv

esO

bjec

tives Recognise fractures

Recognise fracturesManage the treatment of

Manage the treatment of

fracturesfracturesRecognise and treat

Recognise and treat injuries to muscles and

injuries to muscles and

jointsjoints

P32

Cau

ses

of F

ract

ures

Cau

ses

of F

ract

ures

Direct forceDirect force Indirect force

Indirect force

Can you think of some

Can you think of some examples of incidents

examples of incidents

or accidents that may

or accidents that may cause a fracture to a

cause a fracture to a bone?bone?

P32

Open FractureOpen Fracture

P32

Fractured ends of the bone Fractured ends of the bone protrude through the skinprotrude through the skin

Closed FractureClosed Fracture

P32

When the skin is not broken

Complicated FractureComplicated Fracture

Leads to further damage and injury Leads to further damage and injury to major organs or blood vessels.to major organs or blood vessels.

P32

Gre

en S

tick

Gre

en S

tick

Fra

ctur

eF

ract

ure

A partial fracture or

A partial fracture or hairline fracture

hairline fracture where the bone does not

where the bone does not

break in twobreak in two

are quite common in

are quite common in children and infants

children and infants where bones are still

where bones are still

quite flexiblequite flexible

P32

FracturesFractures

Recognition featuresRecognition features

Casualty may hear the bone snapCasualty may hear the bone snap

PainPain

TendernessTenderness

Swelling, bruisingSwelling, bruising

Loss of powerLoss of power

Grating sound on movementGrating sound on movement

Deformity Deformity P32

Pra

ctic

al T

reat

men

t

Pra

ctic

al T

reat

men

t of

Fra

ctur

esof

Fra

ctur

es

A practical session

A practical session Collarbone

Collarbone Upper armUpper arm Lower arm / wrist

Lower arm / wrist Hand / fingers

Hand / fingers ThighThigh Lower leg / ankle

Lower leg / ankle

P32

Bones, Muscles and JointsBones, Muscles and Joints

Provides support, protects vital Provides support, protects vital organs and allows movementorgans and allows movement

Sprains, Strains & DislocationsSprains, Strains & Dislocations

SprainSprain is an injury to a ligament at a joint is an injury to a ligament at a joint

StrainStrain is an injury to a muscle or tendon is an injury to a muscle or tendon

DislocationDislocation is the dislodging of a bone head is the dislodging of a bone head at a ball and socket jointat a ball and socket joint

P33

TreatmentTreatment

RRestest

IIcece

CComfortable Positionomfortable Position

EElevationlevationP33

Disorders of the BrainDisorders of the Brain

P34

Aim

s an

d O

bjec

tives

Aim

s an

d O

bjec

tives

Identify the various

Identify the various levels of levels of consciousness

consciousnessRecognise a range of

Recognise a range of head injuries and

head injuries and describe the treatment

describe the treatment for themfor themRecognise and

Recognise and manage epilepsy

manage epilepsy

P34

The AVPU CodeThe AVPU CodeTo check response:To check response:

AA AlertAlert

VV Responds to Responds to VVoiceoice

PP Responds to Responds to PPainain

UU UnresponsiveUnresponsive

ConcussionConcussion

• History of blow to the head• Brief or partial loss of

consciousness• Dizziness or nausea• Loss of memory• Mild headache• Monitor and sent to hospital

P34

CompressionCompression

P34

May be disorientated, confused, unconscious or weeping

Progressive loss of consciousness

Strong pulse

Weakness or paralysis of mouth, face and one side of the body

Flushed face with hot, dry skin

Pupils unevenly dilated

TreatmentTreatment

Monitor and record levels of responseMonitor and record levels of response

Calm and reassureCalm and reassure

Ensure privacyEnsure privacy

Carry out the general management Carry out the general management and treatment for unconsciousnessand treatment for unconsciousness

Arrange for urgent transfer to hospitalArrange for urgent transfer to hospital

P34

Skull fractureSkull fracture

P34

Skull fractureSkull fracture

Could lead to compressionCould lead to compression

A wound or bruise to the headA wound or bruise to the head

A soft area or depression of the scalpA soft area or depression of the scalp

Deterioration in level of responseDeterioration in level of response

Clear fluid or watery blood coming form the Clear fluid or watery blood coming form the nose or earsnose or ears

