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for sediment and aquatic organisms have beenliJn­ited in several ways. First. initial analyses "werebased on pooled data (Newcombe 1986; NIi';cocn­be and MacDonald. 1991), Second.. the ~ab8S'eavailable for those analyses embraced a widcWt-

anomie range from phytoplankton to fish..'Il1i1'i0

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·Nove'mber 1

, . z = a + b(1og,..r) + c(log.,y):·

Volume 16

uonlr kMrir:01I Jo~nuJ1 of Fuhln.e; M01IIJr'~mC1l; i6:~3-m~ 19~ .':: I B R"" -A' -'R': . ....y~. :'~ Copync

lltby the Amerian ~sbcrics Society 19.%:. .~:~RCA!:.t..~ ":9 __.:~ ..~ ...

';'....: 5521 .J "

Channel Suspended Sediment and 15 '

A Synthesis for Quantitative Assessment of Risk and Impact .. ", .-

.-' -- ---- --- .. .CHARLES P. NEWCOMBE;", ~:~?~XHabilaz Protection Branc~ Ministry of Environmem. l.And.S and Paries. . ~: ..1,-. .:.

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Scieru:e Brandl. Pacific Biological Station. Department of Fisheries and OC~O/LS '~::,J.i~j-:;~,NOnaimo. British Columbia V9R ~K6~_C~ ..-:' ..~.:. ~~';~:'

\ .... '~.'~.-.:"~~_.. '-'" . <., ~~:'~'" >"_~~"J •• ;:~ .'- .~:~: ~•.1~ ....~ :.. ¥..J~~'~~~Absrracr.--Our meta·analysis of 80 published and adequately documented reports on fish re~-~;': ;,;.

sponses to suspended sediment in streams and estuaries has yielded six. empirical equations that,};".".·relate biological response to duration of exposure and su.spended sediment concentration. Th~)"j:Fequations answer an imporwit' need in fisheries management: quantifying the response of fi~ ,. . .to suspended sediment pollution of streams and estuaries has been difficult I1istorically,. and the ".' ..lack of a reliable metric has hindered assessment for risk and impact for fisheS subjected to excess '\. '.'sedimentation. The six equations address various taXono.mic groups of lotie:. Icntic:·a.ad estuarine ~:fishes. life stages of species within those groups, and particle sizes of su.spended sediments. The _=, _ .'equations all have the fonn .. ' ...• . '. ·•..····,.s<::-'..

. . .~. ":' ..:~..c'!.'

\.... :.l:~;·:~{:~:~t;~~~-;;:-1-''t:':'-.. ........ :

z is severiry of ill effect., J: is duration of exposure (h). y is concentration of suspended sediment. . ~i(mg SSIL). a is the intercept., and b and c are slope coefficients. The severiry of ill effect (:) is . ~.:-,.

delineated semiquantitatively along a is-point scale on which is superimposed four "decision" ':0:;

categories ranging from no effCl:t through behavioral and sublethal effects to lethal consequences. ".(a c:ztegory that also includes a range of paralethal effccu such as reduced growth rare. reducedfish densiry. reduced 'fish population size. and habitat damage), The smdy also provided best, _'. ;:;::available estimates of the onset of sublethal and lethal effe:cts. and it supported the bypothesis ';'.*...that susceptible individuals are affected by sediment doses (concentration X exposure duration) ::'.:-~:

lower than those at which population responses can be dcteCted. Some species and life stages.;. c'

sbow "u1trasensitiviry" to suspended sediment.. When tested against data not included in the ,,,,.analysis. the equations were robust.. They demonstr:uc that meta-analysis can be an important toolin habitat impact assessment.. ··;':i.-:::·

A- f P e-~ [) l )( L\NOR T HAM' E RIC A N

JOURNALOFF SHERIESMANAGE ..

While it is now gencral..1y accepted that the se:­verity of effect of suspended sediment pollutionon fish incre:lSes as a function of sediment con­centration and duration o.f exposure. or dose (theproduct of concentration and exposure time). at-

tempts to document the dose-response relationship

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I individuals to IIIlIke. withontg; and to u.se shan quotations.i appropriately. PhOlDCopyingis permitted by AFS provided2 Rosewood Drive, Danvers.plephotocopiC3 for classroomterm storage of articlcs or toIlective works, For such uses.

,.

e FISheries Service~. of NaruraJ Resourcesrative ~i.sh and W/LiJjfeI

al Re.solUT:es DilIiJiDIIUniveniry .

ac. of FISh and W"UtJ1ife.Univeniry .e FISheries Service'niveniryY of NaruraJ Resoun:es

d quanerly by the AmericanLIlli. and at additioaa! mailing!ries MQll/JgetrlDll, AmericanUSA. Price pcrcopy (includcs:ribers for undeiiver= copiC3:tibers), . ."

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'i.shery MQlUJge1MlIJ Council:ve Fisheries and W"J1dlife'rIaJuJpc. of Fish and W"l1J1ifeDepc. of Narural Ruorm:es

V"r1d1.ife Service,~s and OceaN·c. of Natural Resoun:esalive FISh and 'WUdlife't . .'

if W'J1dlife'niveniry'iscoflSin'issourilIeger .:,erative FISh aNi WiIdlife

aging Edilor

,. development..ADd wise.;ience and pt"Ctice; and

cu. Persons inlere:ltcd in the\egular Member S71-S0 in the50; S41-S0): Sociery membersUSA (S40 elsewhere). LibraryFisheries MQll/Jgcmnu. TrQlU.f Aquatic Animal Health-andhe American rubcriC3 Society.0 .Grosvenor Lane, 5uile 110

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MANAGEMENT. BOARD

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also dJ:gradcd habitat aDd redao:d populuion si;wlUcb is why these seemingly disparate ill eff~are grouped together in !he hierarchy. For cvC'rbetwectl the extremes of nil effect and loo'it> meWity, we asSumed fo~ IIIOdcling purposes tbat t

severity-of-i1I effects (SIN for _"scveriry") sc:rcpn::scnu proportiooal diffemlces in ll'Ue dfec

We oow iocorporau: all feeding redw:tioDSthe: class of sublethal effects. and we Set !he bom:art between sbort-lcml and loog-Ierm iediu:ticLa feeding success at 2 b. In pr2A:tiee. n=portS

long-term disruption of feeding r:ues =lDP'800 b and more. We coosidc:r all feeding n::dw:ticto be sublethal effects (lIDleSs feeding re4"~ccan be liakcd 10 slow IfOwth wben we t .,. "'~

as paraletbal effects) because mey' rclIe.;..._~cbaIIge in fisb behavior liwI reduced availabiiof food lIDd reduced visual buntiag nmge.

Along !he SEV sale, habial damage rm;from moderiue 10 severe. Habicu damage canc:haractcrizcd io biolQcical or pbysical lenDS

both of these io coojllllCtiOD. BiologicalllWlifwiol1S of habitat damqe iocludJ: UDcI.crul:illi:a1of Strelllll habitat (Binwell et aL 1984). ahaJ1dment of tr2ditiow S'pIWlILag habicu (HmW

1961), displacement of !ish from their bAb(McWY et aI. 1987), aDd avoidance of IW:(5 wensoa 1978). PhysicaJ.·manifeswiollS iaeldegradatioo of. spaWlliog habitat (Slaney et

1977b; CcderIi~lm et aL 1981), damage 10 Wsuuc:mre (Newcomb'lIId Flagg 1983; MenzeaL 1984), and loss of babiw (MelW:l et aI. 1~

Coau et al. 19~). Biopbysical maoifcswiooexcess SS =~ (io ooe rypical examplebabicu degndation that reduces the relative:.ccss of one or more lIslt species !hat depeaclow siltation r:ues ano sill-free (<3% silt) ri(Berlanano and Rabeoi (987).

Habitat degradatioo ClD be iofem:d by (j)dence of inereued mormlley at any stage io a tlife cycle (eU-Ia-fry survival may d=result of inereued sedimcnauion: J. lAPcrrUniversiry of Alaska. penooal communicu(ij) avoidance behavior by fisbes (Suclwlek I

1984&, 1984b). (iii) raluced abundanc:: of ia:and 'reduced qualiry 0( reariog habitat (Sian.aJ. 1977bl. (iv) dccrcsscd size of laobenthicu1&aoaa (Gammon 1970; Rosenberi aDd ~

.' 1977). (v)' reduced wiey of spawn; :'. ;- <Hamiltoo 1961). (vi) dellyed lultchio........ ...t.~': aIicl WUIl:1973l. U1d(viil disnJption of bo'::';:'bab&~or aDd home _im=femlce (BraDJI....+.~ 1911: WbltIIWI et aJ. 1982). ;

~~;..~Ya sCvcrity of babiw damage is a ,cc

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i~J.:••rEI:- .~>C4-.

I"I

pOSUTe dur:ltioa (1-35.000 h). Except whea it n:­fers specifically [0 duratioo, we use "exposure"broadly 10 include dose. panicle size:.. and otherpotential contributors to st:n:ss on fishes. In mostcases, data on particle shape and roughness ..ndon water temper:lture were lacxing.

NU dI'..

o No bo;bOYKnl effa:D__ elf....

.. I AIorm.-Doa.: At!.. lofCD\"Cl"3 A_n:spaaoo'

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MiDcr~_

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-~-ModeBIa -.. d"Iradaliaa:~bamiq

1DdlcaziaIia at major~ .......IaD,.eam J'OdDl:Daa in fcaliA( rm::

Iaut-- n:dDcIiaa in fcodiq """"'"pear cuaeIiIiaIl

LctbaI .... .....-.. dI'_

9 Il<ducecI powUl r-:delal"'d .-me:rsIuced tIJII deaaity

10 G-2D' a>anaIirr.""'""'-I pnldaIion:rooderat 10 _ ballitJ! dcplIrioa

II >~ manaIity12 >oIO-6Il'Io -ur,.13 >60-&0'10 _..,.

14 >~I 00-. manaIirf

SIN l:lexril'Oaa of _

TABU! \.-5cale of t!Ie severiry (SEV) of iU effectsusoc:iated with e.xccss suspmded sedimelI1.

Sew:riry-oJ:/lI·E:ffeet Sc~le

As before (MacDonald and Newcombe 1993:Newcombe 1994) and in a ncatly identical wmy.we scored qualitative response dala along a semi­quantitative r.mJcing scale (Table I). Superimposedon a 15-poiot scale (0-14) were four major classesof effect: (i) nil effect.. (ii) behavioral effects. (iiilsublethal effecu (a c:::uegory that also includes cf­fern such as short-term reduction in feeding suc­cessIo and (iv) lethal effectS (direct mortality. oriu paraJeth.aJ surrogates-reduced growth, re­duced fish densiey, babitat clMnage such u reducedportUity.oUpawaiJ1&,Filiadcll)'Cd h.!cbia" lIlldreduction in population size). WhCII thaa variousetfcca could be'Cclmpu= din:c:tly, pollutioa C1"

. isodcs &ssoeuted "";tb sublctbal or 1etba! effCCU..... ,. ..

the duabase contained lime iofomuuioo about p'D'­ticular species and life stages. The resultiag dose­.n:spoasc model for aquatic ecosystems (Newcom­.be 1986; Newcombe and MacDooald 1991) esu.h­lisht:d a general priociple:.. but this modJ:l was bdd'to be too imprecise to help fishery lIDd habiwmaoagcrs adc1re3s loc:a.l· sedimeot prob1e~ (Greg-ory et aI. 1993).· ' ,

In an effon to relioe the geiu:ral dose-rcspejosetDOdd, MacDooald and Newcombe (1993) eXtral:t­

.c: cd and aoalyicd data for juvenile salmoo from ther reectIl literature. Tb=e data yieldJ:d. an equatioo

similar to !he' ooe for pOOled daIa. but the IWOcunc:s differed io impon:ult ways. .This findingc:szablisbcd a need to revisit the dose-resp<lo.se da­iabaso so that models could be tailored to partic.·w zroup5 of fistU:s as functions. of taxooomicJI'tIlIIl, JWUnllUstory. life history pbase. and pn:­dotttiuot sizes of the sediment paniclc:ll respoo­sible (or ill effectS (Newcombe 1994). We haveClldelvored to meet this need and p=t a melli­

analytic synthesis of dose-re:sponse data in thispap:. losofar as this research provides new uo­dcntmdiog of channel sediment impacts. it leadsiii discussioo of potential changes in the methods

aDd &Ws of quantitative impact assessment. S~e·c:ifjally, the results en sugl:est the need 10 cbange

. the lDClIlods of dau colleaioa for eaviroamenmllaw enfon::meot, (iil cU:tDOl1Str.ltC the value oftIIClHJWysis .U a =11 mcthod in t1sbcri=habitat impact assessment, and (iii) prompt an ex­pressioa of concern about land use pnctices andpruta:tion of instream. ripariao. and upland zones.

Methods

This srudy is based on 264 data triplets can·sistial of (i) suspende11 sediment concentnUon.(iil cilr.ltion of exposure, and (iii) severity at: illeffca for fisbes. These dau. were talteo from aC:OlDJll"hensive liter:uure ",view (Newcombe1994; Newcombe et al. 1995). Supportiog data ex·!nCUd from the review included tuonomic group,species of fish. natural history. life history phase.'aocI =limcot particle size "lOge.

We deane dose as co=tr.Uion of suspeodl:dsediment (5S) times dumon of exposure: dose buthe lIIIits mg SS·h,L-I. The natur.ll logarithtn ofdo... is termed the ~trcss index (Newcombe 1986.1994: Newcombe and MacDonald 199\; Mac:.Oon­aid aad Newcombe 1993), Response is the severiryof ill effect, dcsaibed belo.... The d~DICIlWIiz, which. is tho buiJ of d.ua pn:senwion in'this rqIOrt, cocompusa all conibitWioDS of sed·

.'. imal conc:cotration (1-500,000 ml SSIL) aDd ex-

FISH Il£SPONSES TO SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

, ill dl'ccu

en it re­posW'e"Id OUlerIn mas!ess JJld

: 1993:31 way,a semi­:nposedcJ:uses:u. (iii)Ides e(·

Bg sue·!icy, orm. ..".

Jg','&nOu.s

on ep­effCJ:u

,'also degraded habitat and reduced population siZe.which is wby these seemingly disparate ill effeCtSan: grouped logeUler in the hierarchy, For eventsbetween the extremes of nil effect and 100% mor­taliry, we assumed for modeling purposes that theSlOventy-of·j1J eff= (SEV for "severity") scalerepresents proportianal di fferenccs in trUe effeets.

We now incorporate all feeding reductions inthe cws of subleth.1J effects. and we set the bound­ary between shon-teno and long-term reductionsin feeding success at 2 h. In practice, repans oflong-u:rm distnption of feeding rates encompass800 h and more. We consider all feeding reductionsto be snblcmaJ effects (unless feeding reductionscan be linked to slow growth wben we treat themas p2I'll1cth.1J eff=) because they redeet less aclwIge in fish behavior than reduced availabilityof food and reduced visual hunting l':1lIge.

Along the SEV scale. habitat damage l':1lIgesfrom moden1e to severe. Habitat damage can be/:haracu::riz.e in biological or physical tenns orboth of these in conjunction. Biological manifes­wions of habitat damage inc:lude underutilizationof stream l1abitat (Birtwell et aI. 19&4), abandon­ment of traditional spawning habitat (Hamilton(961), displacement of fish from their habitat(Mcl...eay et aI. 1987), and avoidance of babitat(Swensoo 1918). Physical manifestations includedegradation of spawning habitat (Slaney et aI.1977b; C:derlIolm et aI. 199 I). damage 10 habitatStnlcnm: (Newcomh and Flagg 1983;' Menzel etaL 19&4). and loss of habitat (Menzel et aI. 19&4;Coats et aI. 1985). Biophysical manifestations ofexcess S5 an: reponed (in one rypic:ll example) ashabitat degradation that reduces the relative suc­,cess of one or more fish species that depend 'onlow siltation rates and silt-free «3% silll riffles(Bc:rbnann and Rabeni 198;1,

Habitat degradation c;lII be inferred by (j) evi·dence of in=ed mon.a.lity at any stage in a I1sh'slife cycle (egg-la-fry survival may decrease as aresult of increased sedimentation: 1. l..:IPeniere.University of AlasU" personal communic:uion l.(ii) avoidance behavior by Iisbes (Suchanek et aI.1984a., 19&4b), (iii) reduced abundance of insects

and reduced quality of !Wing habil:1l (Slaney ell1. 1977b), (iv) decn:a.scd size of zoobenlllic pop­uia.r:ions (Gammon 1970: Rosenberg and Snow1977), (v) reduced utility of spawning habitat(HamiltoQ 1961), (vi) delayed hAtching (Schubeland Willig 1973). and (vii) disruption of homingbehavior aDd home wau:r p",f~nce (Brannon etaI. 1981; Whian&n et aJ. 1982).

Relative seventy of habiw damage is a cantin-

uurn on a twa-:dimensional plane (SS concentratiouX duration of S5 exposure) in which an evCQt maybe minor (ephemeral or low SS concentratioll orboth), or major (1oog term or high SS concentra­

. non or both), or anywhere between these extremeS.Severe habitat damage has been described by var·ious authors, some of whom~ aquatic inver·tebrates as indi=rs (Herbert and Richards 1963;Vaughan 1919; Vaughan et aI. 1982; Menzel et aL '1984; Wagener and LaPerriere 1985). Severity ofhabitat damage caused by excess SS sometimeshas heen reponed in terms of the lengtb of timerequired for the stream to recum to, its~state-sometimes as long as 15-20 years (esti­mated) after extensive coal mining (Vaughan et aL1982). -, The distinction between moderate and severehahitat damage is a matter of degree that srill basnot been delineaLcd exact!y. Severe habitat damagecan be-characterized in its extreme by the absenceof fish where fish normally arc found or by sub­Stantial reduction in fish popultion si%c.. as wudocumented for brown trout by Hcrbc:n et aL(1961). (Scientific names of fish species an: givetlin Table 2.) A pollution event that results in thedeposition of suspended sediment in or on spawn­ing habitat during egg incubation might be con­sidered "moderately severe" if the area affected""ere a small portion of the total available. On theother hand. chronic or acute 5S pollution that c:aus­es substantial reduction in the size of riverine fishpopulations (Herbert et aL 196 l; Stober et aL1981) should be considered to represent "scvcn::~

habitat damage. Likewise. major 5S pollution d:latresults in extensive deposition. of sediment onspawning grounds should be characterized 7u Se­vere habitat damage because its effeets could re­duce the strength of an entire year-elass.

Habitat damage is a ,'alid description of thehann caused by SS pollution. but it is probably anabstraction insofar as ill effects operate on one ormore life stages of a fish's life cycle. Age-specificmorbidity and mortaliry roues arc fundamencal tothe norion of habitat damage. For example. habitatdamage may manifcst itself as foregone opportu­

nily for fish to use a portIon of a stream. Reduced

suitability of habitat could result in increasai age­.pecific morbidity and moruJilY rates, or both. de­pending on Ule focus and methods of a study. iUb­itat damage~ Ulerefore. should be seen u an IC­

cumulative meuure of numerous (potentially un­documen,cd) ill effects at various stages in a fish'slife cycle. II is • unique phenomenon in th&c ir CUI

only be studied in the field (in contrut to direct

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Group 2: adult salmollids; paniI:/e ri= 0.5-250sun--Groap 2 (N .. 63) is & subset of group l.

Group 3: juvmile salmonidl::ponide Jizes 0.5­

75 JUIl.-Group 3 (N .. lOS) is asubset of groupI. In a few cues. sediment sizes wen: as large asISO IUD-. ~~

Group 4: eggJ aNi /AnI" afll1bnollidJ ewf ""n- t:

J4lmoflid:s; panicle sius O.J-rs jUIL-Group ~ (N =.. 43) includes salmonids t!lIt'do not bury theireggs, Nonsa!monids comprise species wt spawn ein riven. lakes. 3Ild eStUari=. Sediment si1.cs ex- itceeded 75 ~ in a few studic:s.:·

Group 5: adult eJtlUlrinc 1lDIUD1mDIlid:s: porriclt a,sil:e:.f 0.5-75 ........-Group 5 (N· 2Sl includes ,sev- rreral species believed 10 be pIflicl1larIy sensitive f,

",....__ 10 the effcas o( suspended !lCdimenc: these arel~-:- footnoted in Table 2. Some _ sedimenu ex- b

:t."?' Cee;;:"d~;S6~ull ;e;~Walt~:r£AlmDnidJ: par-,~.-:O" ric/c siteJ 0.5-75 ........-Groull &(J{. 22) includes

'.-=-".1;:."-'.' both lentic :md lorie: spccies;:Pirtic:Je sue, ex· fl- 'cceded7S ;..m in some c~:''J . (:

; ......~. .. For each group. the severity of effect (SEV. II.

