General Biology – BiochemistryGeneral Biology – Biochemistry

Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds

Section 2.3Section 2.3

A Little Review…A Little Review…

MAKE

UP

atoms MAKE

UP

Elements,Molecules

& Compounds

ProtonsNuetronselectrons

Organic compounds

MAKE

Up

cellsThe Basic Unit of Life

•Produced by living things•All contain carbon•Important organic compounds

–Carbohydrates–Lipids–Proteins–Nucleic acids

•Non-living•Do not contain carbon (exceptions)•Needed for life•Plants organize inorganic compounds into organic•H2O, O2, CO2

•Minerals, nitrates

Inorganic vs Organic

What is the big deal about carbon??

Carbon is very versatileIt can form 4 covalent

bonds

Where does all of the carbon for Where does all of the carbon for living things come from?living things come from?

Organic Molecule

CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Needed for short term energy storage Needed for short term energy storage

(cell fuel) and structural support(cell fuel) and structural support Made of C, H, O (1:2:1)Made of C, H, O (1:2:1) Building blocks (monomers) are simple Building blocks (monomers) are simple

sugars Csugars C66HH1212OO66

Big– Carbos – made by dehydration Big– Carbos – made by dehydration synthesis of two simple sugars synthesis of two simple sugars

Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis In order for In order for

monomers to monomers to bond, abond, a water water is is released in the released in the bondingbonding process process

In the In the bondingbonding of of monomers – water monomers – water is added and it is is added and it is called called hydrolysishydrolysis

3 Types of Carbohydrates3 Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides – simple sugarsMonosaccharides – simple sugars Disaccharides – double sugarsDisaccharides – double sugars Polysaccharides – many sugarsPolysaccharides – many sugars

Monosaccharides – simple Monosaccharides – simple sugarssugars

CC66HH1212OO66

Manufactured by green plants

Burned in Cellular Respiration

3 examples

glucose

fructose galactose

Glucose, Fructose, and Glucose, Fructose, and GalatoseGalatose

Are ISOMERS - same formula Are ISOMERS - same formula CC66HH1212OO66

Different Molecular arrangment.Different Molecular arrangment.

DisaccharidesDisaccharides Two simple sugars together. Two simple sugars together. CC66HH1212OO6 6 + CC66HH1212OO66 = ? CC1212HH2222OO1111

Dehydration synthesis

Double Sugars - disaccharides: 2 Double Sugars - disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides joinedmonosaccharides joined

SucroseSucrose = fructose + glucose (table sugar) = fructose + glucose (table sugar) MaltoseMaltose = glucose + glucose (malt sugar) = glucose + glucose (malt sugar) LactoseLactose = glucose + galactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose (milk sugar)

POLYSACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES ((CC66HH1010OO55)nn Macromolecules - many simple sugars joinedMacromolecules - many simple sugars joined

POLYSACCHARIDESPOLYSACCHARIDES

Macromolecules - many simple sugars joinedMacromolecules - many simple sugars joined

CelluloseCellulose - cell walls in plants (fiber, wood - cell walls in plants (fiber, wood paper, fruits, vegetables)paper, fruits, vegetables)*Most abundant organic compound on earth*Most abundant organic compound on earth

StarchStarch - stored energy in plants - stored energy in plants (potatoes, grains, legumes, corn)(potatoes, grains, legumes, corn)

GlycogenGlycogen - animal starch (liver & muscle tissue) - animal starch (liver & muscle tissue)

CHITINCHITINA polymer of A polymer of glucoseglucoseFound in Found in exoskeletonsexoskeletons of arthropods of arthropods (ex. Crabs, (ex. Crabs, shrimpshrimp, lobsters), lobsters)

Starch Grain in Storage Cells