Blood in white of the eyeBlood in white of the eye

Distortion of the face or headDistortion of the face or head

Monitor & seek medical attentionMonitor & seek medical attentionP34

TreatmentTreatment

Monitor and record levels of responseMonitor and record levels of response

Calm and reassureCalm and reassure

Ensure privacyEnsure privacy

Carry out the general management Carry out the general management and treatment for unconsciousnessand treatment for unconsciousness

Arrange for urgent transfer to hospitalArrange for urgent transfer to hospital

P34

Observation of head injuriesObservation of head injuries

EyesEyes

SkinSkin

BreathingBreathing

ConsciousnessConsciousness

PulsePulse

P35

The Spinal ColumnThe Spinal Column

Spinal injuries are rare in children and

infants but we should still have an awareness of the

recognition features

P36

Spinal InjuriesSpinal InjuriesRecognition featuresRecognition features

Damage to spinal bones:Damage to spinal bones: Pain at injury sitePain at injury site Step or twist in spineStep or twist in spine TendernessTenderness

Damage to the cord:Damage to the cord: Loss of control or one or more limbsLoss of control or one or more limbs Abnormal sensations, tinglingAbnormal sensations, tingling Disorientation or bewildermentDisorientation or bewilderment Difficulty in breathingDifficulty in breathing

P36

How should we manage a How should we manage a

suspected spinal injury?suspected spinal injury?

P36

Spine Cord Injury Spine Cord Injury Management skillsManagement skills

Management using two peopleManagement using two people

Head tilt and chin liftHead tilt and chin lift

P36

DiabetesDiabetes Affects of heat and coldAffects of heat and cold PoisoningPoisoning Foreign bodiesForeign bodies Electrical injuriesElectrical injuries Bites and stingsBites and stings Febrile convulsionsFebrile convulsions Sickle cellSickle cell MeningitisMeningitis

P37

Oth

er M

edic

al

Oth

er M

edic

al

Con

ditio

nsC

ondi

tions

Aim

s an

d A

ims

and

Obj

ectiv

esO

bjec

tives Recognise a range

Recognise a range of injuriesof injuriesManage a range of

Manage a range of illnesses illnesses Treat a range of

Treat a range of injuriesinjuries

P37

Sic

kle

Cel

l Ana

emia

Sic

kle

Cel

l Ana

emia

A serious condition where

A serious condition where

the red blood cells become

the red blood cells become

sickle shaped instead of the

sickle shaped instead of the

normal doughnut shape.

normal doughnut shape.

This prevents oxygen

This prevents oxygen moving around the body

moving around the body

causes severe pain and

causes severe pain and

organ damage.

organ damage. Is common in families from

Is common in families from

Africa, Caribbean, eastern

Africa, Caribbean, eastern

Mediterranean, the Middle

Mediterranean, the Middle

East and Asia.

East and Asia.

P37

Sic

kle

Cel

l Ana

emia

Sic

kle

Cel

l Ana

emia

Recognition features:

Recognition features:Severe abdominal

Severe abdominal painpain

Treatment:Treatment:Keep the child

Keep the child comfortable and

comfortable and transport to hospital

transport to hospitalP37

Men

ingi

tisM

enin

gitis

Viral and aseptic

Viral and aseptic meningitis are both

meningitis are both relatively mild.

relatively mild. Bacterial meningitis is

Bacterial meningitis is far more serious.

far more serious. Infection attacks the

Infection attacks the fluid that surrounds the

fluid that surrounds the

brain and spinal cord.

brain and spinal cord.P38

Men

ingi

tisM

enin

gitis Caused by a viral or

Caused by a viral or bacterial infection,

bacterial infection, this can be spread

this can be spread by discharge from

by discharge from the nose and throat

the nose and throat of the infected

of the infected personperson

P38

Rec

ogni

tion

Rec

ogni

tion

Fea

ture

sF

eatu

res

Newborns and infants

Newborns and infants Inactivity

Inactivity IrritabilityIrritability Vomiting

Vomiting Poor feeding and high

Poor feeding and high pitched crypitched cry Fever, headache and

Fever, headache and neck stiffness

neck stiffness

P38

Rec

ogni

tion

Rec

ogni

tion

Fea

ture

sF

eatu

res

Over two years old

Over two years old High fever (101 – 106f or

High fever (101 – 106f or

38.3 – 41.1c)