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T"'I>I leullhnwlT"'llIllUalTn>JIl ....-1T...... t_1

t··:;i7<~£~.~ ",."'~~:'"'' ,.JQ~0{" ~~~:?;':' NEWCOMlIE AND JENSEN

,,'j!,.~~c.:speeillc:morbidity and monality. for TABLE 2.-CommOllllld sciculifte ........ of ftsll species-.'"lr;~ can be'studied in rlIe laboralnry l!J; ISld olllcr tau mentioned in this paper aDd the scdimeDr;;~i:;~, ~ ill !be' flc1d);':Tbus the documented haml effecu moclcl($) to wbich tIley eOlllrilnllcd. Species,>;,~ by exai:U S~pccialJy wben ir is Dnt Vti!bout • modd Damber ""'"' l>OI oued ill any model.

:',;;;,'kDOWlI' by direet.obscrvation to have caused an e-a- .­::w i.ac:niae ill mOrbidity tit mortality r.ues---an rca- ":'AttQ-:-:-..-.--''::lboy-:'I-----:..:.;.:=:..::::::--....::=:..~~. scm..bi,~~ in man: genc:ral t= as au. I""-'D)~hiDtQi·dlDiagi:.'~;>' ' au. IGIIOIImauIIII~~(1Ii:'~~"j~~_. au. faripal)

:"";"MDtUl'F~~·:'l. BIaefill

~"~.;;~P;~~·%base (see App~ndixTa- =_1~~~~~). ~'IJ:OUPI~~ ?' fish data were Identified Dar=>pt~m.:~samp1e:~, ~ large enough to sup­..f;t~IDoddiDg;.:.I'be.m groupings arose from var- Fi&b

:,I:,.;'-;:iOiis.:i:aaliiswiciDi oUOur attribures: Wlonomic·-:Jo::,1.· .... ,., . '1'.. ' .,' ,.. •• _ •••1 • FUb lwvnrwarer)':~~up:.~~1¥c.~. and panicle size of;,r,~ IlISpeadaI scdimcDt.::: ,. ",

~~17~F:"~~ (family ,Sa!moni~)~~.wercjlliziapisbcdf'rou:l noasalmoDids. alrllougn

~~~~i#.p:~ n,o.t cxch13ively one or rlIei~"'~"·"'~,--':":;4i:.7~.' ' ..~:Lifi..aqe.~C'aages were allocated among~:f.tf~~ellt.··~ (rccClltly tlatehed fish..~.:.IDCIIIdiDI)'UIk- fry; that !wi nt)( passed through~~~JbIal';~); juwnilcs (fish. including~1tfry:~ smola; 1IW.h&d pa.ued through larva!,*m....mc.jtiDw but. Were sexually immature). andt~GdIdii(-e,:.-~'!r7'If~;"':~:Life JdIilIr:r;~ species were· eatego­:~rizcid ~y:from anadromous alld freshwlllCr.....,... .. ,

\it.~dlIDugh these two groupS were combined~':1 farGrIy JiIi stiies. ·:X;.,,· ./?;...;~~ iiU.~The pl"Cdominant sizes::~J;.Ot~ udimelI~'. panicles reported in rlIe:.,;. dasaIiase~ ':'DIed up to 250 lJ.IIl. We cnl­.~ .•~, laed.siza iIID two ear.eaaries separated al 7S fUI1.

>;f~ ~~ smaller than 7S lJ.IIl. small,~CII01I&b ro ..... thrtnIp, gill membnnes into in­

>•.~ spaa:s of Jill tissue. This category in­'!~.clades Clay. silt.. I!Id very line sand particles (Ag­;/'ricu1nu1: Caada 1974). CxJnc particles wC1'C 75­", ..;~~o IUiIc iA diam= luge enough to cause me­• ,..:.~c:aI abaIioa of pus.,Tbis size range includes;~;~,llnero:_ s&nd panicles.

~:'. Tbct six _ groups for which we developed': '::JDOdeIa follaw. Species in each ~oup arc lisled in, ,Table l:..~' j;',.t', .,i.'Grot.,' 1:~c ·GNi 'tuI.W1 saJmonid:s: parricleI".'·,Dza OJ-23J po.-Group I (1'1 ~ 171 srudies or Wbilrisll naul:,. 'r:rpcrimeztaIlllilS) includes Atlantic and Pacific 1-__·_1 ...;....;.:::.::::.: 0:-

:.' ..~aalmoll, trOtII,Atctic lJ'ayling. rnounwri whitefish. • A _ ..Iy -.ow __ ..- ia Illo cmpin<:al _, fot

.... 'i aDd ninbow _It (a nonsalmonid), Some srudies •=--cno::: i_ widl _ .... __ lIw~_, . deaJr. willi &. sedimeur 'as categorized above. ...." f\l..'-" aI. 19711~ 10 _ ilIII_'·:' l,~ ·';";lII·_ sedimCIIt. and some with bam. ,-- l'CIJIlMd IOU_

'~~~~4i~\~-,

PlSH IlESPONSES TO SUSPENDED SEDIMENT 697

T..au 3.-Aaribula. slopes aDd c:ocfflci...... and swisli.. of six models tha1 relate severity of ill .tree! em iishes(z. 15-poiDt sc:aJc) lD duntion of CXl"'""'" (.r. h) and =trmem of suspende<l sediment (y. mgIL) in the form: - a+ b(loL.tl + c(10 &.Y).

Mo<IoJ

Term

"'_121r...... S S S S+N1.if1l ....... j+ A A J E+L

U111llIIarT FW FW FW FW+E$Salam porucle oizo" FIDe FIDe .F F

SIopa _ caeIIIdmD

1-=l" (0) 1.0642 1.61'4 0.1262 3.7<166S..... of los.r lb) O.606ll 0.4769 0.7034 1.Q!146Slaf- of 10&... (e, 0.73&4 0.73~ 0.7144 Q.J1I7

5lalillic:l

CadIlcio:al 0{

-(,:1) 0.6009 0.6173 O..l9ll4 0..l316F.....uae 13O.2! S"J7 82.00 21.03~(", <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01~ t.iD(HI 171 63 108 43

'S-_IF i_'Y);N-_.... - -... J - jaoeaila: L - lorno:: E - ens­'FW-_md_ES -csmvmc.• F - _ (F-m-y <7, _l: e - ..,..... ns-~o ,,,,all•• Cam::saI for cIqI.- 0{ -....

N NA A-'ES FWF F

3.4969 4.08131.96<17 0.71260.2669 lI.1!29

0.6200 0.699824..50 21.42<0.01 <0.01~ :::

Group 2: atbili saimonids: parTicle sizes 0.5-250)UIL-Group 2 (N = 63) is a subset of group 1.

Group J: jll\lenUe salmonids: parTicle sizes 0.5­75 )UIL-Group 3 (N = 108) is a subset of groupl. In I few cases. sediment sizes were as large asISO p.m.

Group 4: eggs and larvae 0/ salmoniiU and non­sabrtonids: parTicle sizes 0.5-75 IU'L-Group ~ (N,. 43) includes salmonids that do nOI bury theireu1. NonulmoDids comprise species tlul spawnin ri~. lakes. and estuaries. Sediment sizes ex­ceeded 7S IJ.II1 in a few studies.

Group 5: adulr estuarine fIOlUalmonids: paniclesizu 0.5-75 ,um.-Group S (N '" 28) includes sev­cnJ species believed to be panicularly sensitive[0 tile effecu of suspended sediment: these arefOOllloted in Table 1. Some test sedimeats ex·ceeded 7S lUU-

Group 6: adult jreshwQ.u, nonso{moniiU: pa,·rU:u si:es OJ-75 ,um.-Group 6 (N " :::) iacludesboth lentic and lotic species. Panicle sizes ex·<:=led 7S l'oIJ1 in some cases.

For CJlCh group. the severity of effee;t (SEV.15-point scale. 0-14) was regressed on suspended

sediment dose (exposure duration [ED. hI and sus·pended sediment concenlr.uion (mg SSItJ). Pre·liminary analyses indicated that loSarithmic tnns­fonnations of ED and cODCl:na:uioa proVided suit­ably linear relation! of Lbe fonn

SEV = a .,. b(1o~) .,; c(log.,mg SSIL);'

intercepts (a) and slope coefficients (b and c)

emerged from the liering exercise. Commercialsoftware was used for the regressions (TableCusve3D: Jande! Scientific). Coefficients of determina­tion (,.::) were adjusted for degrees of freedom (,z'" 1 - (sum of squares due to error!/{sum ofsquares around Lbe mean/). The software also gen­erated F-swistic:s. p-values. and 9Se;;, confidence .intervals around the SEVs. Although arithmetic

. values for exposure duration and concen=tion arealso given in the Results and in the Appendix. themodels we present are based on logarithmic trans­fOmlJlnons.

The regressions. having been fitted to the data.become predictive models of [he fonn

z - a + b(log..,rl = cOog.,)').

for which : is calculated severity of ill effect(SEV)• .r is an estimate of exposure duration (ED).

and y is the concentration of the (eStimated) pre'dominant suspended sediment size (mg SSIL).These predictive models are numbered 1-6 to cor·respond with the dati groupings already de.lcibcd.BcullSe of seaner even in the fitted data. the pre­dictive equations CaD yield sever1ry-of-iII-effect (:)values grearer Ilwl 14. which already includes Lbe .

;. T

e

E

0.7OJ0.:0.':0'-:D.::D.::0.40.50.6O.i0.80.9

': I

I 2 \, 3 I 4 I

'';;'~

AYenIgtl~';::t'"'11;~U~10 ·'",1 1210':,~10 119 .10 108. 97 ,,87':7e 7

.5 -84 T4 4,3 ,4

o

(B)

~CIlCI.lCD

S.c.sa~c

.. OJUc8

· .~'--'J~l.-<:C

::m~) .n.r~~holds ~f ill ~~C%.-Di.splay of cmpiri" Ie

scvc:rily-o(~ffeet~ores in tile close matrix Peri 1"estimation of the minimum coma-atiocS'aad au- pI:~liona lha1 triUcr subletba1 IlId leth&l" i:ffecu ai(peel A of !be figun: for eadI group).' Far tl1is ell

PUrpose, unpopulated cells willlin lIlo dati eSIfto

lope are u£ipcG vaJue.s by mallal i~olL lit'Thn:sholds lbus e.slinw= from empiric:a.l diU 0(. pr

" . < . ";' ··'\':':{N§'1::~'·

-"'.':='

,. .....

I,I '

1-',-

; .':,....I ~.

,_..I

i==:·I ;;..i ;"'1::--l:,~'

I, .:.

iII

II·I c'I •

""j ~:-

'!

J ..

genCDE

i

10

NEWCOMBE AND JENSEN

Juvenile and Adult SaJrnonids

.•..

.., ...;;. .... j¥.~~.}, ·· .. ::).""'1.:·

699

~enenClE.Olg,

o

1110

12

10

~:~ I-"",~"-'-;

~:~ I'-"::'~--;0.81'-",,:,5--;0.8 4a.9 1-""'3"'--;

1.a 1--..:.2.-,1

0.70.70.60.60.60.70.7a.80.9

ten are lower than thresholds predicted by regres­sions fit to meta-analytical data. We interpret "em­piricaJ tl)resholds" as an approximated responseof the more "sensitive" individuals within a spe­cies group.

PredicliollS of ill effect.-The regression equa­tion filled to <:lch of the si .. d1u groups providespredictions of response within the matrix of coo-

I Davs I WeeKs

71112161217

rlCUltE I.-Connnued.

O.B 0.8 0.7 0.7 O.B 0.80.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.70.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.60.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 O.S 0.50.4 OA 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.50.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.40.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 O.SOA 0.4 OA 0.4 0.4 0.50.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.60.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.70.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 O.BO.B O.B O.B O.B 0.8 0.90.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0

3

0.80.70.60.60.50.50.50.50.60.70.7O.B1.0·

Hours

HaIf·95% confidence irTtervaJs (±)

around caJallated severity-of-ill-effecl scores (above)

Juvenile and Adult Salmonids

Duration of exposure to SS (log. hours)

FISH RESPONSES TO SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

a

0.90.80.70.60.60.60.60.60,60.70.80.91.0

(B) Average severity-of-ill-effect scores (calculated)

- 1it~sholds oj ill <ffeer.-Display of empiricalseYer'i!y-<lf-eifect scores in the dose matrix pennilSestimation of the minimum concenlr.ltions and du­ruions that trigger sublethal and lethal effecu(pauel A of the figure for each group). For this

PtIl"ose. unpopulated cells within the data enve­IClIle Ire assigned values by manual intef1'Olation.

... Thresho~<h tblU estimated from empiriaJ dau of·

.l~r:·

,..

'.:':

Adultsalr

~12 1211 1210 1110 .'."

""''''''-=-'''98 L..:!­7 87 76 65 64 5

!'ISH IlESPONSI!S TO SU

~95%Confidencearound c:alCUlated sewrily-of-i1

o

. (B)-.-::::

MonmsA I 11 I 30

10,

Average empirical seventy-of-ilI-effeet data forgroup I fill 56 of the 143 available cells (FigureIA). Data an: widely di.snibutcd. but thresholdsfor the onset of subletbal and lethal ill effecu can

be inferred within broad limits. bued on manualinterpolations within the data envelope (see gray­slladed zones without and with borders).

The full matrix array of severity scores predictedby model I [Table 3. Figure 1B) sllows regularincreases of response imensiry with sediment dose.as t:spected. Predicted thresbolds of sublethal andlethal effects.(terT:Iced diagonals) have similar ori­emations 10 those inferred from empirical data. butthey gener:rll y occur at bi gber sediment doses.

NI!WCOMBl: AND JENSEN

3'·

Results

..... ','5..

~CSllO- inOdels fined to· the empiriul. data' groups were all hilhJy si!ftlificant (P < 0.0 I).:uId IIXOunted for 55-70'il> of the variances [Table3). Avenged emPirical data on whiell the modelsan: bued are displayed in' panel A of Figures \­6. Paue( B of Figures ·'1-0· lives the model·gen­

ented risponsi:S .(lJIl1:r:onfldcDee U;t='Vals) for Growp 2: Adult Salrnonid.I. each.ci:u of tba dO~11SC matrixes. These Growp J: J"vanil. S-almDnid.I • -..:',

panels prOvide '..iC:i of ~loOJt-up urbles" suitable Group 2 data fill 36 widely scanered cells of the .1 Avenge severiry-of~effeetscores for group 3 fillfor lield Use it!~ UsemnC1lt. Superimposed I-13 available in (he empirical matrix (Figure 2A). 37 cells. most of them clUStered 11 exposure du- "oa dieDi arc predicted tbrr:shoJdJ of sublethal and The thresholds of lcthaJ effect predicted by model ,.' rations of 1 h and 2 d to 7 week.! (figure 3A)~ M Wr1led1&! etf'eclS' baed Od the respCltlSe cstegories in 1 (T.lble 3; Figure lB) are similar to the empiri· for :adult salmonicls. predicled thresIlold. (model malTable' 1•. RespoaIO. juifacCs resu1tiJ1g from the cally inferred threshold (Figure 2A). but predicted 3: Table J; Figure 3B) "'en: similar 10 empirical clusmodels arc:sh~ ia·'F;.,ua:7-I7. Data are de· sublt:thal effects emerge at slightly lower sediment ~,'. :~. thresltolda for leduJ effecu but lower tlWt cmpo- Subrived from sOura:s 1laed. hi tbc Appc:lldix.. doses tban implied by empirical data. .~ .~ ical ones for sublctba.l etfecu. ., .. piri

.'~ ',I":: , .. ".~.;.,:\ ~ ~"''h.''.',r..:. " ';Z: ~ • I. ~.~ ~~eo: "':'l.-i".;.\ ;~!:;l .•'... • • -:. ., _ ' .

.~ '. :;r~~;ttf~1.t~,~~('~~,·e , ' .. i/.,., ~~.~';'~/~'..:~·:.~~~:~_·.rl:K': :,. '.' .:._.·'\.iI~.·:·II:··.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~:~==- ---------

I

\

(B)

o

FISH RESPONSES TO SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

Adult 5almonids

Duration of exposure to 55 (log. hours)

Average S8Verity~f-m.effeetscores (calculated)

10

.~ :

701

~enen

r >:::!enrn<:t:lI..Q

~ Ec: QIII gU<:0U

Half·9S% confidence intervals (:1:)around calculated severity-of-ill-effect sc:cres (above)

FIQUllE 2.--Canunucd.J

Grollp J: JlIV~lli/~ Salmonw

AVC:r:1ge sevc:riry~f-effeC'l scores for group 3 till37 celli. most of them clustered at exposure du­l'll:iOllS of 1 band 2 d to 7 weeIts (Figure 3Al. AsfQr adult nlmonids. predicted thresholds (model3: Table 3; Figure 3B) were similar (0 empIricaltbre.sholds for lethAl effecu but lower th.an empIr-Ical ooes for subletl1a.l effecu. .

Group 4: Eggs an4 Larvae of SaJmOllids an4Noruaimonids

Avenge severity scores for eus and larvae ofsalmonids and freshwater :md esruarine nonsal­monids nil 23 cells (Figure 4A), Most data areclustered in the exposure mterval of I d10 7 weeu.Sublethal effecu thresholds "'ere estimated em­pirically. but they were not recognized by model

.~.

FIllUU 3.---<:0":

Ha1f.95% canfidencaround c:alcUiatIld'severitY-ci-

~~":=:

m~rIDI==~~[E~·1.0 1.01.0 0.9 '.' 0.9 0.80.9 0.7 • 0.7 0.70.7 0.8 .~ o.s 0.60.7 0.5' :'. 0;4 0.50.8 0,4. 0,4 0.40.6 0.5' 0.4 0.50.7 0.6 •0.5 0.60.8 0.7 0.7 0.70.9 0.8 .0.8 0.9

1.0'. 1.0 1.0

;FISH RESPONSES TO SUS:

.:~~~1 .

Dum~~ exposure 1.. ,~.!

·1 0

2IIIIII

gc:

..2(jj

~ID.

"§l.J

generaled in lbis SlUdY.~ usefnl~tions ~ r:hcir fUI:daily work.. The discussion beloW focuses 011 (il. ••Validation of the models. (ii) lbc doa.c-resp0ns4,pattems of ultrasensitive spec:ies "and lifc·uqe::s. _. ..I

(iii) polential new options in avironmeJital lawenforcement, (iv) lbe role 0(. nicD-analYlia in, !he onflndlngs of this slUdy. (v) pouible~~ 0(. Cre

. "J,~ "'~

.},t~~i·r~;;;;·~.·" .~~.

'...:.;.

" ;,.

/0":'.

.~.

..~.I~·. ,..~

-~ .: .... '

Dlscu.uloa

Fisheries biologisl.S. habiw prolCCtion special·islS. and en(orcemenl officers in llWIy pltU o( theworld may find thaI the do......~polWl equations

Rap",lS~ Surfaces

Dose-response surfaces based on models 1-6.... sllown in Figures 7-12. We think il importlUllto empbuize lbal only models (I). (3), and (4)

address early li(e slages in some form. Many slud·ies h..ve shown thaI early s1.8ges (some SLages ofell developmenl through young juveniles) aremore susceptible 10 toxic:anlS and other pollulaQUlban older juveniles and adults. The response sur­faces (and prediction matrixes) sbould be judgedby the data available 10 develop them.

:.~:;;·,,~.FIovu3.-I:apiric:aJso-i'Y....f·iI1-effea scores for juvenile salmoolds (fresbwa'er. group 3)..,d scores (withJ:;:'!.fbaJl-gs.. COII&IeDce-iIIternls) pr'OCIiaod by model (31, Convemioos are those of Figure l.

,~~·.~~~~~;.~~}i~:~.~~·~~~~~;'~::;··~:·~.;~'~. ~~: '.--,:,.. , .... (Table' k Firure 48), which generated no se· environments provided average severity scores (or::. '. '.verity sconi lower t!wI4. Empirical and predicted 15 scanen:d matrix cells of the 143 available (Fig­I~: .~t ~Ids o(1efJW effect agreed well aDd occurred ute fiA). Model 6 (Table 3) generated leth.al effecu·i:·<~:~~.1ow ~':~:' .",,: \'\.'''. 'tlIre:iholds that agr=d well with inierpoWions o{t=~': '.~'~'o:'..~;:.:.,~.:~.; :····.·:-..7::':.:(.-:.... '.;' empirical diu {or exposures of 7 d to 7 ween;~;~: .. ~~:!,~.~EmwiMN~tIJIJimD~ (Figure 6B). Although sublethai ll1tuholds could

.. ...•.• ~ AvenllC ..,.mry....f-effect sc:on:s for at leasl 15 be illferred from empirical data.. the model iodi­

...', ':.."'ipeCia of esIariIIe tlshes filled 2J o( the available cOIled thaI they lay beyond the matrix-below con­;' '. 1541D11Jtt cells (Figure.SA)_Mon of the d.1ta centraoons o( I mg/L, exposure durations of I II.. .represeu 1-6-4 exposan:s.f,.:t"? or both. - --' .. "'~ . Model S (Table 3) wu deVeloped (or only the,'... sevQ ipcCa represented by adequate data. These'. ". seven are beIie'fed to be relatively more sensilive·,··ID lbe ill etfeca o( suspended sedimenl than the

i- .. Ocber'spccic:s iii the database (Table 2). PTedicted" .,;. dIri:sbolds o( IelhaI effect (Figure SB) tracked em·. pirieal thn::sIIolds well (or exposure durntions less

dwI1 d: bodu:slimar.es iDdica1ed thallelhal effecu..;.. oa those'sauili"e species ~ult from slio" el';. : pomri:s iO a wide l"I!Ige of Sediment ~o'ncenln­

QOIIL Sublahal dfca thresholds Iller!:' Consider·.: ably clOser 1lIa origin in the predictive'm.aD"ix lban. in !he empirical m&lrix. . "':.' '.,"

,,~\ -).... ··/<Il·~r .... ,+1" "i"_ _ ..... ."'. !~:'G~;P6; ;u.,bF~aur NatU.;JJ; ......;.:. Ardaavetiimau sample p( s=am and slill­

": ,.' '- lUbes ill cold, u::mpenu:, and warmwaler

h;ij~t{~~~-:1L{~,S -.---

..~

ll'eS (whh

:ores (orJle (Fig­IcffecutiolU of, weeks

1$ couldel iudi­)W con­of 1 h.

:1$ 1-6pcllUllI

Ind (4)

Ystud­ISCS of:s) areluranuse sur­lud!c:d

'.

~ftsR P.£SPOHSES TO SUS';';··CflI-:'"J

eP"and Larvae of sam,c:.~~

Z:'. Duraticn of exposure .;"'~~

FIClUU ~.-Cor

...?Half.95% c:r:xtfiQerlc

arcrni~~·. i.t.~ .~, ,;..

0111"2131415

(8)

small panicle size Uld relaa.cly cool wata- re;could el:plain the abseDce of dired lcUlality in the ct:Bella Cool&. ..::~-; (5

Fourth. juvenile ulmonici.l (cltinook salmon.rainbow trout. and mountain wbirethbl = Iiloug~' rh'10 seck refuge-an avenge of 9 cl for ale~ w· ;0

chinook salmon-in a small normataI tributarY 01 oithe upper Fraser River:. pemaps lO avoid unsuir.able in........

.~:~:.:~~,;i.:~~2~~~:

....,..

~.

~~.-

-­,,;­......:

I

L; .

II·t,..

I·~

•..:

duced growth rate) and mortality data that arel1ighly consistenl with the predictions of moc1cl (4)(1. Swet:ten. Ashcrwaod Environmenlal LcanJingCenlre. penODaJ communication).. Third. aD invem: relaLion.ship has been docu·mented between sediment concentrations instre:mu and maximum sa.lmonid densities ill lIu­vial ltabitatS in British Columbia (Ptolemy 1993:R, A. Ptolemy. British Columbia MinistrY of En­vironment. I.••UIIU and Parks. personal cOll1llluni­carion). For example.. the density (Dumber of fishper unit area) of juvenile c:lsinook salmon and stet:l­bead that rC3%' in the rurbid maiD slem of the BellaCuola River (Britisl1 Columbia) is lower thanwould be expected in clear water. Rcarinll occursin June. July. and August. During this time. rur­biclity averages 21 nephelometric unitS. suspendedsediment coneenlrlluon averages 6\ mg SSJI... pu­ticle sizes ate smaller than 75 lUll- and Iile ,em·pco'ature range is ll-12"C). Reduced flsb density isconsislCDI with the range of ill effecu-low par­;uethal rankings-pTedicu:d by the models. These .res~lts racitly ad:nowledge the role of exeeu sed­iml:nt exposure-particularly conecnrration anddUI-ation-u a facta!' in the productivity of sa1Jtlonstn=s. Twa exrenuating fllCton-rclatively

NEWCOMBE .'1'10 JENSEN

Duration of exposure to SS (log. hOUrs)

I 2 I 3 I 4 I !i i 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 ·1 10

Average S8Verily~f-i1k!ffedscores (empirical)

Eggs and Larvae of Salmonids and Nonsalmonids

~"3~ ·'59874· ~~, ~

. ;;~~;~:$~1 ;;1':. ;::?i:I;;,_""",,::'::'-~=~~~*r'~} ,,2981' ~..::.. 4 ~

~~~f :;~!,~ : :~ :~ 13 12 13 ~ •..

:.tl'#;;"8·':'~ ··.-55 "l , - ~; g

111&~i~!.: _~' ~- .....;~::-l'laou 4.-EmpiricaIlII"Iairy.of.iIl....ffcet sam:s for CIP and h.riae of wmonids and nonsalmonids (freshW1l""...·r~Ud·ecariDe,;.pa.ip 4) and ICCreS (with half·9'~ connclencc iorervals) predicted by moclcl (4). ConveoriolU are··~t!~·~~~,I~'~.~ioocIeJ (a. ~pper matrix) recolplized no threshold of sublethal effecu.~~;,ti~·<-ij~:~;[.i:~~·:·;~~~....;'~:: .'::~ ,"_,.~~...,. •• I'~.' <. ;,~ ~~~I'o ,;,f...,. .

·;~AjleStinlaIl4.~C:Dwn of~ models-is boUlld~~':;.! to be. a .slow jll'OC:l:Si' However. in the brief time, .. <IT ;.... ..... '... •

·:';t~~ ..~oo;ottbc data-gathering plwc•.,·.;:.of:thU audy, some De'lII data have emerged.~{~ftFi~'ciibl)iidinoo'rry(meaD weight. 1.9' g; N.. ,ii~ '" " :,' .. ..... . ,. " ..:.,,·,\,.a.l0lisb).. wbeu1posed to suspended sediment~:.;'t.L'ia"·=c:i:DUuiOll0(5;471 ~g SSJI.: for 96 n..;·;:;t-iumijj;;i·~~l'UI: of 10% after they !wi:·~bCen bddiii~wuer.at..18.rcand 9.7 mg ~IL

·::·r(j.O.TJ~ uDpQblisht:d dual. This mortality nile ex­.' ~:jm:Ssed U ueverityof ill effect (with ref~nc.

:.:'.:.~ Table I) is SEV ""'..10. Severity of ill effect :u~)/prcdie:ted "". madeJ:' I. (SEV '" 0.7262 ...'? O.7034loRJ96 bl +O.7144{log,.5,471 mg SSIL])

~·'.:,",=,~~O~09. 1"bae va.lues agree closely and lend 10

'.:::.Validate this IIIOdd. SleelIiead (N - 10 l. simi Iarly:' :::'~~:bad O'J,:mOtullty~ This resullloo is con­': ~ slslent..nth lbD' ptedictiODl of the model. beC:lU5e

~>~ -.10 iqnSall 0-20% mort:Lliry. and the:;':~.lI:St tbb. cxbibitlCd behaYion of severe sublethal.~~: ;.,saas.. ,.~;: .....~,:' :::':~::""'7':; ':-~ ... :" ,.~<::;; SCc:Oud.'araniI~ study of effectS of~,YiasPcnded baIalIile cay (l~S-foUII diarneten) on. :/i.rYa1~aoiiUl-id 6sbCs (smallmouth bass. large­~J§Otidi~UlIll1uqm)In WanD water (20-U'C)·i·;~1saa produccli~WtenI sets of motbidity <UtA (re-

r/?~ f':;~ "'~~;t:t':.

small particle size and relatively cool Water­could cltlliain the absence of direct lethality in theBella Coola.

FQunh, juvenile salmonids (chinoolr.: salmon.rainbow trou!.. and mountain whitefish) an: thoughtto s<=r. refuge-lUI a..engc of 9 d for alle-(} wildchinook salmon-in a small nonna<aJ tributary ofthe Ilppcr Fr:uer River. perhaps to a..oidunsuitable

:/

,.

70S

10

rearing conditiolU created by high. narurally oc­curring sedirrtent loads found in the main stem(Scrivener et ai. 1993).

Although thC$e r~cnt findinss lend to supponthe predictions of the models. the well-doc:ument­ed ZOO(1 health (as indicated by acceptable T'lI1l:3

of growth and survival) among salmon juvenilesin turbid estuarine waters remains unexplained.

Duralion of exposure to 55 (log. hours)

FrCURE •. --Contlnued.

I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I B I 9

FISH RESPONSES TO SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

Eggs and Larvae of Salmonidll and Nonsalmonids

. Average severity-of-m~fIectScores (eala.dated)

Half-95% confidence interVals (:1:)around calculated ~ll-effect sccres (abave)

o

(B)

~enen

~co~cBcoU

'.-.~

.~~........

'..,..~~

.~~~

.:.~..:....

.~.

'­.~.-

I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5

..~:~.j-:-- HaJf..95% confidenee-L::,~_:;:~ c:all:ulaiBd~.

F11H JU!.SPONSES To su:

F,ouu: 5.-Conlln

Duration at exposure

Adult Estuarine t

~rnrn01.§.c:.g!!!C'OJ

·u.. c:oU

Ibe need (or addirional field wort by wbich (Q cums.i-Uhcr physical evidence aboul llIelWW'l: and se- IvoiaVerity of the ill effc::u. This new apacily 10 maJ<e ""eniDferences-an unprecedenled development in the. ;a'field o( channel sedimenl impa.etS-<Dighl also in- '~al

tluence the goals of a prosecution. • 'of ag'Impacts on fish popUlations expoood (0 episodes cagea

of excess sedimenr may vary accordiDllo llIe cir- . any 01

i -::

i.-

r·': .

. ,-'"1. _ __.-

i~:

;'"'»'::-.".', .rrm~ -1·"-,rh '

it~,­I _

I:;i:,:p....

:~.

:~-

....:. ..~

I :-o..F: ~'....~

':".,

Environmental Enlorc~m~1I1 Is.su~s

n:quircd 10 reach an end poinl (e.g~ lethality). andmighl indicale lhal the physiological and physicalJ'\'OCcsscs involved in homeostasis are more sen­sitive 10 exposure time !han [0 swpended sedimenlcllncenttalioDS. It is reasonable to speculate futtilerthat the sequence of evenU leading to a lethal end!Xlinl (for example. severely abrnded gill tissue anda.uoc:ialed loss o( capacilY for ion regulation I.once triggered. would nOI easily be hailed or reoversed.

Fisheries biologists and enforcement personnelcan. as pan of an invesligalion. documenl lhe sed­iment concentration and duration of exposure. andthey can use these data (0 infer the mOSI probablese"enty of impact. The dose-response equalionsalone arc sufficienl for this task. BUI the "Iook­up" cables (het'C., Figures 1-6, panels B) simplifythe wk even more; they arc based on the equa­[iolls. and they supply ranges of inlerpolalion andc.xu-apoJalion and confidence intel'YaJs. They m1lreil possible (or tield worken readily to distin/Plishben~een minor and major events in the broad can­reXI established by the dose-response mamxes.Thill knowledge can contribule (0 decisions aboul

NEWCOMBE AND JENSEN

10

.. ._ .•L.........:.:::::::.:._.J....---=~_,..l.-.,,;.="'-l._=~_

I:':: ::+;£FlOi7Q 5...:.empiricaJ ....wmY~(:ID.etrcCt .cores for >dull nallS&lmoaids (estuarine. group 5) lnd scores I willl':. ·e"·ba1f·~" coa&IeDce iDlernJa) pmij~ by model (51. Cot/venuans arc lllose of Firure I.

r::::r~~~~.:3~~i::;;/i:·:;~_,.'~~~~;:,y' _.~ -~~ CQIISjdentiQDI relevaur 10 Ibis "anomaly" includei~ 'Ji) Iiul exIr'eIDi:iy tine Icxcire of suspended sedi.r -, (geDenIly IIIUCll smaller IbaD 75 pm); (ii)

!'.' ,,!be reJarively. cOld III.1emPefanu=; (iii) Ibe p0­

i ,'~ laIIial,fodavanble pbysicochemical cffCd.S sucb

, ,:, : II 40CClli1ri011, which could' be enhanced by the.: .~. c:bemistr, of lncki1h Wiler: (iv) beIIefidaJ be·I :'. haYianJ adaputiOIU o(juvenile saImonid.s; and (v)I ._.,!be SlIiWriliIy of reedy habiw. when: average sed­

i' ... iIIIcIII collCl:lllnlions and average panicle size may'. be fartbeueduc:ed below Ibose found in II'lIditional, sampling sites::. UlrrauruUMry ofSom~ Sp«i~3 tJlId Lif~ $108113

Rapid esala.tian of ill eff=s on eggs. larvae.&lid fry (Figwa 4. J0) and on some adull fishesof !be cstuary (Figures j. J 1) as duration of sed·imenl uposure iIlcreasc:s sugge.su tlW the mech·anisms of self-pracrva.Qoa in u leur some estU­&riDe fisbcs are ·easily. overwhelmcd by' the pres­cncCof suspeIIdal sedlmenL This pmem implie3Ibc~ of ID abnJPI tIm:sbold conc:etltnrionof SlISpCSIded JCdimcDllcading 10 ill effCd.S in ul­lTUeIISioyc species and life Stages. ,.•. ,

If lhis in(CS'!:Da is COtTeCL Ibew: dose-f'CSponscpancms miJbl be eJtplained in tenDJ of the time

I"~ l,djJ~i~~J:i:';;- ....

!iI

(8)

o

FISH RESPONSES TO SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

Adult Estuarine NonsaJrnonids

Duldtion ct exposure to 55 (log. hours)

Average severity-of-iII-effed scores (calculated)

10

707

~CIlCIl

~01

.§. enencEE

~ .c Cl

" gucaU

Half-95% ccnfidence intervals (±)around calcUlated severity-af-ill-effect scores <,above)

8103298110974031485520i3

F,eURf 5.-Connnued.

the need for additional field work by which 10

gather phySIcal evidence about the nature and se­verity of the iJl eifects. This new opacity 10 makeinfcn:nce:s-an unprecedented dcvelopment in the·field of'channel sediment impacu-mighc also in­Burnee the goals of a prosecution.

Impacts on /ish populations exposed (0 episodesof excess sediment may vary according to the cir-

CUmslallCC3 of the eVent. For example. fish tend toavoid high coneenmuions of suspended sedimentwhen possible. Thus. I pollution episode capableof causing high mortality (e.g.. of sac fry) or giJldamage or starVation or slowed maturation (e.g..of age-o fingerlings and age-2 juveniles) amongcaged /ish (Reynolds el a1. (989) might nOI causeany of these direct effects in a wild popUlation that

8 1:

8 9 1:

8 - 8 1C·.l

8 S7..7' .. 8 l..

g7· '~ 7 9S:' 7 9S,.. .7

S ~~ 76·" 8

. , Duration of e:

::, HaJJ.95% coraround calculated seve

Adutt Fre

FISH RESPONSE

background lcvels by stDll amounu' (sec u w ­

're\lee &nd Scherer 19"14: S.,enso\l.1978: Gndall

IIld Swenson 1982). "Pros«ution ha.sc:d on tbcsc rules has bet

couful because Che incrcasea cona:atnIion.' -"known 10 harm .qu.atic life.. Su.r;b evidenceabounds. but penains laqdy 10 illvens:bra1e ?OP­ulations (fish foodl and priaW'yproduaion (phy·

,.,.1"".. ··~r']~\?:;l~;-..••• '}\' .,:\'!ot> ..

:. :.{.. ~.:~~~:~.~:

~-

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....j,.

~-

"',-

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. ' ..:';'-'I or.--;-'

.. - ,W'

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.'.::

Four provisions of existing legislation and fourpotential goals of prosecution are convictions.fines. compensatory d.Ilmages. and remediation.When the slate's purpose is 10 secUre a conviction•a single water sample may be che only evideoce

required. In sODle jUrisdictiOIU, waler qtalilY cri­teria ma,r be lUcd to identify potentia1 episodesof 55 pollution by a tandem system of ~shol~.Typically these guidelines swe dlat 55 concen­tr.Ilions should nor exceed background by morethan 10 mg SSn.. when background is less man100 mg 5Sn.. and DOl more than 10% when back·ground is equal 10 or grealer tnan 100 mg SS/L(Singleton 1985·a. 1985b). This tandem system ofthresholds-based on litl:nture reviews specifi·cally intended 10 document the oature snd sever'i!)' of ill effeet under these conditions-is com­mendable becaule il rceogniz.cs the seuonal pat­terns in suspended sedimenl load of natunlstreams. However. these guidelines do no! purport10 deal with the inherenl nalUre of sedimenl &S 3

deleterious substance in aquatic ecosystems asdefined by an acl of legislation. Nor do they pur­port 10 detect Ihe leut change in concen\l'2tioncapable of causing ill effecls. Various resesrchersreport ill effeclS when concentrations exceed

NEV/COMBE AND JENSEN

,'.

'" '" ',' " Adult Fresnwater Nonsalmonida

I~~;:;};r;gi A~~~~:~:·(~".--.,."....,'''~~ .·.. Jt 162755 10 10 " ,'12t~~~:;:· ,-:.?i: .,.:~:- . 59874 • - 11~....~~ .... , ... ",:,~;'~ i;'-' 22026 10 -, 10

··1_.:;':.~' :.~~ 13, :. _~ .5.1097 12 7

!t,~~q!,: 1,..1i- :'-'" '" B .20 3 .l'iitffi··...... ·a .. . 2':.4'~,,,~. ~~ ~ . 1

~:c~~;, :, "',_, :I\'l:i":~ &luu 6.-Empirical &e't1:rity-of-iIJ-effea scores for adult Donulmonid.s (freshwater. voup 6) and scores (willik~baI(-~'"COlIlidea= ina:rY1.ls) predicted by model (61, C()nv~tions are Chose of Agul'Il I. exccpI \be mocIel (B.":::f;;-: 1Il'P"I' 1IIaIri:1) I'IlCOJDized DO tlnshold of sublethal cfteca. ..

}~$..>-i.-': ,".j'r~'/:~ :;.-,,:,:)t,is, frano lDove,e1.sewllc:re in the Stre:ml system..... ,:~::Abs=ce of. dead'lW1 (notwithstanding reduc:d~.~-eu~fry surVival) i.l. ·however. nOI nceessarily

.,:i,:..all iJldicuiOQ of abSCltce of harm. Indirect eff=:.u~~7§orstdimenarioll-lou of summer habiw for feed­li'<¥J.ns.llld n:produaion-may clltWeigh the direct ef­

:,r~!' fccts JCCll ili ~ged tisb (Reynolds et a1. 1989).;" ::':Ihis dichotomy has pnctic:a1 implications for ell­'" < fort=Deltt. AD investigation during a pollulion:>':;:::'eveu1 ~u1d ilttempt 10 document suspended sed­~" :k imezu concenll'ltioll.S and durations for possibl::, ':" ,usc willi the models given here.'" .*,\::~,HoweYo:i ill the aftermath of a sedimeD! pol.