38.3 – 41.1c) Headache, stiff neck

Headache, stiff neck developing between 1 – 2

developing between 1 – 2

daysdays Nausea, vomiting

Nausea, vomiting Back pain, fuzziness

Back pain, fuzziness Red or purple skin rash

Red or purple skin rash Loss of appetite

Loss of appetite

P38

Trea

tmen

tTr

eatm

ent Seek urgent medical

Seek urgent medical assistanceassistance

Be aware not all

Be aware not all sufferers develop all

sufferers develop all the recognition

the recognition featuresfeatures

P38

Dia

bete

sD

iabe

tes

This condition is caused when

This condition is caused when

the body can no longer

the body can no longer

regulate the levels of sugar in

regulate the levels of sugar in the bloodthe blood

The pancreas fails to produce

The pancreas fails to produce

the hormone insulin

the hormone insulin Hypoglycaemia

HypoglycaemiaHyperglycaemia

Hyperglycaemia P39

DiabetesDiabetes

Recognition of HypoglycemiaRecognition of Hypoglycemia Pallor of skinPallor of skin

Profuse sweatingProfuse sweating

Casualties pulse is rapidCasualties pulse is rapid

Breathing is shallowBreathing is shallow

Limbs may trembleLimbs may tremble

Confused or abnormally aggressive, can be Confused or abnormally aggressive, can be mistaken for someone who is drunkmistaken for someone who is drunk

Faintness or unconsciousnessFaintness or unconsciousnessP39

Treatment of HypoglycemiaTreatment of Hypoglycemia

Conscious casualty:Conscious casualty: Give a sweetened drink with 2 or tablespoons Give a sweetened drink with 2 or tablespoons of sugar, or other sweet substanceof sugar, or other sweet substance If the casualty improves dramatically ensure If the casualty improves dramatically ensure he gets more sugar, as the problem was an he gets more sugar, as the problem was an excess of insulin excess of insulin

Unconscious casualty:Unconscious casualty: Place into recovery positionPlace into recovery position Ensure open airwayEnsure open airway Sent to hospitalSent to hospital

P39

DiabetesDiabetes

Recognition of HyperglycemiaRecognition of Hyperglycemia Hot red faceHot red face

Dry skinDry skin

Acetone smell on the breathAcetone smell on the breath

May be wearing a medic alert braceletMay be wearing a medic alert bracelet

May be carrying a testing kit May be carrying a testing kit

Confused or abnormally aggressive, can be Confused or abnormally aggressive, can be mistaken for someone who is drunkmistaken for someone who is drunk

Faintness or unconsciousnessFaintness or unconsciousnessP39

DiabetesDiabetes

Treatment of HyperglycemiaTreatment of Hyperglycemia

Calm and reassureCalm and reassure

Loosen tight clothingLoosen tight clothing

Advise to seek medical assistanceAdvise to seek medical assistance

Place into recovery position if unconsciousPlace into recovery position if unconscious

P39

Major epilepsyMajor epilepsyDisturbance in the normal electrical activity Disturbance in the normal electrical activity

of the brainof the brain May have an “Aura” or warning periodMay have an “Aura” or warning period

Sudden loss of consciousness, falls to the floor Sudden loss of consciousness, falls to the floor and becomes rigidand becomes rigid

Flushed or livid face and neckFlushed or livid face and neck

Commences convulsions, may lose control of Commences convulsions, may lose control of bladder or bowelbladder or bowel

Relaxes and becomes unconsciousRelaxes and becomes unconscious

Recovers after a few minutesRecovers after a few minutesP40

TreatmentTreatment

Try to support or ease the fall of the casualty, lay Try to support or ease the fall of the casualty, lay him downhim down

Clear the space around the casualtyClear the space around the casualty

Loosen tight clothing, put something soft under Loosen tight clothing, put something soft under the headthe head

DO NOT move, restrain, try to wake or put DO NOT move, restrain, try to wake or put anything in the casualties mouthanything in the casualties mouth

When convulsion has finished place into the When convulsion has finished place into the recovery position, check for other injuriesrecovery position, check for other injuries

Advise casualty to see a doctorAdvise casualty to see a doctorP40

Effects of heat and coldEffects of heat and coldHeat exhaustionHeat exhaustion

Caused by a loss of salt and water from Caused by a loss of salt and water from excessive sweatingexcessive sweating