I... .': lutiOD CYetlt. the investiption should switch it~;',-'" : fOCll$ &lid plher evidence of sedimenl deposilion.~~~;rCbauges in streambed composition resulling fromc.'~·:t ,Ctcess sediment are usually manifested as changes;~ iD;panic:le size composition. Subjective methods:~,:;, fOt usessmg the C%lent of sedimentation exist. Ob­':'j~jectivemetbods are being developed (Kondolf and:"-;J'LlI992: lCondolfand Wolman 1993: Po!)'ondy andr(;';':,lurdy I99S) IIld could be used in place of or in~~:,:- CoDJUnc:tioa with the tn.ditional methods. Photo­:;.£."'rnflhic Illd videollf'llpbic recordJ are invaluable··,:.i:Zf!prdless of the Streambed survey meChods cho-\'~1ClD.' , . __

"~:4'6t-l" . 't. •

~~~·:.jb-' '-':,\\ff~:_::·::tj .~.l~ •

'~.i~~ti

'I(

.:1" .

- '", .~

toplanltlon and periphyton. the source of energyan which invertebrates may depend) (Newcombe1994).

However. [0 the extent that legislation empba­SIZJ:S the existence of an impact. or the probabilityof an impact. Its primary goal is to secure a con­vIction. Scope for additional pcnalry-fincs. com­pcnsa.!ory dlmages. lI1d remedilltion-deJ)CndJ on

rlClJ1l£ o.-Continued.

Half.95% coniidenC8 intervals (±)around calculated severity..of..Hl-etfect scores (above)

bacleground levels by small amounlS (see Law­rence and Scherer \ 974: Swenson t978; Gradall

and Swenson 19821.?roseculion based on these rules has been sue·

ce.uful because the increased conCeDlr.llions arcClown to harm Ujuatie life. Sucb evidenceabouDds. bUI peruins largely [Q invertebr.lle pop-

ulttions (fish food) :uld primary production (phy·

::;..-

....."7!Z"

.-to:.; .1-~

I .•::~

~'"~.-.. -,-....",..>.-

..~.;..

..: .~~. ",-­..z_--'~" •.~..~..

:r·n·II·

fourJns.ion.ion.Deecri­desids.en­JreIan:Ie­;/t.ofIi·

:",itb1 CB.

=ecentr:ruse csomerante,quaiilpaniciment

Pal

=,otheroften;u'C ncdocur."",pos\OO'k1'-'7 l

...~~.~

.~""'""'"

:~~~.~F1SUl!SPOHSl!.S~ SUSl'f}­

.J. .1·

~i Aclull Salmon:

~~:=:1'

14

12

(j10..!!!

~ 8"0~ 6iii> 4'"CIJ

N Z

0

~C . 10 . bo

Or)C9l7trau • 'Z.Or): LOGe (y

.,__ ,mgIL)

.....

especially conspicuous for the yoangest age-clw­

es (eggs through young juveniles). The pooling oiIile stages required for these models--eggs withlanae. youog with old juveniles-doubtless ma.sl:simponanl thresholds of susceptibility to suspendedsediment. Each deyeiopmentai sa.ge should beidentified and trealed separately (or the purpose ofdeveloping uniquely age-specifiC :md size-speciilcdose~ponse pronles.

There are pr:lcticaJ reasons 10 lOUe such dis­tinctions. For examplc. anificial SJl.twning chan­aels must be clelllled annually. Gnycl cleaning.which nises a plume of silty wuc:r. therefore mustbe carefully timed to minimize ine potential illeffecu. Susceptibililies of resident life stages [0

sediment must be I<nown... Thresholds of sublethal and letlW effeclS must

be itnown more precisely. Our ualysis has shown.in panicular. that sublethal effeca thresholds arepoorly delineated for most groups. Finding useabledata is I c:!I&Ilenge: we rejected many studies be·

FIOllU B.~~pcmsc surf.... dt:scribinl the se~crity of i... fDDCtioa o(..suspc,uled lCl!.immll a.c:Dlntiou aDd duntiOll 0

+ O.736300l.rY); .' ..~:. - .. -

. <: ." -:s- .••.•

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-'"...._.;.. -.....,;...­,...~.~

:::.

14

12

10 ti..!!!

8 $'0

6 ~iii

4 >'"CIJ

2 N

0

10 short. the dose-resp<lnse equations proposed

in \hi:1 rcpon m.ake il possible nOI oniy to identifythe existence of B. pollution eyeol-lbis informa­tion alone being sufficient to secUI"C a conv\ction-­bUI also to 'document' the s~V~riry of ill effeet insupport of additional penalties.

FUlure Researr:h

The dose-responsc modeb in this synthesis areonly a beginning. Many gaps remain. Gaps are

.:

r-

..~ ,,... .I

I· ···.. ,I.·t·.:

I;":';;

I..'1:\'\o 6 ~,

_-~~~~~;y, m~) 0 ;:.~,.-~&'FIOIIU7.~ s:.;r~ describing the ",'teriry of ill e(fect for juYeuile aDd adull salmonids (fresh­

walCI; JIOlIIII)·iis I f1IlIctioli of saspeoded sediment Coac:cnUlllion and duntion of expoaure (model I)::: - 1.0642+ 0.6068<101.%\ + 0.7314<1OL..).. ~.'

-;-.. :'. :.....<::.::;:2~}r~~· :~~:ii;:i.:::;;'<~·analnlilY 10 demonstrate Iwmful effects. Dose-

I reSponse models c:nhaJlCc this apability.

I It is difficu.1llO OVerswe the value'of time seriesI WlteI' qualilY. em..: but lben! an: some Idnds of! pollution cpilOcles in· wllic:!l olber evidence mightI . we prec;edcDc:e. These instances could be classed

I· as C2Wtr0pbic eYelllI in which ooe or more of thefollowing conditions prevail: (i) the pollution d.am- Meta-analysis

r age is sr:ven:., .or exleDSive audhighly yisible- No single researcher could have aspired to con-'! blanUtiog by silt. for.' CJWIIple: (ii) the ex lent of duci all the field work represented in our d:ltabase." harm is 10 be cOllfirmed bY field· sludies designed However. the colleclIye worb have value beyond~ and condoe:t.ed far the pui-pose (~pccial)y releV:llll anything the original authors could haye envis­

for streams on ..bieh pn:v;ous wort. has been aged. To the extent that this synthesis informs thcdone): or (iii) ~ Pollutioa 'Cyeot is detected after scienc~. it demonstr:ues the utiliry of meta-anal­lbe faet. io whicb cuc··ibe'"optioo to sample sus- ysis:u a way to shed new light on old problemspended st:d.imeltr is:forelone aJl'Qdy. Notwith- by uSlllg eXisting dalJL Limitations of the databasesunding these-'aa:ptio.is: effOrtS to 'Collect se- C:lll be o~ercome WIth funher study.quentiaJ WlIIl:r samples dtin~1 i poUution episodemay be the mOsr COSI-etrectiy~ option. especi all y

. whetl CODl't lines. compeDsatio·o. and remediationare high-prioritY IQ&la. . ; .';:: \ .

. .....;~!~~r::;§: :;'~~';;

"lhpiC

ticeare:

andeh.orbor.!r

ofinpi,es

Ee,

.\'

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o

~'10

~. 8

'0>. 6

.;..~"~~: 4

(/)

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~FISK JU!SPOIISES TO SI

'!'i'-;.~ t •

Eggs and LaIvae of Salmc

~.

~i

,0 'b

C Q .~""ellCflnrratiOIl: LI'\ro :~

.' ., "'ue (y "... .. . rngIJ.)

.,'";..:1

FlcUIl£ 10.-Dose-<'CSPC;..... ...uee clesaib;;;, tile .......,.,nol1S&lmonids (freshwater IlId .-ilie, 1l'O"I'.) U I fllncuof exposure (model 4): : - 3,7466 .. I.~) ... 0.3 I:

.' "¥-.;ticlcs mJly end up in various·tissaes. the spleen isa major repository. The spices of some fishesexposcd to fine sedimcnt becomc mincnlizcd [0

the extent th.:u the tissue damages the cutting edgeof the glass rnicrolome blades (Goldes 1983; S.Goldes. Malaspina College. penon&! commUDJ­Clition l. Thus. phagocytosis of line suspended $Cd­

imenlS could trigger a sequence of harmful eventswithin the cells of a fish's body leading 10 ill effectsthat are only partially und=ood tocay. Invuivepanicles may be the biolog~eal c:quivale.nt of a Tro­jan horse: lurmIess wben on t\le ouu,de. ~as­rating when on the' inside. 1'amorigenCSlS. es·pecially :unong groundftsh thal dwell in twborswhere sediments may be coniaJlDnated by storm­Water runoff or by industrial efancot. mAy be on~

sueb latent ill effcct yet to be liU.cd to lbis. pb.nomenon. ".:..... ~, ..;. , .-J:.'}\

Wal.r tl!m~razll"".~evcriryof ill effect u 1

function of ambienl water tempenD1l'C ouam .10 beexplored more fUlly. UI effects are gr-eau:r in scs·

'.;'''-.J~~L

.,.'>:!;;~it~;:fJ:.~?Y;.

1 __•

;.--•• -p

.t-'--:~:~.:~

.·.·4-.

iii;:> '..

I:tlI..,2, ~

o

biologists would do well to adopt this or somesimilar panicle grade scale.

Thc importance of particle angulariry. espetiaJlyill rclation [0 gill abrasion. should be studied. Themineralogy of sediment panicles may offer cluesto the potential feir toxicity and physiolo~ic:1l ef·feClS. Likewise. the presence of innate or adsorbedroxicants may offt:!' clues to lalent effects on lishpClpulation health. Studies of the mineralogy andpotential chemical activity of the panicle itself. ofparticles in the colloidal size range capable of en·teling the fish's cells. and of particles with ad·sorbed toxicants may reveal common propertiesrelating to fate and ill effcct at the rissue and cel·lular level. l{ common properties do exist amongthc'se particular variables. there mJly be a unifyingexplanation in the phenomenon of phagocytOsis,

I'hagocytosis. the envelopment of fine paniclesby cells of the fish's gill and gUL trllI\spons theparticles' into the fish's body. Although these par·

Juvenile Salmonids

NCWCOMBEANDJENSEN

"

.. -::

..... ;..

. . - - ~:B:~ '(\"\ .

.2":N~'~~~l~tm~) . .' o:,·(~:·c~·~ .. F1CJUIlI9>-oos. .apoau sunlll:e' dcscribiol the Ieverity of ill effect for juvenile saJmonids (frcshwllet; group

>:. '; 3).. afaaclla.ofllLlpeDded iedime:atCOIlCClltr2tioD aodduration of uposure (model 3): : - 0.7262 .. 0.7034{log,rJ

',~~ThJ~:$;~i';::['.~~;]~.. , taliI)'. Some resemdI' to quanrify ill: effect a.s a"'.'~fuDelioa of pll'ticle size bas b=n done-with sever:ti

'. :.:: spCci= of PacilicsalmoD (Serviz.i and Maneus

;;:/1987;'1991,1992). Farther work should make il";.'.' possible to aclw: a ~ of dose-response models";":' ..u. flInctiODS I1f particle size raJlge that are unique~;~~to.~ioach reJl:'nDt ute'stage. The growing need to

:~ explore ill df=s of sUJpeaded sediment as a func·,:' ·.·.tion of particle size imposes an obligation amongi':;.~tishcries biolosim to I1U a uniform nomenclature;:.,., in'rcf= III the particle grnde sale. Suiuble:: ·:;.'sy'SWDS esbr already so there is no need to invent:,...., .-. more' specialized Olle. For example. soils sci·'."".:Cn'tisa recopim tbn:epartiele size-elasscs-sand.

:"'SUI aad clay (Apiculture Unad& J974)-with for'

•. :iUaliu:d l1Ibcli'risions. nama. aad sizes as foil 0 w s:':very coarse saad. 1;0-1.0 mrn: coarse sand. 1.0­

O,5'mm: medimI:sind. 0.5-Q.lS mm: tine sand..:0.lS~.10 llIIII;n"ry tiDe sand. O.JO-O.OS·mro: silt.

: 0.0~.002 .·aDd clay, :;0.002 rom; Fishenes

,±i;;;~t.·~0;~l!~;:~", .. ' (.,.:'\"'jW'~"'{ .. ',' ""!"''"~' "~"."

I'lOUU IC,-Dose-res!"'nse ,urface describing \he "'~\'j of i\I effect for eus ano larv.e of ulmonills BJlOnousalmolLiw (freshwa"", BJld e.lWlrine. group 4) u • function of su.pcndedsedimcol concentr.ltion and durationof ""!,,,sun: (model 4); : • 3.7466 + 1.0946(log,..r1 - Q.J 117(10&eY).

FISH RESPONSES TO SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

-'

713

14

'0'.!

~: ,::

~,\.

4

2 N

0

£cosv~lt!m Con~jderarjo1U

Broad-based ecosystem research supportingSlre:un protection is under way. but it is a relalivelynew science. Stream protection requires. amongother things. qlUJltilative linkages between im­pacts of cllannel sediment and the land lISe prac­tICC:S U\..~ so::no::ntetlu: ~iment. Lcadenhi? in IhuIT'e.1 will come from many disciplines. :u exem·

sonably wann water than would be the case forthe same fishes in seasonably cold Water. Mech=- _.' •.anisms for this effect have not been systematicallydescribed. The dynamics of this variable probablyhave [0 do with the temperllture-rei:lled panernsof oxygen saturation, respirallon r.lIe. and meta-bolic rate of fishes (slower in cool water. mort: :••rapid in wann)--aJl of which result in reduced risk:of gill abrasion in cool waler and ,increased risk: 'in wann water. These mechanisms should be ex-plored in the context of seasonal temperature rang-es in a fish's natural habitat.

Eggs and Larvae of Salmonids and Nonsalmonids

'0C ",

oncentrat' 1>0IOn: LOG

e (y, rng;l)

14

12

'0 10.!

~ 8'0>. 6=s~

> 4~

(J)

N 2

0

ticles may end up in various tissues. the spleen isa major repository. The spleens of some fishesexposed to ftne sediment become mineralized tothe extent that the tissue damages the cuning edgeof the glass microtome blades (Goldes 1983: S,Goldes. Malaspina College. personal communi­cation)'. Thus. phagocytosis oi fine suspended sed­lmenlS could trigger a sequence of harmful eventSwithin the cells ofa fish's body leading to ill eifec:sthat are only partially understood today. InvasiveParticle. may be the biological equivalent of a Tro­jan hone: hannleH wben on the outside. devas­

,lating wben on the inside. Tumori genesis. es­pecWly among groundftsh thal dwell in harbo~

w~ sedimenlS may be conlaffilOated by storm­Water runoff or by industrial emuent. may be oneSUch lalent ill eifect yet to be link.ed to this phe·nOmenon.

Waur InnpuaJurt.-Seventy of ill effect :lS afunctiou Qf \mbient water lemjl':tAtUre ougnt \0 be

explored more fully, III dfecu arc: greater in su·

14

i'l1!WCOMBE AND JENSEN

o

12

"g",l 0'

~, 80'b 6"t:Q)

~ 4CI)

;.; 2

Re{eraas

A.piculture Ca.Aa4&. 1974, 'Tbc 'Y''''''' of soil claW­fiC'lion for Cuu-da. Caaao1a~l of AI!'­culture. f'lJblicsllon 14:lS.IDlonnsuOll Canada. Ot­tawa.

-:-:<J.'i;:~;~<.t~

"'M RESPONS:

-"1'::1~±"AdUIt Fres.--

Parks), and Jerry SweeltJl (AsberwoodLeaminCenter) for raw data: Sally Goldes (FisherieBranch. Malaspina College. Nanaimol for ioformation about fa~ and effi:cts of small particles 01

cells and tissues of fish: Milte Miles (Mike Mile'and AssocialCS. Victoria. British Columbia), How,ard Singleton (WatDT Qtaliry Branch. Ministry 01

Environment. Lulds and P1rU), and Mark Labelle(Institut Fr:lIlerais de Rec~be pour l'Exploirallocde 1a Mer. Nantes Ccdex) (or various suggestionsBill Mi:Le3n (Qunisam !&ter HJllcbery, Dmpbel'River. British Columbia) (or field-testiog lome orthe models: and AmerlOll Fisheries Society re­Viewers and sUlff for their oumerous improv' 'nlS

<0 the manu,c:ript.

FlculI!12.-~MICe dcseribior Ibe ,6) u a function of slUJlClldod sedimenl COl>CeIIU'&tiOD at

+ O.2829(1og.y).

"or',

',." ,":-,

1 •

r:

"1'-'-

......

can justify a wider legislated zone of protectionmar extends weU inro the upland. f:l.l' away fromthe stream i lSelf.

Suspended channel sediment is a malor factordeterminiog stream quality, Excess sediment is aserious but still undemlled pollutant. Unless it isaddressed. insueam and riparian zones C:l!l nor bereliably prou:e:ted. Although the need for increasedprotection of instream environments might be pub­licly acceptable. the case for increased protectionof upland and riparian areas in aid of stream pro­[cclion has yet <0 be made.

Ac!ulowledgments

We are grateful to Harold Mundie (Nanaimo.Brirish Columbia) for his sustained inll:rcst in lhisstudy and for his many thoughlful suggestions. Wealso thank Jacqueline LaPeniere (Alasb Coop­erative Fisberies Res.:an:h Unit. Univeniry ofAlaska. Fa.irllanlcsl. Ron Ptolemy (FishtriesBranch. Ministry of Environment. Lands and

Adult Estuarine Nonsalmonids

~~~":~~::'~::'~<~~:El A,

~' ~"trat[~~'~';""';<:

_;~~, ~'-, .' ,:,,~.~:: .~:.:: ;~Ge. (Y, mglL) 0

,~~~" FIllUU Ij~ Surface describinr,Ule severity of ill eff=t for adult nonsalmonids (estuarine, group·..~<,Si UdllJldioa ofJaapellded sedimeal caaC01ltratio~ and duratinn of exposure (moc1eISl:: - 3.4969 + 1.9047(1og.....)

~~~I~-:f°IJ):\: ;:':~<; :~,;"~::f.':::::':;,;"" plitlecl by sever&! impol't3llt c:onaibutions duJin g

:ik\1litll walet qualiry. res<l1ll'CC roads, timber hamst.id'. lIId c!wlnel sediment (Cederholm el al. 1981:~':'';:;OwnberIia 1988: Haronan 1988: MacdonaJd et;'-/d. 1992; Davies and Nelson 1993:. Grayson el aI.::·,~;'1993: Macdoaald 1994); This reseaich emphasl;:es-,"::;dle coa.sequ= of land diStUrbance in the upland.. "c,,1IId ripariau'iones. It shows tbal the upland zone. :;' 'capable o(impacu on Stream quality may be much

.... ;~: !arser than previously supposed-especiaJly in, :::>~'billy tanin. The size of upland and riparian zones, :,,',;:may be a function' of the r:Uiu: scale used to view'; ;~',;'ibem. Laulnl impacu of land USC practices-re­'~if~dw:ed slope stability. increucd fr'cquency and s~­

.. :;,:.~eril)' 01 ftoodinl. man: fr'cquenl aDd longer-last­",": ing episodes of cJ:wtnel ~imenl pollution-may

.'. ,': "develop decades &ncr the fact of land disturbancl:,">:".Thua we'should broaden our definition of the>:", oplMd iIII1 ripUi~ zones 10 accommodate latent'- ":'lIn:ffecta from WId dluurbanc:e. A broader deli-,~; oilinD. lD tho CstcDl 'It ~ scieuliftc:aUy supponed.

~F~~~~i~i~:-~<·.

" .'/-.' ..

;'j." ';.~ ....... --

14

12

ij10.!

~ B'0~ 6OJ> 4.,

(/)

N 2

0

. FISH RESPONSES TO SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

Adult Freshwater Nonsalmonids

71.5

14

12

10ij.!

8 :'0

6 ~;;

4 >.,(/)

2 N

0

'\

:'~

F10l.J'JU!. I:.-Oose-response surfa.ce d.e.scribing the severiry of ill effect for aduh nons.almonids (freshwaccr. group6) u. funCtIon of suspended sediment concentnuon and dun lion of exposure lmodeI6):: - 4.081j ... 0.7126110V!;. 0':8290a&.)l). '

!':lrksl, and Jerry Sweell:n (Asherwood Laming~nter) for raw data: Sally. Goldes (FishenesBraneh. Malaspina College, Nanaimo) for inior·moon about fate :md effeets of small panieies oncells and tissue. of fi.h: Mil::.e Miles (Mil::.e Milesmd Associates. Victoria.. British Columbia I. How·In! Siogleton (Willer Quality Branch, MinlSlTv ofEnvironment. Lwds and Parks). :md Mark uoelle(lnstirut Fr.lII<r:U. de Recherche pour l'Expioit:ltlonde la Mer, Nantes Cedex) for vanous suggestionS:Bill McL= (Qunisarn River Halchery, CampoellRiver, British Columbia) for field.testing some oflbe models; :md American Fishenes Society re­viewers and staff for their numerous Improvementsto the manuscript.

RefereDCe5

AJriculwn: Cu>adL 1974. The 'ySlem of sail clAn,'6catian far~ Ca.lud.a Departmenl af Agn'cuhure. ?ublic.auon 145j. Infonn.uan C=ad... 0,·

~"'..

AI.DUlCe. 1. S:. and R. Uoyd. 1980. Finely dividedsolids. ?Ages 1-20 in Water qUAliry emena fot'freshwaLCl' lish. P.utterwol'th. London.

Auld. A. H.. and J. R. Schubel. 1978. Effects af 'lao

~ndcd sediment on nsh egg's and Ia.rvae: J. labo­r:nory assessment. EstuulDe and CouLlI ManneScience 6;l53-164.

3erg. L 1983. Effects oi ,non ..rm e.posure (0 'us­pended sedimenls on the behaViour at" juvenile cohos:almon. MUlcr's thesis. Uni"cr3Hy of British Co­lumoiL V;a.ncouver..

Beq;. L.. and T. G. Nanhcole. 1985. Changes in ter­ri,orial. gill·Raring. And feeding behAviour in ju­venile coho ulman (Om:orhwtc;uu wUlch) (ollow..\nl shon~u:rm pulses of suspended s.cdimcnl. C~·

nadian Journal of Fishene. aod Aquatic SCIences~2:1410-1477.

BerKmann. H. E.. and C. F. Rabeni. 1987, Effect ofnLtauon on stream risn communities. En",ironmcftWBiology of Fishe. 18:18j-29.o1,

Binwell, I. K.. G. F. Hanman. B. Andenon. D. 1..McLuy. and J. G. Malick. 1984. A brief inyesti·IIl1ion of Arctic grayling ITIr.Y'NdllU O"'I;CIU) and",,,,,tic inven.ebra.es in Ute Minto Cleek draiDap.

:i~ :

J

:;~1~~~t:~~~J~ ~"." ~,,~,~ .~. wm.m '0."~,:.* ~ YlIkon!~~.ID area subjected to. placer charse lIuc:n....ion &tid the addition ~f fine Je<1imem I~: He.ue. L W.• and B. A. Newcomb. 19n. Elfec:u o(

,..~..:".. :.:.r.,".•.....·=~.1il=•.''::''•.I.Rqort. ofFuhaicsand an stream /ish and m.ac:raievertebT1LeS below a wa- :.. flusning Speucer Hydro "" wuer qw..,.. fisIl. UIli-.. .' _.. •....-filtrlltion (ac:ili..,.. EnvironmenUll Manalcmcu·-' ';;''f'':(- "". --. insecl fauna in the Niobnn River. Nelltu4. Nortil·~~~!.~_~ p'~A.;, mid. R,;..E..-Bilby. 1982. Avoidance o( 12:85-97. ;. , ..;."..... ':"';"!'.::,::>.'. j.:::::: . Amerie:atl JounW of Fisllai.. MallAC=' 2.:45-<:.:;t, ...._~,h..djmellL by javenile cono salmon. North Gammon. J. R. 1970. The effeci of iIlarpnic:'~:.'.,rr';"'.....,..... ::;. :.' 52. .~;;,...~·~AmoiiciaJoiuuJo(FlSheries Mmagemeu12,371- on stre= biola. U.s. EAvitolllDlllltaJ. PrOicc:timi·:-: •• .;":"~,,':""::::?, Horke!. J. D~ and W. D. Peano1>. 1976. Elfeeu ofror·,:'~'314::.:;;4'.~~~'!t:R':i,~:" Agency. Wa~ PollatiOd ConIrOI.Rac8n:.b· Sc:rics;5;i.:::-::~:~ :.;~.: ..~ bidi,y ooveatilatiao mes 0DlI oX)'iCO =1'tiOll'.:::~~,."-. o:.;;W;' l~~;::t.J>niivc effocu of Mounl SL 18050 owe 12f70. Wu!tia·IUlft,. D.c.:;;!:.l""::,,"'S ..':': "~< .'.~I!';9;·j:'~_of J]'eClI SWIdsb.. Upoffl;u:awJJU. Trouaaions of:~- ~:::.lWraI·ub upoa~epidcmJilot yoli; sac: Jarvae of Gardner. M.. B. ,1981. Effects· of turbiditY "OIl" i~,·7.::~~;.i::~~.~:'",'~~::·.~.:g~·tbc Amencsn F'rmeries SociCf)' J0.5:107-113.~:£{:'PacI6c~:~Mrm,lUpal/ari.MarincEo.. r.atesllDd ...lcc:tiv;ryofb!aeaua.:T~ofU>c:-·~~¥:Jt-~i.,~::.H'.'~a.~ 197~. CoD~ ;".U>c raiJlbow =~Y.'·(~.Raearcb"j2:113-126. . AmenQUI Fuhcncs So=ry;,llO:~~O;.... ,,'::'}';;:;L.·~';;<. :.:[';"'":?".. ,:.(:Ee.:..;;~~.,.... (~,~rdne") aIMIlllc inlI.~ of poUUlaJlts..

. '. a::W~ iDd ~i:?,B;' Morpn.. 1985. Turbidi!)' GI~n. A. M. 1933. ~OII and 'opermOll of ~.: 'C. ;'""?,. '~:'. :~;" ••. lU:vneS~ de ZooIO(lC 12;47.;04.aibaer:sreCdiili 'bilidaof larva1 Pacidc hemn8 udal model of the ~everlI. ~~.HUMajesry·S:;:,;/:.'··.rJ;.~. -f;:!~~'~~.""d D. 1. WU.cIish. 1982. ElfCCl of 1DS-

, (a.-JWa~). Hydrobiologia 123: 161- SWlooery Office; Laadan;!~,:~:":-'i:: :~'tt,~: '~?:;~"'.'!:'.' .;;;.~!:5 .'!"::~.~ •. : ~ded Je<1imcot on fcccliq hy Wvsl b=ioC (ClII-~ .1··"I1'7Il;::.~~'~>A~:~·~":: Goldes. S. A. 19S3. Hislolosic:al anda1~ of. .: .. \>;.: I ... ,..,":";..'f. ... i'CG i>GnftPJ hmr>Ir"" L). Ilulletill of Enviro....~ll~E,:t;x::.P~~ UId T. ? Quinn. 1981. fee:u of the inc:n clay Itaolin ontbe&llls'ofralabow ,:.~.'~, 1 ;:~ ." .,j!a;".ltlCtIl&! ConwninatiOll &tldTo1i=IoC 19:261-U", .!~kponoalbol'ii1lacaco ot'.Il&SpCZlC'-~d ',,<caDic ub trout (SIWM ,"inineri RidwtlMm).• MUU:r's tbesis. ,,; ":" .,.;.... .: '!C=p. H. A. 1949. Soilpolhllioll in W. P1lt0ltlK Ri~~~;';,,!!a'lbe baDmii·i:ii:b&.viar·of allult cnUlook salmOB Uoiversity of Guelpb. Guelpb.· euiario. :.'::~ . .: ?:\:::;: buin. American Wau:r Warn.usociltion la=-.(t.~~':";(OIO",.....;ww.aw;r.ldta). MtW Rt:pcmto Wuil· GradaU. K.. S_ ""'d W. A. S-..-L'19~·~ : ~;.' .'":'''".' .• 41:792-796. (Not seen: c:ic4 by Cordalle 0DlI Kd-kt.~~":·Ia~.S_.uaivcrSicy..·. WubiD(U>n Waur Ro· of brook lrnllt and c:rcei: ~lIDbl'to wibidity. Trans- '" .. f;:;: - "~': loy 1961.) .. '~ .. ::-a.~Pal1maA. ,,:>,-, . aetioMoftheAmerie:atlFlshcriesSociery111:J92_ ·.-·LT,· ~odlof•.~ M~ and S. Li. 1991. !¥ pebble COllllt

~S''F~.!I~~L;:l9U;'Etfeeu or lUrlrictity 00 ~ con· 395. . ......~ ·,~;','· ..··.i ';"-,,-.~ ""i; '. tt~:·, ::,..,...,;~ forql1alltifyIaCllII'facebcdmw:rWsiz<;' ·:".:-::.r::~ by satped b8u larno. TnJUaI'tions of lbe Gr.ayloo. R. B_ S. R. HaydoD. M. 0:'-";:1~'y~' and' ...... ":. ,:. ~ ,,;; iII.iastreaJil flow studies. Riw:n 3:8G-87. .·~;.:;;;::~ Rsberics·SocierJ. 117:71-n. B. L Finl~yson. 1993. Wata- (\lI&1ity ill tIIOQSItaia :-'::-I·~'. iCGndolf. G. M.. and M. G. Wo/mm. 1993. TIl< 1IU:S

~':.;::"Bact;.D.IL'I~Elfec:U 'of llUtridity an fish and /ish- uil f~anlUll lbc impacu 0(- roads from !::$ o( salmonld Ip...""nl p1I...u. Wau:r R.eso= Ro-:~; iq. Trwps8n;,.... of !be Ncnb Amcric:aa Wildlife lhosc of loglia& operations. JClIIttI&1 of HydroJocY [-;; searcb 19:1275-228S.-.:~~~CDafciact.2~1I-261:~,i:'. 150,459-480. .,. : r; ......g..... O. E. 1980. Effce:u of sedilllCOw.ioo oa sal-

:'....ZJ.~a:-l~;,l~ ..~.!ti"·etrec:r of siltation from gold Gregary. R. S.. J. A. Servizi. and D. W. Mutells. 1993. ";. monid sa-cam life. Envi1OlllOC1lt~ Enyiron-':.:.y;;"i,?~ ciIr U>c ~v.aJ of ~bow lrnal and eyed Comment: util~ty of the SlJ'CSS index for predicting ~~ menl&! Prorce:tioo S~ uopoblisbcd ~:· .....e~.c.':eus·ia Powder,IUYCI;·.OrcJon. BaUctia o( lbe Or· suspended ~Imenl effcc:u. North Amerie:atl Jour- ~. Nonll Vancouv..... Bnash Colambia.'::'~:'~. S- G.-CO~Portland. oal of Fisheries Managemenl 13:868-873. .;,;. uwrcnee. M_ and E. Scbcrer. 1974. Be!lavior.al reo:'. :,';'CedaiJolm..C::J~ I.. M~Reid.· ADd. Eo O. Salo. 1981. Grif!io. L E. 1938. Expcrimeou 00 lbc tolen.n"" of :: sporues of whitedsh ....d t2iDbow trtlDt to driUing.:.:~.".,,<:.CiImaIIIift etfeca. oflo~lroad sedimenl an sal- young trOUI and salman fot snspcndcd sediment io fluicU.~ Fisheries &ad Mmoe Service Tech·: ~.':'."'" IIIOlIid P"!""aa-·iII !be~ Riv..... leff...•· "'ater. Oregon Departmenl o( Geology and MinenJ nic.al Report 302. ..;.

; ·.';:;?:·iilia eo.;.y. WubiisJIDIL.Pqes 31-74 in SalIDoo. lodustries Bulletin 10 (Appeodis B):ZI-31. (Nol LeGon:. R. S_ and. D. M. DcsVoiroe- 1973. Abseoa:·;.:'.X.'·. q.'rtDurnel:arcaewableraourceiathel'lCific seen, ciled by AI~baslCr &tid Uoyd 1980.) of ~Ule effocu on tlIn:e.rpiDe niei:lcbaeks 1Ci<u-·/.~~::;.]'l~ Wubmp>trSwa Univcnity. Wulliog· Hamilloo. J. D. 1961. The etfea of sand-pit washings .,.0,1,..., """Jmnu) aIMI colla salmoa (O""'m:-:r,.1·~·_Waw 1lacarcl1'C=loCf.!U:pon 39. Pul1mao. on a stRam faDD&. 101l:l'tIationale VereiaigWlg fUr cJws wl/,ciI) eJtpoaed to~ lwilour ",d·

.:.~: Chambalia;!t W~ editor; 198&. Applyins 13 yean o( lbcoreu",ne und angcw&tldU: Limoologie Verban- im~t conwnilW>u. Jouraal of the F'uheries Re-... <:.smaoc. Cn:eS rcSulla; PacUle BioloRieal SlallOn. dlungen 14;435-43~.. _ scareh Bllal11 Or Cuaila JO:1241l-l24l

,c:.mmc. ·Cn:eSSlceriDa· Committee. Nanaimo. HUUlWl. G: F. 1988. Uroluon Creek. 13 yean of fish· Lloyd. D. S. 19U Turbidity in !resbWltCl' tubiuu ofBrilisb CJlbaDbia..- 'c ":'.: .~i:'" :. ene$-foreslTy IOIor1c: bridscs from research to man. Alulc.a: a novi.", of publisb!:d ..,d unpUblished li,-

Ccau, 1..'1. ClII1lDJ. J. Aorsbeim., aad D. Kauhaan. _,cmenl. Pages 189-204 i" T. W. Chamberlin. cd- er.ature ",I.v&tll .0 the usc of nutJidiry OJ • w."'•. .,: ; 1913•. e-a..I chao.... acdimlmt tnu>SllOrt. and fub i.or. Applying 13 yean of Caraalioa Creek ","uIIS. quali!)' "&allard. Alaska Oq:Ianmcnt of Fun and

bablza ia'a cour:al ma.ai:. eft""'" of an extreme Pacifi~ Biolog,c.al Statioo. u.rnatioo Creei: SI...rin~ Game. Habital Division. Ileptm 15. Put I. Juaeau....em. Earir_tal MaDqamcsn 9:35-48. Commlttu. Nanaimo. British Columbia. MacDonald. D. 0 .• aad. C. P. Newcombe. 1993. Utility

. ConI..... A; l.aIll1 D. W;-X&Iley; 1961. The influences H.:rben. D. W. M.. J. S. A1abulCt. M. C. Dan. and R. of the SIre.. index for prcdicsin, ,uspende<l ~di·

.. : .. of \aarpIic llldis:aeU'i 011 tI>o aquatic life of suoams. Lloyd. 1961. The effea of china-day wasles on menl etfecu: l'CSponse to C"lIlIDODL North ....mc:n=.. CallflXllia Fish aad a ...... ~7:189-U3. troUI strUmS. International Journal of Air ...d Watcr Joumal o( Ftsberics Manaa.-al 13:87j..876.

DadswclLM.J..a.D.Md~andP:J.Williams. 1913. Pollution 5:56-74. M~doaald.1.S_edilor. 1994. l'nIccedincsoflbeTul1I·t .,' EtrllCl of.-tlidiry·OQ tb.e tll1IqlOn1 aad spaual uti. Herbert.. D. M. W_ and 1. e. Merl:.eus. 1961. The elfee' fishery/forestry "'orbh01>: •• ...... !CU review. e;,.

liDrloa ofm. iaDerB~y o(FUDdy by American sbad o( ,uspeuded mineral solids on the sury;val of [fOU'. oadi"" Techaic:aJ R~ of Rsberies 0DlI Aqua"c.(AJoaa~) CPbca: ChrpDda<:) and iu reo IDlcrnauonaJ Joumal of Air and WalC!' pollution j: Sciences 2007.1alioIIsIIip 111 1GcaJ ftaberica.. CasuidJ&a JoumaJ of oiO-j5. Mac:dolUlld. J. S.. J. e. Scrivener. aad G. Srnitll. 1991.

.Flsbaia.d· AqtIadc. Sciaas:a 4«Supplemen, I): Herl>en. D. W. M.. wd J. M. Rlc:lw'ds. 1963. The .. The SUUl'1-Tai:Ja fisheries/forestry ialCl'lCUoo pro-...: 3Zl-33lL ..;......:. "". grD""h .nd survival o( fish in some suspensions of ';>' jeee ,rudy dcscripuaa .ad dcailn. CaGadUo Tech.

_ Davia. P. Eo;'" i.t. Nnbors. '1m: n... 'effect of Stee!' solids of industrial origin. IDternauacal Journal of _ aic:aJ Repon of Fisheries aad Aquatie ScieDC.... '.".. ': ·uope.loaioIaa 11M ocd.lmaSI1loAltntiOD 1010 the Air and Water Pollution 7:197-302..",.~ 1899. . .... ...'. bcdaot~Udp""ClusiaIa1J'lWlUoftheDI1' H...bc:n, D. W. M.. and A. C. Ww(ord. 1962. The MacKllllly. D. D.. D. D. M~Ooa.aJd. M. lC. Joilluoo.

1la'.Ra.,...r-ama. AaattaUa. JoumaJ of Hy· e(fect o( ealc:iW21 sulpha", oa Ibe survival o( rain- J' and R. F. Fieldon. 1987. C"hunrafc:binoallulmoaclnllot:7 ~l-$OIl.. ..;.:' . r ,. . bow Il'OUL Wab:t and Was", Tre.aanenl 8:608-009· ~ .. , IO""orlrmc!lIu UM"':"UCM) ill iroe-ric:b ~.