HypothermiaHypothermia

Body temperature falls below 35CBody temperature falls below 35C

Heat strokeHeat stroke

A failure of the “thermostat” in the brain causes A failure of the “thermostat” in the brain causes this conditionthis condition

P41

Feb

rile

Feb

rile

Con

vuls

ions

Con

vuls

ions

Associated with

Associated with high temperature

high temperature caused by ear,

caused by ear, nose and throat

nose and throat infections. infections. Occasionally

Occasionally seen after MMR

seen after MMR vaccinationvaccination

P42

Feb

rile

Feb

rile

Con

vuls

ions

Con

vuls

ions

Unconsciousness

Unconsciousness Violent muscle spasms

Violent muscle spasms Fever, hot flushed skin

Fever, hot flushed skin Breath holding, red

Breath holding, red “puffy” face and neck

“puffy” face and neck Convulsions lasting no

Convulsions lasting no more than four minutes

more than four minutes

P42

Feb

rile

Feb

rile

Con

vuls

ions

Con

vuls

ions

Prevent injury by padding

Prevent injury by padding

around the body during

around the body during

seizureseizure Supply cool fresh air

Supply cool fresh air Sponge the skin with

Sponge the skin with tepid water to assist

tepid water to assist coolingcooling Maintain airway, place

Maintain airway, place into the recovery position

into the recovery position

P42

How to recognise Heat How to recognise Heat ExhaustionExhaustion May have a head ache

May have a head ache Be profusely sweating or

Be profusely sweating or

has stopped sweating

has stopped sweating Be hot to the touch

Be hot to the touch Become pale with cold

Become pale with cold clammy skinclammy skin Suffer from cramp

Suffer from cramp Become confused

Become confused P43

Trea

tmen

t for

Hea

t

Trea

tmen

t for

Hea

t E

xhau

stio

nE

xhau

stio

n Move the casualty to

Move the casualty to a cool placea cool placeAllow to sip cool

Allow to sip cool waterwaterArrange for medical

Arrange for medical assistance if they

assistance if they don’t recover quickly

don’t recover quickly P43

Hea

t str

oke

Hea

t str

oke

Keep the casualty

Keep the casualty comfortable and

comfortable and send to hospital

send to hospital urgentlyurgently

P43

HypothermiaHypothermia

Hypothermia is

Hypothermia is where the body's

where the body's core temperature

core temperature drops below 35c

drops below 35cP44

How to recognise How to recognise HypothermiaHypothermia

May have very cold skin

May have very cold skin

which feels like marble

which feels like marble Have white skin and blue

Have white skin and blue

extremitiesextremities Be shivering uncontrollably

Be shivering uncontrollably

Have slow breathing

Have slow breathing Have a slow pulse

Have a slow pulse Become confused and very

Become confused and very

slow to react

slow to react P44

Infa

nts

with

In

fant

s w

ith

Hyp

othe

rmia

Hyp

othe

rmia Infants may not

Infants may not shiver and as

shiver and as such cannot

such cannot warm themselves

warm themselves in this wayin this way

P44

The AftermathThe Aftermath

ReportReport to the HSE to the HSE

RecordRecord in the accident in the accident bookbook

ReplenishReplenish first aid first aid suppliessupplies

P47

Accident detailsAccident details

Name of casualtyName of casualty Home addressHome address Name of person writing the reportName of person writing the report When the accident happenedWhen the accident happened Where the accident happenedWhere the accident happened What happenedWhat happened Treatment givenTreatment given Method of disposalMethod of disposal

P47

First Aid containersFirst Aid containers

WorkshopWorkshop

P48

Firs

t Aid

F

irst A

id

Con

tain

ers

Con

tain

ers Think about the type

Think about the type of injuries and

of injuries and illnesses you see in

illnesses you see in your workplace.

your workplace. What do you need in

What do you need in your first aid kit?

your first aid kit?

P48

First Aid ContainersFirst Aid ContainersContentsContents

Disposable glovesDisposable gloves

Guidance cardGuidance card

20 individually wrapped sterile dressings20 individually wrapped sterile dressings

2 sterile eye pads2 sterile eye pads

4 individually wrapped triangular bandages4 individually wrapped triangular bandages

6 safety pins6 safety pins

6 medium sized individually wrapped sterile dressings6 medium sized individually wrapped sterile dressings

2 large sized individually wrapped sterile dressings2 large sized individually wrapped sterile dressingsP48

Question and Answer Question and Answer SessionSession