Enaa.a,·D. Co. .. PolC. UIIJ'GIL 198L l:!lI'ecu 01 dia- (NO! seen: cited by AI.Culer and Uayd 1980.) fZ~ . wa>cr. Sw"" pilol hatd>ery e.tper1eot:d. Caaa4laa

2:ti~~~£';:,~'~;j;~~;~'.'''.'''"f'~': ....~ ".. ..{£<0¥;\: ) ...".

1"•

FISH RESPONSES TO SUSPENDED SEDIMENT 717

Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aqoatic Sci·ences 1944.

MeLuy. D. I. t K. Binwell. G. F. Hartman. and G. LEnnis. 1987.' Responses of Arctic gnyling (Thy­trI41JIU arr:ticlU) to &CDte and prolonged exposure lDYuknn placer mining sedimenL C2nadian Journal ofFisberies and Aquatic Sci=s 44:65&-673.

McLuy, D. I~ G. L Ennis. t K. Binwell. and G. f.Hannsan. 19&4. Effecu on Arctic gnyling (7'11:>­mDilus arr:tir:lu) of prolonred e:<posurc lD Yukonplacer miniog sediment: laboratory stUdy. CanadianTechnical Repon of Fisheries and Aqoatic Sciences1241. ,.,. , ..

McLuy, D. I. and five coauthors. 1983. Effecu onArttic gnyling (T/r:mtDllus =ir:v.s) of short tenD

exposure 10 Yukon pla.cer mining sediments: lab0­ratory and field stUdies. Cmadian Tecbnical Reportof Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 117!.

MellZCL B. W.. I. B. Barnwn. and L M. Atllnsch. 19&4.Ecolosical alterations of Jowa prairie·"picnJ~

stream£. 10110'1 SUte Journal of Research 59:5-30.Morpn. R. P.. n. I. v. Ruin. Ir.. 2nd L A. Nee.. 1973.

EIfecu of suspend.eQ sedimenu on the developlIICIIlof eggs and larvae of sniped bass and whi... percIl.a~ndix 11. Final Report to U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers. Contnr:t DACW61-71-e0062. PhiladcJ·pbiL

Morgan. R. Poo It J. R. Ruin. Ir.. and L A. Nee. 1983.Sedime1lt effeeu on eus 2nd larvae of sciped bassand white perch.T~oDS of the Amenan FIsh·eries Society 112::10-224.

Neum2nn. D. A.. I. M. O'Connor. I. A_ Sherk. 2nd IC.V. Wood. 1975. Respiratory and hematolofical re·sponses of oyster toadfish (OPSQIUI.S tlUl) to sus­pended solids. Transactions of the Amerian FIsh­eries Auoctation 104:n5-7Sl.

Neweomb. T. WOO and T. A. Fl.U. 1983. Some effectsof Mt. SL Helens ash 00 juvenile S21mon smolts.U.S. National Matine Fishenes Serv,ce MarineFisheries Review 45(2):8-12.

Newcombe. C. P. 1986. Fisheries and the prol:llem ofrurbidiry and inert sediment in water. .t synthes.ufor environmental impact .usessmcDl. Briush Co­lumbia Ministry Qf Environment.. EnvironmentalImplct UtiiL EnvIronmental Services Section.Waste Man.@emen. Bnutch. VictOriL

Newcombe. C. P. 1994. Suspended sediment io aquallCecosysu:ms: iII cffecu .u a function of conCentntioD.nd durauo. of exposu",. British Columbi. Min·istry of EnvfronmenL Lands 2nd Pules. HabiW Pro­tecuon Bnnch. V;ctOriL

Newcombe. C. P.. Ind D. D. MacDonald. 1991. Effccuo( suspended sedirnenu on aquatic ecosYltamLNorth AmenC2n Journal of Fisheries MIDSgemcnlII :72-82.

Newcombe. C. P.. B. Sb"1'herd. ·G. Hoyer. and M. !.add.1995. Documentauon of • fish Ic.ill Guvcnile rain.bow trout: Oncor"""cnus mvtiu) in Bellevue Creel!(n..... Min,on. Kelowna. British Columbia. Cua­dal. Cluled by SIlty .....ter discharge. British Colum­bil Miniltry of Envll"omcmL Lands &Dd Parlta.

Heue. L Woo and B. A. Ne....comb. 1982. Effects offtlUhing Spencer Hydro on wau:r qualiry. fisb. andinsect f&llJ1a in the Niobrara River. Nebrub. NorthAmerian Journal of Fisberies Management 2:4$­52.'

.Hartel. I. Doo Ind W. D. Pearson. 1976. Effects of tur·bidiry onventilation rates and oxygen coTlSumptioDof green sunfish. upomis cycuullllL TranuctioDs of\he American Fisheries Society 105:107-113.

Huglles. G. M. 1975. Coughing iD the rainbow troUtfS4Jmo rairdtlenJ and the inftoencc of poUOUllU.Revue Suisse de Zoologie 82:47-64.

IolulJon. D. D.• and D. I. Wildisll. 1982. Effect of sus­~ended sediment on feeding by larval hemng (Clu.~" hturnflU itannrIU L). Bulletin of Environ·mental Contamination and Toxicology 29:261-267.

Kmlp. H. A. 1949. Soil pollution in the Potomac Riverbasin. AmeriC2D Water Worles ASsOCi2110n Joornal41:792-796. (Not seen: cited by Cordone and Kel·ley 1961.)

Kandlof. G. Moo and S. LL J992. The pebble countu:chniques for qnantifying surf..... bed material sizein instream ftow srudies. Rivers 3:80-&7.

/Condolf. G. Moo and M. G. WolllWl. 1993. The sizesof salmonid spawning gravels. Wlter Resoorees Re·searcb 29:2."75-2285.

LangC1'. O. Eo 1980. Effects of scdimentaUoD on sal·manid stream life. Environme1lt UtwU. Environ­mental Protee:tioD Service. UlIJ'1IbHslled report..North VancnuvC1'. Britisb Columbia.

uwrco~ Moo and Eo Scherer. 1974. Beblvioral re­5pOlISoCS of whitefish and rainbow trout to drillingftuids. Cmada Fisheries and Manne Serv,ce Tech·oiC21 Report 502.

leGore. R. Soo and. D. M. DesVoig= 1913. Absenceof acote eff= on three·spine stieltJebacles (Ga.s­leroneus a.:vUa1ILr) and cobo salmon (Oncarlrm.chus titulchl e:<posed tore-sus~ded b2rb0ur sed­iment contaminantS. JournaJ of the Fisheries Re ..>ean:h Boan! of C=ada 30:11-40-1241.

L1ovd. D. S. 1985. Turbidity in freshwI",r habiuu of. Alasb: ~ reVIew of published and unpublished Ht­erature relevant to the lUC of rurbidiry u a waferquality ,u..ndMd. Aluti Depanment of Fish .ndGame. Hablt2f Division. Rcpon 3~. Put 1. Junc3u.

MacDonald. D. D.. and. C. P. Newcomne. 1993. Utilityof the: su":ss index for pn::dk,UD'I 1us~tJ.de.d sedi­ment effects: response co cornmenL. Nonn AmcnCOlDJournal of Fisheries Mlnagemen, 13:873-876.

M.cdonald. J. S.. editor. 1994. f'roceedings of the Taitt.fisherv/fore,Strv worbhop: a two yeu review. C..­Dadil~ Techni~21 Report of Fishenes .nd AquallcSciences 2007.

Macdonald. J. S.. J. C. Scrivener. and G. Smith. 1992.The SNart-Twa nshenes/forestry ;D,era<:llon pro­jecl: 'Ndv descnplJon and des,!1"- u.ldian Tech·nlcaJ Repon of Fishcne.s and ."-quJouc: Sciences1899.

M,clCin'av. D. D.. D. D. MacDonlld. M. K. JoMson.and It. F. Fielden. 1987. Culwre of clunook S&lmon(OncoNlVt1ciuu uhawvucha) Ut l1'On..ncb cround..w....r. StUart pilot ha~ery expcn""ces. Utiadian

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FISH WPOHSES TO sus

AppendlJ: follow! on

actions of the AmeriC&ll Fishctics Society f>9:125­230.

SlObct. Q. 1~ and 6'tC eoanlhon. 1991. Menu of WI­

pen.dcd .olcanic scdiIIlcnl .. collo o.nd cllinooksalmon in the Toutle and Coria riven. Univeniryof WUbingtSl1l. F-'sberies R.cardt lJistitDlC.. Tecb·nical Completion R.epon FRl4JW-3124. Seanle.

" Suchanek. P. M.. R. P. M.arsbali. S. S. Hale.. and D. c..Schmidt. 19S4a. 1n'Venile UbllOll rearing .wtabilitycriteriL AluU Oeparune:nt olMsh and Ou!e. Sus­iU1a Hydro Aquatic SlSIdics. 1984 Report 1. P>zt 3.Ancllonge. (NOt seen: cited by Uoyd 1985.)

, Suchanek. P....M.. R. 1.. Sandet: and M.., N. Weng...,1984b. llesid.,u· fisI\-babiw undies.. AluU De,. Va

partmCIll of Flsh and Game.. SfSima tlydro A<!D&ticSllldics. 1984 Reporr"'2. Pan 6. AlII:borage. rNol=0: ciled by Uayd 1985:)

Swenson. W. A.. .1978. InlIncn= of turbidity 011 tuballnn<l.ance ill lIII:SICm lA:.e Saperioc. U. S. E.nv;·:;·ronmcnul ~OD ·Agency. NatiOnaJ E.nvil'll<.:: ..;,meDul R-nCetltet. Ecolopw Rcscarctl SeriesEPA 600/3-7s-<l67. (Not seen: cited by GradaJI andSwclIS'>n 1982.)

S..,=n. W. A.. llId M. L MalSOL 1976. Intlu= o(rurbidity oa SlJr\'ivaJ. groVilb. anG dimibution oflarval Wtc herring (Co,.,_ an.dil1. Transac·lions o( the AmeriC&ll F"1Sbcrics Society 105:54\-545.

Sykon.. J. L E. J. Smi1h. and M. Syual:.. 1972. Effectof limc.newralizcd iron hydnnidc suspe1lsion.s onjuvenile brook lrODl (SaJwlinJufontinoliJ Mitcltilll.WI!.... Researcb 6:935-950.

Townsend. A. H. \9g3. Span 6sbinl-placcr minin~:

Cbaunikl Ri ..... Memorandum 10 Director B. BI·ker. Hlbitat Di'i"'ou. Alaska Departrneul o( A.hand Game. FebnJary l. 1983. Juuean. lNol >=II:

ciled by Lloyd 19115.)

I;.~

.-.'.

CI';Z"gtj~fs. "",." '"' ,~,~-·,,·~··,\::'·>IUbi"~OD·Braa<:b. HabiUlI Pn>Iect.iOD 0.· tribuUlty of the upper Fraser Rivet. ~iu Jour.

,.::.: ,{:rClllioalIUport; VIctoria.' ..I of FisbericI and Aquatic Sciences 51:1139-;;~':":'.:.~ C'C, .1!778.:.·'llcltavi~ pbysiological and Ie· 1146..':~, ~':'~.:;tltaI dfocu-.ot:"'lllIplSlded ICdimctll on jU'elI;le Scullion. J•• and R. W. Edwards. 1980. The ~ffecu of

~'.,;., . '; "., aaIaiamda.' Maau:r'1.lbcais.. University of WultiDg. polluWlu from the coal indl1ltt'Y on tUh (auna of a

~~·~~~!G~.:·~"'~nicalion. Alu" De. ~~ri;:I~~O~eS~~ Av.;~~4::~;.ld. Environ.

, ":;'''~o' ~D( FlJIt and 0-.. Fairbanks. eNOl =: Scrvizi. 1. A.. and D. W. Mancu. 1987. Some effccuI<'~:~.~.cit.ed·",'pcinoul~on in Lloyd 198~.) of suspended Frucr Ri.er sectimcnu on IOCkeye~ ;.~..t;.~:.C;. J~.? E!tI'ecu oa StroUl sacam 01 sedimelll salmon (Oncorlr)irre!w.f n,'*'tl. Cmadian Special,.':{:;~~frilIIl :qricllIDII;aI::~ Journal of Wildlife Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 96:,v":;':fI,·;t.bD~31~12.··;-":. 2.54-264. ~

~; t. P!ri.'!iP' Jl:!t'. ,1970. ,E!tI'eds of sedimenl on the rn.....1 Serviti. J. A.. and O. W. MuteIIS... l99l. Effect of tom.·.'''''':~~.~$amr-I.1Adllsh. Jiroc1w:tioa.. Pages 64-74 in . perature••,,,,..,.. :and bh size aD IIC11le letbaJiry of'i_':-~;:~;~J)P" f 1'~cif'1be iym'poaillJD on fo",'" l...c U>C mspencled se<limcnu to coho ulmoQ' (Onco,/rm..:';:'!.;,}~.~sa-~~ 0rcJ0II S~te Universiry. c!w.f icWlrchl. CanadianlOamal'a( Fisheries ~d7:1:.,~1t·~I~oa.Pabli;'=ati01ls.Corvallis. Or· Aquatic Sciences 48:493-497. "" •....).~~~-,qoa.~a;~"j('.::r'-.4-\),~':; Servizi. J. A.. and O. W. M.lne1U. 1992. SubletlaJ reo~'t1.1"X1-'Y:J.·~and.T.Hardy.,J~ •. Reply to di=ion "?Oases of coho :oa.Imcnt (Oncorlt-mduu IWweh) to;::cf-~" "" G.:.MIlhiD· Kaadolf;' MUse of pebble counu to s!Upended sediments. Cazwlia.a J~am.oJ of Fisheries;;.*~~ ::'';:'NalaalllilllllelllmCin incnlasC ill stream clan..\>." alld AqIWie SeiC1lCCS 49: 1389-1395.~'::';:-:< :w-r~Ba~~.3 !~9-540. '" Shaw. P. A.. and J. A. Map.. 1943. The effect of mining:;;.,..... l'l.aIemyJt A..l993.'·Muimum:WDlonld dCDJIIJCS In Sill on yield of fry from ulman spawning beds.~JE·;:·~··::·· lhrriaI baIldai:I'inBrltilb Columbia. Pag.. U3-UO Ulifontia Fish and Game 29:.29-41.,,,J:'~::; 110 L. 1l<fI'.1Ad fnv. Delaney:·edltOTS. ?rocecdin~s Shcrt.1. A.. 1. M. O·Connor. and D. A. Nenmann. 1975.;:. :.~:.:, .:.;;~of l!lc CoIlot WcrICibop. NauiDIo. British Columbia. Effecu of sUSJ"'tlcled and deposited seditnenu on~:':",""'''''~'of'Flsberiesand QceaDs. Vancoo.....r;.~R.cddiIlc..J.IL,..&ad.c.~B:: ..sdIrcCIt; 1982. MounlSL esuurine cnvironmeurs. Pages-541-55& in L. Eo::":;; ...:-. Hc\as'__":"iiililelhal.svess n:sponses in Cronin. editor. Estuarine Rescueb 2. Acaclemic

":':*'~~ ::'Iledhcad Jrilut. Papi-300-307 ill Ml. SL Hel."s: Press. Ne.. York., .';,.c. , effects oe ftrer reaoosrCcs. WaShington Swe Un;. Siller. 1. W.• T. C. BjornD. and F. H. EVCTCSt. 1984.

::.'::~f~1.;~~~~~~~h CenlCf. Repe" ~S~:lha~m:~cc::::i~~::.~~':., . ~.: Reynold&. J.~.R:.Co: Siiamaas. aDd A. R. Burkholder. American Fisheries Society li3: 142- \50.

.. ' ';';: .':19119. 'E1fau"ofp~ tniniDlI discharge on bult!> Simmons. R. c.. 1982. Effects o( placer mining on Arc·.~:, ,1IId food afAn:tic lJ'lIyUDc. Wau:r Resources Bul. tic grayling of iou:nor AJ.ub.. MI.SICl'·s thesis. Uni·

-~B.25~S.~~~~.;,.,;~·Offour spmes o( 'Sing::~:;'f J~~:a::::-ualiry criteria for par·'. ,~:.CItIlSriM 6sbes' lQ~ mineral solleU. Mu. ticulate maner. British Columbia Minisll"}' o( Ell·:'-, :" r'~,,;rJ 1lIe:IiI: UnMnity of RbocIe Wand. KiDgston. .ironmcDL Wau:i ManqemCtlI BDllcb. Yie:toria..- , ,R.oscnberJ, D. M;. and .N.. B. snoW. 1'177. A design for Singleton. H. 1. 1985b. Water quality criteria (or par"

... ';"CD~ impact smdIes witJlspecial r.(ere.ce tieulate maner: lcc:bniaJ Ippendix. British Colom':;:.. '.,~ lQ~Qft ia ailtwic systemS of lhe Mac.en. bil Mini.try of EnvironmcnL Water Managemenl

.':. zie' aDd i'IftIrpiIIe ri__ dniaaaa.. Pages 65-78 in Bra.nch. Yictona. .. Prnc=diDp of tlIo"Cin:lmtpolar ~onf.rcncc on Sian.y. P. A.. T. G. Halsey, ud H. A. Smith. !97iL

.':", llClItbua ecaIoC. National Rcsearcb Council. Qt. Some cffecu of fORSt Iw'v.sunl on ~onjd rear'~ .. :. :.... tin. ::.:r".;, ...... ing tubiu.r. \n 1""0 SQ'e&.mS in the c:ntr&ltnterior of::. ~ p. A.. 19811. Etrc:etS of elClYSLOd sedimenu I.v. Brili.h Columbia. British Columbi.l Miois.", of

eis fraIII piKa' nUniD, OD survi~ and bchaviOl' oi Recreation and ConleTVltion. Fish and Wildlile: . imlIIaDIre An:Ilc pylina•. Master's thesis. Uni.cr· B.....cn. Fi.henes Manallcmenl RCl'O" 71. Yicloria.

. sit]' of AJab. Faitbanks... ". Slaney, P. A.. T. G. Halsey. aJld A. F. T.uu. 1977b.• Scbobel. J. L -.I 1, C. S. Wanl. 1973. The .(f.ClS a( Elfeeu of (Orcsl harvesung practices 00 spawning

~; " JIIIIl"I'Clcd satimeet oa the batI:lIing suceen of Pt'· hlbiut of SU'Clm salmonids in the CetlWUliai Creek. :: .::". cil~. (yellow Pen:Js1. Moro". am.,ic/JN1 wilenhed. British Columbia. British Columbia

..,~- . (wlIi", pel'dIl.'M_, JlSmsilu (ssriped busl and Ministry o( Rccration and Co..-vuioa. FisJI and·,c:~." .'Ala...~'IU (a1""';fd) elP- Cheupe""e Wildlife Brancb. Fisheries ManagetD1l1l1 Report 73.'.. 'cSBayImlintlLJo/ma HOllldna Upiversiry SpeCIal Re· ViClori•."';'1. pan JQ.~ 73-3. Baltimore.. Maryllnd. (Nal Slanina.. K. 1962. Beitrag zUr Wirkllnl min.:nJiach....

. .. ' .,' SCCII: cisad!lf MPrpJI CI a1;.1983.) SlIspensionen aul Fhche. W....... WId AD"'.......': Scri_ c.J~"to:.Bl'OWIl.and.B. C-AJtder.lon. 1993. 1962: 186-194..··i·~·· Ja-raiIc dIiaDolt saImoa (OlK'OrlrmeJuu ISka...."· Smith. O. R. 1940. PLacer ruinioll lill and ill rclW04,:7:. dOol ati~ of Hawlts Cn:ek.. ~ small nonnalll 10 the ",!mall and troUI on the Pacillc coaA. TraJIS'

~ .....Yo. : ~';';;.~•• :.'f.~:-~) 74

.:.' ~~".. ( .i•• _ .J; :~''jJ.:''';"'''''''·:':'''r .

~ ~..::~.: ~.: ''fr-' ... !\~~:~h .. ~,,:~, "';.' -:' ~ ..; :",Y",\<I-t~~<:-r.:· ~~:$"..:,,- .,', ~~,.",,,,.... ~ '. t'·..... , ..,.,....;··". ,",I:",:" ......~ 5;i .•'.~ .. ~~r:,..·

AppendL1: follow$ on page 7:20

FISH RESPONSES TO SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

,.,:,..'

'.~',

.""

..-.~

....

~/.I

tII

j

.~.

aclions of the American Fisheries Society 69:215­230.

Stober. Q. J•• aod liye coauthon. 1981. Effeeu of sus­pended yolaDic sedimenr on coho and chinooksalmon in the Toutle and Cowlitz riven. Uniyerstryof Washin8ton. Fisheries Research InstiNte. Tech­IlieaJ Completion R"",,(1 fRj-UW-8124. Sume.

, S""lliDel:. P. M.. R. P. Marshall. S. S. Hale. and D. C.SchmidL 1984a. Juyenile salmon rearing suitahilitycrileriL Alash Dcpuunenl of Fish and Game. Sus­ilJUl Hydro Aquatic SlIuiies. 1984 Repon 1. Put 3.AIIchorige. (NOI seen: cired by Uoyd 198.5.)

Suchanek. P. M.. R. L Sundct. and M. N. Wenger.19114b. P.",idenl lish habiw Sludies. Alasb Dc·parunenl of Fish and Game. Susima Hydro AquaticSnulies.. 1984 Repon 1. ?ut 6. Ancnol'llge. rNot....n: ~ted by Lloyd 198.5.)

S...enson. W. A. 1918. Inliuence of lurbidily on fishzbuncUnce in ...eSlern L.aJr.e Superior. U. S. Eny;­'roamenuJ Protection A!eney. National Env;ron­!DCnw Research Cenler. Ecologi",1 Rese=h SeriesEPA 60013-78-067. rNot seen: cited by Gradall andSwenson 1982.)

Sweuson. W. A.. and M. L MalSon. 1976. Inliuenc: ofnn1:lidiry on sury;yal. growth. :lJld dismeution oflarv:iJ lake herring rCo,..gonu.s arutti;). Tr:lJlSac·tions of the Amen""" Fisheries Sociery 10.5:.5-11­5-45.

Sykan.. J. L E. J. Smith. and M. Synal<. 197:. E.'fecrof lime·neutn.1ized iron h~droxide .5lupensioru onjlJVenile brook trout 1S<Jlv~l;nu.s fominaiiJ Milchilll.Warer Research 6:93~-950.

Townsend. A. H. 1983. Spon fishing-placer mlDlDg:OuWlika River. MemOr:lOdUm '0 Direc10r B. Ba­m. HabiUll DiviSIOn. Ala.ska Dep.artment of FishIll<! Game. February 2. 1983. Juneau. (No, ,een:cited by Lloyd 198~.)

719

Tumpenny, A. W. H.• and R. Willi=s. 1980. Effectsof sedimentation on the gnaveis of an indusU"ial riversYSlem. Journal of Fish Biology 17:681-<>93.

Vaughan. G. L 1979. EffectS of sU'l]1l11ining on fish anddiatoms in s~s. of the New River arainage basin.JournaJ 0-' the Tcnncs.see Academy of Science .54:110-114.

Vaughan, G. L_ L. MinIer. and J. Scroll.r. 1981. Ne...RiVeT projecI data bases and documenllllion. Joinl .rese.an:k\. vo'ume ~: biologic:l.l and associated water, •

qualily data. University of T.nn.ssee. Departmentsof Ciyil Engineering and Zoolon. and U.S. De­panmelll of Energy. KnoxYille. T.no......

Vaughan. G. L. A. T.lak. ORd R. J. Anderson. 1978.Th. chronology and characI.r of recovery of aquaticcommunities from rhe .ff.cls of suip mining forcoal io east Tennessee. U.S. FIsh and Wildlife Ser­vic. FWS/OBS-78/81:119-1~.

Vinyard. G. L. and W. J. O'anen. 1976. EtfeclS ofIighl :lJld IlJrbidiry 00 the rcactiv. disl.:lnc. of blue­gill (upomis nuu:rociriru.s). Journal of the FisheriesResC.:ltCh Board of c..nada 33::345-2849.

Wag.n.r. G. L. and J. D. l.:lPem.r•. 1985. Effects ofplacer mining on the inveneor.:ue communities ofinterior Alaska stre:.:uns. Freshwater Invertebl"3le Bi­ology 4:208-214.

Wallen. E. l. 195 l. The dirccI effect of turbidi!)' onfishes. Oklahoma AgricuhlJral and Mechanic.1 Col­lege..Vt.s :lJld Sciences Studies. Biological Series48(2). (NOI .""n: ciled by AlabaSler :lJld Lloyd1980.)

Whitman. R. P.. T. P. Quinn. Jnd E. !... Br:lJlnon. 1982­Inftucnce of suspended volc::ulIC uh on homing be·n.a,viar of adult chinook. s:almon. Tr.lnsacttons of lhcAmenc:an Fisheries Society I 11 :6.3-69.

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Ftoll .......71110.1 fu.b

(1""". >C-

oc...rc::o,'-l

PC'f. "'"e-a_'I"""clro

I'eooliaIIWOFWr. tIIb

10 Moll_

'l'IWMlf1 SVlnu!l.lnJI~ MoruUr:" r:l

10 Moll dicC; •

Gin "Soom<

M10 ...-,(l f'o!mli4 ~

..".,

,. Fim or

'''IX'

""..~A""'"

I*' 'Fioll m:Fioll ....,.­

Itac .ibl.< ofGillI of~

Msb ....,praUfe

!We'" •ICWS,

9 R.tci""10 Son>oo .....ID S<zrvn-al r

10 TOIl lis.Il 0

oIay\W'10 100 lDOIW

I'0.10

\61I

nono

&.760

1.760

e.­.......(0)

66.\.\00

Jj

l..l66

lOO

100 lUI~ lUI810 ,lO4

II no59 ~

.'f'

17.31Xl 161

SO 960

100

'11. 100

. 1.l\4O

.l.D.

FUH RESPONSES TO SUS

1.000

~IO :~

0.06 11~.6IJ 9610.000 :.

100

~O

10.00086

• .210 laB.9.131 96

l..lOO 1.4&1

160,(0) :.1

- 1.0<01.%10I,.

Ezl-o.--­,.."u

u

uUJ

A

A

AAA

A

u

A

AAA

AA

u

A

u

A

AA

A

A

AAA

A

AA

AAA

Tl'Odt !seal

Grr,tin, (Neuel

CnYlin,I"""""

Gtr,linl lAJaiCl

Tmul IlUIbowl

Gnylin, (Neue'GnyWll tNeue\GnYlln, (""""")

lIIhi..tUb (lablWh".tUb lLUel'WhHcri.s.h (mounl&lnl

Traort_)

""""1"-'

1'roao'''-lTrout,_)

1'roarl_J

-'1'roaI (broowIl) -

1'''''''lbnowoJTrout <_ITrout (broO."J

1'roaI1~'1'raor <lai:al1'''''''''''-1

1'raorl_)1'''''''1_11'ftlUll..-)

1'''''''1''-1u-t_)Traor,..-,

Troaa'_JTraor''-,1'raorl'-lTraorl"-l

I

L.1;­I

,­,

iI ,.i-­I

i

I:\.:

Newcomb and FIa" (19831\__ FlaUI1

9IJ1

N~ Illd Flan (l9S31

t"eweomb M>d 1'\&41 \ 19UISYtf'e'!UOn 11913)

St.noy Of &I. (I9'77bl

Hamill"" l\961)

Gibson 09331Brumon .. &1.(\981)

Red<bftl and Slo":hreCk (19&2\Coats cl ll. t 1983)

S_I: <t oJ. (I!1ll4a. 19841>1Mol.uy .. &1. (19ll"1

Md.cay O'l oJ. 09ll"1Md.ca~ .. aI. (\9&041PbUlips 119701TOWftMlld (/983l: On IJ9ll")

Cow Of 11. (l91:l)

Scr'¥i%i and MonoDs 1198'71

N_b and FlaIc 1198JI

Senw and Ma=ns 1198'71

51.....,. Of aI. (l9'77bl

H.",." _ M......... 119611Gntllo (19381

Gtiffl. (1938)

1'0__ <1983\: Ott 119&41

""'"" 11%7)G.twiaU aQd S wll'1UOQ (191'2)

1:w,_IlIr!>id_1'isIl bod _ resiswl<:e

\0~ IIl'aU:I

l<npoiRd 1-.Raluad~F<aIiD, ...m.y.­F<aIiDt-Il'P""""'lY-L.ou 01 -... CMlSOd by

<Ja::Di-oo .........lnIlJlllIlt~ qualiIy ot '""""I

IlabimI·F"c"_lhoir

.......... spowlWI' lW>iWI:x=o<d ris& of premIiaaNo~,;psoi

llomare 10 olflaory.-piJlldiam

Ho""' __~

oilnzloalHOII,"" _ --'- bu,

fL__ .... IiJll.-No dlORIlily (VA. <:~ I00

...01: ....um. <:l.l ..... ,M"'''ali,.,. _ 6O'J- {VA.

<~lCll1 ,MorWity l~ (VA.

<.S-tOO 1No' r.>Oft&Iiry I_md

POlllGOOI-,-'PI&uI,. Jloouo Ieftb

ilx_J9<4f'IosnIlJl_ ....1s

inc_13O'iNo moruJiry IVA. <~Ioo

.....:_<13 ...1111

MoouulY "'" 6O'J- IVA.<s,.\OO IlJll: IIltlIim. (l~

IIJIlIMoruHty n1a I~ (VA)1~ 'I'\IlftcftbUiry 10_aooaSisns 1I11Ub1c<l\al ...... IVAILou of lWll1 ""sal by

exetUI"'t scc1imeal<ntIS_Bload ;:cll toImI and b)ooa

clwmll1ry """'If_., bcoa_ appomuly_...R_q...ury.,....",'

t'L&bu,1.l

Galtiu,..........No mona4rr lolbCr C'Dd

poInl.& QQI urot'tS&,,&lCd)Dccr- .. _ ....

Fisb I'DOfIl ICU"" and leu~oo~

l~

\.7

14

10

810

10S

10

10

10

I~

J

NEWCOMBE AND JENSEN

6

9

6

96

168

I161

161

., 168

"

720.• ' 161

.::-:- i .

16,j

73

, .,'

• 3001..6S0

' •. ]OIl'4..1

2'70 :"31%.,.> m·, .·~3". ,'........,'.

A

AA

". 2ll7.000A J,j

A

A

A

A

A

. : ..

..~.A ' .... '110 •.

.•.. A

., A

"f:'-," A' ..;.,

~

.~:>: ,A

':":',

. " ,"

.S­

SlmIllad

. s.-.I-,.,.', ...

, ....... ,' .

... 1'...1'...

, '.::.720~ ..

.... 0'

;~~j2BE' :'::J9JOO

. IlAOO

'~fi:1" ..:. ..': Appeuc!jx; Dose-~Database

..• , ..",. TABLIl A.l~~ (ar /islle:I oxposecllD suspolldod sedimcnL

:!~,;~:,':~t~~~,~ ~~':-;;.-~.;;,;t,'" -', A.,"'-;;;'~ :A.daiI..-woaad raiDlJow SIl....1--"._ 1 aad:l),:.~~~)I'. ....j~.·t ~..~ .,~ ~ •• #~

·.·.,,·'GnIyIiarIAR:lil:) ' .." A' -":t· 100;';';' 0.10, 1.llOll

.·.:jl.llOll1.llOll

•~

2AO

'>.

! 4 •• '~~'.-.... ~

r-:-'···-~(.AlIaD:) A·~ . ,,' ~

~1~~,::':·.:~ : ,,::. ':17

ii~t~;~:~ :':::

.:: I

:...'

FISH RESPONSES TO SUSPENDED SEDIMENT 721

Tau A.J.-Continued.

Sedi.".", '"""

E..pooan:COllC02>- ExiJoa= Fish r=:cnse

Life """"" duntlOOS-;es ~ ImJll.l (hI S"EV' Deocnpcion' Ref""""",

T.-I_' A 1.000 17.320 Gill I&mcIIoe _ rVl'SS, He:m.:n .. aJ. (\ %llU-e-ul A 1.210 17.320 Some Jill l.omellao became fu=j Hcrben '" oj. (\ 9611

(VFSSJ

T_I_' A II 720 10 AllulldaDa: n:duced Peten (1967)T_l-..l A 100 720 II ~n:dDad Scullion &Dd Ed...-1I980)T.-e-ul A 1.ll4O 1.760 I' ~_of Herl>en .. aJ. (19611

~r.i.zz:(1li ...... FtlIT.- 1-,,1 A 3.!31 1.760 I' FtIb lXI:IIlilcn oae-ievcDm of Hemen et oj. (\%1)

expe=d (River !'>:lT_ 1<lllDlroal' A 33 Z F=dinl ecued: fUb SOlI"" ""vcr Cordone &Dd Kelly (1961)T.- (!.W:I A l.3 IllS FLIlI .voided aut>id u- SWCTlSOft (\ 971)T.-I""""" A 66 I AvoidaD<:< bebavior lIWlif..... UW== &Dd 5c:lJet<r ( 1974I

port of lhc a-T_I_I A />63. I Fish umcI<d 10 lDri>idi'l' U","""," and Scherer 119741T"""I_I A 100 0.10 FLIlI avoided l>Iri>id -.... SllCiune... aJ. (\ 91l4&.

(~bebmor) 19114b1T_I"-I A 100 0.:3 ~ of~r~ IFSS) Hu~ (\973)U-I_I A :30 0..:.\ ~ of -!!hiDr~ IFSSi Hu~hes (1973)T_ IlSDIi>owl A glO 30' GillI' of fiJI> !hot mrvived bad Hemen...o MerkenJ (1961)

<hic:UDtd~

T"""lnoioilowl A 170300 IllS Fish sarvivai: pll e¢theliWll 5Wtin. ( 19(2)prolifenlted _ lI1icLc:nal

U-Ir..-) A 30 960 ~ of wei"" pm __ Hm.:n ...0 RiclwtlI (1963\(ewS)

T_I_I A 30 960 9 R.ue oj~ piD _ (WF) Hertlc1t &Dd Ricll=is (I96J)T_I..-' A glO 30' 10 Some fUb died Hertlc1t ...0 Mertens (1961)T_I.-wl A :70 3.240 10 SlII"/1V&J _ n:duced Hert>cn _ MerkenJ 119611TraG. InJeDow} A :00 24 10 Test 6:sD bepD to die on the rim Hertlc<t an<! Rjcn.ana I 196J)

clay (Wf)

i_I.......... ) A 10.000 2' 10 l"iQ tnOI"Wity D. Hmen.' po:norWeommu:n.iC3uon ro A.1abaRet_ Uo~ (1910)

n...1"""'1 A II 720 10 Abww1.a:>ce m1ua:d Peten I19671TrotII 11'Walbow) A j9 -:.:J: 10 IUboUl l1aID&JC: n:duced porosuy S~ .. aJ. (197Th1

of (TO...

i_,,,-,, A 4..:.\0 j88 :1 Mortaliry _ 30lIo (CSJ Hertlc1t and Walu:ionl 11%2)i_I"-', A 49.llg 96 I: Mortaliry _ ~()'ll, (OM) u~co _ SC....... II97.1i_I..-., A JJOO 1.<1.1 IJ C,..u.a.urootuc rcduc:uon s..n Hcmm _ M..u... 11961 I

popul.auon iUfl; ----i_I..-, A 160.000 :4 I' MorulJty .,... I()()';l, D. Herben. penonoJc:ommunic:auon toA~

T_I_;wi Uoyd (\ 9101

A :10 :4 10 FI>h.-nditioa&I IWnih"n I19(1)

'1'".......... -WIUldsll 0aU) A 0.66 1 J 5";""""'1 bebavior ehanred u .......... and Set- I 1974)Wllioofab 0aU) A 16.613 96 1: ManaIi", row ~0'10 (OM) UWfttlC1l &Dd Scbl:nt (1974)Wllioofab e-ainl A 10.000 2. 10 FLIlI dia!: 1iI,<Ioqed riJla w,er 11910) I

Junftil• ..u-;.u If............. _po 1 ..... J)

Gn,Un, lAmic) l! ::0 :. Fish .voided pona ollhe _ Bu.-II el aJ. 119141CQytinr lAmicl U 10.000 96 FWI ............ lhcourlaa MeLcay er oj. ( 1917\CQytinr \An:DC1 J !6 0.•2 18'*' 0; fi.Jh ..¥OfCicd rumMi waw Sc>nneil (1911).= (NTU. >201

I:::.GnyliAllAl=CI l: 100 C,w:h rvc reduced (IJnfanuliu Mcl....c.3~ e\ ai. (19&7'

~~I

1-:- Gn-,uo. 1An:tic) U 100 Uu:n .,... _uecd \UnflUNUar MeLcay et >1. 11917)

I-=-~v: tubtncldSl

GnylillllAft:tlel t: lOO u~n ,..,. rcd~ I unfatl1l1w Mc:Lc.l:-' et Jl. (1987)?'.:. pnry: dn>ooI>ltila I

I~GnylulJ (Ano!u: I l: 1.000 Feec1lnl ~ reduced (un(lJ1ulut McLc.y er oJ. 1(911)

pn:y: ",ol1\cldsl

. I72·1 NEWCOMBE AND JENSEN .

,·...u A.l.~ontinued. " TJ

SedsmonI,_E&poo....toftCC1I- e......... F'..n __

UI. ....- llum>onS.,.".. .,.,.- I mIlL) {hI 5EV" o..c:--' A.of_

.' TI"OIIII~Abo*' Y 90 056 10 Mcruhry .... <I-~ IDEl__ "'-II96\l

flann'T_I"",*",",' y 90 '56 10 Morul.ry ...... <1-"" IKCI --"'-11961\ H<rrmlTrtlUI (",Mow) Y 270 156 II Mcruh'y ...... lll-l5.. IKCl

__ i0oi_ 1I961lIUmnI

1l'oul Iranobow , Y 810 156 12 MonAJlry ...... 354'" IDEI__ Ma1<cm 1I96\l 1UmJ>,

T"""II1J_' y 810 '56 12 MonAJuy .....~ IKCI H..- and "'1TUnI1196lj 1UmJ>,T""" I/1JlIIlCW , Y :70 '56 IZ Morullry ..... :s..- IDEI Hcrt>cn and MorktDI 1196 \lTC'OUI tra.tAbow I Y 7.'33 6n II MonaJiq tua~ ICSI

__ W_II9621"'=lI "

TIQI.d IrtJ,GbowI Y .,lS0 67"1 IZ Mcruliry """ so-.__ Wokalcnlll96Z\

1'\oOQl11"'ll'AbOW1 Y :'120 67"1 \. Mcruhry """ 1004 Hetb<n1lJd Wwlcn1 (\962\ "'=lI '"1l'oul Il1Jnbcw) J OJI' 57 I' Mcrwiry """ -1004ICS5\ _ .. li.(lm\ "'=lI I_"""'" ,.

.5&lzno.Pd t"CZ' .Dd 1MI,..... f(rair'w'Wllet'. u-1' 41 """'" I_Po:rCl,o

CirIIyul1 llA1'tticI Sf 2.1 24 10 McrulJry "'" 5.1~ J. Wtmr:n lpencnal JloerCZII~'---_. _.~I Pad:! l~t

Ono)'HlIl IAz<tIc I 51' 22.5 4.\ 10 MoruJiry ,..~ I ~,()II- J. 1.AI'ariae IpononaJ Shod IAr. "I Shod lADGnytir,( (NeUe I 51' 65 Z< 10 M<xuJjry "'" 15,O'J, J. l..&/'m1ao IpononaJ Sbad lAD

~I

GnyIiD, 1An:Uc) 51' 21.7 7"1 10 Mcruliry .... 1'.7'10 I. Wtmr:n Ip<ncIlal..........._)Gnyti°IIAra1c1 51' ZO 96 10 Mcrutiry "'" 13.4\\ 1. Uhmcnl Iponcaal Ar1I::J'I:W'!

IXC!Im""....... ) Ar1I::J'I:W'!'Gnytia,IIAm>c1 SF 142..1 4.\ II MoruIiry .- 2b'Io 1. I..&Ptrriaw (pononaJ A1tt:ZDry •

commUllicmaa ) Baa '''"''GnyIiJ>u 1Am>c1 SF 1&5 n 12 Moruliry _ 41.3\\ 1. I..&Ptrriaw Ipencnal Baa Ism"

CDftImUllic:1oae} e-GnyIUlf 1Ara1c1 51' 230 96 12 Mcrulill' _ 01 4'\\ 1. LaJ'anaalpononaJ e-

O"I'tD"'D"...... J e-SoImaa E 117 960 10 Mcruliry; __ c(

~ .. li.()9811 e-tpn'UUlI~

...... . Fa

SoImaa ldlum' E 97 :.BOi 13 ManaIity .... 77~ I",*",I<. 6<;1,1 'Uqer (198m' ' :, Hcrrmf ,A:

So1Illllll \a>IIc. E 151 1.728 I'Mcrutity _ 10ll'I0 I""""""" SbawIlJd Mop (19431 ~"' ............I~"\

.-.............-. E 37 1.4.\8 12 ~e~'2\\1~ S1.mey d li. 1I971b) • '~-'1lapoX.t:r

63"') I:iIli4sIIISlI

0n- E Mcruliry;~ o( Cocl<rilolm .. li. (1981)~ I:iIli4sII(SlI117 960 10

q>nm1llt rn.a JClDltu;b I n:"

'!'lour (r>i_, EE 1.7$0 144 10 Mcruiiry .... _ .... C4m1>I>dl (I~J," mi6IlIlSC'

caaa'Cla ("""uab. IJ'I,1 ~Irr

'l\aln(niJlbow. E 6.6 \.152 II Mcr1aIity .- I0'Io S~dli.(I971b1 XllIi6m (SIT

T'-I~) E ,57 1.->a8 12 MonaIiry _ 47% 1=01>. Sw.., .. li. (l971b) '1CiI1i6- ..32~) -'!'lour 1r>iIlIx>WI E 120 384 13 Mcrulity ..... 60-70\\ lcemrolJ. Enrsm IlJd Lipca 11911) -.. :',.

311.6"') -'.'n- Croiribowl E W,8 1.1$2 13 Mcrulity _ 72'1 S1.mey d li. (1917.1 ~11br

n- ,r>iUlcw' E 46.6 I.U2 14 Mcrulity .... 100'>10 S1.mey dli. (l917bJ Milmcw \Ibr

-n-I.........' E 101 l.440 14 Monaliiy .,.. 980;; (ccnaou. T"""""",,, Uld WilUama '~11br

14.6'1» (1980\ '~

~i'/-.ImcaicI _ ADd~ 1-....... _ 4) ~

~llaIlArip>l) L. :m 0.42 "-lisle _ --= ooq. Brenbatt 119m "-1..-'llaI ,,,,,,,,211 E 800 24 ~l""_ Mcrpa .. li. (1983) -,-upiJicomly P!:n:II(_'llaIl""",dl E 100 2' q 1Ua:lli0e dola)'Cd SciUllloj IlJd Wonc ,ImlllaIllfrillull E 1.000 168 10 Iteducr:rIlwdWl, ..- ADid IlJd .sc- (19'711

IP!:n:II (wIIirc.

llaIl....al l.. 1,000 68 II MoruIity """ 35%(_ Auld _ s.:toot.I ( 19'71\

16'10) -1-'Baal""",,,dl l.. '00 72 12 McruIiry _ 41'10 1_ ADid _ sa-l (19'711 -1-'17\\) P!:n:II,_.

llaIl~1 L. AI, H 12 ."Icruliry .... 50'!' Mcrpa d II. (1m)

}

242

2'24

1016

!.OOO1.000'.000

DelJ'h pm- choDpd' ~ lOll WIldIJI> (1982lDeI'd> prcIer<aaI chMpd :\.S_ aMI _ !1916\

-, .....- --lolarpa fl985)Med\aDil:aJ~ '"~ -.119&4)~~ mi=n<I,OI •.: _U9&41

I.r:u diJziod . ". " ;".Eel~ - ", ··We"..... aI. (1m)

sia:ni/lcalldy . .:: .' '.,

100 14 9 H.udUoI ddal"'d :.·,t .. ScbaI>ol lOll Wq (1973)1.000 168 10 R<ducod boI<:IliDIsuccca ..;'>:.•Aold .. SdIIIbd IL97t)

1:' ~ 12 loIonaliIy 50'10 '. Wc.p.. Ii. (1973)m 14 I: loIonaliIy 50'10 . w..p. a II. (197312BO ~ 12 McruJiry 50'10 ..~[ , .. '. w..p. .. II. (1973)~OO 96 II Mcruliry ~ (c:l:lI2lnlU, ,,,) .: Aold .. .so-. (l97t) .~.

1.000 96 1\ Moru;llry_3Nlc:l:lI2lnlU,7..)· MId .. ScbaDoI(l97t) ''\' ""100 96 10 loIonaliIy na 1... (c:l:lI2lnlU, '''I MId .. SdIIIbd (197tl .. •

~ 96 II loIonaliIy .- :l6'I> ICllrlll<lll. .") ; AallI ..ScIIIIiloI1I97Il ~. "..:'

~: -,:U(~:::~~::i~~~~~~(~7·;:~;'·,-·;~2Jl 14 10 MonaliIy_Ill'.fFE)' .~·,·, ..r;·~·"LU915r ;".'.;:~ .-.' !!!-;: ~ ~ Mcruliry_~(FEr",h 1{Slai:,,"'U915)' :<..'V... ::

l..IOO 336 8 ~ ':e:......i fFE)Crif:'.~;~=:~::~ ;'.-< .' ~\..100 336 8 _ oaDOlaliry izlcrcacd fFE) ..' ::SIIo:dt., ... (l9'm ~::.,: ....~.-...

2l.OCl) 24 12 MonaliIy mit~(2Qj)-2jZcr:~!~(~~!-.~i.:i~·!;;: ....~:::133.000 12 12 Mcftaliry_~(lS'Cl •• :.",,_.~~(~::"':t,.;.'.~ ..: 'f' "'S100.000 14 127"'..000 014 12

3.000 140 10:0 ) 4-

1.140 U 8\.140 1:%0 g1.140 110 g

960 120 g3.z7i 14 109.7"'-0 14 10J.819 14 I:

1:!.!20 14 I: ManaWy ~. c _~... '.Slai: ..... (J9'm ,.>.~,,", "~16.930 24 LJ McrtaliIy go,. .' • ; ,; SIIo:dt .,aL.(l975l::, 'ft.6.lJ6 24 '4 MaruUtY_go,. " •. ; Slai: ..... (I91'l .~'., :f,:I~ 24 10 loIonaliIy,.... 10'10 fFE) .. .','';'" Slai:.,L (1915);-.:... f

:oo.E ~ )~ ===~ ~:;::·E.~I~;r,>~:.~300.000 24 1I McrtaliIy ,.... 3O'i (l0"C1 .,,'.~ (19691 -,':': . ,'" '.. ~

:~ :~ ij ~~i~i~~~~~;j;T~: :: 6 :g::m; _:~~,~~~P:~:j:-~.>.·;.·;,,~/;50 110 g Hislaiop:aI<ioalqIIDIiU~ Sbod<.,L(l915)· ',. ' ..,>"·· ....1.3M 14 10 McrtaliIy.-IO'IolFE) .; .... Sbod< ..... (I9'm ..~·~'.···.., Ii

~ ",,--- "-h~~)~~tf:tl

W.Sl*='es ......

H~nl LHemn, IlIIuol LHcnul,lPocliicl LHOITUl' (Pocinci LHem., lPocitiCI L

P=h l",tu"'l E

Perdl. (whiCCl E?c1'en \wi\lU:, E

P=h''''''''''' LPerch Iwrule) L?ercn I wtuu:) LI'erdt (yeUo-' Lp,;,.." (yellow. LShod IAmonc1o 1 LShod I""",",,",,', LShod (Amonc:Ia I L

ADcil<>vy o-y) AADcil<>vy <b-Y) AAtx:l>ov1' (bay I AIlasa (""!""'II ABus 'smpccll ACIlJUld" ACwmer AC....- Aem- AFish AHetnJl, (AtlaAtic\ AH"IClOi= AHopoUr A

~ AKiIlilisa I""!""'I\ AKiIlilisa IRriJlCll\ AK.ll1iIulI IIlnpodI AK.ll1iIulI (Ilnpodl AKillllisll (Ari;>edl AKll1ilislI (RriJlCll) AKll1ilislI (RriJlCll\ A~(AJloDtic, A~ (A1I.aIuIcl A1>4...- IA1IamlcI AMimaw (lI>oqlsbeadl AMUmo.r(~\ AMUmo.rI~1 AM->c!>oI AI>4l111m1lCl>o1 AM=-c AM~ AI'erdt 1_..\

AP.tdl (_.A

P=h (Wbi",) A

I'erdt (wt1i"'1 A

Pe,dl (Wbi..) APe,dl IWbi'" I Al'a'ClltwhiJll) A

", .-,"/

arcitl>urJ 119881Morpu " aI. (1m)

SdmbeI aDd Wu, (19731Auk! U>d ScIwI>eI (Im)AIlld aDll Sclwbd (1m)

AIlld U>d Sd>abol (Im)

MarpD ., aI. (1973)

s~ .. al.tlm.lS~ .. aI. tl9'T1b1~ aDd WilliAms

11980\

Slmey .. aI. (I9'T1blSIaoty .. aI. (l9'T1b1

Erman aDd WI""" (l9KSI

C:d.<:ri>aIm .. aI. (198 I1

u.."" 119801Shaw U>d M.qa (I94JI

Slmey .. aI. (l9'T1bl

1. L.a/'em.... IpctSOMlc:orumuAK::moa)

1. t..aI'emere (pctSOMl~I

1. t..aI'emere lpenoaaI~I

c;.der!>oIm .. aI. (19811

J. I..ol'mienl IpcnaW......,:",,'";...-\

1. t..aI'emere IpcnaW

Hut><n _ M_Il96I\

HOfbon and M_II96I\Hcrbo:n and MerbDI 119611Hcrllcn _ M_ 119611

H_andMmaull961lHcrllcn and MaUzu. 11961 \Horbon and WWfonlIl9611Hcrllcn and Wal<efard 119621Hcrl>ctt and Wal<efonl 119621~ .. aI.(lml

J. t..aI'emere IpcnaW

""""""""""""'I1. t..aI'emere I pcnaW~I

1. t..aI'emere IpcnaWcrmmnDIQDm)

:"'~:··,,:r.· ~.

..lt~· ...\.'.1t-

d Ian- I-nar'.~ <II

Feo<!io, '"'" .- ,j()Q.

~ ....-sipll&:om..,

tWdun, delo....tR.c<Illa:d~ SOl:I:U>

Moruliry ..... J'~ la=rol>-16'101

MaruUry ..... 42" 1-..11'Jol

Moruliry .... SO'Io

'0 Maulitr. dcu:ntlnDoo ofSJ!OW'U"!~~~ 7"7'1 (aJatn)lL 6li,\

Mort>tiry .... 100'1. ''''''''''I>­11>.2..1

flaIdWlt wa:as 42'1. IcomralL~..)

o MorWity: <letcnonaoa Qf_11""'d

o Moruliry r= po.- =Cllrlln>ls ICOlllrI>U. 6q.l

Morulirt r= 40"10'. "1orWity r= .7.. (CQIIIlOI>­

:'11..1.>n:alirI r=s 6O-7c.. ICOOtnlU.JUIOI

Mertalill' .... n'iMorulirt rlW! 100'1.Morulirt r= 9!'iI (a=rol>-

' •.6'irl

II Mc<Ulity rlW! 16'i

12 Mc<Ulity "'" 01 47'io

10 ,~""'1 •.0'l-

10 ."IonIIiry r>l& \4.7,.

',:;(:r,~?~:Y148B Al\'U JENSEN " ,

10 MarW'ry ,.... 0-lll'J- IDEI10 Mortaliry ..... 0-1'" IXC1II MarW'ry rua IIl-W" 1XC112 MarW'ry rua J).-ll" IDEI12 M<><Wuy rua s-.ICl'lt (XC112 Mort>tiry """~ fOEl11 Mort>tiry "'" ,j()Q. 10112 MoraiJry .... ,~

14 MoruJrry rau: lOO"ilo

'4 MoraiJry "'" -100'1. tCiSI

d lal'TO< I'............., Cl"l'"P 4J

10 Monalily "'" '.7'1-

.;..~ ... :".t-.' ....:

.it

.'

- ...,...~P.1~. , ....~>-~~

---126 NEWCOMBe AND JeNSEN......

..10 7J

I

TAALI A.I.--Conllnued. , .

.s.-ti~oc:-

~COIIaIno ~ F\Ab....-..

Uf. muon dun.-s_ ...,.. Imlil.J (hi SEV" ~ 1lo1..-..

PadlIWNlI:J A J.181 24 '4 McruJl11' rao 9O'l- IFE! Sborl: .. oJ. (l97S\

.' IlooOaro IlwI<q\l.n1 A -lO.ooo 24 10 F'" dial lllC\ AIol>utz:F Allcl I..lol'd (\9101IlooOaro Cb.ulcqU1ftl A 6.000 168 10 No monahcy Aw--Allcl1..lol'd119lOlShod CAtDO:rIan 1 A IjO 0.2.$ J O1an,c III pretctTed ....imnunl o.a.-U II oJ. (1983)

depmSU....... IAllanuc, A '8 2' 10 MonalJry .... 10"0 1FE! Sher'< .. oJ. II9'mSil....... CAl!&nucl A ~O 24 12 MoRailty ..... '0"0 lFeI _ .. aJ.. (1975)

Sil~ (Atlantici A 1.000 24 14 MonalJry ..... 90'10 IF£) Short .. aJ.. (1975\Spol ... 114 48 10 MorWIry ..... 1ll'5 (F£) Short .. aJ.. (197'1Spol ... 1.309 24 10 MonalJry '"'" I0"0 IF£) Sh<r'< .. aJ.. 1l97S\Spol A 6.875 14 10 MottaIiry ..... 10"0 Sh<r'< .. aJ.. (19751

--)pix- - ... /89 41 12 MorWIry .....~ IF£) _ .. oJ.(l975\

.Ipcio A ~;l4 24 12 MoruIiry .....~ Sh<r'< .. aJ.. (197.51

.Ipol A &.100 24 12 MottaIiry ....~ Sher'< .. aJ.. (197.51;il>at A 117 48 14 MottaIiry .. 90'10 IF£) Sher'< .. aJ.. (197.51Spa< A 11.263 24 14 /oIcrtaliry .... 90'10 Sben: .. aJ.. (1975\~_II-"'I A 100 24 10 Morulirr"" <I .. (IAI Ilops (1969)

~_II--' A 10.000 1. 10 "" mo<UlJry (0: Ill-I re:l IIDp:n 09691~_('-"'" A lOO 24 12 Morality ....-~ llA) IIDp:n (1969)SIickld>od< (lounpiDc 1 A 18.000 24 12 Morulirr ....~ 113.ll-16Jl"C1 IIDp:n (969)SIickld>od< (founpiDcl " 50.000 2. 12 MotuliIy ....~ IKSl IIDp:n (1969)

SIickld>od< II-.pone' A 'J.ooo 2. 11 Momiiry .... '0"0 fill-I re:l IIDp:n (\9691~ IfounIlme· A lJO.ooo 14 12 MotuliIy .... 50'10 (9.0-9J"Cl IIDp:n (\ 9691S_(founIlmel A '00 2' 14 McruJiry .... 100'10 IIDp:n (969)S_II-.,.I " lOO.ooo 24 14 Moruliry .... 9j" IKSl IIDp:n (969)S_I~ne, A :!!.OOO 96 10 "" .,.,...wy ia .... _ ...... to I..<Core Allcl DaVaip

idcmitylet!lal_ (lml1..uiJJlI"""", " 3.360 Oxyp~~ H............ aJ.. 097.51

vwW>Ie in~ fUll_·';;aJ..II97.51i_I"""". " 14.llOO n FLslIw,dy_bu1

~ "'- in dfcr:aT,>OdAah (~I A 11.090 n

u.....illdf___ ia _ .. aJ..(I97S)

I1Illoequcm .... II low SS

A.4a.lt .,.,...hpeaid. ([raD-.&a'.~ '1

_I~l ". f>l..l no 9 'N<rilll'pm--~ 1lud< (1956) .

a."(~l A I44J no 9 GruwlIt .-tied 1lacl:(I~1

_(~l A I44J no 12 FlJIl ..-Ie to rqndao: BlICk (1956) (.

BIIICIiU A 423 O.W 4 lU<coff=!iDr_ ~(981)

. lllllCliU 'A Ij I 4 Iloclucal ""'*"'" to _ prey V'myonllllll O'1lnelI M761BlqilJ A I44J no 9 a.-.-- BlICkO~1

BIJqilJ " 62.J no 9 'N<rirblpm_-~ IlacI:fI~1

IIIJqill A I44J no 12 FiIIl_.,.-..a: . Bd fI~1

Ca"'f~1 A ~.OOO J36 10 SO<DO~ fMc _0951l0...... A 2J)4' !.76O 14 Duu:r1<_ v..... (979): Vaq!Ia "

aJ.. 09Cl). filII A 120 384 10 o.-rynf5Jll_ ~ IllIl W_ 098ll

Flab A 620 41 10FiIIlltilb ---.. _ Ko:uo UlII N_ (19Cl

...un- ....,.filii A 900 no 12 FLslI .- CIt IDIBodly _ HatJcn .;.s R..I<:b8m (19631

in_F1Sb " 2J)4~ 8.760 12

__6IIl

V"1l>D (1979): VoqIml "~AmJIo:r_ aJ.. (l9Ill

~Flab I_I A 100.000 2Sl 10 Soma lUI> dial: .- ....,,;.... WaJlasll9j11Flabt_, A 200.000 1.1:5 10

Mobdial: ___ 1llIl_0951l

rii1 aw-a clogcdFilbl_' A :2' 1.160 12

FiIIl __ deoaoy<dMmzzj .. aJ.. (19141

GnltlA&il A 25.000 336 10 SO<DO~(MCl _119j1l

COMB!! .\.'10 JI!}lSI!Jl. ... I k'

T..au A.1.-ConLinuod.

FISH RUr<ltlSlS TO SUSPllNOIUl SI!.D1MBNT rn

l

.... aaull: E • en: EE - e~ en: F - Iry: F- • ""_ fr{: Fl' - _ try 1<)0 ....... oldl: F!'" • _ fry (>)0 _aoldl: J • J''''''''~: L - 1.".1: PS - pmmoll: S"- ._~ SF .... fry: U - Ul>IleryarljIls; Y - 'I'l"'W1M& r-UoJ: 'N • """"I'of me ~ar.

It Scvcnry-of..tJl...cff-et I'3l\linC from a (no dcter:'tlbA" cffceu fa I" lmu!mum effect: sec T..... I I.'Full relpol1JC ""••""""".", In N...comoo 1199'). f'utx:1o ..... ol.1UJ'Oftded aedi_ (SS) __ .... p_~Iy In

souza _'ll........ A. I!>ll<'nWld hen:. VFSS • very Ii.. I< I' ,,,,": FSS - Ii.. "5-" ..... r. MP!S - _ 10 Ii.. 175-1"9 ..... r.MCSS - malaum '" "'""" "'0-290 _,r. JIld CSS • ""'"" 1180-7,j() ""'I. Usual -_..- _ BC • _III eJ.y: CS •alcIuru lulb"', CWS • cool "aailery soli<U: DE • __DM - <lrilliDt ..... I-.m<r. Fe • "'" clq. FE - lulloo's..nil: IA - ,,,,,,nonsor ....: KC - Uolin cloy: KS • IGnplllll Sl!1: LNFH • 1__ feme hyCnrod<: MC • """"""",1100'"d.t~: VA • '"'Olante uh.: Wf - w<tod, ftben. Qme:r a.btInm.Uioa.: 1'fnJ - roqxwic::nK1n: N:tDidUy urUa.

• uu hemnl Iarv........ _ in fn:s/l.......

FUll=-... ~ !lAII........

i- MartWrr .- 'lOt. IFE1 Shon '" AI. 1197'110 FUll d.Ood 100 A-..r &nd .Uoyd (/9IOl10 110 -Wiry ~ aad Uoyd (19IOlJ Ch.p ID pn"fnftd JW1mmJnI o-o.-U e, &1. 1191)

dqol>10 Monaliry .- 10'10 (Fl!) Shcn: .. al. (1975)12 Monoliry .-~ IFI!l Sb<n: .. &1. (1975)1_ MorWiry .- 'lOt. lFEI Sb<n: '" &1. 1197')\0 MaruJity .. lO 10'10 lFE) SIl<n: '" &1.1197')10 MaruJity .... 10'10 fFl!l SIl<n: " >I. 1197')10 Maruliry .... 10'10 SIl<n: " >I. 1197"12 Mcn.tliry .... 50110 IFI!l SIl<n: '" &1. 1197')12 MorWiry .... 50110 Sbert '" &1.1197'112 1obWiry .... '0'10 SIl<n:" >I. (1975)I- IobWiry _ 'lOt. IFI!l Sborit .. >I. 1197')\- -iry .... 'IOt. SIl<n: .. >I. (\97S)10 Monoliry _<I .. (lAl R.orcn (/969110 110 -wiry 11(3: Io-Iro R.orcn (/969)12 Manaliry .... - JO'i (lA) R.orcn 11969111 Moruliry .... m 1\5J)-I/J.O"Cl Ror<n /1969)11 Monoliry ram jO'.' IU) R.orcn (1969)\2 MclnaIiry _ 50110 110-1ro llDf"" 11969)12 MGnoIiry - 50110 19.1l-'1SCl 1lcJIcn 11969) .IA Manaliry .... 100'1. R.orcn 119691IA MCI'lOliry ram9]"iXS1 1lcJIcn 11969)10 .110 -wiry ill, _ cbi!P'Cd 10 ~ aad DcsVoipeilleMify Icmol _

11m)Or,po~...... N..........·.. AI. (197'1_iIl~1i&1I

Fish 1orJeI' 1IDIII'=aI. !lui _ .. >1.1197])~_iII_

L-. ill effects~ '" _ .. >1.(1975)

~_.IowSS

~(~._'l

9 ~ pio - -jO'.' Bud< 1I~6)

9 o.-a.ll:l>I'lled Bud<1I~)

12 Fish _ eo rq>nllIaa:Bud< 1I~6)

-RAIee at feo<liq _

GoniDer 119111

- RaIaced ""l'"Ci<Y .. _ l""Y "myIZli aad O'Brien (197619 o.-a...- Bud< 1l~1.,.~pio--~ Bud<Il~)

:.islI_eo~ Bud< 1I~6)

SaM·-..liry (Mel w.n...,I9311,- Oonm_ V"'1ba (19791: v...pm ..>I. (19121

10 DolIoiry atl\Jb ....... Erma md upoa (19811110

Fishl:ills ____H.ae md N......,.u (19121---12 Fish""'ar--..u,l!:dlICClCI _ md RidJonIa (196])

ia--."12 H.oIlial~ 6M V..._ (1979): v...pm ..---- aI. (1912)~

10 S-l\Jbcliat_~ w.n...ll'1]ll10 FisII diod: llpCIQIl.- CPlIia md WaJIclIII931l

Ii1I 4IaDcma clopaj12 FUll~-..,.a _etal.(l_l10 s-. eoare&liry tMCl WaJIclI (1931)

SedUIWRt daM

~......-. 1!1l""'"

WI. ....- -Specsa ......... ''''11\.1 (hi

SuariJh 1P"'R1 A 9.bOll 1S...liJ/I,redat, A 6l.J T2Il

s...f"hl_' A 140&.' T2IlSunn~I~' A 140&.5 no

SI!V' Oacn"..,.,.

lWooI,..".,Lo.-_Wo;rtn puI .- -}O'

~IO""""'"9 Growul~

11 FlIlI .....wlO ""'""""'"

H<wi&I -.I~ (19'7618ue:l<11~1

8l1l:'II~)

811C'1l~1

;

"